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The)2.536 F F12.536 E(c\214le)-.18 E F2(\214le) 2.536 E F0 .036(option will)2.536 F(force)108 650.4 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (to read and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute commands from).15 E F2(\214le) 2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F2(~/.bashr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(.)A(When)108 667.2 Q F1(bash)5.306 E F0 2.806(is started non-interacti)5.306 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.306(,t)-.65 G 5.306(or)-5.306 G 2.806 (un a shell script, for e)-5.306 F 2.805(xample, it looks for the v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)108 679.2 S(SH_ENV).27 E F0 1.01(in the en) 3.26 F 1.01(vironment, e)-.4 F 1.01(xpands its v)-.15 F 1.01 (alue if it appears there, and uses the e)-.25 F 1.011(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.011(alue as the)-.25 F(name of a \214le to read and e)108 691.2 Q -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cute.).15 E F1(Bash)5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa) .15 G 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he follo)-2.5 E(wing command were e) -.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted:).15 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF (if [ \255n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 709.2 Q F0 -.2(bu) 108 727.2 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G (TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is not used to search for the \214le name.).25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(2)190.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(If)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in) 3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw).1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F1(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)-3.417 G .917 (ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917(vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.417 E F0(as)3.417 E .145 (closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.) 108 96 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G 2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l) -.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 108 R 1.564 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264 (option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263 (cute commands).15 F(from)108 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr) 4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F2(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.992(,i).18 G 2.992(nt)-2.992 G .492(hat order)-2.992 F 5.492(.T)-.55 G (he)-5.492 E F1(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493 (option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.993 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .418(When in)108 132 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918(sa) -2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .418 (hell with the name).15 F F1(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.918 E F0 .418 (looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENV)2.918 E /F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F (alue)-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 144 R .171 (xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in) -2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 156 Q F1(sh)3.081 E F0 .581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581 (cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58 (ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F13.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 168 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F (non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo) -.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F1(sh)2.682 E F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183 (ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 180 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5 E F2(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E(When) 108 196.8 Q F1(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F2(posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F1(\255\255posix)2.726 E F0 .226 (command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-)-.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 208.8 R .341(In this mode, interacti) 5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15 F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F3(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342(riable and commands are read and) .25 F -.15(exe)108 220.8 S(cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.) 2.5 E F1(Bash)108 237.6 Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is bein\ g run with its standard input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223 (ork connection,)-.1 F .025(as when e)108 249.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025 (cuted by the remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F2 -.1(rs)2.525 G(hd).1 E F0 2.525(,o)C 2.525(rt)-2.525 G .025(he secure shell daemon)-2.525 F F2(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F1(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525 E(-)-.2 E .134(mines it is being run in this f)108 261.6 R .134 (ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .133(cutes commands from) .15 F F2(~/.bashr)2.633 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.633(,i)C 2.633(ft)-2.633 G .133 (hat \214le e)-2.633 F .133(xists and is)-.15 F 2.869(readable. It)108 273.6 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.869(da).1 G(s)-2.869 E F1(sh)2.869 E F0 5.369(.T)C(he)-5.369 E F1 2.869 E(c)-.18 E F0 .369 (option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.869 F(vior)-.2 E 2.869(,a)-.4 G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 285.6 Q F12.606 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .106 (option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)2.606 F(ut)-.2 E F2 -.1(rs)2.606 G(hd).1 E F0 .106(does not generally in)2.606 F -.2 (vo)-.4 G .306 -.1(ke t).2 H .106(he shell).1 F (with those options or allo)108 297.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G (hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.207 (If the shell is started with the ef)108 314.4 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H 1.208 (ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F F13.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \ read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 326.4 R .535 (vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 338.4 Q F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.959 G (SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0 (and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F0 -.25(va)2.959 G .709 (riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71 (vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 350.4 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .904(If the)5.904 F F13.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in) 3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 362.4 Q (vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u) -.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) 72 379.2 Q F0(The follo)108 391.2 Q (wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25 E F1(blank)108 403.2 Q F0 2.5(As)11.54 G(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F1 -.1(wo)108 415.2 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)13.88 G (equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E (Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F1(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(name)108 427.2 Q F0(A)12.67 E F2(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165 (consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be) 3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F (betic character or an underscore.)144 439.2 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E F1(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(metacharacter)108 451.2 Q F0 2.5(Ac) 144 463.2 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5 (ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 475.2 S 2.5(pace tab)-5 F(contr)108 487.2 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 499.2 Q F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E (It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F1 2.5 (|| & && ; ;; \( \) | |&)144 511.2 R()10 E F5(RESER)72 528 Q (VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F2 .307(Reserved wor)108 540 R(ds)-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306 (pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w) -.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 552 Q .227 (ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227 (ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F3 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0 (belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 564 Q(ord of a)-.1 E F1 (case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F1 11.916(!c)144 580.8 S 9.416(ase do done elif else esac \214 f)-11.916 F 9.415(or function if in select then until)-.25 F 7.5 (while { } time [[ ]])144 592.8 R F5(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 609.6 Q F1 (Simple Commands)87 621.6 Q F0(A)108 633.6 Q F2 .388(simple command) 2.888 F F0 .388(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389 (ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .389(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389(ords and)-.1 F .816 (redirections, and terminated by a)108 645.6 R F2(contr)3.316 E .815 (ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815(he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 657.6 Q(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)-2.5 E .175(The return v)108 674.4 R .175 (alue of a)-.25 F F2 .175(simple command)2.675 F F0 .175(is its e)2.675 F .175(xit status, or 128+)-.15 F F2(n)A F0 .176 (if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F2(n)2.676 E F0(.).24 E F1(Pipelines)87 691.2 Q F0(A)108 703.2 Q F2(pipeline)2.996 E F0 .496(is\ a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control ope\ rators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C (he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 715.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(3)190.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(time)A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 (]] [ ! ])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|) -2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SFA F1(|&)A F0(])A F2(command2)2.5 E F0(... ]) 2.5 E .243(The standard output of)108 100.8 R F2(command)2.943 E F0 .244 (is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.513 F F2(command2) 2.744 E F0 5.244(.T).02 G .244(his connec-)-5.244 F .643 (tion is performed before an)108 112.8 R 3.143(yr)-.15 G .642 (edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.143 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.142 E F0(belo)2.892 E 3.142(w\). If)-.25 F F1(|&)3.142 E F0(is)3.142 E 1.43(used, the standard error of)108 124.8 R F2(command) 3.93 E F0 1.431(is connected to)3.93 F F2(command2)3.931 E F0 2.531 -.55 ('s s)D 1.431(tandard input through the pipe; it is).55 F 1.197 (shorthand for)108 136.8 R F1 1.197(2>&1 |)3.697 F F0 6.197(.T)C 1.197 (his implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after an) -6.197 F 3.696(yr)-.15 G(edirections)-3.696 E (speci\214ed by the command.)108 148.8 Q .48 (The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 165.6 R .48 (xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F1(pipefail)2.98 E F0 .48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 177.6 Q F1(pipefail)2.687 E F0 .187 (is enabled, the pipeline')2.687 F 2.687(sr)-.55 G .186 (eturn status is the v)-2.687 F .186 (alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .186(xit with a)-.15 F .61(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 189.6 R .611 (xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .611 (he reserv)-3.111 F .611(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(!)3.111 E F0 .611 (precedes a pipeline, the)5.611 F -.15(ex)108 201.6 S .55 (it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55 (tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F (all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108 213.6 Q(alue.)-.25 E .298(If the)108 230.4 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv) 2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\ ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 242.4 S .14(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E F12.639 E F0 .139(option changes the output format to that spec-) 2.639 F .302(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 254.4 R .303(When the shell is in) 5.302 F F2 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303 (oes not recognize)-2.803 F F1(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F .303(ed w)-.15 F .303(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 266.4 Q .736 (en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736 (riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.235 (wt)-.25 G(he)-3.235 E 2.225 (timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 278.4 R F4(TIMEFORMA)4.726 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)4.476 E F1 2.226 (Shell V)4.726 F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 290.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85 (When the shell is in)108 307.2 R F2 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F1 (time)3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35 (wline. In)-.25 F .85(this case, the shell displays the)3.35 F 1.073 (total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108 319.2 R(The)6.074 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.574 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.324 G 1.074(riable may be).25 F (used to specify the format of the time information.)108 331.2 Q (Each command in a pipeline is e)108 348 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F1(Lists)87 364.8 Q F0(A)108 376.8 Q F2(list)2.85 E F0 .35(is a sequence of one or \ more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.85 F F1(;)2.849 E F0 (,)A F1(&)2.849 E F0(,)A F1(&&)2.849 E F0 2.849(,o)C(r)-2.849 E F1(||) 2.849 E F0 2.849(,a)C .349(nd option-)-2.849 F (ally terminated by one of)108 388.8 Q F1(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1()2.5 E F0(.)A .96 (Of these list operators,)108 405.6 R F1(&&)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F1(||) 3.46 E F0(ha)3.46 E 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual precedence, follo).15 F .961(wed by)-.25 F F1(;)3.461 E F0(and)3.461 E F1(&)3.461 E F0 3.461 (,w)C .961(hich ha)-3.461 F 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961(qual prece-).15 F (dence.)108 417.6 Q 2.5(As)108 434.4 S(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E (wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 (instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 (If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 451.2 R F1(&) 2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 (cutes the command in the).15 F F2(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 (in)2.528 E 2.875(as)108 463.2 S 2.875(ubshell. The)-2.875 F .375 (shell does not w)2.875 F .375 (ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .376 (Commands sepa-)5.376 F .849(rated by a)108 475.2 R F1(;)3.349 E F0 .849 (are e)3.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .848(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .848(The return) 5.848 F(status is the e)108 487.2 Q(xit status of the last command e) -.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences \ of one of more pipelines separated by the)108 504 R F1(&&)3.437 E F0 (and)3.437 E F1(||)3.437 E F0 .937(control operators,)3.437 F(respecti) 108 516 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G 2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F2(command1)144 532.8 Q F1(&&) 2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 549.6 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F2(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e) 2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 566.4 Q F2 (command1)144 583.2 Q F1(||)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 604.8 Q F0 .729(is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F2 (command1)3.429 E F0 .729(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.) -.15 F .728(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108 616.8 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted in the list.).15 E F1(Compound Commands)87 633.6 Q F0(A)108 645.6 Q F2(compound command)2.5 E F0(is one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E (\()108 662.4 Q F2(list)A F0(\))A F2(list)17.11 E F0 .011(is e)2.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see) -.4 F F4 .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo) 2.262 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 674.4 S 1.064(riable assignments and b) 1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef) 144 686.4 Q(fect after the command completes.)-.25 E (The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.) A({)108 703.2 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;})C F2(list)3.89 E F0 .401 (is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .401(cuted in the current shell en) .15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F2(list)5.401 E F0 .402 (must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 F 3.215 (semicolon. This)144 715.2 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)-.25 F F2 (gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 (he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F2(list) 3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 727.2 R 2.719(et) -.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F1(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1 (\))2.719 E F0(,)A F1({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719 E F2 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22 (and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(4)190.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E -.1(wo)144 84 S .257(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257 (Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w) -2.756 F .256(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256 (ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list) 2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E (\(\()108 112.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 124.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F -.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .052(ARITHMETIC EV) 2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 136.8 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 .411(If the v)4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is \ non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F (is 1.)144 148.8 Q(This is e)5 E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G (lent to).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E (ession)-.37 E F4(")A F0(.)A F4([[)108 165.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E (ession)-.37 E F4(]])2.5 E F0 1.299 (Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 177.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.3(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex)3.8 G (pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.274 (Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 189.6 R 4.773(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.773 E F2(CONDITION)4.773 E 2.273(AL EXPRES-)-.18 F(SIONS)144 201.6 Q F3(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133 (rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133 (xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F F4([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 213.6 Q F4(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464 (ilde e)-2.964 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) -.25 F .463(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .463 (xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081 (tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 225.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081 (Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F43.581 E F0 (must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 237.6 Q (When used with)144 255.6 Q F4([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F4(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F4(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E (xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 273.6 R F4(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F4(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) 3.002 F 1.224(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 285.6 R 3.724(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.724 E F4 -.1(Pa)3.724 G(tter).1 E 3.725 (nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.725 E F0 6.225(.I)C 3.725(ft)-6.225 G 1.225 (he shell)-3.725 F(option)144 297.6 Q F4(nocasematch)3.405 E F0 .904 (is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.405 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .904(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.751(characters. The)144 309.6 R .251(return v)2.751 F .251(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F F4(==)A F0 2.751(\)o)C 2.751(rd)-2.751 G .251(oes not match \()-2.751 F F4(!=)A F0 2.751(\)t)C .252(he pattern, and)-2.751 F 2.5(1o)144 321.6 S 2.5(therwise. An)-2.5 F 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted \ to force it to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 (An additional binary operator)144 339.6 R(,)-.4 E F4(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243 (ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F4(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E F4(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 (used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144 351.6 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954 (xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 363.6 R F1 -.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207 (return v)2.707 F .207 (alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345 (otherwise. If)144 375.6 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846 (xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F (xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 387.6 S .667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the shell option)5.667 F F4(nocasematch) 3.167 E F0 .667(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .378(the case of alphabetic characters.) 144 399.6 R(An)5.378 E 2.878(yp)-.15 G .378 (art of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched)-2.878 F .265(as a string.)144 411.6 R .265 (Substrings matched by parenthesized sube)5.265 F .265 (xpressions within the re)-.15 F .265(gular e)-.15 F .265(xpression are) -.15 F(sa)144 423.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E (TCH)-.855 E F3(.)A F0 .597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G (SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s) -3.097 E .049(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 435.6 R .049(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .049(element of)2.549 F F2 -.27(BA)2.549 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 447.6 Q (x)-.15 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .785 (Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 465.6 R .786 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 477.6 Q F4(\()144 495.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F4(\)) 2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 507.6 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex) 3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) -5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F (operators.)180 519.6 Q F4(!)144 531.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) -.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 543.6 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E (ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 555.6 S(pr).2 E (ession1)-.37 E F4(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 567.6 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1) -.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.) 2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 579.6 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F4(||)2.5 E F1 -.2 (ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 591.6 S(ue if either).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr) .2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 608.4 Q F4(&&)3.64 E F0 (and)3.64 E F4(||)3.64 E F0 1.14(operators do not e)3.64 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E F1 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141 (if the v)3.641 F 1.141(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E (ession1)-.37 E F0 1.141(is suf)3.641 F 1.141(\214cient to)-.25 F (determine the return v)144 620.4 Q(alue of the entire conditional e) -.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F4 -.25(fo)108 637.2 S(r).25 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F4(in)A F0([)2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5(]];])2.5 G F4(do)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F4(done)2.5 E F0 .424 (The list of w)144 649.2 R .424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F4(in)2.924 E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .423(The v)5.423 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to) 2.923 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 661.2 R F1(list) 3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653(If the)5.653 F F4(in)3.153 E F1(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 (is omitted, the)3.153 F F4 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e) 144 673.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(list)3.149 E F0 .648 (once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F F2 -.666 (PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).)-.25 E .153 (The return status is the e)144 685.2 R .153 (xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654 (cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F (follo)144 697.2 Q(wing)-.25 E F4(in)2.5 E F0 (results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(5)190.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(fo)108 84 S(r).25 E F0(\(\()2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G (pr2).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236 (First, the arithmetic e)144 96 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G (pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235 (luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G (nder)-3.735 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 108 R(ALU) -1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561 (The arithmetic e)5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e)3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144 120 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592 (Each time)5.592 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 (luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e) 3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144 132 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 (xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G 2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G .229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 144 R .228(alue is the e) -.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f).15 F .227 (alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 E -.15(ex) 144 156 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1(select)108 172.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .432 (The list of w)144 184.8 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843 (is printed on the standard error)144 196.8 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 (ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he) -3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842 (is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) 144 208.8 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 (w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a) 2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 220.8 R .213 (If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214 F 1.537(played w)144 232.8 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of) -.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If) -.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038 F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 244.8 R 2.566 (ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An) 5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25 F F2(name)144 256.8 Q F0 .972(to be set to null.)3.652 F .972 (The line read is sa)5.972 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.473(di).15 G 3.473(nt) -3.473 G .973(he v)-3.473 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.473 E(Y)-.828 E F4 (.)A F0(The)5.473 E F2(list)3.563 E F0 .973(is e)4.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .973(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 268.8 R F1(br) 2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select) 2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F (last command e)144 280.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 297.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 (pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) 2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 309.6 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764 (command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .596 (same matching rules as for pathname e)144 321.6 R .595(xpansion \(see) -.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E 3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144 333.6 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.092(ariable e)-.25 F 1.092 (xpansion, arithmetic substitution, com-)-.15 F 1.268 (mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 345.6 R -.25 (va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G 1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 357.6 R .353(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .353(ariable e)-.25 F .353 (xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.517 (tution, and process substitution.)144 369.6 R 1.517 (If the shell option)6.517 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.516 (is enabled, the match is per)4.016 F(-)-.2 E 1.346(formed without re) 144 381.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.346 (rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F 1.347 (When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 393.6 Q F2(list) 2.777 E F0 .277(is e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.777(cuted. If).15 F(the) 2.777 E F1(;;)2.777 E F0 .277 (operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the)2.777 F .848(\214rst pattern match.)144 405.6 R(Using)5.848 E F1(;&)3.348 E F0 .849(in place of)3.349 F F1(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(causes e)3.349 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .849(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)3.349 E F0 (associated)3.349 E .078(with the ne)144 417.6 R .078 (xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.078 E F1(;;&)2.578 E F0 .078 (in place of)2.578 F F1(;;)2.578 E F0 .077 (causes the shell to test the ne)2.578 F .077(xt pattern list in)-.15 F .227(the statement, if an)144 429.6 R 1.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .227(nd e) .65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cute an).15 F 2.727(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.727 E F2(list)2.727 E F0 .227(on a successful match.)2.727 F .227(The e) 5.227 F .227(xit status is zero)-.15 F(if no pattern matches.)144 441.6 Q(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 458.4 Q F2 (list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list;)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(elif)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 470.4 Q F1 (if)2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 (cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977 E F0 1.087(is e)144 482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087 (cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 (xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list) 3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F .104(command completes.)144 494.4 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else) 2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 (cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) -.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 506.4 Q -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while) 108 523.2 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 (done)2.5 E(until)108 535.2 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2 (list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 547.2 Q F1(while)3.45 E F0 .95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F F2(list-1)144 559.2 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 (xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205 (command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205 (command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 571.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ted;).05 E F2(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.19 E F0 .6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 583.2 S .205(it status.).15 F .205(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 (and)2.705 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204 (xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 595.2 S(cuted in).15 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) -.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(Copr)87 612 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A) 108 624 Q F2(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 (is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F1(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0 (reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213 (coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\ onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) 108 636 R F1(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G .574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 648 S 2.5(yp).1 G (ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:) 108 664.8 Q F1(copr)144 681.6 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(])A .922(This creates a coprocess named)108 698.4 R F2 -.27(NA) 3.422 G(ME).27 E F0 5.922(.I)C(f)-5.922 E F2 -.27(NA)3.422 G(ME).27 E F0 .923(is not supplied, the def)3.422 F .923(ault name is)-.1 F F2(COPR) 3.423 E(OC)-.4 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.923 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 (must not be supplied if)108 710.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108 722.4 S .163(rd of the simple command.).1 F .163(When the coproc is e) 5.163 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .163(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F .163(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.663 E F0(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(6)190.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(belo)108 84 Q .512(w\) named)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.27 (NA)3.012 G(ME).27 E F0 .512(in the conte)3.012 F .511(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .511(cuting shell.).15 F .511(The standard output of) 5.511 F F1(command)3.211 E F0 .511(is connected)3.781 F .81 (via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .811 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F1 -.27 (NA)3.311 G(ME).27 E F0 3.311([0]. The)B .717(standard input of)108 108 R F1(command)3.417 E F0 .716 (is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)3.987 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .716(cuting shell, and that \214le).15 F .702 (descriptor is assigned to)108 120 R F1 -.27(NA)3.202 G(ME).27 E F0 3.202([1]. This)B .703(pipe is established before an)3.203 F 3.203(yr) -.15 G .703(edirections speci\214ed by the com-)-3.203 F 1.184 (mand \(see)108 132 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.684 E F0(belo) 3.434 E 3.684(w\). The)-.25 F 1.183 (\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.684 F 1.183 (guments to shell commands)-.18 F 1.796 (and redirections using standard w)108 144 R 1.796(ord e)-.1 F 4.297 (xpansions. The)-.15 F 1.797(process ID of the shell spa)4.297 F 1.797 (wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.797(cute the).15 F .483 (coprocess is a)108 156 R -.25(va)-.2 G .483(ilable as the v).25 F .483 (alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 -.27(NA)2.983 G(ME).27 E F0 2.983(_PID. The)B/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(wait)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483(iltin command may be used to).2 F -.1(wa)108 168 S (it for the coprocess to terminate.).1 E (The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 184.8 Q(xit status of) -.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 201.6 Q F0 2.697(As)108 213.6 S .198 (hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G .198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 (cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 225.6 S .5 -.25(ew s) -2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E (Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(name)108 242.4 Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F1(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C (dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F3(function)108 254.4 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0 ([\(\)])2.5 E F1(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir) .37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144 266.4 R F1(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 (ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F3(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F 1.402(If the)6.402 F F3(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 278.4 Q .162 (ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F (The)5.162 E F1(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound) 2.662 F(command)144 290.4 Q F1(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) 3.354 E F3 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F1(list)144 302.4 Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F3 .044 (Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 (compound\255command)6.671 E F0 1.671(is e)4.171 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.671 (cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1(name)4.171 E F0 1.671 (is speci\214ed as the name of a simple)4.171 F 3.008(command. An)144 326.4 R 3.009(yr)-.15 G .509(edirections \(see)-3.009 F F2(REDIRECTION) 3.009 E F0(belo)2.759 E .509 (w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are)-.25 F .581 (performed when the function is e)144 338.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.081 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.081 G .58 (it status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a).15 F .177(synta\ x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 350.4 R 2.678(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)2.678 G .178(cuted, the).15 F -.15(ex)144 362.4 S .64(it status of a function is the e).15 F .64 (xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .64 (cuted in the body).15 F 5.64(.\()-.65 G(See)-5.64 E F2(FUNC-)3.14 E (TIONS)144 374.4 Q F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)72 391.2 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 403.2 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F3(interacti)3.482 E -.1 (ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F3(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)108 415.2 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F2 .952(SHELL B) 3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952 (w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F3(#)3.451 E F0 .951(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604 (and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 427.2 R .605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) .15 F F3(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 439.2 Q F0 1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836 (omments. The)-3.837 F F3(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108 451.2 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 468 S -.438(OT) .11 G(ING).438 E F1(Quoting)108 480 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477 (he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477 (ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 (used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 492 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 (ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 504 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 520.8 R F1(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288(listed abo) 2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(DEFINITIONS)2.788 E F0 .288 (has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F (quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 532.8 Q 1.345 (When the command history e)108 549.6 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 (acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 (YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) -.25 F F1(history e)108 561.6 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5 (,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F3(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E (There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 578.4 Q F1(escape c)2.5 E (har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G (ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 595.2 S .474 (on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F F3(\\)A F0 2.974(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 G(he)-2.974 E F1 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474 (.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474(es the literal v)-.15 F .474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 607.2 Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of . If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F3(\\)4.053 E F0( pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122 (quoted, the)108 619.2 R F3(\\)3.622 E F0( is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F (ef)108 631.2 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 (Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 648 R .295 (es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) -.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E (gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 660 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 (Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 676.8 R .034 (es the literal v)-.15 F .034 (alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 688.8 S .828(ception of).15 F F3($)3.328 E F0(,)A F3<92>3.328 E F0(,)A F3(\\)3.328 E F0 3.328(,a)C .828(nd, when history e)-3.328 F .828 (xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F3(!)3.328 E F0 5.828(.T)C .828 (he characters)-5.828 F F3($)3.328 E F0(and)3.328 E F3<92>3.328 E F0 .827(retain their special)3.328 F .074(meaning within double quotes.)108 700.8 R .074(The backslash retains its special meaning only when follo) 5.074 F .075(wed by one of the)-.25 F(follo)108 712.8 Q .205 (wing characters:)-.25 F F3($)2.705 E F0(,)A F3<92>2.705 E F0(,)A F3(") 3.538 E F0(,).833 E F3(\\)2.705 E F0 2.705(,o)C(r)-2.705 E F3() 2.705 E F0 5.205(.A)C .204 (double quote may be quoted within double quotes by pre-)-2.5 F .081 (ceding it with a backslash.)108 724.8 R .082(If enabled, history e) 5.082 F .082(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F3(!)2.582 E F0 .082(appearing in double)5.082 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) 135.965 E(7)190.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 84 Q (The backslash preceding the)5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.5 E F0 (is not remo)5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 100.8 Q F1(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 117.6 S .212(rds of the form).8 F F1($)2.712 E F0<08>A/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A F0 2.712<0861>C .211(re treated specially) -2.712 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w)-5.211 F .211(ord e)-.1 F .211 (xpands to)-.15 F F3(string)2.711 E F0 2.711(,w)C .211 (ith backslash-escaped char)-2.711 F(-)-.2 E .604 (acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 129.6 R .605 (Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo) 108 141.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 153.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1 (\\b)144 165.6 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\e)144 177.6 Q(\\E)144 189.6 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1(\\f)144 201.6 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 213.6 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 225.6 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 237.6 Q F0(horizontal tab) 29.89 E F1(\\v)144 249.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\) 144 261.6 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1<5c08>144 273.6 Q F0(single quote) 30.44 E F1(\\")144 285.6 Q F0(double quote)27.67 E F1(\\)144 297.6 Q F3 (nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v) -.25 E(alue)-.25 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x) 144 309.6 Q F3(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E (alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F3(HH)2.5 E F0 (\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 (\\u)144 321.6 Q F3(HHHH)A F0 1.507 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 333.6 R 1.506 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F3(HHHH) 4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 345.6 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 (\\U)144 357.6 Q F3(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 369.6 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F3(HHHHH-) 3.048 E(HHH)180 381.6 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G (igits\))-2.5 E F1(\\c)144 393.6 Q F3(x)A F0 2.5(ac)24.34 G(ontrol-)-2.5 E F3(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 410.4 Q(xpanded result is single-\ quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 427.2 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F1 ($)A F0(")A F3(string)A F0 .14 ("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .495 (to the current locale.)108 439.2 R .495(If the current locale is)5.495 F F1(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F1(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495 (he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .496(If the string is trans-)5.496 F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 451.2 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 468 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 480 Q F3 (par)4.593 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .843(is an entity that stores v)4.073 F 3.343(alues. It)-.25 F .843(can be a)3.343 F F3(name)3.342 E F0 3.342 (,an).18 G(umber)-3.342 E 3.342(,o)-.4 G 3.342(ro)-3.342 G .842 (ne of the special characters)-3.342 F .822(listed belo)108 492 R 3.323 (wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F1 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.823(.A)C F3(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a)3.503 F F3(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823(riable has a).25 F F3(value)108 504 Q F0 .369(and zero or more)2.869 F F3(attrib)2.869 E (utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 (utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 (belo)108 516 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.754(Ap)108 532.8 S .254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.754 F 2.754 (alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255(alid v)-.25 F 2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255(ariable is set, it)-3.005 F(may be unset only by using the)108 544.8 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 561.6 Q F3(variable)2.79 E F0 (may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F3(name)144 578.4 Q F0(=[)A F3(value)A F0(])A(If)108 595.2 Q F3(value)3.023 E F0 .233 (is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F .232 (ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F3(values)3.022 E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F .515(and v)108 607.2 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) -3.015 E F2(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 619.2 Q 2.699 (w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F1 (integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F3(value) 2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 (luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G (n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 631.2 R .901 (xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F F0(belo)3.401 E 3.402(w\). W)-.25 F .902 (ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 643.2 R 1.179(xception of)-.15 F F1("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179 (xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F1 1.178(Special P) 3.678 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.178(.P)C 1.178(athname e)-6.328 F 1.178 (xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 655.2 R 1.148 (statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F1 (alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(typeset)3.649 E F0(,)A F1(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)108 667.2 S(adonly).18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(local)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands.).2 E .377(In the conte)108 684 R .377 (xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376 (alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376 (x, the +=)-.15 F .257 (operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 696 R(ariable') -.25 E 2.757(sp)-.55 G(re)-2.757 E .257(vious v)-.25 F 2.757(alue. When) -.25 F .257(+= is applied to a v)2.757 F(ariable)-.25 E .361 (for which the)108 708 R F3(inte)2.861 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib) 2.861 E .361(ute has been set,)-.2 F F3(value)2.861 E F0 .361(is e)2.861 F -.25(va)-.25 G .36(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .36 (xpression and added to the)-.15 F -.25(va)108 720 S(riable').25 E 2.888 (sc)-.55 G .388(urrent v)-2.888 F .388(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G 2.889(luated. When).25 F .389(+= is applied to an array v) 2.889 F .389(ariable using compound)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(8)190.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .186(assignment \(see)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Arrays)2.686 E F0(belo)2.686 E .186(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.685(sv)-.55 G .185(alue is not unset \(as it is when using =\), and ne)-2.935 F 2.685 (wv)-.25 G .185(alues are)-2.935 F 1.384(appended to the array be)108 96 R 1.384(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 3.885(sm)-.55 G 1.385(aximum inde)-3.885 F 3.885(x\()-.15 G 1.385(for inde)-3.885 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 3.885(da).15 G 1.385(rrays\) or)-3.885 F .123 (added as additional k)108 108 R -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .123 (alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .423 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.123(.W)-.65 G .122(hen applied to a string-v)-5.123 F .122(alued v) -.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(value)2.622 E F0(is e)108 120 Q(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G (alue.)-2.75 E F1 -.2(Po)87 136.8 S(sitional P).2 E(arameters)-.1 E F0 (A)108 148.8 Q F2 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter)-.15 E F0 .706(is \ a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit \ 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 (tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 160.8 R 2.944(sa) -.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 172.8 Q F1 (set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\ parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F (The)5.834 E .334(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a\ shell function is e)108 184.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .333(cuted \(see).15 F /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.833 E F0(belo)2.583 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.403(When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digi\ t is e)108 201.6 R 1.404(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F (braces \(see)108 213.6 Q F3(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E (w\).)-.25 E F1(Special P)87 230.4 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.675 (The shell treats se)108 242.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.675 (ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.674 (hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F (them is not allo)108 254.4 Q(wed.)-.25 E F1(*)108 266.4 Q F0 .605 (Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)31 F .606 (When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .084 (ble quotes, it e)144 278.4 R .084(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .084 (ord with the v)-.1 F .084 (alue of each parameter separated by the \214rst char)-.25 F(-)-.2 E .003(acter of the)144 290.4 R F3(IFS)2.503 E F0 .003(special v)2.253 F 2.503(ariable. That)-.25 F .003(is, ")2.503 F F1($*)A F0 2.503("i)C 2.503(se)-2.503 G(qui)-2.503 E -.25(va)-.25 G .003(lent to ").25 F F1 ($1)A F2(c)A F1($2)A F2(c)A F1(...)A F0 .003(", where)B F2(c)2.703 E F0 .004(is the \214rst char)2.813 F(-)-.2 E .769(acter of the v)144 302.4 R .769(alue of the)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.269 E F0 -.25(va)3.019 G 3.269 (riable. If).25 F F3(IFS)3.268 E F0 .768 (is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.)3.018 F(If)5.768 E F3 (IFS)144 314.4 Q F0(is null, the parameters are joined without interv) 2.25 E(ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 326.4 Q F0 .605 (Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .606 (When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114 (ble quotes, each parameter e)144 338.4 R .114(xpands to a separate w) -.15 F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F1($@)A F0 2.613("i)C 2.613(se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F1 ($1)A F0 2.613("")C F1($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E .134 (If the double-quoted e)144 350.4 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .151(with the be)144 362.4 R .151(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e) -.1 F .15(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 (the last part of the original w)144 374.4 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 (there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F F1($@)A F0 2.838("a)C(nd) -2.838 E F1($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E (to nothing \(i.e., the)144 386.4 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 398.4 Q F0 (Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)31 E F1(?) 108 410.4 Q F0(Expands to the e)31 E(xit status of the most recently e) -.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1108 422.4 Q F0 .882 (Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)30.3 F -.2 (vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G .881 (iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)144 434.4 Q F12.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F1($)108 446.4 Q F0 .214 (Expands to the process ID of the shell.)31 F .214 (In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214 (xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F (shell, not the subshell.)144 458.4 Q F1(!)108 470.4 Q F0 (Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)32.67 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F1(0)108 482.4 Q F0 1.692(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.691 (This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.691 E F1(bash)4.191 E F0(is)4.191 E(in)144 494.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(dw).1 G .577 (ith a \214le of commands,)-3.077 F F1($0)3.077 E F0 .578 (is set to the name of that \214le.)3.077 F(If)5.578 E F1(bash)3.078 E F0 .578(is started with the)3.078 F F13.078 E F0 .369 (option, then)144 506.4 R F1($0)2.869 E F0 .369 (is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e) -.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.368 E (-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214le name used to in)144 518.4 Q -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25 (iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F1(_)108 530.4 Q F0 .054 (At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)31 F -.2(vo) -.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .055(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .692(as passed in the en)144 542.4 R .692 (vironment or ar)-.4 F .691(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E 3.191(,e)-.65 G .691(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .691(gument to the) -.18 F(pre)144 554.4 Q .57(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.07 (xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .771 -.1(ke e).2 H .571(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 566.4 S 1.6(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 (xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6(When checking mail, this)6.6 F (parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144 578.4 Q(ed.)-.1 E F1(Shell V)87 595.2 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 607.2 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA) 108 624 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214le name used to in)9.07 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 636 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.548(Ac)144 648 S .049 (olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.548 F .049(Each w) 5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 (gument for the)-.18 F F12.549 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 660 R F1(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) 3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .476(appearing in)144 672 R F3 -.27(BA)2.976 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .476(are those reported as)2.726 F F2(on)3.206 E F0(by)3.217 E F1(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.477(.I)C 2.977(ft) -5.477 G .477(his v)-2.977 F .477(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment) -.4 E(when)144 684 Q F1(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell opti\ on in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F 3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 696 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(9)190.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)108 84 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .187 (Expands to the process ID of the current)144 96 R F1(bash)2.687 E F0 2.688(process. This)2.688 F(dif)2.688 E .188(fers from)-.25 F F1($$) 2.688 E F0 .188(under certain circum-)2.688 F (stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 108 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 120 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195(An associati)144 132 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of aliases \ as main-)-.25 F .024(tained by the)144 144 R F1(alias)2.524 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.524 G 2.524(iltin. Elements).2 F .024 (added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array ele-) 2.524 F(ments cause aliases to be remo)144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df) .15 G(rom the alias list.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 168 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .935(An array v)144 180 R .935(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 (alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F F1(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 192 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535 (The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell function or\ script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 204 S .142(cuted with).15 F F1(.)2.642 E F0 (or)2.642 E F1(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa)-2.642 G 2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 (When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 (cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 216 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F3 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.131 G (SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631(only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 228 S (tended deb).15 E(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1 (extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 240 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .98 (An array v)144 252 R .979 (ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F1(bash) 3.479 E F0 -.15(exe)3.479 G .979(cution call stack.).15 F(The)5.979 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the\ stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 264 R 1.424 (call is at the bottom.)144 276 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144 288 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F3(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets) 6.697 F F2 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F (description of the)144 300 Q F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the) 2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3 (BA)108 312 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 324 R .968 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H .668(rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to\ the internal hash table of commands)-.25 F .146(as maintained by the) 144 336 R F1(hash)2.646 E F0 -.2(bu)2.646 G 2.646(iltin. Elements).2 F .146(added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting)2.646 F (array elements cause commands to be remo)144 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 (df).15 G(rom the hash table.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 360 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.243(The command currently being e)144 372 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 (cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242 (cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242(cuting a).15 F (command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144 384 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108 396 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 408 Q (gument to the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 420 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .692 (An array v)144 432 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .97(member of)144 444 R F2(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.22 G 3.47(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o) -3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .969 (is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 456 R F1 (${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171 E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G 17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F1(${B)144 468 Q(ASH_LINENO[) -.3 E F4($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115 (if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2 (LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144 480 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 492 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005 (An array v)144 504 R .005(ariable whose members are assigned by the) -.25 F F1(=~)2.506 E F0 .006(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.506 E F0 .006(conditional com-)2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 516 R .007 (element with inde)2.507 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 (he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e) -.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 528 R(x)-.15 E F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.497 F F4(n)3.498 E F0 .998(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 (sion. This)144 540 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E F1 -.3(BA)108 552 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .126(An array v)144 564 R .125(ar\ iable whose members are the source \214lenames where the corresponding \ shell function)-.25 F .78(names in the)144 576 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) -.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 (The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0(is)3.281 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 588 Q F1(${B)2.5 E (ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E (ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 600 S (SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .402 (Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell en)144 612 R .401 (vironment is spa)-.4 F 2.901(wned. The)-.15 F .401(initial v)2.901 F .401(alue is)-.25 F(0.)144 624 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 636 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644(Ar)144 648 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144 (ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 (ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 (.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 660 S (lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3 (BA)144 678 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)24.74 E (ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3 (BA)144 690 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)24.74 E (ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA) 144 702 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)24.74 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 714 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A F0(The b)24.74 E(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(10)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(BA)144 84 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1 (])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)24.74 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 96 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1(])A F0(The v)24.74 E(alue of)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE) -.495 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 108 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 (Expands to a string describing the v)144 120 Q (ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108 132 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 144 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 (ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F (ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 156 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 (db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F 1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 168 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 180 Q F0(The k)144 192 Q .3 -.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 -.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 204 Q F0 1.208 (The current command line.)144 216 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 (ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F 2.848(mands in)144 228 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 (yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849 (acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.849(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)144 240 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 252 Q F0 .667(The inde) 144 264 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167(ft)-3.167 G .666 (he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 (ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .666(If the)5.666 F .534 (current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 276 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 (${#COMP_LINE})144 288 Q F0 7.006(.T)C 2.006(his v)-7.006 F 2.006 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.005 (ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.005(xternal commands)-.15 F(in)144 300 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G (he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108 312 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 324 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion) -.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 336 R F2 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f) C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t) -.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 348 Q F0 4.091(,f)C 1.591 (or listing alternati)-4.091 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092(np) -4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)4.092 E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord is not)-.1 F 1.553(unmodi\214ed, or)144 360 R F2(%)4.053 E F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)6.552 F 1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552 (ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 372 S 2.928 (ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429 (yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929 (acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.429 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 384 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 396 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 1.336(The set of characters that the)144 408 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G (adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 (ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If) 144 420 R F3(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G (ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 432 Q F1(COMP_W)108 444 Q(ORDS)-.1 E F0 .654(An array v)144 456 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E F0(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w) -.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.332(line. The)144 468 R 1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3 (COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.083 E .832(described abo)144 480 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.832(.T).15 G .832(his v)-5.832 F .832 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .831 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.331 (db).1 G 3.331(yt)-3.331 G .831(he programmable)-3.331 F(completion f) 144 492 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 504 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) 144 516 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) -.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 528 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) -.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 540 Q -.55(AC) -.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 552 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F 1.094(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 564 R 3.594 (ya)-.15 G 1.095(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.595 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.595 G 3.595(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.595 E 1.432 (members of this array v)144 576 R 1.432 (ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 F 1.431(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 588 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546 -.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746 F(ariable)-.25 E .351(will not change the current directory)144 600 R 5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.85 (ni).15 G(f)-2.85 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 612 Q F1(EUID)108 624 Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)11 F(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103 (nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 (ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 636 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 648 Q(AME) -.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 660 R .479 (ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) -.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 (The element with inde)144 672 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 (he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .385 (element \(the one with the highest inde)144 684 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .384 (ariable e)-.25 F .384(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .034 (tion is e)144 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.534(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) 2.535 E F3(FUNCN)2.535 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.285 E .335 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.535(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.535 G .035(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.035 E F3(FUNC-)2.535 E -.18(NA)144 708 S(ME).18 E F0 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) -2.5 E 3.176(This v)144 726 R 3.176(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)5.675 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0(and)5.675 E F1 -.3(BA)5.675 G (SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 8.175(.E)C 3.175(ach element of)-8.175 F (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(11)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)144 84 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 .11 (has corresponding elements in)2.61 F F1 -.3(BA)2.61 G(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 (and)2.61 E F1 -.3(BA)2.61 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .11(to describe)2.61 F 10.057(the call stack.)144 96 R -.15(Fo)15.057 G 12.557(ri).15 G (nstance,)-12.557 E F1(${FUNCN)12.557 E(AME[)-.2 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)12.557 G 12.557(sc).1 G 10.057 (alled from the \214le)-12.557 F F1(${B)144 108 Q(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2 ($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.091(at line number)3.591 F F1(${B)3.591 E (ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1(]})A F0 6.091(.T)C(he)-6.091 E F1(caller) 3.591 E F0 -.2(bu)3.592 G 1.092(iltin displays).2 F (the current call stack using this information.)144 120 Q F1(GR)108 132 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229(An array v)144 144 R 1.228(ariable containing the\ list of groups of which the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.228(.A) -.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 E .596(ments to)144 156 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(GR) 3.096 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.847 E .897 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.097(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.097 G .597(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.597 E F3(GR)3.097 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .597(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.847 F (cial properties, e)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCMD)108 180 Q F0 .356(The history number)144 192 R 2.856(,o)-.4 G 2.856(ri)-2.856 G (nde)-2.856 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 (he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3 (HISTCMD)2.855 E F0 .355(is unset, it)2.605 F (loses its special properties, e)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 (HOSTN)108 216 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 (Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 228 Q F1 (HOSTTYPE)108 240 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\ describes the type of machine on which)144 252 R F1(bash)2.723 E F0 .223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 264 R(def) 2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 276 Q F0 1.408(Each\ time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\ ber representing the)144 288 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 300 R .079 (When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 312 R .307 (alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E F3(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F (special properties, e)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 336 Q (CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ es the system type on which)144 348 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 360 Q F2 (cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E (ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 372 Q F0 .294 (An array v)144 384 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.794 E F0 (belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293 (xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 (iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 396 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 (OLDPWD)108 408 Q F0(The pre)144 420 Q(vious w)-.25 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 (OPT)108 432 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 444 R 1.627 (alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 (SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 456 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) 2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 468 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 480 R 4.152 (xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu) 4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 492 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 504 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ g system on which)144 516 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 528 Q(ault is system-dependent.) -.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 540 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 552 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 (w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61 (alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 564 Q -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E (ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 (PPID)108 576 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')12.67 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E F1(PWD)108 588 Q F0(The current w)12.67 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 (RANDOM)108 600 Q F0 .565 (Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 612 R .566 (ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.566 E .01 (sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 624 R .01(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)2.51 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) 4.51 E F3(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E (unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 636 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) -2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 648 Q F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 660 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) -.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF 1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F3 1.547(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.547(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 672 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 (READLINE_POINT)108 684 Q F0 .314 (The position of the insertion point in the)144 696 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G (adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G .313(or use with)-2.813 F F5 .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0(\(see)2.813 E F3 (SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 708 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) 2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(12) 185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)108 84 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 (Set to the line of input read by the)144 96 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 108 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referenced, \ the number of seconds since shell in)144 120 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 (cation is returned.).2 F .713(If a v)144 132 R .712 (alue is assigned to)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SECONDS)3.212 E/F3 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .712(the v)2.962 F .712 (alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .407 (of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 144 R .408 (alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .408 (is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 156 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G (ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 168 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 180 S .763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 (gument for the)-.18 F F1144 192 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.174 (SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E 3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 204 R F2 (SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F/F4 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019 (ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 216 Q F1(bash) 3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 228 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 240 Q (VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 252 Q F1 (bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 264 Q F0 (Expands to the user ID of the current user)17.67 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 280.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 (ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 (bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 (alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 292.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 309.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .505 (If this parameter is set when)144 321.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505(is e) 3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .506 (alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .355 (containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 333.6 R F4 (~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.354(.T).31 G .354(he v)-5.354 F .354 (alue of)-.25 F F2 -.27(BA)2.854 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .354(is subjected) 2.604 F .525(to parameter e)144 345.6 R .525 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 (xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214le name.)144 357.6 Q F2 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 (is not used to search for the resultant \214le name.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) 108 369.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481(If set to an inte)144 381.6 R .481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.98 E F0 .48(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F (-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 393.6 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x) 5.614 F F0 3.114(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T) -.55 G 3.114(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F2 -.27(BA)144 405.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne) 2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F2 -.27(BA)2.638 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the \ empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error) 144 417.6 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531(ote that setting)-7.531 F F2 -.27(BA) 144 429.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error\ \214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.991 F (standard error being closed.)144 441.6 Q F1(CDP)108 453.6 Q -.95(AT) -.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247(The search path for the)144 465.6 R F1(cd)3.747 E F0 3.747(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 (is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.747 F 3.796 (shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 477.6 R F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795 (alue is)-.25 F F5(".:~:/usr")144 489.6 Q F0(.)A F1(COLUMNS)108 501.6 Q F0 .828(Used by the)144 513.6 R F1(select)3.328 E F0 .829(compound comm\ and to determine the terminal width when printing selection)3.328 F 2.5 (lists. Automatically)144 525.6 R(set upon receipt of a)2.5 E F2 (SIGWINCH)2.5 E F3(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 537.6 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 .848 (An array v)144 549.6 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash)3.348 E F0 .848(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function) 3.348 F(in)144 561.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acility \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(EMA)108 573.6 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 585.6 Q F1(bash)2.535 E F0 .035(\214nds this v) 2.535 F .035(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 (vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F5(t)2.536 E F0 2.536(,i)C 2.536(ta)-2.536 G .036(ssumes that the)-2.536 F (shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 597.6 Q(uf)-.2 E (fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 609.6 Q F0(Similar to) 14.89 E F2 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F3(;)A F0 (used when the shell is in)2.25 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(FCEDIT)108 621.6 Q F0(The def)144 633.6 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin command.).2 E F1(FIGNORE)108 645.6 Q F0 2.599(Ac)144 657.6 S .098 (olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E .098 (es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F2 (READLINE)2.598 E F0(belo)144 669.6 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204 (\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) -.25 F F2(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .205 (xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 681.6 Q 2.5 (As)5 G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F5(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1 (FUNCNEST)108 693.6 Q F0 1.78(If set to a numeric v)144 705.6 R 1.78 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.28(l. Function).15 F(in)144 717.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lw) .15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(13)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)108 84 Q F0 3.118(Ac)144 96 S .618(olon-separated list of patterns de\214ning the set of \214lenames \ to be ignored by pathname e)-3.118 F(xpan-)-.15 E 3.132(sion. If)144 108 R 3.132<618c>3.132 G .632(lename matched by a pathname e)-3.132 F .632 (xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F/F2 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(GLOBIGNORE)144 120 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 (it is remo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the list of matches.) -2.5 E F1(HISTCONTR)108 132 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 2.653(Ac)144 144 S .153 (olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153(alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)-2.653 F .154(If the list) 5.153 F .491(of v)144 156 R .491(alues includes)-.25 F/F4 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(ignor)2.991 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.991(,l).18 G .491 (ines which be)-2.991 F .491(gin with a)-.15 F F1(space)2.991 E F0 .49 (character are not sa)2.991 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G .49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 168 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 (alue of)-3.307 F F4(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557 (causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 (vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.959 (Av)144 180 S .459(alue of)-3.209 F F4(ignor)2.969 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 .459(is shorthand for)3.239 F F4(ignor)2.959 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) 2.959 E F4(ignor)2.958 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.458(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .458 (lue of).25 F F4(er)2.958 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)2.958 E .698 (all pre)144 192 R .698 (vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.198(df).15 G .699(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F (sa)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 (alue not in the abo)-3.014 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 (ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263 (is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.941(av)144 216 S .441(alid v) -3.191 F .441(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(do).15 G 2.942(nt)-2.942 G .442 (he history list, subject to the v)-2.942 F .442(alue of)-.25 F F2 (HISTIGNORE)144 228 Q F3(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\ f a multi-line compound command are not)6.482 F (tested, and are added to the history re)144 240 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G (rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F3(.) A F1(HISTFILE)108 252 Q F0 .181 (The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 264 R -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F2(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) -.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.682(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.682 E .182(ault v) -.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 276 Q F4(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 (fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 (dw).15 G(hen an interacti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell e).15 E (xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)108 288 Q F0 1.623 (The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 300 R 1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 312 S .305(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F 2.805(,b)-.65 G 2.805(yr)-2.805 G(emo)-2.805 E .305 (ving the oldest entries, to contain no more)-.15 F .602 (than that number of lines.)144 324 R .602(The def)5.602 F .602(ault v) -.1 F .602(alue is 500.)-.25 F .601 (The history \214le is also truncated to this size)5.602 F (after writing it when an interacti)144 336 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H (hell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 348 Q F0 2.657(Ac)144 360 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines\ should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G 2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 372 R .708 (Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.708 F .707 (ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .625 (\(no implicit `)144 384 R F1(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125 (ppended\). Each)-3.125 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.125 F .626 (ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F F2(HISTCONTR)144 396 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 (In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F F1(&)A F0(')A 2.514(matches the pre)144 408 R 2.514(vious history line.) -.25 F(`)7.514 E F1(&)A F0 5.014('m)C 2.514 (ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is)-5.014 F(remo)144 420 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.353(db).15 G .853(efore attempting a match.)-3.353 F .852(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)5.852 F (command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 432 Q -.05 (ga)-.15 G(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTIGNORE)2.5 E F3 (.)A F1(HISTSIZE)108 444 Q F0 1.942 (The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 456 R F2(HIST)4.443 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)4.193 E 4.443(w\). The) -.25 F(def)144 468 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 500.)-.25 E F1(HISTTIMEFORMA) 108 480 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .952(If this v)144 492 R .952 (ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .951 (alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F4(strftime)3.451 E F0 .951 (\(3\) to print the)B .672 (time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 504 R F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G 3.173(iltin. If).2 F .673(this v) 3.173 F .673(ariable is)-.25 F .144 (set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 516 R 2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 (ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.144 E(uses the history comment\ character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 528 Q F1(HOME)108 540 Q F0 1.27 (The home directory of the current user; the def)144 552 R 1.27(ault ar) -.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F1(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 (iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 564 S(lue of this v).25 E (ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 (HOSTFILE)108 576 Q F0 1.015 (Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 588 R F4 (/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F .55(needs to complete a hostname.)144 600 R .551 (The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F 1.059(the shell is running; the ne)144 612 R 1.059 (xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.058 (alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 624 Q F0 .138 (adds the contents of the ne)2.638 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) -2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .139(ut has no v)-.2 F .139(alue, or)-.25 F .518 (does not name a readable \214le,)144 636 R F1(bash)3.018 E F0 .518 (attempts to read)3.018 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.683 E F0 .517 (to obtain the list of possible host-)4.683 F(name completions.)144 648 Q(When)5 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.) 2.25 E F1(IFS)108 660 Q F0(The)20.44 E F4 .555(Internal F)3.635 F .555 (ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .555(that is used for w)3.785 F .556 (ord splitting after e)-.1 F .556(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 672 S(rds with the).1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E (`')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 684 Q F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 696 R .803 -.15(ve s) -.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F2(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 (character as the sole input.)2.753 F .503(If set,)5.503 F .426(the v) 144 708 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 (EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 (characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .303 (on an input line before)144 720 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G 2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 (umeric v).15 F .302(alue, or has)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(14)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(no v)144 84 Q(alue, the def)-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EOF)2.5 E F0 (signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF (INPUTRC)108 96 Q F0 1.435(The \214lename for the)144 108 R F2 -.18(re) 3.936 G(adline).18 E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (~/.inputr)5.602 E(c)-.37 E F0(\(see)5.602 E F1(READLINE)3.936 E F0 (belo)144 120 Q(w\).)-.25 E F2(LANG)108 132 Q F0 1.24 (Used to determine the locale cate)7.11 F 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F 3.739 (yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v) -.15 F(ariable)-.25 E(starting with)144 144 Q F2(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 (LC_ALL)108 156 Q F0 .973(This v)144 168 R .973(ariable o)-.25 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G .973(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F1(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an)3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F2(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G .974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 180 Q(.)-.65 E F2(LC_COLLA)108 192 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .412(This v)144 204 R .412 (ariable determines the collation order used when sorting the results o\ f pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.464(and determines the beha)144 216 R 1.464(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.465(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va) -.25 G 1.465(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F (within pathname e)144 228 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2 (LC_CTYPE)108 240 Q F0 1.936(This v)144 252 R 1.936 (ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F 1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 264 Q (xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F2(LC_MESSA)108 276 Q(GES)-.55 E F0(This v)144 288 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F2($)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(LC_NUMERIC) 108 300 Q F0(This v)144 312 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E (gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F2(LINES)108 324 Q F0 .054 (Used by the)5.99 F F2(select)2.554 E F0 .054(compound command to deter\ mine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.554 F (Automatically set upon receipt of a)144 336 Q F1(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F2(MAIL)108 348 Q F0 1.201 (If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)8.78 F F1(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201 (riable is not set,).25 F F2(bash)3.701 E F0 (informs the user of the arri)144 360 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 (fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E (-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F2(MAILCHECK)108 372 Q F0 .098 (Speci\214es ho)144 384 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) -2.598 F F2(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) 5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 (to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ mpt.)144 396 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066 (or set to a v)144 408 R .066(alue that is not a number greater than or\ equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 F F2(MAILP)108 420 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.815(Ac)144 432 S .314 (olon-separated list of \214le names to be check)-2.815 F .314 (ed for mail.)-.1 F .314(The message to be printed when mail)5.314 F (arri)144 444 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.42(si).15 G 3.42(nap)-3.42 G .92(artic\ ular \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214le name from the m\ essage with a)-3.42 F 2.808(`?'. When)144 456 R .308(used in the te) 2.808 F .308(xt of the message,)-.15 F F2($_)2.808 E F0 -.15(ex)2.808 G .308(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 F(Exam-)5.307 E (ple:)144 468 Q F2(MAILP)144 480 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A (ar/mail/bfox?"Y)-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F2(Bash)144 492 Q F0 .388 (supplies a def)2.888 F .388(ault v)-.1 F .388(alue for this v)-.25 F .388(ariable, b)-.25 F .389 (ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F (system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 504 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F2($USER)A F0 (\).)A F2(OPTERR)108 516 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 528 R .39(alue 1,) -.25 F F2(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the) 2.889 F F2(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 .359(SHELL B)144 540 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 (belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36 (is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 552 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) .15 E F2 -.74(PA)108 564 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 (The search path for commands.)9.91 F .587 (It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) 5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 576 R F1 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) 2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 (zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 588 S .536(lue of).25 F F1 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 (indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 (null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) -3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 600 R .868 (The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) -.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 612 R F2(bash)28.829 E F0 31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F5 10 /Courier@0 SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 624 Q F0(.)A F2(POSIXL)108 636 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 648 R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F2(bash) 2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F F3 .472(posix mode) 2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011 (the startup \214les, as if the)144 660 R F2(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 (in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 (If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 672 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0(enables)2.5 E F3(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) -2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F5(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(PR)108 684 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 (If set, the v)144 696 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(15)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 16 16 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)108 84 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 96 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 (nents to retain when e)144 108 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) 3.423 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E (w\).)-.25 E(Characters remo)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 132 Q F0 .064(The v) 19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 (w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 144 R (def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 156 Q F0 .118(The v)19.33 F .118 (alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) 2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The) 5.117 E(def)144 168 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G (.).74 E F1(PS3)108 180 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) 3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) 144 192 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 204 Q F0 .101(The v)19.33 F .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 (xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 (alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 216 Q F0 .291 (displays during an e)2.791 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F .292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .292 (is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 228 Q 2.5(,t) -.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 240 Q F0 .664 (The full pathname to the shell is k)144 252 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F .664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .663 (it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 264 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 276 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144 288 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F 3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 (pipelines pre\214x)144 300 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 (reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F (The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 (an escape sequence that is e)144 312 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F .712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F (and their meanings are as follo)144 324 Q (ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 342 Q F0 2.5 (Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 354 Q/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 366 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 (The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 378 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.) 13.34 E F1(%P)144 390 Q F0 (The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87 (The optional)144 406.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) 3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 (he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A) 144 418.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025 (lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026 (At most three places after the)5.025 F .538 (decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 430.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3 (p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E F3(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 442.8 Q (alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 459.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va) 3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 471.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 (determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E .001 (If this v)144 488.4 R .001(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.501 E F0 .001(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.5 E (eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .494(If the v)144 500.4 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F 2.994(At)5.494 G .494(railing ne)-2.994 F .494 (wline is added when the for)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(mat string is displayed.)144 512.4 Q F1(TMOUT)108 524.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 536.4 R .941 (alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941 (is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18 (re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 548.4 Q F1 (select)2.81 E F0 .31(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F .611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311 (seconds when input is com-)2.561 F .886(ing from a terminal.)144 560.4 R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v) .15 F .885(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1 (wa)144 572.4 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546 (aiting for that number of)-.1 F(seconds if input does not arri)144 584.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 596.4 Q F0 .391(If set,)144 608.4 R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391 (alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39 (creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 620.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 632.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 644.4 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 (he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 (If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 656.4 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 668.4 S .366(isting stopped job) .15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 (wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F 1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 680.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) 3.805 F(conte)144 692.4 Q 1.132 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) 6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 (he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625 (match the name of a stopped job e)144 704.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) -.15 F F3(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624 (he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884 (substring of the name of a stopped job)144 716.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) -5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 (vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 728.4 Q F1(%?)3.334 E F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) -.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(16)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 17 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .315(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 84 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the) -.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%)2.816 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 96 Q(.)-.55 E F1(histchars)108 108 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 120 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07 (hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07(xpansion and tok) -.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.569 E(OR) -.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 132 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715 (w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F2 1.216 (history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G 1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798(signals the start of a history e) 144 144 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798 (second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G (ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 156 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G .239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24 (vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576 (ing one string for another in the command.)144 168 R .575(The def)5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575 (optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\ that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ char)144 180 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 192 R 1.294 (ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293 (history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .379(skipped for the remaining w)144 204 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F .38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F (the rest of the line as a comment.)144 216 Q F1(Arrays)87 232.8 Q(Bash) 108 244.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a) -.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89 (ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 256.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F .329(an array)108 268.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) -.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F 5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 (rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.386(enced using inte)108 280.8 R 1.386(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.887(xpressions\) and)-.15 F 1.387(are zero-based; associati)3.887 F 1.687 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.387 (rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 292.8 Q 2.463(An inde)108 309.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463 (rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462 (ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F F2(name)4.962 E F0([)A F2(sub-)A(script)108 321.6 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 5.426(.T)C(he)-5.426 E F2(subscript)3.266 E F0 .426(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.606 F .426(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .427(luate to a number) .25 F 5.427(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.427 E F2(sub-)3.267 E(script)108 333.6 Q F0 -.25(eva)3.913 G .733 (luates to a number less than zero, it is used as an of).25 F .733 (fset from one greater than the array')-.25 F 3.233(sm)-.55 G(axi-) -3.233 E 1.104(mum inde)108 345.6 R 3.604(x\()-.15 G 1.105 (so a subcript of -1 refers to the last element of the array\).)-3.604 F 2.705 -.8(To e)6.105 H 1.105(xplicitly declare an inde).65 F -.15(xe) -.15 G(d).15 E(array)108 357.6 Q 3.828(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.828 E F1(declar) 3.828 E 3.828<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0(\(see)3.828 E F3 1.327(SHELL B)3.827 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.327(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) 3.577 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)6.327 E 3.827<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.827 E F2 (name)3.827 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is)3.827 E (also accepted; the)108 369.6 Q F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E (Associati)108 386.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 403.2 Q .94(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 (ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F (attrib)3.441 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 415.2 Q (.)-.65 E 1.647 (Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 432 R F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647 (... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) -4.147 F F2(value)108 444 Q F0 .122(is of the form [)2.622 F F2 (subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 5.122(.I)C(nde)-5.122 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.622(da).15 G .122(rray assignments do not require the brack)-2.622 F .122(et and subscript.)-.1 F .164(When assigning to inde)108 456 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G 2.663(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 468 R 3.91(xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41 (he element assigned is the last inde)-3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411 (ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.911 F(Inde)108 480 Q (xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 496.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.) -2.5 E .24(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 513.6 R F1(declar) 2.74 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 (vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F2(name)108 525.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 (syntax introduced abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 542.4 Q 3.575 (ye)-.15 G 1.075(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.575 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076 (braces are required to a)3.576 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542 (con\215icts with pathname e)108 554.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2 (subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541 (xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 (These subscripts dif)108 566.4 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 (ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 (ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 578.4 Q F2(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B .521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F 1.374(of the)108 590.4 R F3(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374(special v)3.624 F 1.375 (ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 (xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w) 3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028(there are no array members, ${)108 602.4 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758 (within a w)108 614.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 (ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108 626.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015 F .227(to the e)108 638.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 (Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728 (\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 650.4 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F2(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or) 3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 (xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .462(ments in the array)108 662.4 R 5.462(.R)-.65 G .462(eferencing an array v)-5.462 F .463 (ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .463 (lent to referencing the array).25 F(with a subscript of 0.)108 674.4 Q .168(An array v)108 691.2 R .168 (ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 F 2.668(alue. The)-.25 F .168(null string is a v)2.668 F .168(alid v)-.25 F(alue.)-.25 E(The)108 708 Q F1(unset)2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267 (iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset) 5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)-.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E (script)108 720 Q F0 6.205(.C)C 1.205(are must be tak)-6.205 F 1.205 (en to a)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.205(id unw).2 F 1.205(anted side ef)-.1 F 1.204(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(unset)6.204 E F2(name)3.704 E F0(,)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(17)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(where)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0(is an array) 2.5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)2.5 E F1(name) 2.5 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(], where)A F1(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 100.8 Q F2(declar) 3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C(nd)-3.573 E F2 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073 (iltins each accept a).2 F F23.573 E F0 1.073 (option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074 (rray and a)-3.574 F F23.574 E F0 .339 (option to specify an associati)108 112.8 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) .15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) -2.838 F F22.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) 5.338 E F2 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 (accepts a)108 124.8 R F22.941 E F0 .441 (option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 (ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) -5.441 E F2(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F2(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 (bu)108 136.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E (ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F3 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 153.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 165.6 R 3.26 (ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 (inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 177.6 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F1 (br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e) 2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)2.869 E .369 (ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .37 (command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 189.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) 2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 E .471(The order of e)108 206.4 R .471(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471 (xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G .47(ariable and arithmetic e)-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E (and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 218.4 Q (ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E (On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 235.2 Q (xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.5 E (ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.486(Only brace e)108 252 R 1.486 (xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 (xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 (ex)108 264 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F 1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 (ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the) -.15 F -.15(ex)108 276 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") -2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G (xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2 (Brace Expansion)87 292.8 Q F1(Br)108.58 304.8 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F (xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F .606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 316.8 Q F1 .415 (pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G (he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 328.8 R F1(pr)2.651 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 340.8 R .563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 (contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ ch resulting string, e)108 352.8 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) 108 364.8 Q .719(Brace e)108 381.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) 108 393.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0 (d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As) 108 410.4 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742 (es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.242 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A F2(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F1(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F1(y) 3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,) -.15 F(and)108 422.4 Q F1(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G .532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G .532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 (xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108 434.4 R F1(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F1(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi) -2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077 (gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)2.577 E F0 .078 (to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015 (same width.)108 446.4 R .015(When either)5.015 F F1(x)2.515 E F0(or) 2.515 E F1(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\ empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143 (the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 458.4 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F (xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 470.4 S .542(pands to each character le) .15 F .542(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)3.042 E F0(and)3.042 E F1 (y)3.042 E F0 3.042(,i)C(nclusi)-3.042 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.542(.N).15 G .542(ote that both)-5.542 F F1(x)3.041 E F0(and)3.041 E F1(y)3.041 E F0 .541(must be of)3.041 F .182(the same type.)108 482.4 R .182 (When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.182 F .183 (ference between each term.)-.25 F .183(The def)5.183 F(ault)-.1 E (increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)108 494.4 Q .582(Brace e)108 511.2 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 (ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 (haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 (are preserv)108 523.2 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 (It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016 (does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 (yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 535.2 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) -.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 552 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132(\ xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\ one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 564 R 3.441(alid sequence e) -.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 (ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 (unchanged. A)108 576 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0 .255 (may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 (nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91 (sion. T)108 588 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41 (id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F F2(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F (xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 600 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used as\ shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) 108 616.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 628.8 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H (ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 645.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 657.6 Q(cho)144 669.6 Q (wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) -.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 686.4 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F .618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 (does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 (ing or closing braces specially when the)108 698.4 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 (es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 710.4 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 (or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) 3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 722.4 Q F0 .515 (appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 (ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) 3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(18)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .436(If strict compatibility with)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF (sh)2.936 E F0 .436(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 (with the)2.936 F F1(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 96 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 (set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti) 87 112.8 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 124.8 R 1.087(ord be) -.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.086('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\ slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\ ed a)108 136.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726 (in the tilde-pre\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x\ follo)108 148.8 R .725(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F3(lo)108 160.8 Q .522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) -3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F2(HOME)108 172.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F2(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287 (is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 (cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\ ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ with the speci\214ed login name.)108 184.8 Q .092 (If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 201.6 R .092 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 (replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is) 5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 213.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 .904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) 5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641 (tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 225.6 R F3(N)4.141 E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642 (ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\ ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 237.6 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu) 108 249.6 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G .454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F .454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455 (wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F (consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) 108 261.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 278.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E (ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 295.2 R .167 (ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) -.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E .281(these cases, tilde e)108 307.2 R .282(xpansion is also performed.) -.15 F(Consequently)5.282 E 2.782(,o)-.65 G .282 (ne may use \214le names with tildes in assign-)-2.782 F(ments to)108 319.2 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F2(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E (alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 336 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `) 108 348 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e) -4.106 F 1.605(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.105(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 360 R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .407(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033 (tect the v)108 372 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033 (xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032 (wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 384 Q 1.189 (When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 400.8 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a) -3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 412.8 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15 (ex)108 424.8 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 441.6 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0 (})A 1.204(The v)144 453.6 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)3.704 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204 (The braces are required when)6.204 F F3(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F .264 (parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 465.6 R F3(par)4.014 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 (wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F (be interpreted as part of its name.)144 477.6 Q .685 (If the \214rst character of)108 494.4 R F3(par)3.185 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .685(is an e)3.185 F .685(xclamation point \()-.15 F F1(!)A F0 .685 (\), a le)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.186(lo).15 G 3.186(fv)-3.186 G .686 (ariable indirection is introduced.)-3.436 F F1(Bash)108 506.4 Q F0 .106 (uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106 (ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F3(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .351(able is then e)108 518.4 R .351(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .352 (alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F .352(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)2.852 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 530.4 Q F0 2.52 (itself. This)2.52 F .02(is kno)2.52 F .02(wn as)-.25 F F3(indir)2.52 E .02(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 F .019 (xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .019(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A F3(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 2.519(}a)C(nd)-2.519 E(${)108 542.4 Q F1 (!)A F3(name)A F0([)A F3(@)A F0 .762(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65 (w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 F .763 (xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G .763 (he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 554.4 Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108 571.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F3(wor)3.484 E (d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F(and arithmetic e)108 583.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .697 (When not performing substring e)108 600 R .698 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F -.65(w,)-.25 G F1 (bash)3.848 E F0 .698(tests for a parameter)3.198 F (that is unset or null.)108 612 Q(Omitting the colon results in a test \ only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E(${)108 628.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F1<3aad>A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .723(Use Default V)144 640.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F3(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722(xpansion of)-.15 F F3 (wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.)3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-) -.2 E(wise, the v)144 652.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 664.8 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.004(Assign Default V)144 676.8 R(alues) -.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F3(par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005 (is unset or null, the e)5.234 F 2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F3(wor)4.845 E (d)-.37 E F0 2.005(is assigned to)5.275 F F3(par)144 688.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.279(.T).73 G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F3(par)4.029 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278 (Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F (eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 700.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(19)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .535(Display Err)144 96 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F1(par) 4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535 (xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 108 R .662(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is written to the standard error and the she\ ll, if it is not)3.932 F(interacti)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,)-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E (ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 132 Q F1(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F2(:+)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 144 R .745 (nate V)-.15 F(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .745 (is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F (xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 156 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 (is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 168 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 180 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .797(Substring Expansion) 144 192 R F0 5.797(.E)C .796(xpands to up to)-5.797 F F1(length)3.296 E F0 .796(characters of)3.296 F F1(par)3.296 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .796 (starting at the character)3.296 F .228(speci\214ed by)144 204 R F1(of) 2.728 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.228(.I)C(f)-5.228 E F1(length)2.728 E F0 .229 (is omitted, e)2.729 F .229(xpands to the substring of)-.15 F F1(par) 2.729 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .229(starting at the char)2.729 F(-)-.2 E .433 (acter speci\214ed by)144 216 R F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1 (length)5.433 E F0(and)2.933 E F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .433 (are arithmetic e)2.933 F .433(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .432(ARITHMETIC EV)2.933 F(ALU-)-1.215 E -.855(AT)144 228 S(ION).855 E F0(belo)2.925 E 3.175(w\). If)-.25 F F1(of)3.175 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25 (eva)3.175 G .676(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .676 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .676(fset from)-.25 F .103 (the end of the v)144 240 R .103(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.603 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 5.103(.I)C(f)-5.103 E F1(length)2.603 E F0 -.25(eva)2.603 G .103(luates to a number less than zero, and).25 F F1(par)2.602 E(ameter) -.15 E F0(is)2.602 E(not)144 252 Q F2(@)3.642 E F0 1.142 (and not an inde)3.642 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.642(do).15 G 3.642(ra)-3.642 G (ssociati)-3.642 E 1.443 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 3.643(,i)-.65 G 3.643(ti)-3.643 G 3.643(si)-3.643 G 1.143(nterpreted as an of)-3.643 F 1.143(fset from the end of the)-.25 F -.25(va)144 264 S .038(lue of).25 F F1(par)2.538 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .037 (rather than a number of characters, and the e)2.538 F .037 (xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F .073(the tw)144 276 R 2.573 (oo)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.573 G 2.573(sets. If).25 F F1(par)2.573 E(ameter) -.15 E F0(is)2.574 E F2(@)2.574 E F0 2.574(,t)C .074(he result is)-2.574 F F1(length)2.574 E F0 .074(positional parameters be)2.574 F .074 (ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)2.574 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.074(.I)C(f)-5.074 E F1 (par)144 288 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .205(is an inde)2.705 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.705(da).15 G .205(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the) -2.705 F F1(length)2.705 E F0 .205(members of the)2.705 F .696(array be) 144 300 R .697(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.197(]}. A)B(ne)3.197 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.347 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .697(is tak)3.197 F .697 (en relati)-.1 F .997 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.197(oo).15 G .697 (ne greater than)-3.197 F 1.404(the maximum inde)144 312 R 3.903(xo)-.15 G 3.903(ft)-3.903 G 1.403(he speci\214ed array)-3.903 F 6.403(.S)-.65 G 1.403(ubstring e)-6.403 F 1.403(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 F 1.703 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 1.294(produces unde\214ned results.) 144 324 R 1.294(Note that a ne)6.294 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.595 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G 1.295 (set must be separated from the colon by at).25 F .959 (least one space to a)144 336 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .959 (id being confused with the :- e).2 F 3.458(xpansion. Substring)-.15 F (inde)3.458 E .958(xing is zero-based)-.15 F .414 (unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the inde)144 348 R .415(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.915(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of) 2.915 E(f-)-.18 E(set)144 360 Q F0 (is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.5 E F2($0)2.5 E F0 (is pre\214x)2.5 E(ed to the list.)-.15 E(${)108 376.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A (e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 388.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085(Names matching pr)144 400.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084 (ariables whose names be)-.25 F .084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E (e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-)-2.584 E .257 (rated by the \214rst character of the)144 412.8 R F3(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258 (is used and the e)2.758 F .258(xpansion appears)-.15 F (within double quotes, each v)144 424.8 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E (xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 441.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name) A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 453.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 (]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 465.6 R(eys)-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f) -7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)4.536 F 2.036 (ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E .595(assigned in)144 477.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 5.595(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596 (is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 489.6 Q F0 (is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 506.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 518.4 S .471 (rameter length).1 F F0 5.471(.T)C .471 (he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) 2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)5.47 E F1(par) 4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 530.4 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or) 3.708 E F2(@)3.708 E F0 3.708(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) 6.209 E F1(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F (array name subscripted by)144 542.4 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he v)-2.5 E (alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 E(.)-.65 E (${)108 559.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A (${)108 571.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 583.2 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196 (e\214x patter)-.18 F(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E (d)-.37 E F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .151(name e)144 595.2 R 2.651(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .152(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4 (the e)144 607.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4 (alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.4 (with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 -.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 619.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If) 5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E F0(or) 2.781 E F2(*)2.782 E F0 2.782(,t)C .282(he pattern)-2.782 F(remo)144 631.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) -3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .401(tant list.)144 643.2 R (If)5.401 E F1(par)4.151 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.631 F .401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*) 2.901 E F0 2.902(,t)C .402(he pattern remo)-2.902 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.902 (lo).25 G(peration)-2.902 E (is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 655.2 Q (xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 672 Q F1(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 684 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 696 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F1 (wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .146 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 708 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 (the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v) -.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 720 R .226 (xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1 (par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226 (with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(20)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E -.74(``)144 84 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%).74 E F0 1.521 -.74 ('' c)D .042(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F1(%%)A F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.792 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F1(@)2.542 E F0(or)2.542 E F1(*)2.542 E F0 2.542(,t)C(he)-2.542 E .441 (pattern remo)144 96 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.941(lo).25 G .441 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) -2.941 F .44(xpansion is the)-.15 F .24(resultant list.)144 108 R(If) 5.24 E F2(par)3.99 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .24(is an array v)3.47 F .241 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.741 E F1(*)2.741 E F0 2.741(,t)C .241(he pattern remo)-2.741 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.741(lo).25 G(per)-2.741 E(-)-.2 E (ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 120 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 136.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 148.8 S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E F0 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 E F2(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E (sion.)144 160.8 Q F2 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 (is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern) 3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 (alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2(string)144 172.8 Q F0 5.161(.I)C(f) -5.161 E F2(pattern)2.661 E F0(be)2.661 E .161(gins with)-.15 F F1(/) 2.661 E F0 2.661(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.661 F F2(pattern)2.661 E F0 .16(are replaced with)2.661 F F2(string)2.66 E F0 5.16(.N)C .16 (ormally only the)-5.16 F .806(\214rst match is replaced.)144 184.8 R (If)5.806 E F2(pattern)3.306 E F0(be)3.306 E .806(gins with)-.15 F F1(#) 3.306 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.307(tm)-3.306 G .807(ust match at the be)-3.307 F .807(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 196.8 S .621 (lue of).25 F F2(par)3.121 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.621(.I)C(f)-5.621 E F2 (pattern)3.121 E F0(be)3.121 E .621(gins with)-.15 F F1(%)3.121 E F0 3.121(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.121 G .62(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .62(xpanded v)-.15 F .62(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)144 208.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 6.253(.I)C(f)-6.253 E F2(string)3.753 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) 3.753 F F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F1(/) 3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F2(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.254(may be) 3.754 F 2.679(omitted. If)144 220.8 R F2(par)3.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 (is)3.409 E F1(@)2.679 E F0(or)2.679 E F1(*)2.679 E F0 2.679(,t)C .178 (he substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter) -2.679 F .618(in turn, and the e)144 232.8 R .619 (xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.619 E F2(par)4.369 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .619(is an array v)3.849 F .619 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)144 244.8 Q F0(or)3.224 E F1(*) 3.224 E F0 3.224(,t)C .723(he substitution operation is applied to each\ member of the array in turn, and the e)-3.224 F(xpan-)-.15 E (sion is the resultant list.)144 256.8 Q(${)108 273.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 285.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 297.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 309.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A F2 (pattern)A F0(})A F1 .437(Case modi\214cation)144 321.6 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 (xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F2(par) 2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F2(pattern)144 333.6 Q F0 .814(is e)3.314 F .813 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.313 (xpansion. The)-.15 F F1(^)3.313 E F0 .813(operator con)3.313 F -.15(ve) -.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 345.6 Q .18(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F2 (pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F1(,)2.681 E F0 .181 (operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .181(rts matching uppercase letters) .15 F .085(to lo)144 357.6 R 2.585(wercase. The)-.25 F F1(^^)2.585 E F0 (and)2.585 E F1(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15(ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .085(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085 (xpanded v)-.15 F .085(alue; the)-.25 F F1(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 369.6 Q F1(,)3.59 E F0 -.15(ex)3.59 G 1.09(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve) -.4 G 1.091(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F 1.091 (xpanded v)-.15 F 3.591(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)3.591 E F0(is)3.591 E 1.121(omitted, it is treated lik)144 381.6 R 3.621(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 3.621(,w)C 1.121(hich matches e)-3.621 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121 (ry character).15 F 6.12(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.12 E F2(par)4.87 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.35 E F1(@)3.62 E F0(or)3.62 E F1(*)3.62 E F0 3.62(,t)C 1.12 (he case)-3.62 F 1.335(modi\214cation operation is applied to each posi\ tional parameter in turn, and the e)144 393.6 R 1.335(xpansion is the) -.15 F 1.308(resultant list.)144 405.6 R(If)6.308 E F2(par)5.058 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 1.308(is an array v)4.538 F 1.308 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)3.808 E F0(or)3.808 E F1(*)3.808 E F0 3.808(,t)C 1.308(he case modi\214cation)-3.808 F (operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 417.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E F1(Command Substitution) 87 434.4 Q F2 1.697(Command substitution)108 446.4 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 458.4 Q F1($\()144 475.2 Q F2(command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 487.2 Q F1<92>144 499.2 Q F2 (command)A F1<92>A(Bash)108 516 Q F0 .02(performs the e)2.52 F .02 (xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.519 E F0 .019(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768 (dard output of the command, with an)108 528 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768 (railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768 F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 540 Q 3.219(ym) -.15 G .719(ay be remo)-3.219 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.219(dd).15 G .719 (uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719 (The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1 (\))A F0 .718(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 552 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1 (\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 568.8 R(xcept)-.15 E .315(when follo)108 580.8 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1 <92>2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(h\ e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \ sub-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 592.8 R 1.386(using the $\() 3.886 F F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 (orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G 3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F (mand; none are treated specially)108 604.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 (Command substitutions may be nested.)108 621.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F (quotes with backslashes.)108 633.6 Q .422 (If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 650.4 R .422 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15 F(on the results.)108 662.4 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 679.2 Q F0 1.035(Arithmetic e)108 691.2 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 (ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F (The format for arithmetic e)108 703.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() 144 720 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(21)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(The)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E (ession)-.37 E F0 .165(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b) 2.905 F .166(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.075 (treated specially)108 96 R 6.075(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.075 F 1.074 (ens in the e)-.1 F 1.074(xpression under)-.15 F 1.074(go parameter e) -.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.074(xpansion, command)-.15 F (substitution, and quote remo)108 108 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 2.5 (l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378 (The e)108 124.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 (luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) -.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 (If)5.879 E F1 -.2(ex)108 136.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 (prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.) -.1 E F4(Pr)87 153.6 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F1(Pr)108 165.6 Q .971 (ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 .971 (is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.471 F F1(FIFOs)A F0 3.47(\)o)C 3.47(rt)-3.47 G(he)-3.47 E F4(/de)3.47 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .97(method of)3.47 F .021(naming open \214les.)108 177.6 R .021(It tak) 5.021 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F4(<\()2.521 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0(or)2.521 E F4(>\()2.521 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 5.021(.T)C .021 (he process)-5.021 F F1(list)2.521 E F0 .021 (is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .059(nected to a)108 189.6 R F1(FIFO)2.559 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.559 F F4(/de)2.558 E(v/fd) -.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar) -5.058 F .058(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .13 (mand as the result of the e)108 201.6 R 2.63(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the) 2.63 E F4(>\()2.63 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 .13 (form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .131 (vide input for)-.15 F F1(list)2.631 E F0(.)A(If the)108 213.6 Q F4(<\() 2.5 E F1(list)A F4(\)).833 E F0 (form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E (gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F1(list)2.5 E F0 (.)A .897(When a)108 230.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substit\ ution is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .896 (ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E (command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 242.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F4 -.75(Wo)87 259.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 (The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 271.2 R 1.143 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 (xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 283.2 Q F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 (The shell treats each character of)108 300 R F2(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 (as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) -.15 F(ords)-.1 E 1.788(on these characters.)108 312 R(If)6.788 E F2 (IFS)4.288 E F0 1.788(is unset, or its v)4.038 F 1.789(alue is e)-.25 F (xactly)-.15 E F4()4.289 E F0 4.289(,t)C 1.789 (he def)-4.289 F 1.789(ault, then)-.1 F .022(sequences of)108 324 R F4 ()2.522 E F0(,)A F4()2.522 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F4 ()2.521 E F0 .021(at the be)2.521 F .021 (ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F .021(vious e)-.25 F (xpan-)-.15 E .585(sions are ignored, and an)108 336 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G .586(equence of)-3.086 F F2(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586 (characters not at the be)2.836 F .586(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .586 (es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 348 Q F2(IFS)3.617 E F0 1.117 (has a v)3.367 F 1.117(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.117 (ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F4(space)3.617 E F0(and)3.617 E F4(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be) 108 360 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315 (ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .315 (alue of)-.25 F F2(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.566 E F2(IFS)108 372 Q F0 1.054 (whitespace character\).)3.304 F(An)6.054 E 3.554(yc)-.15 G 1.054 (haracter in)-3.554 F F2(IFS)3.554 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F2 (IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(whitespace, along with an)3.303 F 3.553(ya)-.15 G (djacent)-3.553 E F2(IFS)3.553 E F0 .331 (whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 384 R 2.831(As)5.331 G .332(equence of)-2.831 F F2(IFS)2.832 E F0 .332 (whitespace characters is also treated as a delim-)2.582 F(iter)108 396 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(IFS)2.5 E F0 (is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.879 (Explicit null ar)108 412.8 R 1.879(guments \()-.18 F F4 .833("").833 G F0(or)3.545 E F4 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.) -4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.878 (guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 424.8 S .176 (pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .476 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.676(ov).15 G .176(alues, are remo)-2.926 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.677(ap) 2.677 G .177(arameter with no v)-2.677 F .177(alue is e)-.25 F .177 (xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 436.8 Q (gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 453.6 Q (xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F4 -.1(Pa)87 470.4 S (thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 482.4 R .371 (ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F42.871 E F0 .371 (option has been set,)2.871 F F4(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F .37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F4(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F4(?)2.87 E F0 2.87 (,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F4([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677 (If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 494.4 R .677 (ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F1(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F 1.457 (cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 506.4 R 1.456(If no matching \214le names are found, and the shell)6.457 F (option)108 518.4 Q F4(nullglob)2.537 E F0 .038(is not enabled, the w) 2.537 F .038(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .038(If the)5.038 F F4 (nullglob)2.538 E F0 .038(option is set, and no matches are)2.538 F .306 (found, the w)108 530.4 R .306(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.806 (d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F4(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305 (shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message)2.805 F .928(is printed and the command is not e)108 542.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.428(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F4(nocaseglob)3.428 E F0 .929(is enabled, the match is per)3.429 F(-)-.2 E .033 (formed without re)108 554.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .033 (rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .032 (When a pattern is used for pathname e)5.032 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .104 (the character)108 566.4 R F4 -.63(``)2.604 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .104(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.104 F .105 (wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.605(,u)-.65 G (nless)-2.605 E .888(the shell option)108 578.4 R F4(dotglob)3.388 E F0 .888(is set.)3.388 F .887 (When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.888 F -.1(wa) -.1 G .887(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 590.4 S(plicitly).15 E 6.165 (.I)-.65 G 3.665(no)-6.165 G 1.165(ther cases, the)-3.665 F F4 -.63(``) 3.665 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.166 (character is not treated specially)6.165 F 6.166(.S)-.65 G 1.166 (ee the description of)-6.166 F F4(shopt)3.666 E F0(belo)3.666 E(w)-.25 E(under)108 602.4 Q F2 .478(SHELL B)2.978 F(UIL)-.09 E .478 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477(for a description of the)2.728 F F4 (nocaseglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F4(nullglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F4(failglob)2.977 E F0 2.977(,a)C(nd)-2.977 E F4(dotglob)2.977 E F0(shell options.)108 614.4 Q(The)108 631.2 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.63 E F0 .13(shell v)2.38 F .131 (ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 F F1(pattern)2.631 E F0 5.131(.I).24 G(f)-5.131 E F2(GLO-)2.631 E (BIGNORE)108 643.2 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ so matches one of the patterns in)4.265 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) 4.264 E(remo)108 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(df).15 G .003 (rom the list of matches.)-2.503 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F4 -.63 (``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F4 -.63(``)2.503 G(..) .63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .004(are al)5.633 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .004 (ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.504 E F0(is)2.254 E .046 (set and not null.)108 667.2 R(Ho)5.046 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .846 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.546 E F0 .046 (to a non-null v)2.296 F .045(alue has the ef)-.25 F .045 (fect of enabling the)-.25 F F4(dotglob)2.545 E F0 .613 (shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 679.2 R .614 (ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614 (will match.)5.614 F 2.214 -.8(To g)5.614 H .614(et the old beha).8 F .614(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .457(\214le names be)108 691.2 R .457 (ginning with a)-.15 F F4 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F4 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 .457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E F3(.)A F0(The) 4.957 E F4(dotglob)2.956 E F0 .456(option is)2.956 F(disabled when)108 703.2 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0(is unset.)2.25 E F4 -.1(Pa)108 720 S (tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(22)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(An)108 84 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a patt\ ern, other than the special pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 96 R 1.12 (NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 (ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 (escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 108 R .576 (The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) -.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 120 Q(.)-.65 E (The special pattern characters ha)108 136.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H (he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)144 153.6 Q F0 .377(Matches an)31 F 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376 (tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1 (globstar)2.876 E F0 .376(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 165.6 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775(is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775 (xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw)-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775(sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058 (will match all \214les and zero or more directories and subdirectories\ .)180 177.6 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 189.6 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C (ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 201.6 Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 ([...])144 213.6 Q F0 .578(Matches an)21.84 F 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 (ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 (air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .537 (denotes a)180 225.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ra)3.037 G(ng).15 E 3.037(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.237 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.037(;a)C .837 -.15(ny c) -3.037 H .537(haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.036(oc)-.1 G .536(haracters, inclu-)-3.036 F(si)180 237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u) .15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 (ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213(If the) 6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 249.6 R 1.124(wing the)-.25 F F1([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F1(!)3.624 E F0 1.124(or a)6.124 F F1 (^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G 1.123 (haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894 (The sorting order of characters in range e)180 261.6 R .895 (xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .258(and the v) 180 273.6 R .257(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LC_COLLA)2.757 E(TE)-.855 E F0 .257(shell v)2.507 F .257(ariable, if set.)-.25 F(A) 5.257 E F12.757 E F0 .257(may be matched by includ-)2.757 F .78 (ing it as the \214rst or last character in the set.)180 285.6 R(A)5.78 E F1(])3.28 E F0 .78(may be matched by including it as the)3.28 F (\214rst character in the set.)180 297.6 Q -.4(Wi)180 315.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch)3.071 G(ar) .15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.07 E F2(class)A F1 (:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F2(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo) 180 327.6 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 339.6 R 8.173 (wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 351.6 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 4.29(Ac)180 363.6 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc) -.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 -.1(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E (class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 375.6 Q -.4(Wi) 180 393.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 (,a)C(n)-4.536 E F2 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F2(c)A F1(=]) A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 405.6 R (the character)180 417.6 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 435.6 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.) 2.5 E F2(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2 (symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 452.4 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705 (shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705 (xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108 464.4 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F2 (pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 (is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) 108 476.4 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F1(?\()144 500.4 Q F2 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 (Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 512.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 524.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 (\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 536.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 548.4 Q F2 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 (Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 560.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 572.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 (\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 584.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np) .15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 596.4 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) .833 E F0(Matches an)180 608.4 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) -.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 625.2 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 637.2 R 1.112 (xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) 3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 649.2 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 666 Q F0 .545 (Before a command is e)108 678 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 (cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E (ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .616 (by the shell.)108 690 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open and \ close \214les for the current shell e)5.616 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .617 (cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.275(ment. The)108 702 R(follo)3.275 E .774(wing redirection operators may precede or appear an)-.25 F .774 (ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .774(simple command)3.614 F F0(or)4.044 E (may follo)108 714 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G (edirections are processed in the order the)-5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear) -2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Each redirection tha\ t may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may instead be preceded\ by a w)108 730.8 R .772(ord of)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(23)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .293(the form {)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.498<618c>108 96 S .999(le descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to)-3.498 F F1 (varname)3.499 E F0 5.999(.I)C 3.499(f>)-5.999 G .999 (&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.499 F F1(varname)A F0 .999(}, the)B -.25 (va)108 108 S(lue of).25 E F1(varname)2.5 E F0 (de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .284(In the follo)108 124.8 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\ ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512 (ion operator is)108 136.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<)3.012 E F0 3.012 (,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F (redirection operator is)108 148.8 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) -2.5 E .825(The w)108 165.6 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 (wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 (wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .772 (jected to brace e)108 177.6 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .773 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .844 (sion, quote remo)108 189.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F .843(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843 F .843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.343 E F0 (reports an error)108 201.6 Q(.)-.55 E (Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 218.4 Q -.15 (Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 235.2 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A (directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 252 Q F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 268.8 Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 (directs only the standard output to \214le)108 285.6 R F1(dirlist)3.027 E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F (output before the standard output w)108 297.6 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 314.4 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) -.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F (wing)-.25 E(table:)108 326.4 Q F2(/de)144 343.2 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F1(fd)A F0(If)180 355.2 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 E F2(/de)144 367.2 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.) 180 379.2 Q F2(/de)144 391.2 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 (File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 403.2 Q F2(/de)144 415.2 Q (v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 427.2 Q F2(/de) 144 439.2 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If)180 451.2 Q F1(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.997 E F0 .497 (is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (vice name,)180 463.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.) -.1 E F2(/de)144 475.2 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If) 180 487.2 Q F1(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (vice name,)180 499.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.) -.1 E 2.5(Af)108 516 S (ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E (ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\ hould be used with care, as the)108 532.8 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947 (ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F (descriptors the shell uses internally)108 544.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Redir)87 561.6 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) 108 573.6 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 (to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 585.6 Q F1 (n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (The general format for redirecting input is:)108 602.4 Q([)144 619.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 636 Q(ecting Output) -.18 E F0 .174 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) 108 648 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175 (to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 660 R F1(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F1(n)3.684 E F0 .824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F -.15(ex)108 672 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E (The general format for redirecting output is:)108 688.8 Q([)144 705.6 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154 (If the redirection operator is)108 722.4 R F2(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C .154(nd the)-2.654 F F2(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) 2.654 F F2(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 (iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(24)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .658(will f)108 84 R .658 (ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658(xpansion of) -.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-) 5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F2(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F2(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409(option to the)2.909 F F2(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409 (iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)-2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 124.8 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642 (Redirection of output in this f)108 136.8 R .642 (ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641 (xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473 (opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 148.8 R F1(n)2.973 E F0 2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F1(n)3.334 E F0 .474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108 160.8 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E (The general format for appending output is:)108 177.6 Q([)144 194.4 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 216 Q (ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 (This construct allo)108 228 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\ e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F (tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 240 Q (xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E(There are tw)108 256.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F2 (&>)144 273.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 285.6 Q F2(>&)144 297.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 314.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 331.2 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2 -.25(Ap)87 352.8 S (pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 (This construct allo)108 364.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 376.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E (The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 393.6 Q F2(&>>)144 410.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 (This is semantically equi)108 427.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 (>>)144 444 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(Her)87 460.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\ nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\ ontaining only)108 472.8 R F1(delimiter)108.35 484.8 Q F0 .614 (\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 F(dard input for a command.)108 496.8 Q (The format of here-documents is:)108 513.6 Q F2(<<)144 530.4 Q F0([)A F2A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 542.4 Q(e-document)-.37 E (delimiter)144 554.4 Q F0 .128(No parameter e)108 571.2 R .127 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127 (xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .127(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108 583.2 Q F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G 1.074 -.15(ny c)-3.274 H .774(haracters in).15 F F1(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F1(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774 (is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.275(lo).25 G(n) -3.275 E F1(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.275(,a).77 G(nd)-3.275 E .905 (the lines in the here-document are not e)108 595.2 R 3.405(xpanded. If) -.15 F F1(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .904 (is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .694 (subjected to parameter e)108 607.2 R .695 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.195 (xpansion. In)-.15 F .695(the latter case, the)3.195 F (character sequence)108 619.2 Q F2(\\)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and) 2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\) 2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 (If the redirection operator is)108 636 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\ the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 648 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G (his allo)-5 E (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) -.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 664.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 2.5(Av)108 676.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F2 (<<<)144 693.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 710.4 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d) -.37 E F0(is e)2.5 E (xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(25)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 26 26 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 84 Q F0 (The redirection operator)108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 (is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 129.6 R(If)5.127 E F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 141.6 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G 2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G 2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0 .457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149 (for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 153.6 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor) 2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F12.649 E F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.) 2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F (the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 165.6 Q (The operator)108 182.4 Q([)144 199.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A (d)-.37 E F0 .444 (is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 216 R(If) 5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443 (is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357 (tor 1\) is used.)108 228 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output,\ a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 240 R 2.597(as)2.597 G .097(pecial case, if)-2.597 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 .096(is omitted, and)2.596 F F2(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)2.596 F .096 (xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F (put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 252 Q (viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 268.8 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0 (The redirection operator)108 280.8 Q([)144 297.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&) A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2(digit)3.035 E F0 .535 (to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt) -3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2 (n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 326.4 Q F2(digit)5 E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A (Similarly)108 343.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) 144 360 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F2 (digit)2.786 E F0 .286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o).24 G 2.786(rt)-2.786 G .285 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 .285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 388.8 Q F1 (Opening File Descriptors f)87 405.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 (The redirection operator)108 417.6 Q([)144 434.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>) A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 451.2 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor) 108 463.2 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G (le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 480 Q F2(Aliases)108 492 Q F0(allo)3.174 E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674 (ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673 (ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ ses that may be set and unset with the)108 504 R F1(alias)2.894 E F0 (and)2.894 E F1(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2 F(\(see)108 516 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 (\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F(check)108 528 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472 (If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473 (xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F1(/)2.973 E F0(,)A F1($)2.973 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 540 Q F1(=)3.612 E F0 1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell) -3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 (or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111 (ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 552 R 1.119 (replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G 1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12 (The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 564 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F .514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513 (ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F .295(not e)108 576 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 (This means that one may alias)5.295 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 .296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 (bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 588 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F 3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542 (alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne) -3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 600 Q(ord follo)-.1 E (wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 616.8 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 (command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 (unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284 (There is no mechanism for using ar)108 633.6 R .284 (guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E .284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see) 108 645.6 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 (Aliases are not e)108 662.4 R 1.22 (xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u) .15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22 (shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 674.4 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 (\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .435 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 691.2 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1 (wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338 (one complete line of input before e)108 703.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 (cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338 (he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337 (xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 715.2 S .904 (ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 (cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 (an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162 (another command does not tak)108 727.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F 1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(26)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .277(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 84 R .277 (fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha) 2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F .699(\ xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the function is \ e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494 (because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 108 R .495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085 (tion are not a)108 120 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084 (ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584 (cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F (rate line, and do not use)108 132 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)2.5 E F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 148.8 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E/F2 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 165.6 Q F0 3.467(As)108 177.6 S .967 (hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002 (the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the lis\ t of com-)3.502 F .315(mands associated with that function name is e)108 201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036(shell; no ne)108 213.6 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 (rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 F .639(function is e)108 225.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) -.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 237.6 R F1(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 (Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F .532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 249.6 Q F3(FUNCN)2.5 E (AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 266.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F 1.049(these e)108 278.4 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F3(DEB)3.548 E(UG) -.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F1(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048 (traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F1(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F3(SHELL)3.548 E -.09(BU)108 290.4 S(IL) .09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F1(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E .479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 302.4 R F3(declar) 2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) -.25 F F1 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 (shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F1(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) 108 314.4 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F1 (DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F1(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 (traps\), and the)2.572 F F3(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 326.4 Q F1(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 (shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 343.2 S .656 (riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F1(local) 3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.655 E 3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F(their v)108 355.2 Q (alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E (The)108 372 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 -.25(va)3.528 G 1.028 (riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 384 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) -.15 E .044(If the b)108 400.8 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re) 2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 (cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 412.8 R 1.011 (xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G 1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012 (trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 424.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213 (When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) 108 436.8 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) -2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358 (Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 453.6 R F1 3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F 3.39(mands. The)108 465.6 R F13.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1 (declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F .326(\214le and line number)108 477.6 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)-2.826 G (he)-2.826 E F1(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 (shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F .327 (xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 489.6 R 1.598 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.298(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F13.798 E F0 1.298(option to the)3.798 F F1(export)3.797 E F0 -.2(bu)3.797 G 3.797 (iltin. A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F .16 (deleted using the)108 501.6 R F12.66 E F0 .16(option to the)2.66 F F1(unset)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .161 (that shell functions and v)2.661 F .161(ariables with the same name) -.25 F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en) 108 513.6 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 525.6 Q (en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .371 (Functions may be recursi)108 542.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) -5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 (riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141 (stack and restrict the number of function in)108 554.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141 (ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 566.4 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E F2(ARITHMETIC EV)72 583.2 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297(The shell allo)108 595.2 R 2.297 (ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.798 E F0(and)4.798 E F1(declar)108 607.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.706 G .206 (iltin commands and).2 F F1 .206(Arithmetic Expansion)2.706 F F0 2.705 (\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .205(ed-width inte)-.15 F .205(gers with no)-.15 F .428(check for o)108 619.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G (r\215o).15 E 1.728 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .428(hough di).65 F .428 (vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.429(.T)-.55 G .429(he operators and their prece-)-5.429 F 1.92(dence, associati)108 631.2 R(vity)-.25 E 4.42(,a)-.65 G 1.92(nd v)-4.42 F 1.92 (alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.919(The follo)6.919 F 1.919(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 643.2 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve) -.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 660 Q F1(++)A F5(id)2.5 E F1A F0 -.25 (va)144 672 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108 684 Q F5(id)A F12.5 E F5(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 696 S (riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5108 708 S F0 (unary minus and plus)19.6 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) 135.965 E(27)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(!~)108 84 S F0(logical and bitwise ne) 24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 96 Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G (ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 108 S F0(multiplication, di)10.72 E (vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108 120 S F0 (addition, subtraction)19.6 E F1(<< >>)108 132 Q F0 (left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 144 Q F0 (comparison)144 156 Q F1(== !=)108 168 Q F0(equality and inequality) 13.07 E F1(&)108 180 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 192 Q F0 (bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108 204 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 216 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1(||) 108 228 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 240 S (pr).2 E F1(?)A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 (conditional operator)144 252 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 264 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5 (=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=) -2.5 E F0(assignment)144 276 Q F2 -.2(ex)108 288 S(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 300 Q .68(Shell v)108 316.8 R .68 (ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 (xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 328.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 (ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) -.25 F -.15(ex)108 340.8 S 1.04(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.54(As)6.04 G 1.04(hell v)-3.54 F 1.04(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25(va) -.25 G 1.041(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.467 (using the parameter e)108 352.8 R 1.467(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 (The v)6.467 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G 1.466(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.389 (when it is referenced, or when a v)108 364.8 R 1.389 (ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.89(nt).15 G(he)-3.89 E F2(inte)3.89 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.89 E 1.39(ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)3.89 E 3.89(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.89 E F0(is)3.89 E .333 (assigned a v)108 376.8 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)2.832 F .332 (alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832(As)5.332 G .332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F2(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.832 E .332 (ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 388.8 Q(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 405.6 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F (xadecimal.)-.15 E .113(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 417.6 R 2.613(et)-.1 G .113(he form [)-2.613 F F2(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F2 (base)2.612 E F0 .112(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .533 (representing the arithmetic base, and)108 429.6 R F2(n)3.033 E F0 .533 (is a number in that base.)3.033 F(If)5.534 E F2(base#)3.034 E F0 .534 (is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.034 F .916 (The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)108 441.6 R .915 (wercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that)-.25 F(order) 108 453.6 Q 5.67(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.67 E F2(base)3.17 E F0 .67 (is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.17 F .671 (wercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to)-.25 F (represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 465.6 Q .235(Operators are e) 108 482.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235(luated in order of precedence.).25 F (Sub-e)5.234 E .234(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 494.4 S (rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 511.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255 (Conditional e)108 523.2 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F1([[) 2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F1(test)2.755 E F0(and) 2.755 E F1([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F .77(\214le attrib)108 535.2 R .77 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77 (Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.04 (unary or binary primaries.)108 547.2 R 1.04(If an)6.04 F(y)-.15 E F2 (\214le)3.54 E F0(ar)3.54 E 1.041 (gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F2(/de)3.541 E (v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.541(,t)C 1.041(hen \214le)-3.541 F(descriptor)108 559.2 Q F2(n)3.789 E F0 1.289(is check)3.789 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the) 3.789 E F2(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289 (gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F2(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin) -.15 E F0(,)A F2(/de)3.788 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.788(,o)C(r)-3.788 E F2 (/de)108 571.2 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C (le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5 (,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) 108 588 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) -3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 600 Q 1.096(When used with)108 618 R F1([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596 E F1(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) 3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095 E F1(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 630 Q F1108 654 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 666 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) 2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1108 678 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) 2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1108 690 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) 2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1108 702 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) 2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1108 714 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G (ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E (gular \214le.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E (28)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) 2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1108 96 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 108 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) -2.5 E F1108 120 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F1108 132 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1108 144 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1108 156 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F2 (fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1108 168 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1108 180 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1108 192 Q F2(\214le) 2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1108 204 Q F2 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) 2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15 (ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1108 216 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 (Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1108 228 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1 108 240 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le) 2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti) -.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1108 252 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 264 Q F1(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 276 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 (and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 E (vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 288 Q F02.5 E F1(nt)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 300 S .038(ue if).35 F F2(\214le1)2.538 E F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039 (wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F2(\214le2)2.539 E F0 2.539(,o)C 2.539(ri)-2.539 G(f)-2.539 E F2(\214le1)2.539 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.539 G .039(ists and).15 F F2(\214le2)2.539 E F0 .039(does not.) 2.539 F F2(\214le1)108 312 Q F02.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 324 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2 (\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1 108 336 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 348 S .263 (ue if the shell option).35 F F2(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.) 2.942 F .262(See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F12.762 E F0(option to the)144 360 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 372 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 384 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1108 396 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 408 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2 (string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string)108 420 Q F1108 432 Q F2 (string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 444 S(ue if the length of).35 E F2(string) 2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2(string1)108 460.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2 (string2)2.5 E(string1)108 472.8 Q F1(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 (Tr)144 484.8 S(ue if the strings are equal.).35 E F1(=)5 E F0 (should be used with the)2.5 E F1(test)2.5 E F0 (command for POSIX conformance.)2.5 E F2(string1)108 501.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 513.6 S (ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 530.4 Q F1(<)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 542.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 559.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 (Tr)144 571.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 (string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(ar)108.33 588 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (OP)144 600 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 (\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F1(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 (.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F2 (ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 612 R F2(ar)144 624 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) .15 E(.)-.65 E F2(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(g2)-.37 E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15 (eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 640.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .613(When a simple command is e)108 652.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 (cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 (xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.) 108 664.8 Q 26(1. The)108 681.6 R -.1(wo)4.349 G 1.849 (rds that the parser has mark).1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F (name\) and redirections are sa)144 693.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G (or later processing.)-2.5 E 26(2. The)108 710.4 R -.1(wo)3.663 G 1.163 (rds that are not v).1 F 1.164 (ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15 F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144 722.4 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(29)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(are the ar)144 84 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 100.8 R(are performed as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26 (4. The)108 117.6 R(te)3.216 E .717(xt after the)-.15 F/F3 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717 (ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .34 (command substitution, arithmetic e)144 129.6 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 (efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 141.6 Q .332(If no command name results, the v)108 158.4 R .332 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 170.4 S .757 (riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757 (fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 182.4 R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677 (he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677 (alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F (the command e)108 194.4 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 (If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 211.2 R .149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 (vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 223.2 Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 (If there is a command name left after e)108 240 R 1.064(xpansion, e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F 4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108 252 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 (xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 (xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 264 R .466 (xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 (If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 276 Q (xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF (COMMAND EXECUTION)72 292.8 Q F0 .547 (After a command has been split into w)108 304.8 R .546 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 316.8 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E (en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ mpts to locate it.)108 333.6 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) 108 345.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F1(FUNCTIONS) 2.746 E F2(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F (tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 357.6 Q 2.5 (uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E (uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309 (If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 374.4 R .31 (uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F3(bash)2.81 E F0 .31 (searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 386.4 Q F1 -.666(PA)3.163 G(TH) -.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F3(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662 (uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914(the full pathnames of e)108 398.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F3(hash)4.415 E F0(under)4.415 E F1 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.915(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 F F0(belo)4.165 E 4.415(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.415 E .72 (search of the directories in)108 410.4 R F1 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .719 (is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F .719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ a de\214ned shell function named)108 422.4 R F3(command_not_f)3.456 E (ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 434.4 Q F0 5.278(.I)C 2.778(ft)-5.278 G .278 (hat function e)-2.778 F .278(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 2.778(dw).1 G .277 (ith the original command and the original command')-2.778 F 2.777(sa) -.55 G -.18(rg)-2.777 G(uments).18 E .775(as its ar)108 446.4 R .775 (guments, and the function')-.18 F 3.275(se)-.55 G .775 (xit status becomes the e)-3.425 F .775(xit status of the shell.)-.15 F .776(If that function is not)5.776 F (de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 458.4 Q(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if th\ e command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 475.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197(named program in a separate e) 108 487.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 (n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 499.2 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 516 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809 (ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809 (cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G 4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .677(assumed to be a)108 528 R/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.177 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 (le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678 (ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .678(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678 (cute it.).15 F(This)5.678 E .33 (subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 540 R .33 (fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.829(ws)-.25 G .329(hell had been in)-2.829 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.829(dt).1 G 2.829(oh)-2.829 G .329 (andle the script, with)-2.829 F 1.219(the e)108 552 R 1.219 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) -.15 F F3(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E F1 (SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 564 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F2(\))A F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be) 108 580.8 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F3(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(h\ e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) -2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 592.8 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E 1.193(format themselv) 108 604.8 R 3.693(es. 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Unless)-.25 F .134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F (the shell.)108 254.4 Q 32.5<8374>108 271.2 S 1.056(he shell')-32.5 F 3.556(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) -3.556 F(mand)144 283.2 Q 32.5<8374>108 300 S(he current w)-32.5 E (orking directory)-.1 E 32.5<8374>108 316.8 S (he \214le creation mode mask)-32.5 E 32.5<8373>108 333.6 S .856(hell v) -32.5 F .857(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 (xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 (xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 345.6 Q(vironment) -.4 E 32.5<8374>108 362.4 S .307 (raps caught by the shell are reset to the v)-32.5 F .306 (alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306 (arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 374.4 Q 2.5(Ac)108 391.2 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E (fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E (vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 408 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) .2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 420 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 F .245(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244 (vironment, e)-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F .358(reset to the v)108 432 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) -.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 444 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 (vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) -.4 E(ment cannot af)108 456 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15 (xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 472.8 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F F13.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent)3.877 F 2.5(shell. When) 108 484.8 R(not in)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,) 2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0 (option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405(If a command is follo)108 501.6 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.905 E F0 .404(and job control is not acti) 2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404(he def)-2.904 F .404 (ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197(is the empty \214le)108 513.6 R F3(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197(.O)C .197 (therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc).1 G .198 (ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.697 F (as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 525.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF (ENVIR)72 542.4 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.354(When a program is in)108 554.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg) -4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na).25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353 (rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F3(en)4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.353(his is a list of)-7.353 F F3(name)108 566.4 Q F0A F3(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F3 (value)A F0(.).18 E 1.485(The shell pro)108 583.2 R 1.485(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.485(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.486 (cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 595.2 Q .144(viron\ ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\ it for)-.4 F F3 -.2(ex)2.643 G(port).2 E F0 .143(to child pro-)3.323 F 2.703(cesses. Ex)108 607.2 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) 2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704 (wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E 1.153 (eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 619.2 R 3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.153 (alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 631.2 Q .64 (vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 (alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.) -.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 643.2 R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58 (cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58 (nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F .3(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 655.2 R 2.8(yp)-.15 G .3 (airs remo)-2.8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.8 G(he)-2.801 E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .301(command, plus an)2.801 F 2.801(ya)-.15 G .301 (dditions via the)-2.801 F F1(export)2.801 E F0(and)2.801 E F1(declar) 108 667.2 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en)108 684 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F3 .563(simple command)3.403 F F0 .562 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F .202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 696 R .502 -.15(ve i) -.15 H(n).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF (.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F .203(fect only the) -.25 F(en)108 708 Q(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 724.8 R F13.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F3 (all)3.64 E F0 .81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(31)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(the en)108 84 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) -.4 E(When)108 100.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.396 E F0(in)3.396 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.396(sa).1 G 3.397(ne)-3.396 G .897 (xternal command, the v)-3.547 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.397 E F0 .897 (is set to the full \214le name of the command and)3.397 F (passed to that command in its en)108 112.8 Q(vironment.)-.4 E/F2 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT ST)72 129.6 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151 (The e)108 141.6 R .151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151 (cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F/F3 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .15(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 153.6 R .347 (statuses f)2.847 F .347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347 (xplained belo)-.15 F 1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25 F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 165.6 Q 5.674(.E)-.65 G .674(xit statuses from shell b)-5.674 F .673 (uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under)-.2 F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 177.6 Q (alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108 194.4 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G .873 (urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 (xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873(xit status of) -.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 206.4 R 2.549(An)5.049 G .049 (on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 (ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) -2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 218.4 Q F3(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) 2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F3(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E (xit status.)-.15 E .404 (If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 235.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 (If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 247.2 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 264 Q (ails because of an error during e)-.1 E(xpansion or redirection, the e) -.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.)-.15 E .081(Shell b)108 280.8 R .081(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F3(true)A F0 2.581 (\)i)C 2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F3 (false)A F0 2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08 (rror occurs while)-2.58 F(the)108 292.8 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G 2.5(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins return an e).2 E (xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 309.6 Q F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202 (xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202 (cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 321.6 Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 (exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2 (SIGN)72 338.4 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 350.4 Q F1(bash)3.183 E F0 .683 (is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G 3.183(nt)-3.183 G .683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores) -3.183 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682(\(so that)2.933 F F1 .682(kill 0)3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 F(interacti)108 362.4 Q .757 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.957 E F0 .458(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F1(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458(In all cases,) 5.458 F F1(bash)108 374.4 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1 (bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU) -.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 391.2 Q 1.065(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.565 E F0(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064 (alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When)108 403.2 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 (fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) 2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 (tion to these inherited handlers.)108 415.2 R .653 (Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 427.2 Q F4 (SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4 (SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 444 R 2.045(xits by def) -.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 456 Q F0 1.005 (to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004(Stopped jobs are sent) 6.005 F F4(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004(to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr) -.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 468 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p)5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shel\ l from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357 (jobs table with the)108 480 R F1(diso)3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.356(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E 1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356 (ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F4(SIGHUP)108 492 Q F0(using)2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A .166(If the)108 508.8 R F1 (huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1 (shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F4(SIGHUP) 2.666 E F0 .166(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G (login shell e)108 520.8 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 537.6 Q F1(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546 (ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F .662 (will not be e)108 549.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 (cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 (via the)108 561.6 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1 (wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F (return immediately with an e)108 573.6 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(JOB CONTR)72 590.4 Q(OL)-.329 E F3 -.25 (Jo)108 602.4 S 4.567(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067 (refers to the ability to selecti)5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067 (ly stop \().15 F F3(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.068(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 614.4 Q F3 -.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 (ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702 (acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.001 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) -.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 626.4 Q(ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 643.2 R F3(job) 5.024 E F0 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k)5.784 F .785 (eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785 (cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 655.2 R F1 (jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F1(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 (starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F3(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E (ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 667.2 Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 684 Q .241(indicating that this job is job num\ ber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline assoc\ iated)108 700.8 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 712.8 R .732 (All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) 5.733 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 724.8 Q F3(job) 4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E(GNU Bash-4.2) 72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(32)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 33 33 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E 3.062 -.8(To f)108 84 T 1.462 (acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7 F 1.463 (ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F .871 (notion of a)108 96 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(curr)3.371 E .871 (ent terminal pr)-.37 F .871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871 (.M)C .87(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023 (group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 108 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 (board-generated signals such as).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG-)2.523 E (INT)108 120 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.347 (These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F1(for)3.846 E -.4(eg) -.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F1(Bac)6.926 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound) -.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 F .145 (group ID dif)108 132 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 (s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 (board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 (ground processes are allo)108 144 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F 2.66 (,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F4 10 /Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) -2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 156 R .551 (processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F4 .551 (stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F .718(terminal are sent a)108 168 R F2 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F(OU\)) -.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 G .717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717 (hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 180 Q 1.087 (If the operating system on which)108 196.8 R/F5 10/Times-Bold@0 SF (bash)3.587 E F0 1.088(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F5(bash) 3.588 E F0 1.088(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8 (Ty)108 208.8 S .302(ping the).8 F F1(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302 (character \(typically)3.572 F F5(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 (ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 220.8 R F5(bash)4.642 E F0 7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F1 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F5(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C (ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 232.8 R(to)108 244.8 Q F5(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 (he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F F5(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895 (background, the)108 256.8 R F5(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 (command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F F5(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F5(^Z) 3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 268.8 Q .948(fect immediately) -.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948 (fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) 108 280.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 297.6 R .777 (ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F5 (%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 309.6 Q F1(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F1(n)3.817 E F0 .957 (may be referred to as)3.697 F F5(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) 108 321.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F5(%ce)3.09 E F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 333.6 Q F5(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463 E 5.963(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.963 G .963 (re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F5(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 (reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F5(%?ce)3.463 E F0 3.464(,o)C 3.464(nt)-3.464 G .964(he other)-3.464 F .087 (hand, refers to an)108 345.6 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 (ob containing the string)-2.587 F F5(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 (in its command line.)2.587 F .087 (If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 357.6 Q F5 (bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 (he symbols)-5.018 F F5(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F5(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 (refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F F1(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) -2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 369.6 R .495 (as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F (The)5.494 E F1(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494 (may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 381.6 R F5<25ad>3.287 E F0 5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F5 (%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F5<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788 (can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.788(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.788 E .257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 393.6 R F5 (jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa) -.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F5(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre) 108 405.6 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F52.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411 (single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .411 (ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (rent job)108 417.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444 (Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 434.4 R (ground:)-.15 E F5(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) -.15 F F5 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C (ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 446.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F5 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 (%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F (equi)108 458.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F5 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') .63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 475.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F (Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F5(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 (its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 (prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 487.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G .157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 (ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F52.658 E F0 .158 (option to)2.658 F(the)108 499.2 Q F5(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G 1.452(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F5(bash)3.952 E F0 1.451 (reports such changes immediately)3.952 F 6.451(.A)-.65 G 1.751 -.15 (ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F F2(SIGCHLD)3.951 E F0(is)3.701 E -.15 (exe)108 511.2 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E .032 (If an attempt to e)108 528 R(xit)-.15 E F5(bash)2.532 E F0 .032 (is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft) -2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F5(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 (shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 540 R F5 (shopt)4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02 (iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.019 (arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F5(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019 (option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 552 R(The)5.458 E F5(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459 (command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a) 5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 564 R .604 (xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 (ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E (and an)108 576 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 592.8 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 604.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F5(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F2(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826 (and the secondary prompt)108 616.8 R F2(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825 (when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F5(Bash)6.825 E F0(allo)4.325 E 1.825(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\ ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\ are)108 628.8 R(decoded as follo)108 640.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F5(\\a)144 652.8 Q F0(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F5(\\d)144 664.8 Q F0 (the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E (ue May 26"\))-.45 E F5(\\D{)144 676.8 Q F1(format)A F5(})A F0(the)180 688.8 Q F1(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F1(strftime) 3.927 E F0 1.427 (\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 700.8 Q F1(format)2.5 E F0 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E (The braces are required)5 E F5(\\e)144 712.8 Q F0 (an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(33)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 34 34 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\h)144 84 Q F0 (the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 96 Q F0 (the hostname)25.44 E F1(\\j)144 108 Q F0 (the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F1(\\l)144 120 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) -2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 132 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1 (\\r)144 144 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\s)144 156 Q F0 (the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F1($0)2.5 E F0 (\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144 168 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F1(\\T)144 180 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F1(\\@)144 192 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F1(\\A)144 204 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1(\\u)144 216 Q F0 (the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144 228 Q F0(the v) 28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V) 144 240 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C (ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\)) -2.5 E F1(\\w)144 252 Q F0 .115(the current w)26 F .115 (orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($HOME)2.615 E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116(viated with a tilde \(uses the v) -.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 264 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 276 Q F0 (the basename of the current w)23.22 E(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w) -.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde) -.25 E F1(\\!)144 288 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E F1 (\\#)144 300 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$)144 312 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a) .15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 324 Q /F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 (the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F1 (\\\\)144 336 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 348 Q F0 (be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which coul\ d be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt) 180 360 Q F1(\\])144 372 Q F0(end a sequence of non-printing characters) 29.89 E .119(The command number and the history number are usually dif) 108 388.8 R .12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(position in the history list, which may include commands restored\ from the history \214le \(see)108 400.8 R F2(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) -.315 E F0(belo)108 412.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the p\ osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541 (cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 424.8 R .546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 (xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F .351(tion, arithmetic e)108 436.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1 (pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852 F(description of the)108 448.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) -.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 465.6 Q F0 .151 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) 108 477.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 (\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 489.6 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2 (vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 (editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F13.709 E F0 1.209 (option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G 3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 501.6 Q .851 (ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F 3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851 (ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 513.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) -3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 .85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E (\(see)108 525.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 (ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E (emacs)108 537.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 (set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 554.4 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) 108 566.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) 2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 578.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) -.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) -.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 (\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 590.4 S .83 (yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 (y, M)-.05 H.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 (,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 (hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 602.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F (e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) -3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 (hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 614.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H (hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) .65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 631.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 (nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho) 108 643.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G 3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 (ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 655.2 R 1.018 (ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 (ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 667.2 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) -.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 684 R F3 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 (xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 (or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3 (yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 696 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) -.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 708 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 (Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) 108 720 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(34)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 35 35 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline Initialization)87 84 Q F0 .091(Re\ adline is customized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(\ the)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591 (\214le\). The)2.591 F .092(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 108 R .196(en from the v)-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196 (that v)2.696 F .196(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F2(~/.inputr)2.696 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which uses the readline library starts up, the initializa\ tion \214le is read, and the k)108 120 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035 (indings and).15 F -.25(va)108 132 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15 (There are only a fe)6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo) -3.649 F 1.149(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank) 6.149 E .736(lines are ignored.)108 144 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 (ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 (Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737 (indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 156 R (lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E (ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 172.8 R .987(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F2(inputr) 3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 (programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 184.8 Q (wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 201.6 S 2.5(re).15 G (xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 218.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 230.4 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 242.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 254.4 Q F2(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G (\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F2 (univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo) 108 271.2 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F2 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F2 (ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F2(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F2(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0 (,).73 E F2(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(RETURN)108 283.2 Q F0(,)1.1 E F2 (SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F2(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G (nd)-2.5 E F2 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 (In addition to command names, readline allo)108 300 R .209(ws k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 (ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) -.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 312 Q F2(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F1 (Readline K)87 328.8 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 (The syntax for controlling k)108 340.8 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 (indings in the).15 F F2(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 (\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) 5.366 F .383(command or the te)108 352.8 R .383(xt of a macro and a k) -.15 F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383 (equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853 (\214ed in one of tw)108 364.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 (ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853 (ame, possibly with).15 F F2(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F2(Contr) 3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15 (ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 376.8 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 393.6 R F1 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042 E F2(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542 (is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.841 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.541(pelled out in) .15 F 2.5(English. F)108 405.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E (Control-u: uni)144 429.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 441.6 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E (Control-o: "> output")144 453.6 Q .698(In the abo)108 470.4 R .998 -.15 (ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F2(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 (is bound to the function)3.448 F F1(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G (rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F2(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 (is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 482.4 Q F1 (backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F2 (C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 494.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 (into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 511.2 R F1("k)2.555 E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F2(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F2(macr) 2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 (fers from)-.25 F F1 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 (ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 (denoting an entire k)108 523.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F (Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 535.2 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H .385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 (xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F (are not recognized.)108 547.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 571.2 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E ("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 583.2 Q ("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 595.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 (In this e)108 612 R(xample,)-.15 E F2(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) 3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F1(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F2 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 .314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 624 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G .18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2(ESC [ 1 1 ~) 3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F4(Function Key 1) 2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 640.8 Q F1<5c43ad>144 652.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F1<5c4dad>144 664.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F1(\\e)144 676.8 Q F0 (an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\\\)144 688.8 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1 (\\")144 700.8 Q F0(literal ")27.67 E F1<5c08>144 712.8 Q F0 (literal \010)30.44 E(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequenc\ es, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 729.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable:).25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(35) 185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 36 36 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\a)144 84 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1 (\\b)144 96 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\d)144 108 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F1 (\\f)144 120 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 132 Q F0(ne)27.66 E (wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 144 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 156 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 168 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G (rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 180 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 (the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E (alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 192 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he) -.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141 (When entering the te)108 208.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09 (Unquoted te)108 220.8 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089 (he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 232.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G (ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 249.6 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 (indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 -.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 (The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 261.6 R .346 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F12.545 E F0 .045 (option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 (iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 273.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 (Readline V)87 290.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 302.4 R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 (riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 314.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 331.2 Q F2 (variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108 348 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) -.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v) 108 360 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 (alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 (he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 384 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 400.8 Q F0 .01 (Controls what happens when readline w)144 412.8 R .011 (ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) 2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94(rings the bell.)144 424.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 (va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0 (,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 436.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G (ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 448.8 Q F0 .055(If set to)144 460.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F (ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 472.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) -.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 484.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\)) -.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 496.8 R F1(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 508.8 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 (in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 520.8 Q (e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 532.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 (,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\ insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1(completion\255pr) 108 544.8 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\ in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions\ that is displayed)144 556.8 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 568.8 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 (alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 (es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 580.8 S(lue are replaced with a\ n ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 (completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 592.8 Q F0 .529 (This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 604.8 R .53 (wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) 144 616.8 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It) 3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56 (ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 628.8 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\ qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 640.8 S .237 (riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie) -.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G .237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 652.8 Q F1(con)108 664.8 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 676.8 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) 144 688.8 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 700.8 Q F0(\).)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(36)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 37 37 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038 (eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) 144 108 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 (.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 120 Q F0 .142 (Controls whether readline be)144 132 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F .441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Emacs)2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode) 5.141 E F0(can be set to either)144 144 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 (vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 156 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21(When set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 (upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F (corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 180 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 192 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 (When set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F (tems need this to enable the arro)144 216 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 228 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 (When set to)144 240 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 (he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 252 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 (expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 264 Q F0(If set to)144 276 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) -.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 288 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 (ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 300 R F1(On) 3.839 E F0 3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \ the same location on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 312 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G (ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 (history\255size \(0\))108 324 Q F0 .462 (Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 336 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.963(di).15 G 2.963(nt)-2.963 G .463(he history list.)-2.963 F .463 (If set to zero, the number of)5.463 F (entries in the history list is not limited.)144 348 Q F1 (horizontal\255scr)108 360 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 (When set to)144 372 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 (es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ ne)144 384 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 396 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 408 Q F0 .228(If set to)144 420 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \ will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\ rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 432 R -.05 (ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F (synon)144 444 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 456 Q (ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\ The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\ thout subsequently e)144 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934 (ing the character as a command.)144 480 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 (ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 (alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 492 Q F2 (C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) 108 504 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 516 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 (alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 (emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068 (emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 528 R F0 2.568(,a)C (nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 (is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) 2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 540 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C 1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) 4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 (editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 552 Q(fects the def)-.25 E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 564 Q (ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 576 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) .15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 588 Q F0(If set to)144 600 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) -.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 (*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 612 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E (ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 624 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 636 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 (match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 648 Q F0 .193(This v)144 660 R .193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 (auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 (gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 (\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 672 R .456 (If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) -2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F (user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 684 Q F1 (menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 696 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.586(If set to)144 708 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) -4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 720 Q (ycling through the list.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) 135.965 E(37)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 38 38 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(output\255meta \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 .506 (If set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will displ\ ay characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-) -3.006 F(pre\214x)144 108 Q(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1 (page\255completions \(On\))108 120 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 132 R F1(On) 3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F (tions at a time.)144 144 Q F1 (print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 156 Q F0 1.318 (If set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\ play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.818 F(order)144 180 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 192 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .699(If set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) -3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 216 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 (vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 228 S(adline) .18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 240 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .304(This alters the def)144 252 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 (vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) 2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 264 R(bell.)144 276 Q F1 (sho)108 288 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346 (This alters the def)144 300 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 (vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) -.1 F F1(sho)144 312 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C 4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 (ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 324 R 3.54 (yp)-.15 G 1.039 (ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F 3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\ es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 336 Q F1 (skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 360 R F1(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095 (ault completion beha)-.1 F .095 (vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 372 Q 2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 (hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1 F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \ the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 384 R 1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 396 Q (ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 (visible\255stats \(Off\))108 408 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 420 R F1(On) 3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 (st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846 (\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B (when listing possible completions.)144 432 Q F1 (Readline Conditional Constructs)87 448.8 Q F0 .05 (Readline implements a f)108 460.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097 (which allo)108 472.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 (ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096 (There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 501.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.962 E F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on the\ editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .478 (or the application using readline.)144 513.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 (xt of the test e)-.15 F .477 (xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F (are required to isolate it.)144 525.6 Q F1(mode)144 542.4 Q F0(The) 12.67 E F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 (directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 (sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 (mode. This)180 554.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to) 3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 566.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E (d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735 (ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 578.4 Q F1(term)144 595.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 (form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15 (ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 607.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 (wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 619.2 Q F1(=)3.232 E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 631.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 648 Q F0(The)180 660 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 (construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 672 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 (nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180 684 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 (ci\214c program.)180 696 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 708 Q (vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(38)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 39 39 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($if)180 84 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 96 S (uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E ("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 108 Q F1($endif)180 120 Q($endif)108 136.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E (xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1($else) 108 153.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 (directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 170.4 Q F0 .356 (This directi)144 182.4 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 (es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 (gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) 144 194.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 218.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 235.2 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 247.2 R .835 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E .834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 259.2 Q (There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E (emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 E .697(Incremental searches be)108 276 R .697 (gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F .698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113 (search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 288 R .112 (xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542 (incremental search requires only as man)108 300 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542 (haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.542 (.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v) 108 312 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear)2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 (riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 (If that v)108 324 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 F .097(mental search.)108 336 R .096(Control-G will abort an incrementa\ l search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096(When the search is) 5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing the search string beco\ mes the current line.)108 348 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214)108 364.8 T 1.339(nd \ other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R\ as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675(search backw)108 376.8 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 388.8 R .474 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E .541(instance, a)108 400.8 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 (will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 412.8 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 429.6 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) -3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E (ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 441.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 458.4 R(The searc\ h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ rent line.)108 470.4 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 487.2 Q F0 1.391 (The follo)108 499.2 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F 3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 511.2 R .122 (names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121 (the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 523.2 Q F2(point)3.41 E F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db) .15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 535.2 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E (xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) 2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 552 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E (beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 564 Q F0(Mo)144 576 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 (end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 588 Q F0(Mo)144 600 Q .3 -.15(ve t) -.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 612 S (rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 624 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) .15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 636 Q F0(Mo)144 648 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 660 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 672 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .522 (ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F (ters and digits\).)144 684 Q F1(backward\255w)108 696 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) -.1 E F0(Mo)144 708 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F (characters \(letters and digits\).)144 720 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(39)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255f)108 84 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord) -.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .484 (ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W)-.1 F .484 (ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F(ters.)144 108 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 120 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 132 Q .908 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609 (vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .609 (ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 144 Q F1(clear\255scr)108 156 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 (Clear the screen lea)144 168 R .993 (ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G .993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F (current line without clearing the screen.)144 180 Q F1 -.18(re)108 192 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 204 Q F1(Commands f)87 220.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E (accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 232.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158 (Accept the line re)144 244.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .158 (rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty) 5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699 (according to the state of the)144 256.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F (restore the history line to its original state.)144 268.8 Q F1(pr)108 280.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 (Fetch the pre)144 292.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 304.8 Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 316.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 (beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 328.8 Q F0(Mo)144 340.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) -.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 352.8 Q F0(Mo)144 364.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 (,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18 (re v)108 376.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.47(Search backw)144 388.8 R 1.471 (ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.471 (ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E (This is an incremental search.)144 400.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 412.8 S (rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132 (Search forw)144 424.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) -.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary) -.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 436.8 Q F1 (non\255incr)108 448.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H (rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw) 144 460.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 472.8 S (tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 484.8 Q (emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 496.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 508.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 520.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) -.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 532.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F (and the point.)144 544.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 (history\255sear)108 556.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) 144 568.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 580.8 Q (This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 592.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 604.8 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 (vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .795(at point.)144 616.8 R -.4(Wi)5.795 G .794 (th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294 (,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F3(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794 (ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .794 (ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 628.8 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291 (gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) -2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 (ument inserts the).18 F F3(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .292 (ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 640.8 R .282(vious command.) -.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)2.781 E F0 .281 (is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .281 (xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 652.8 Q (xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 664.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307 (Insert the last ar)144 676.8 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 (vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 (vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 688.8 S .204(th a numeric ar) .4 F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F (e)-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi) -5.203 E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar) 2.703 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 700.8 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 (ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 (ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E 1.397(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 712.8 R(An)6.396 E 3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.396 (gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.696 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls) .15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 724.8 R .791 -.15(ve t) -.15 H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492 (ument switches the direction).18 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(40)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 41 41 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .494(through the history \(back or forw)144 84 R 2.994 (ard\). The)-.1 F .494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 (acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F(ar)144 96 Q (gument, as if the "!$" history e)-.18 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) -.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 108 Q F0 .622(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 120 R .622 (This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623 (xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 132 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 (xpansions. See)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 (YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G (or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 (history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 144 Q F0 .939 (Perform history e)144 156 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F2(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E (ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-) -3.438 F(tion of history e)144 168 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) 108 180 Q F0 1.626(Perform history e)144 192 R 1.626 (xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.627 E F2 (HIST)4.127 E(OR)-.162 E 3.877(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.877 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 (belo)144 204 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E (xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 216 Q F0 .395 (Perform alias e)144 228 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.395 E F2(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 240 Q F1 (history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 252 Q F0 (Perform history and alias e)144 264 Q(xpansion on the current line.) -.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 276 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) .833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 288 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) -.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 (operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 300 Q F0 .947 (Accept the current line for e)144 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 (cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F (history for editing.)144 324 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G (ument is ignored.).18 E F1 (edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 336 Q F0(In)144 348 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 (ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026 (cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0 (attempts to in)144 360 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL) -.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F3(,)A F0 (and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 376.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 388.8 Q F0 .357(Delete the character at point.)144 400.8 R .358 (If point is at the be)5.358 F .358 (ginning of the line, there are no characters in the)-.15 F (line, and the last character typed w)144 412.8 Q(as not bound to)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(hen return)-2.5 E F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.) A F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 424.8 Q F0 .553 (Delete the character behind the cursor)144 436.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553 (hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 448.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 460.8 S (rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 (Delete the character under the cursor)144 472.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 (nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F (character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 484.8 Q F1 (quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 496.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 508.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 (erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278 (,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 520.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 (tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 532.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 (Insert a tab character)144 544.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 (self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 556.8 Q F0 (Insert the character typed.)144 568.8 Q F1 (transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 580.8 Q F0 .321 (Drag the character before point forw)144 592.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322 (ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 (If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 604.8 R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 616.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 (transpose\255w)108 628.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 640.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) -.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) -2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F (is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 652.8 Q 2.5 (ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 664.8 Q (ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 676.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 (ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 688.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 700.8 Q (wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 712.8 Q 1.647 (wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) -.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 724.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) 135.965 E(41)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 42 42 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(capitalize\255w)108 84 Q(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 96 R 1.974(wing\) w) -.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 108 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15 (ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 120 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8 (To)144 132 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15 (ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)144 144 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 156 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) 4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895 (starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 168 R -.15(ove)3.969 G 1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .957(pushing the te)144 180 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 (Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 .958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 192 Q (By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 208.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 220.8 Q F0 (Kill the te)144 232.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 (backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 244.8 Q F0(Kill backw) 144 256.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 (unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 268.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 280.8 Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) -2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 292.8 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 304.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 316.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 (Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 328.8 R .728 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 (xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 340.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G (rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 352.8 Q (ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 364.8 Q(ord behind point.) -.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 (backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 376.8 Q (ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 (Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 388.8 R .729 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 (xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 400.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) 108 412.8 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 424.8 R 3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) 5.525 E(ward\255w)144 436.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 448.8 Q (ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 460.8 R .364 (ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1 F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 472.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 484.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w) 144 496.8 R .166 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) -.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 508.8 Q (xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) -2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 520.8 Q F0 (Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 532.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 544.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 556.8 Q(xt in the current re) -.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 568.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)144 580.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E (gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 (copy\255backward\255w)108 592.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 604.8 Q 4.8(yt) -.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E (fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 (ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 628.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E (ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008 (ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007 (ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G (ward\255w)144 652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 664.8 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 676.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E (fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 688.8 Q F0 (Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 700.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(42)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 43 43 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Numeric Ar)87 84 Q(guments)-.1 E (digit\255ar)108 96 Q(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .641(Add this digit to the ar)144 108 R .641 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18 (rg)-3.141 G 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-) -.15 E(ati)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1 (uni)108 132 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779 (This is another w)144 144 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279 (gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 156 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 168 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) -.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 180 R .898 (As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243 (neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 192 R .243 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four) -.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 204 Q .378 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378 (cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F .378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 216 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak) -2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1 (Completing)87 232.8 Q(complete \(T)108 244.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 (Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 256.8 R 1.137 (xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 (attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 268.8 Q .532(xt as a v) -.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) -.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) 144 280.8 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 (\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F (duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 292.8 Q F1 (possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 304.8 Q F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 316.8 Q(xt before point.) -.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 328.8 Q F0 .783 (Insert all completions of the te)144 340.8 R .783 (xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 352.8 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 364.8 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 376.8 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F 1.193(possible completions.)144 388.8 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194 (steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829 (completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 400.8 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 (\(subject to the setting of)144 412.8 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73 (positions forw)144 424.8 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 E(through the list.)144 436.8 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) 5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E (ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 448.8 Q F0 .82 (Identical to)144 460.8 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 (ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 (ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 (menu\255complete)144 472.8 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) .15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 484.8 Q F0 .234 (Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 496.8 R .234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char) 2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 508.8 R -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1 (possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425 (his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 520.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 (complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 532.8 Q F0 (Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 544.8 Q(xt before point.) -.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 556.8 Q F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 568.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 (complete\255user)108 580.8 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 (Attempt completion on the te)144 592.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) 108 604.8 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 616.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 628.8 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 640.8 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(possible\255v)108 652.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 664.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 (complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 676.8 Q F0 (Attempt completion on the te)144 688.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 (possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 700.8 Q F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 712.8 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(43)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 84 Q F0 .581(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 R .581 (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 (Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 108 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F (\214nally e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 (possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 132 Q F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 144 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 (dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 156 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 (Attempt completion on the te)144 168 R .425 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F (for possible completion matches.)144 180 Q F1(dab)108 192 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61 (Attempt menu completion on the te)144 204 R .611 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F (tory list for possible completion matches.)144 216 Q F1 (complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 228 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ in braces so)144 240 R(the list is a)144 252 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 268.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 280.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) .833 E F0(Be)144 292.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 304.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G (C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 316.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 (call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 328.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 E F0(Re-e)144 340.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) -.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 352.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1(Miscellaneous)87 369.6 Q -.18(re)108 381.6 S.18 E (ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777 (Read in the contents of the)144 393.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) 4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb) -.15 G 1.776(indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F (found there.)144 405.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 417.6 Q F0 3.248 (Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 429.6 R 5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1 (bell\255style)144 441.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 453.6 Q (case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 465.6 R F2(x) 4.256 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.256 F 1.755 (wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F (uppercase character)144 477.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 489.6 Q (e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 501.6 Q (xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0 (is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 (undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 513.6 Q F0 (Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 525.6 Q F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 537.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 (Undo all changes made to this line.)144 549.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F (return the line to its initial state.)144 561.6 Q F1 (tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 573.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 585.6 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 (set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 597.6 Q F0 (Set the mark to the point.)144 609.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 (exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 621.6 Q F0(Sw) 144 633.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) 144 645.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 (character\255sear)108 657.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 669.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 (xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) 144 681.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 693.6 Q (ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 705.6 S 1.044 (haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 (vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(44)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 45 45 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 84 Q F0 1.826 (Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 96 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) -.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 108 R .791 (Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F .331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 120 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 (sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n) -.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) -.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ y characters into the editing b)144 132 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) -.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 144 Q(ault, b)-.1 E (ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 156 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 168 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v) -.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 180 Q .098 (ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.098 F .097 (gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.097 E .321(the characters at the be)144 192 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) -.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 204 R F1 (comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 (ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468 (In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 216 R 1.468 (wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F 1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 228 Q F0 .84 (causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 (he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F (gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 240 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 252 Q (ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 264 R .791 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792 (xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 276 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\ ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 288 Q (ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .372(The w)144 300 R .372 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .371 (xpansion, and the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .516 (names is inserted, replacing the w)144 312 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) 144 324 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) 108 336 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 348 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F .872(the line is redra)144 360 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 (ex)144 372 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 384 Q F0 .627 (Print all of the functions and their k)144 396 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) 5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E (ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 408 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) 2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 420 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 432 R 1.799 (ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.) -.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 444 R .304 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 456 Q(c)-.37 E F0 (\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 468 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 (Print all of the readline k)144 480 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 (equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G 3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 492 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0 (\214le.)144 504 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 516 Q (ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 528 Q (ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 544.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 556.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F F2(compspec)108 568.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 (as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) -.25 F(programmable completion f)108 580.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 (First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 597.6 R .497 (If the command w)5.497 F .498 (ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 609.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 (ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) 2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) 5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ used to generate the list of possible completions)108 621.6 R .823 (for the w)108 633.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F .822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 645.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 657.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 (If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F12.798 E F0(option to) 108 669.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ matching w)108 686.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 (ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 698.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) 2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 (First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 715.2 R .463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F .463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 727.2 R .595 (When the)5.595 F F13.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .596 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(45)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 46 46 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(shell v)108 84 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 100.8 Q 4.084(yc) -.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF4.084 E F0 1.584(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 112.8 S .554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 (ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 (shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E (able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 124.8 Q(ut the)-.2 E F1 (FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 141.6 Q .321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F F22.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 (The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108 153.6 R F1(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 (ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F .413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 (using brace e)108 165.6 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 (xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 177.6 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H (nder).15 E F1(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 189.6 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 (rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 (xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 (ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 201.6 Q (ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237 (After these matches ha)108 218.4 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237 (een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238 (hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F23.738 E F0(and)3.738 E F23.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 230.4 R -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375 (the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375 (d, the).1 F F1(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F3(,)A F1(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F3(,)A F1 (COMP_KEY)108 242.4 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F1(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 (va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 (alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .158 (Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 254.4 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .986(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F1 (COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 (riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .608 (the function or command is in)108 266.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .608 (d, the \214rst ar).1 F .608(gument is the name of the command whose ar) -.18 F .609(guments are)-.18 F .073(being completed, the second ar)108 278.4 R .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .073 (ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .072(ord pre-)-.1 F .607(ceding the w)108 290.4 R .607 (ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .608 (No \214ltering of the generated completions)5.607 F(ag)108 302.4 Q .094 (ainst the w)-.05 F .093(ord being completed is performed; the function\ or command has complete freedom in generat-)-.1 F(ing the matches.)108 314.4 Q(An)108 331.2 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with) -2.937 F F22.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438 (acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 343.2 Q F2(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956 (og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 (It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F1(COMPREPL)108 355.2 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 372 Q .08 (xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F2 2.58 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581 (di).1 G 2.581(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081 (ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859 (stitution. It)108 384 R .359(should print a list of completions, one p\ er line, to the standard output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used) 5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 396 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 412.8 R 2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F22.877 E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 424.8 R .682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681 (xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)3.181 E F0 .681 (in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 (the w)108 436.8 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G (iteral)-3.022 E F2(&)3.022 E F0 .523 (may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 448.8 R (An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 (ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) -3.349 E F2(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 460.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G (tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G (d.).15 E(Finally)108 477.6 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F2 3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F23.087 E F0 .587 (options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\ the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \ possible completions.)108 489.6 Q .247(If the pre)108 506.4 R .247 (viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247 (atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247 (option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)108 518.4 Q F0 (when the compspec w)2.5 E (as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461 (If the)108 535.2 R F2 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w) 2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 (when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 F(pletion is attempted and an)108 547.2 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G (atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56 (By def)108 564 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 (enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F .631(of possible completions.)108 576 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 (completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632 (ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 588 R .559 (If the)5.559 F F2 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 (when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 600 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 (e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F2(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 (ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) -.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F23.172 E(default)108 612 Q F0 1.207 (option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F 3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F (will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 624 Q(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desire\ d, the programmable completion func-)108 640.8 R .633(tions force readl\ ine to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to di\ rectories, subject)108 652.8 R 2.761(to the v)108 664.8 R 2.761 (alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 (readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762 (rdless of the setting of the).05 F F2(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 676.8 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E .191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 693.6 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 (tion with a def)108 705.6 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F F2 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33 (ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.33(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried\ by returning an e)108 717.6 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a) 5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associat\ ed with the command on which completion is)108 729.6 R(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(46)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 47 47 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .666(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 84 R .665 (gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665 (cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 96 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F .084 (ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 108 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15 (Fo)108 124.8 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 (nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F .137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F (the command, the follo)108 136.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E (ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 153.6 Q({)108 165.6 Q 6 (.")144 177.6 S (/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 189.6 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader)108 201.6 Q/F2 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 230.4 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371(When the) 108 242.4 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371 (option to the)2.871 F F3(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 (iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305 (the list of commands pre)108 254.4 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 (The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) 2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .429(mands to sa)108 266.4 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 (istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5 (HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E .287 (stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 278.4 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E (ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 290.4 S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565 (xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 (alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 (and)3.816 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 302.4 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 .082 (On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) 108 319.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 E F4(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 331.2 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 (is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G .315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .532 (lines speci\214ed by the v)108 343.2 R .532(alue of)-.25 F F5 (HISTFILESIZE)3.032 E F6(.)A F0 .532 (When the history \214le is read, lines be)5.032 F .532 (ginning with the his-)-.15 F 1.158(tory comment character follo)108 355.2 R 1.159(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps \ for the preceding)-.25 F .053(history line.)108 367.2 R .053 (These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.053 F .052(alue of the)-.25 F F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.552 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va) 108 379.2 S 4.386(riable. When).25 F 1.886(an interacti)4.386 F 2.187 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.887(hell e).15 F 1.887(xits, the last)-.15 F F5 ($HISTSIZE)4.387 E F0 1.887(lines are copied from the history list to) 4.137 F F5($HISTFILE)108 391.2 Q F6(.)A F0 .056(If the)4.556 F F3 (histappend)2.556 E F0 .056 (shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.556 F F3(shopt)2.556 E F0(under)2.556 E F5 .056(SHELL B)2.556 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E (COMMANDS)108 403.2 Q F0(belo)2.671 E .422(w\), the lines are appended \ to the history \214le, otherwise the history \214le is o)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.922(rwritten. If).15 F F5(HISTFILE)108 415.2 Q F0 .435(is unse\ t, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the history is not sa)2.685 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.934(d. If).15 F(the)2.934 E F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.934 E(T) -.855 E F0 -.25(va)108 427.2 S .916 (riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 F .917(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 3.417(,s)-.4 G(o) -3.417 E(the)108 439.2 Q 3.083(ym)-.15 G .583(ay be preserv)-3.083 F .583(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F .582 (This uses the history comment character to distinguish time-)5.583 F .986(stamps from other history lines.)108 451.2 R .986(After sa)5.986 F .986(ving the history)-.2 F 3.486(,t)-.65 G .987 (he history \214le is truncated to contain no more)-3.486 F(than)108 463.2 Q F5(HISTFILESIZE)2.5 E F0 2.5(lines. If)2.25 F F5(HISTFILESIZE) 2.5 E F0(is not set, no truncation is performed.)2.25 E 1.294(The b)108 480 R 1.294(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)3.794 E F0(\(see)3.794 E F5 1.293 (SHELL B)3.794 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.293(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.543 E 1.293(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-)-.25 F -.15(exe)108 492 S .673(cute a portion of the history list.).15 F(The)5.673 E F3(history) 3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G .673 (iltin may be used to display or modify the history list).2 F .28 (and manipulate the history \214le.)108 504 R .279 (When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.279 F -.25(va) -.2 G .279(ilable in each).25 F(editing mode that pro)108 516 Q (vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 532.8 R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 (hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) -3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.986 E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 544.8 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G .458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o) -.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3 (cmdhist)108 556.8 Q F0 .75 (shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 (the same history entry)108 568.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 (dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G 1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.576 E F0 .373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 580.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374 (wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319 (description of the)108 592.8 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 (iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F (UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318 (for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 604.8 Q F2(HIST)72 621.6 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E (ANSION)-.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)108 633.6 R .611 (xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .611 (xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh.)3.111 E F0 .611(This section)5.611 F .871 (describes what syntax features are a)108 645.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 (ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87 (ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F 2.013(can be disabled using the)108 657.6 R F3(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 (option to the)4.514 F F3(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 (iltin command \(see).2 F F5 2.014(SHELL B)4.514 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.014 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 669.6 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E (xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 686.4 R 1.306 (xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\ input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .209 (commands, insert the ar)108 698.4 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 710.4 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 727.2 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(47)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 48 48 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E -.1(wo)108 84 S 3.2(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2(arts. The)-3.2 F .7 (\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during) 3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 96 R 1.868(second is to select portio\ ns of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867 (The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 108 R/F1 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663 (nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F1(wor) 3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F1(modi\214er)108 120 Q (s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227 (ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226 (line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F (ashion)-.1 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 132 R -.15(ve) -.25 G(ral).15 E F1(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .352 (-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .625 (one w)108 144 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624 (pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624 (xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 156 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E 2.5(ault. Only)-.1 F (backslash \()2.5 E F2(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G (nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.5 E(xpansion character)-.15 E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 172.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 184.8 T 3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) -.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2 (extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.162 E F0(will also inhibit e)108 196.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 213.6 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.609 E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11 (vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 225.6 R F2 (histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143 (shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F2(shopt) 3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F2 -.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, history sub\ stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 237.6 R 5.461(.I)-.55 G .461(nstead, the e)-5.461 F .461(xpanded line)-.15 F 1.516(is reloaded into the)108 249.6 R F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E F0 1.516(editing b)4.016 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516 (fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.015 G (adline).18 E F0 1.515(is being used, and the)4.015 F F2(histr)108 261.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 (ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) 3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 273.6 S -.25(ff).2 G 1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F23.661 E F0 1.161 (option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16 (iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 285.6 S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F22.555 E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F2(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G .056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F (end of the history list without actually e)108 297.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 314.4 R 2.2 (ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e) -.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108 326.4 R F2(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) .15 E F2 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147 (shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F (mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 338.4 Q F2 (Ev)87 355.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 367.2 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\ history list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e) 108 379.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 (ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 396 Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo) -.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew) -4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 408 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 420 Q F1(n)A F0 (Refer to command line)27.67 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 432 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)21.97 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2(!!)108 444 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.)-.25 E (This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 456 Q F1(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position\ in the history list starting with)9.33 F F1(string)144 468 Q F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 480 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.304(Refer to the most recent \ command preceding the current postition in the history list containing) 144 492 R F1(string)144 504 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F2(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F1(string)2.84 E F0(is follo)2.72 E (wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^) 108 521 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .784 (Quick substitution.)144 528 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784 (vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E F1 (string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783 (lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 540 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1 (string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 (belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 552 Q F0 (The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 -.75 (Wo)87 568.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 580.8 S 1.313 (rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) -.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.314 (separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F .53(from the w)108 592.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 (ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2 ($)3.029 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F23.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) -3.029 E F2(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3 (are numbered from the be)108 604.8 R 1.3 (ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301 (ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8 F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 616.8 Q F2 2.5(0\()108 633.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 645.6 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1(n)108.36 657.6 Q F0(The)30.64 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F2(^) 108 669.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F2($)108 681.6 Q F0(The last ar)31 E(gument.)-.18 E F2(%) 108 693.6 Q F0(The w)26 E(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F1 (string)A F0(?' search.)A F1(x)108.77 705.6 Q F2A F1(y)A F0 2.5(Ar) 20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F1(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F1(y)A F0('.)A F2(*)108 717.6 Q F0 .316 (All of the w)31 F .316(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315 (This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F1(1\255$)A F0 2.815 ('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F2(*)2.815 E F0 .315 (if there is)2.815 F(just one w)144 729.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) -.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(48)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 49 49 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(x*)108 84 Q F0(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 96 Q F0(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5 (,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 112.8 Q (ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 129.6 Q F0 .183 (After the optional w)108 141.6 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 G .184(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F .184(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 153.6 Q F1(h) 108 170.4 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H (railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1 (t)108 182.4 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H (ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) 108 194.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E (\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E (ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 206.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a) -.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 218.4 Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 230.4 Q F0 (Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.) -.1 E F1(x)108 242.4 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks) 2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 254.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 266.4 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221 (in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721 (yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144 278.4 R .617 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) 5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617 F .666(be quoted in)144 290.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) 3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 (If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166 (ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 302.4 R (If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 F F2(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775 (fn)-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E (ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 314.4 Q F2(string) 2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1 (&)108 326.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1 (g)108 338.4 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) .15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897 ('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 350.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) -.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B 1.218 (used with `)3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219 (elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .09 (delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 362.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .089(nt line.).15 F(An)5.089 E F1(a)2.589 E F0 .089 (may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 374.4 Q F0 (.)A F1(G)108 386.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 403.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E (TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 415.2 R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ receded by)-.2 F F1108 427.2 Q F0(accepts)2.534 E F12.534 E F0 .034(to signify the end of the options.)2.534 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .033(iltins do not accept options and) .2 F .077(do not treat)108 439.2 R F12.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E 5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F1(exit)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.577 E F0 (,)A F1(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(let) 2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G .077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .32(ments be)108 451.2 R .32(ginning with)-.15 F F12.82 E F0 .32(without requiring)2.82 F F12.82 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b)-5.319 F .319 (uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .319(guments b)-.18 F .319 (ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.143(accepting options interpret ar) 108 463.2 R 1.143(guments be)-.18 F 1.143(ginning with)-.15 F F1 3.643 E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.143 (lid options and require).25 F F13.644 E F0 1.144(to pre)3.644 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.144(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 475.2 Q F1(:)108 493.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 505.2 R .452(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F (xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an) 3.221 F 2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 517.2 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 534 Q F2 (\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 546 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0 (])A 1.02(Read and e)144 558 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from) .15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 (vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.68 (status of the last command e)144 570 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.68(cuted from) .15 F F2(\214lename)4.18 E F0 6.68(.I).18 G(f)-6.68 E F2(\214lename)6.09 E F0 1.68(does not contain a slash, \214le)4.36 F .608(names in)144 582 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608 (are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA) 3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 594 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.333 (cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.333 E F0 .832(is not in)3.333 F F2 .832 (posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832 (he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981 (\214le is found in)144 606 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 618 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612 (yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2 (\214lename)144 630 Q F0 .341(is e)2.841 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.841 (cuted. Otherwise).15 F .341(the positional parameters are unchanged.) 2.841 F .342(The return status is the)5.342 F .716 (status of the last command e)144 642 R .716 (xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .716(cuted\), and f).15 F .715(alse if)-.1 F F2(\214lename)145.91 654 Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 670.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C (..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 682.8 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724 (guments or with the)-.18 F F15.224 E F0 2.724 (option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E F2(name)144 694.8 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 (guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) 3.08 E F0(whose)144 706.8 Q F2(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F2(value) 5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395 (ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054 (stitution when the alias is e)144 718.8 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054 (or each)-.15 F F2(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054 (gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)2.554 E F0 .053(is sup-)2.553 F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 730.8 R 1.314 (alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 (returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(49)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 50 50 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF (bg)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144 112.8 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745 (in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 124.8 Q F0 .671 (is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) -3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 (bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419 (when job control is disabled or)144 136.8 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 (hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G (peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G (ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 148.8 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E F1(bind)108 165.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 189.6 Q F0 ([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 (\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 (shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke) 2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 (function\255name)A F1(bind)108 225.6 Q F2 -.37(re)2.5 G (adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 237.6 R F1 -.18(re) 2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 (nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 (equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or) 2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 249.6 R F1 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F .475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 (.inputr)144 261.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484 (ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F .484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 (re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 273.6 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 285.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 297.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.159 G (ymap)-.2 E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) .15 F 2.658(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E F2 -.1(ke)180 309.6 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192 (emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E (vi\255command)180 321.6 Q F0 4.43(,a)C(nd)-4.43 E F2(vi\255insert)4.429 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929 (lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)4.429 E F0 1.929 (is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.929(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar) 180 333.6 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1144 345.6 Q F0 (List the names of all)27.52 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 (functions.)2.5 E F1144 357.6 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E (ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 369.6 Q F0(List current)24.19 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 (function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1144 381.6 Q F0(Display)26.41 E F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) -.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 393.6 S 2.5(yt).1 G (hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 405.6 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys) -.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G (utput.)-2.5 E F1144 417.6 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G (adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E (alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G (an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 429.6 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E (alues.)-.25 E F1144 441.6 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 453.6 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 465.6 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 477.6 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H (he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 489.6 Q F2(function) 2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 501.6 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G (ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 513.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 525.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 (.)A F1144 537.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2 (shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 549.6 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) -.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F (When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 561.6 Q F0 1.764(is e) 4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 (riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 573.6 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.853 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3 (READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 (riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.011(insertion point.)180 585.6 R 2.011(If the e)7.011 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 (cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 (READLINE_LINE)4.512 E F0(or)4.262 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 597.6 Q/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G (alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E(The return v) 144 614.4 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 E F1(br)108 631.2 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .055 (Exit from within a)144 643.2 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 (while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 (select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 (is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls.).15 E F2(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.554 E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 655.2 Q F2(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 (xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 667.2 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 (bu)108 684 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E F2 (ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 696 Q .793 (ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .793(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 (ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 F .792(xit status.)-.15 F .792(This is useful)5.792 F .615 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 708 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 720 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E 5.57(.T) -.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(50)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(is f)144 84 Q(alse if)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(shell\255b) 2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E(uiltin command.)-.2 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(caller)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 (])A .253(Returns the conte)144 112.8 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya) -.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F2(sour)144 124.8 Q (ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2 (ex)2.825 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.825 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F .253(subroutine call.)144 136.8 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 F F1 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F0 .254 (displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ ent e)144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) 144 160.8 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 (xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame) 5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 172.8 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 (alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519 (cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 (does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 184.8 Q (alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 A F0(|[)A F2A F0([)2.5 E F2A F0(]]] [)A F1(dir)A F0(]) A .21(Change the current directory to)144 213.6 R F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21 (.T)C .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21 (he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .777(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 225.6 R F1(dir)3.276 E F0 5.776(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.776 E 1.076 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .776(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.276 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 237.6 R 3.264(An)5.764 G .764(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F3(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 249.6 Q 2.974(,i)-.65 G .474(.e., `)-2.974 F(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.474(.I).74 G(f)-5.474 E F1(dir)3.324 E F0(be)3.704 E .474 (gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.974 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F0 .473(is not used. The)2.724 F F22.973 E F0 .473 (option says to use)2.973 F .579(the ph)144 261.6 R .579 (ysical directory structure instead of follo)-.05 F .579 (wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F23.08 E F0 .58 (option to the)3.08 F F2(set)144 273.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)2.717 G .217 (iltin command\); the).2 F F22.717 E F0 .217 (option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.717 F 2.716(wed. If)-.25 F (the)2.716 E F22.716 E F0 .216(option is sup-)2.716 F 1.086 (plied with)144 285.6 R F23.586 E F0 3.586(,a)C 1.086 (nd the current w)-3.586 F 1.087 (orking directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc-)-.1 F .44(cessful directory change,)144 297.6 R F2(cd)2.94 E F0 .44 (will return an unsuccessful status.)2.94 F .44(An ar)5.44 F .44 (gument of)-.18 F F22.94 E F0 .44(is equi)2.94 F -.25(va)-.25 G .44 (lent to).25 F F3($OLDPWD)144 309.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.044 (If a non-empty directory name from)5.544 F F3(CDP)3.544 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F0 1.045(is used, or if)3.295 F F23.545 E F0 1.045 (is the \214rst ar)3.545 F(gument,)-.18 E .021(and the directory change\ is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 321.6 R 2.521(ww) -.25 G .021(orking directory is writ-)-2.621 F .165 (ten to the standard output.)144 333.6 R .165(The return v)5.165 F .165 (alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F .165(as successfully changed; f) -.1 F(alse)-.1 E(otherwise.)144 345.6 Q F2(command)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 (...])2.5 E(Run)144 374.4 Q F1(command)2.957 E F0(with)3.527 E F1(ar) 3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 (suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257 (uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 386.4 R F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002 (cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F23.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F1(command)3.202 E F0(is) 3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 398.4 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4 (alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399 (that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) 5.399 E .174(either the)144 410.4 R F22.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F2 2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F1 (command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F22.675 E F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.11(as)144 422.4 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F .61(ord indicating the command or \214le name used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) -.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F1(command)3.41 E F0 .61(to be displayed; the)3.88 F F2144 434.4 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 (erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F22.749 E F0(or) 2.749 E F22.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 (xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 446.4 R F1(command)3.705 E F0 -.1 (wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 (If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F1 (command)144.2 458.4 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 (xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 (xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 470.4 S (iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F2 (compgen)108 487.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(wor)-2.5 E(d) -.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 499.2 R F1(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F1(option)2.513 E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981 (accepted by the)144 511.2 R F2(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F23.481 E F0(and) 3.481 E F23.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the) -3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 523.2 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F F23.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F23.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v) 3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25 F(grammable completion f)144 535.2 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) -.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.) -.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 559.2 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 571.2 R(If)5.02 E F1(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) 2.52 F(those completions matching)144 583.2 Q F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 (will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 607.2 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2 (complete)108 624 Q F0([)3.728 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.728(][)C F2 -3.728 E F1(comp-option)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2(\255DE)-3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2-3.728 E F1(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2 -3.728 E F1(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.729(][)C F2-3.729 E F1(wor)3.729 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.729(][)C F2-3.729 E F1(func-)3.729 E(tion)108 636 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 648 Q F2 A F1(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E (e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name ...)A F0(])A F2(complete \255pr)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .633(Specify ho)144 672 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633 (uments to each).18 F F1(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 F .634(If the)5.634 F F23.134 E F0 .634 (option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14(options are supplied, e)144 684 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F .139(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.) 144 696 R(The)5.31 E F22.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F1 (name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F1(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.347 (are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 708 R(The)6.347 E F2 3.847 E F0 1.346(option indicates that the remaining options)3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 720 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(51)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E 3.455(ac)144 84 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre) -3.455 F .955(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E/F1 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF3.455 E F0 .955(option indicates that)3.455 F .064 (the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 96 R(`empty') -.74 E 2.565('c)-.74 G .065(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.565 F (tion attempted on a blank line.)144 108 Q 1.438 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 132 R 1.437(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 144 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .555(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 168 R .855 -.15(ve t) -.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555(guments to the)-.18 F F13.056 E F0(,)A F13.056 E F0 3.056(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F13.056 E F0 .723 (options \(and, if necessary)144 180 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F1 3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E F13.223 E F0 .722 (options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E (sion before the)144 192 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 204 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 216 Q F2(comp-option) 2.79 E F0 .291(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291 (ral aspects of the compspec').15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291 (vior be)-.2 F .291(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.) 184 228 Q F2(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 240 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 252 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) 2.781 E F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F (matches.)224 264 Q F1(default)184 276 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')10 F 5.375(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.375 E 2.876 (ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) 224 288 Q F1(dir)184 300 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 312 Q F1(\214lenames)184 324 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 336 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.636 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 348 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 (dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 (cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 360 R .45 (Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 372 Q F1(nospace) 184 384 Q F0 -.7(Te)6.11 G .22 (ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 396 Q F1(plusdirs) 184 408 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 (atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F .583(completion is attempted and an)224 420 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 (atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 432 Q F1144 444 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 456 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 (may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 468 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 480 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 492 Q (ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 504 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 516 S(iltin).2 E F0 (Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 528 Q F0(Command names.)224 540 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 552 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 564 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 576 Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 588 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 600 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 612 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) -.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 624 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 636 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 648 Q F1 (gr)184 660 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 672 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 684 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 696 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 708 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(52)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(job)184 84 Q F0 (Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G (ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 96 S (yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 108 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) -.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 120 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve) -.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 132 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 144 Q F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 (shopt)184 156 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1 (shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 168 Q F0 (Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 180 Q F0 (Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.) .15 E F1(user)184 192 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 204 S (riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F (also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 216 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 228 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) 184 240 Q F1144 252 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 1.18 (The shell function)184 264 R F2(function)3.68 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.681 (vironment. When)-.4 F 1.181(it \214n-)3.681 F .932 (ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 276 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)3.431 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.181 E -.25(va)184 288 S(riable.).25 E F1144 300 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007 (The pathname e)184 312 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) -.15 F(tions.)184 324 Q F1144 336 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) 184 348 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 360 Q F1144 372 Q F2(suf)2.5 E 2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 384 Q F2(wor)2.5 E (dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 396 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 (is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 (special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.008 (each resultant w)184 408 R 2.008(ord is e)-.1 F 4.508(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.007(possible completions are the members of the)4.508 F (resultant list which match the w)184 420 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1144 432 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 444 Q F0 .455 (is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 (completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 456 R 1.596 (guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 468 Q F2(\214lterpat) 3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 (rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 (in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 (tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 480 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 496.8 R .467 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 (lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.966 E F0 (or)2.966 E F12.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361 (plied without a)144 508.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361 (gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H 1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 520.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E F1(compopt)108 537.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 (name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 549.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 (completion if no)144 561.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 (re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 (n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 573.6 Q F2(name) 3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 585.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) 2.797 G .297(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F12.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F 1.228(the `)144 597.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ no)-3.728 F 2.177(completion has pre)144 609.6 R 2.177 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.177 E F14.677 E F0 2.178 (option indicates that the remaining options)4.678 F(should apply to `) 144 621.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 E 1.388(The return v)144 645.6 R 1.388(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.387 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F (options for a)144 657.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 674.4 Q F0([) 2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.753(Resume the ne)144 686.4 R 1.753 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 (select)4.254 E F0 4.254(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.614 E F0 1.754 (is speci\214ed,)4.494 F 1.209(resume at the)144 698.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10 /Symbol SF3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 (is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .513 (loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 710.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.013('l)-.74 G .513(oop\) is resumed.)-3.013 F .514 (The return v)5.514 F .514(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.014 E F0(is) 3.014 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(53)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 54 54 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)108 84 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 (\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) -2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 108 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.764 (nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v)-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F -.25 (va)144 120 S 3.482(riables. The).25 F F13.482 E F0 .982 (option will display the attrib)3.482 F .982(utes and v)-.2 F .983 (alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.483 E F0 5.983(.W).18 G(hen)-5.983 E F1 3.483 E F0 .983(is used)3.483 F(with)144 132 Q F2(name)3.58 E F0 (ar)3.58 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F(When) 6.079 E F13.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F2(name) 3.579 E F0(ar)3.579 E(gu-)-.18 E .15(ments, it will display the attrib) 144 144 R .15(utes and v)-.2 F .151(alues of all v)-.25 F .151 (ariables ha)-.25 F .151(ving the attrib)-.2 F .151 (utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .047(additional options.)144 156 R .047 (If no other options are supplied with)5.047 F F12.547 E F0(,)A F1 (declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .046(will display the attrib)2.546 F .046 (utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 168 S 1.362(lues of all shell v).25 F 3.862 (ariables. The)-.25 F F13.862 E F0 1.363 (option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.862 F(The)6.363 E F13.863 E F0 2.422(option inhibits the display of function de\ \214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 180 R 2.422(utes are) -.2 F 2.663(printed. If)144 192 R(the)2.663 E F1(extdeb)2.663 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.663 F F1(shopt)2.664 E F0 2.664 (,t)C .164(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 F 1.288 (where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 204 R(The) 6.288 E F13.788 E F0 1.288(option implies)3.788 F F13.788 E F0 6.288(.T)C(he)-6.288 E F13.788 E F0(option)3.788 E .49 (forces v)144 216 R .49 (ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.991(nw).15 G(hen)-2.991 E F1(declar)2.991 E(e)-.18 E F0 .491(is e)2.991 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .491(cuted in a).15 F .125 (shell function.)144 228 R .125(It is ignored in all other cases.)5.125 F .125(The follo)5.125 F .124 (wing options can be used to restrict output)-.25 F(to v)144 240 Q (ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 E(ute or to gi)-.2 E .3 -.15 (ve v)-.25 H(ariables attrib)-.1 E(utes:)-.2 E F1144 252 Q F0 (Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 264 Q F0(Each)23.08 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 (is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see) -.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 276 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1144 288 Q F0 .557(The v)27.52 F .558(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558 (ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF .558(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION) 180 300 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G (erformed when the v)-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 312 Q F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909 (ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909 (-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer) -.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 324 R(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E (ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 336 Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F2 (name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546 (hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547 (alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 348 Q F1 144 360 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929 (ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG) -.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0(traps from the calling shell.) 180 372 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E (ariables.)-.25 E F1144 384 Q F0 .909(When the v)24.74 F .909 (ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909 (-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-) -.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 396 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E (ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 408 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E (vironment.)-.4 E .121(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 424.8 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .12(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F .644(to destro)144 436.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) -3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) 3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 (ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F 1.186(tion, mak)144 448.8 R 1.186(es each)-.1 F F2(name)3.686 E F0 1.186(local, as with the)3.686 F F1(local)3.686 E F0 1.186(command, unless the)3.686 F F13.686 E F0 1.186(option is supplied, If a)3.686 F -.25(va)144 460.8 S .117 (riable name is follo).25 F .118(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 2.618(,t) C .118(he v)-2.618 F .118(alue of the v)-.25 F .118(ariable is set to) -.25 F F2(value)2.618 E F0 5.118(.T)C .118(he return v)-5.118 F .118 (alue is 0)-.25 F 2.794(unless an in)144 472.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G 2.793(li\ d option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function usin\ g).25 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF5.293 E(foo=bar)144 484.8 Q F0 3.992(,a) C 3.993(na)-3.992 G 1.493(ttempt is made to assign a v)-3.993 F 1.493 (alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.493(ariable, an attempt is made to)-.25 F 1.183(assign a v)144 496.8 R 1.183(alue to an array v)-.25 F 1.183 (ariable without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)3.682 E F0(abo)144 508.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G .096(\), one of the) .15 F F2(names)2.597 E F0 .097(is not a v)2.597 F .097(alid shell v)-.25 F .097(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.597(fr)-.25 G(eadonly)-2.597 E .659(status for a readonly v)144 520.8 R .658 (ariable, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 3.158(fa)-.25 G .658 (rray status for an array v)-3.158 F .658(ariable, or)-.25 F (an attempt is made to display a non-e)144 532.8 Q (xistent function with)-.15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(dirs [+)108 549.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C(\255clpv])-2.5 E F0 -.4(Wi)144 561.6 S .328 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) .4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 (single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 573.6 R 1.238 (Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 585.6 Q F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1(+)144 597.6 Q F2(n)A F0 1.564(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 (th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1 (dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E (without options, starting with zero.)180 609.6 Q F1144 621.6 Q F2 (n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E (without options, starting with zero.)180 633.6 Q F1144 645.6 Q F0 (Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1 144 657.6 Q F0 .324(Produces a longer listing; the def)27.52 F .324(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F (tory)180 669.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 681.6 Q F0 (Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1144 693.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\ \214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 705.6 Q 1.706(The return v)144 722.4 R 1.706 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.707 (lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)4.207 E F0(inde)4.207 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 4.207(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-4.207 G 1.707(ond the end of the).15 F (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(54)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 55 55 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(directory stack.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)108 100.8 Q (wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C /F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 112.8 S .295(thout options, each).4 F F2(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295(is remo)3.105 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.795(df).15 G .295(rom the table of acti)-2.795 F .595 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.795(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295 (is not present,)3.105 F .422(and neither)144 124.8 R F12.922 E F0 (nor)2.922 E F12.922 E F0 .422(is supplied, the shell')2.922 F 2.922(sn)-.55 G .422(otion of the)-2.922 F F2(curr)2.923 E .423(ent job) -.37 F F0 .423(is used.)2.923 F .423(If the)5.423 F F12.923 E F0 .423(option is)2.923 F(gi)144 136.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .141(n, each).15 F F2(jobspec)4.381 E F0 .141(is not remo)2.951 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.641(df) .15 G .141(rom the table, b)-2.641 F .141(ut is mark)-.2 F .141 (ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)2.641 E F0 .14 (is not sent to the)2.39 F .004(job if the shell recei)144 148.8 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.504(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .004 (If no)4.504 F F2(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004(is present, and neither the) 2.814 F F12.504 E F0 .005(nor the)2.504 F F12.505 E F0 .005 (option is)2.505 F 1.229(supplied, the)144 160.8 R F2(curr)3.729 E 1.229 (ent job)-.37 F F0 1.229(is used.)3.729 F 1.229(If no)6.229 F F2 (jobspec)5.469 E F0 1.229(is supplied, the)4.039 F F13.729 E F0 1.228(option means to remo)3.729 F 1.528 -.15(ve o)-.15 H(r).15 E .656 (mark all jobs; the)144 172.8 R F13.156 E F0 .657 (option without a)3.156 F F2(jobspec)4.897 E F0(ar)3.467 E .657 (gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F(The)5.657 E (return v)144 184.8 Q(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 (does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .395(Output the)144 213.6 R F2(ar)2.895 E(g)-.37 E F0 .395 (s, separated by spaces, follo)B .395(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.895 (wline. The)-.25 F .394(return status is al)2.895 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .394 (ys 0.).1 F(If)5.394 E F12.894 E F0 .548 (is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 225.6 R .548(wline is suppressed.) -.25 F .548(If the)5.548 F F13.048 E F0 .548(option is gi)3.048 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 237.6 Q .053(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.053 E F1 2.553 E F0 .052(option disables the interpretation of these)2.552 F 1.502(escape characters, e)144 249.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.002(no).15 G 4.002(ns)-4.002 G 1.502(ystems where the)-4.002 F 4.002(ya)-.15 G 1.502 (re interpreted by def)-4.002 F 4.003(ault. The)-.1 F F1(xpg_echo)4.003 E F0(shell)4.003 E .009 (option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 261.6 R F1(echo)2.509 E F0 -.15(ex)2.509 G .009(pands these escape characters) .15 F .659(by def)144 273.6 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.659 E F0 .659 (does not interpret)3.159 F F13.159 E F0 .659 (to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.66 E F0 .66 (interprets the follo)3.16 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 285.6 Q F1(\\a)144 297.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 309.6 Q F0 (backspace)27.66 E F1(\\c)144 321.6 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E F1(\\e)144 333.6 Q(\\E)144 345.6 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E F1 (\\f)144 357.6 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 369.6 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 381.6 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 393.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 405.6 Q F0 -.15 (ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 417.6 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1 (\\0)144 429.6 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E (alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 (\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 441.6 Q F2(HH)A F0 (the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E (xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) -.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 453.6 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 465.6 R 1.506 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) 4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 477.6 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 (\\U)144 489.6 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 501.6 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) 3.048 E(HHH)180 513.6 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G (igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 530.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 542.4 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 (uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 (the same name as a shell b)144 554.4 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 (the shell normally searches for b)144 566.4 R .989 (uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .989 (is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 (abled; otherwise,)144 578.4 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 590.4 R .081(uiltin v) -.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test) 2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F12.58 E F0 .08 (option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 602.4 S 1.524 (iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 (ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 614.4 Q F1 2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F .367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F12.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) -5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) -.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 626.4 R F1 2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 638.4 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F12.598 E F0 .098 (is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F (If)5.098 E F12.598 E F0 1.916 (is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 650.4 R 1.916 (uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 (enabled. If)144 662.4 R F12.879 E F0 .379 (is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) 2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F (alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 674.4 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 (is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) -.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 686.4 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 703.2 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 715.2 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 727.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) -2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(55)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 56 56 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(or only null ar)144 84 Q(guments,)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1(exec)108 100.8 Q F0 ([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) -.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 112.8 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 (is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 (wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E (guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 124.8 R .176 (guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G (he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 (option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 (ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 136.8 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F12.999 E F0 .499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 148.8 Q F0 .638 (to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 (vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 (is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) 3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 160.8 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) .15 F(non-interacti)144 172.8 Q .617 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .317(hell e).15 F .317(xits, unless the shell option)-.15 F F1(execfail)2.817 E F0 .318 (is enabled, in which case it returns f)2.817 F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505 (ure. An)144 184.8 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .005 (hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 (is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 196.8 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 (edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 (ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 (If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 208.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G (he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 6.29(]C)C .096(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .096(xit with a status of) -.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 (is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) -.15 F -.15(exe)144 237.6 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 266.4 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 278.4 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 290.4 R(the)2.627 E F1 2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the) .15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no) 5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126 (n, or if the).15 F F1144 302.4 Q F0 .659 (option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)3.159 F .66 (xported in this shell is printed.)-.15 F(The)5.66 E F13.16 E F0 (option)3.16 E 1.587(causes the e)144 314.4 R 1.587 (xport property to be remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.086(df).15 G 1.586 (rom each)-4.086 F F2(name)4.086 E F0 6.586(.I)C 4.086(fav)-6.586 G 1.586(ariable name is follo)-4.336 F 1.586(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 326.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he v)-2.803 F .303(alue of the v) -.25 F .304(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.804 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 (export)5.304 E F0 .304(returns an e)2.804 F .304 (xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .294 (option is encountered, one of the)144 338.4 R F2(names)2.793 E F0 .293 (is not a v)2.793 F .293(alid shell v)-.25 F .293(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.793 E F0 .293(is supplied with a)2.793 F F2(name)144.36 350.4 Q F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1(fc)108 367.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 379.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 (cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .477(Fix Command.)144 391.2 R .478 (In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.477 F F2<8c72>4.888 E (st)-.1 E F0(to)3.658 E F2(last)3.068 E F0 .478 (is selected from the his-)3.658 F .882(tory list.)144 403.2 R F2 -.45 (Fi)5.882 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)4.062 E F2(last)3.472 E F0 .882 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)4.062 F .881(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144 415.2 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .797(umber is used as an) .15 F(of)144 427.2 Q .277(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F (If)5.277 E F2(last)2.867 E F0 .276 (is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.457 F .092 (for listing \(so that)144 439.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092 (fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .092(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) 2.592 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72> 4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 .093(is not)3.273 F (speci\214ed it is set to the pre)144 451.2 Q (vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 475.2 Q F12.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F12.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 (rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 487.2 R .438(If the) 5.438 F F12.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E .335(the editor gi)144 499.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 (do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G (n,).15 E .63(the v)144 511.2 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 (is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 523.2 R .951 (ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95 (When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F -.15(exe)144 535.2 S(cuted.).15 E .039(In the second form,)144 559.2 R F2(command)2.539 E F0 .039(is re-e)2.539 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039 (cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)2.54 E F0 .04(is replaced by) 2.54 F F2 -.37(re)2.54 G(p).37 E F0 5.04(.A)C(useful)-2.5 E .406 (alias to use with this is)144 571.2 R F4 .406(r='fc \255s')2.906 F F0 2.906(,s)C 2.906(ot)-2.906 G .406(hat typing)-2.906 F F4 6.406(rc)2.906 G(c)-6.406 E F0 .406(runs the last command be)2.906 F .406(ginning with) -.15 F F4(cc)144 583.2 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F4(r)2.5 E F0(re-e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142 (If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 607.2 R .142 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 619.2 R .454(If the)5.454 F F12.954 E F0 .454 (option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 (alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 631.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 (cuted or f).15 F .788 (ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F .788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 (second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 643.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 (does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 655.2 Q (alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E (ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 684 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 (ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 (he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 696 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G .617 (otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 (is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 (alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 708 Q .362 (ground, or f)-.15 F .362(ailure if run when job control is disabled or) -.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 720 Q F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.815 F .004 (alid job or)-.25 F F2(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w) 2.814 F .004(as started without job control.)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(56)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 57 57 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 96 Q F0 .793 (is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 (optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 (characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 108 R .149 (wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 120 Q .578 (gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 (acters may not be used as option characters.)144 132 R 1.665 (Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) 4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 (option in the shell v)144 144 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0 3.296 (,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797(if it does not e) 3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G 3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 156 Q .085 (gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND) 4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 (or a shell script is in)144 168 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 (d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 (getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 (into the v)144 180 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 (automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 (reset between multiple calls to)144 192 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F 2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 204 Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 228 R F1(getopts)4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 (alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 240 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G (he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 (is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 264 Q F0 2.392 (normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 (ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 (ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 276 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 300 Q F0 1.166 (can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F 1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 (is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.263 (reporting is used.)144 312 R 1.263 (In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.263 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 324 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) -.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F (will be displayed, e)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) 2.72 E .666(If an in)144 360 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,) .25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4 (and unsets)144 372 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1 (getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 (is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 384 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 408 R 1.241(gument is not found, and) -.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \() 3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242 (laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144 420 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If) 5.234 E F1(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1 (:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 432 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1(getopts)144 456 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) 3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F (options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 468 Q F1(hash)108 484.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 (Each time)144 496.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 (the directories in)144 508.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 (viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .099(If the)144 520.8 R F12.599 E F0 .099 (option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.599 F F2 (\214lename)4.508 E F0 .098(is used as the full \214le name)2.778 F 1.711(of the command.)144 532.8 R(The)6.711 E F14.211 E F0 1.711 (option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712 (get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F14.212 E F0 .833(option causes the shell to for)144 544.8 R .833 (get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F13.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) 3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 556.8 R F2(name) 3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F F2(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 568.8 R F13.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 .795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 (output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 580.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 592.8 Q F12.822 E F0 .322 (is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F .321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 604.8 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) .25 E F1(help)108 621.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 (pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 633.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144 645.6 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 (therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 (uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 657.6 Q F1 144 669.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F2 (pattern)2.5 E F1144 681.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) 21.97 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat) -2.5 E F1144 693.6 Q F0 (Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 710.4 Q F2 (pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(57)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 58 58 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(history [)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (n)A F1(])A(history \255c)108 96 Q(history \255d)108 108 Q F2(of)2.5 E (fset)-.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0 (])A F1(history \255p)108 132 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 144 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) -.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 156 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 168 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 (lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 180 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 (is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2 (strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 (ciated with each displayed history entry)144 192 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 (time stamp and the history line.)144 204 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F (not, the v)144 216 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 228 Q F0 (Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1144 240 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position) 180 252 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1144 264 Q F0 .599 (Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.099('h)-.74 G .598 (istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.099 F .598 (ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 276 Q F0 (session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1144 288 Q F0 .854(Read \ the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the cur\ rent history list.)24.74 F .773 (These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 300 R .772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E (sion.)180 312 Q F1144 324 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ \214le and use them as the current history)25.86 E(.)-.65 E F1144 336 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08 E -.15 (ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.) -2.5 E F1144 348 Q F0 .625 (Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) 3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 360 R .475 (not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) 2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F (normal history e)180 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1144 384 Q F0 .362 (Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 (in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 (he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 396 Q -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 (are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 412.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) -.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) .25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 424.8 R .669 (ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669 (hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955 (wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .415 (are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 448.8 R .416 (vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .416 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\ ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\ , an in)144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.999 E(fset)-.18 E F0 (is)2.999 E(supplied as an ar)144 472.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F12.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E (xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E F12.5 E F0 -.1 (fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5 (][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 501.6 Q F2(command) 2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E (The \214rst form lists the acti)144 513.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 (obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 525.6 Q F0 (List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1 144 537.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) 24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 549.6 Q F1144 561.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G (rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1144 573.6 Q F0 (Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F1144 585.6 Q F0 (Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 602.4 Q F2(jobspec) 4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 (n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) -.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 614.4 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 631.2 R F1 2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) 3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395 (with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 643.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) 2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E F1(kill)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F12.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 (][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 (kill \255l)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G (it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144 684 R F2 (sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(signum)2.96 E F0 .119 (to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F2 (jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)2.929 E .318 (either a case-insensiti)144 696 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318 (ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319 (\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 (pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0 1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) 4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 720 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F F13.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F F13.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names) .15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(58)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 59 59 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 84 R .28 (guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F1 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .377 (gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.877 E F0 .378 (is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378 (xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .594(nated by a signal.)144 108 R F2(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F .593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .593(alse if an error)-.1 F (occurs or an in)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F2(let)108 136.8 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 (...])2.5 E(Each)144 148.8 Q F1(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196 (is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .197(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25 (eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0 (returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C (..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 189.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06 (gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06 (is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) -5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 201.6 Q 3.152(yo) -.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F2(declar) 3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .653 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 213.6 Q F1(name)3.721 E F0 .861(to ha)3.541 F 1.161 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.86 G .86(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 225.6 Q F0 1.164 (writes a list of local v)3.664 F 1.165 (ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use) 6.165 F F2(local)3.665 E F0 1.165(when not)3.665 F .233 (within a function.)144 237.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.233 F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.092 E F0(is)2.912 E(supplied, or)144 249.6 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 (logout)108 266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(map\214le)108 283.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 (origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(quantum) 2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F2 -.18(re)108 295.2 S (adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 (quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .35 (Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 307.2 R -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.851 E (ay)-.15 E F0 2.851(,o).32 G 2.851(rf)-2.851 G .351 (rom \214le descriptor)-2.851 F F1(fd)2.851 E F0 1.249(if the)144 319.2 R F23.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F1(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,) -6.248 F(ha)144 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 343.2 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F1(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1 (count)2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2144 355.2 Q F0 (Be)22.52 E(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde) 2.82 E(x)-.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2144 367.2 Q F0 (Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F1(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F2 144 379.2 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E (wline from each line read.)-.25 E F2144 391.2 Q F0 (Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 (instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2144 403.2 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E (aluate)-.25 E F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F1(quantum) 2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F22.5 E F0 (option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F2144 415.2 Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F1 (callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 432 Q F22.967 E F0 .467 (is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F22.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 (he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 (luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 444 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G 2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\ ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 (as additional ar)144 456 R(guments.)-.18 E F1(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 (luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 (ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 468 Q (If not supplied with an e)144 484.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 501.6 Q F0 1.906 (returns successfully unless an in)4.406 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 (lid option or option ar).25 F 1.905(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F1(arr) 4.405 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.405 E(in)144 513.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E F2(popd)108 530.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 542.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799 (se).15 G .299(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .3(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144 554.4 R F2(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 (op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478 (uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 566.4 Q F2144 578.4 Q F0 .551 (Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F (that only the stack is manipulated.)180 590.4 Q F2(+)144 602.4 Q F1(n)A F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 614.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) -.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F2144 626.4 Q F1(n)A F0 (Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F1(n)3.759 E F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180 638.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144 655.2 R F2(popd) 3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F2(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643 (is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F2(popd)5.643 E F0 .415(returns f)144 667.2 R .415(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916 (,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F (tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 679.2 Q (ails.)-.1 E F2(printf)108 696 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F1(var)2.5 E F0(]) A F1(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.437 (Write the formatted)144 708 R F1(ar)3.937 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 (to the standard output under the control of the)3.937 F F1(format)3.936 E F0 6.436(.T)C(he)-6.436 E F23.936 E F0 .126 (option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 720 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard)2.626 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(59)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 60 60 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(output.)144 84 Q(The)144 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format) 3.018 E F0 .517(is a character string which contains three types of obj\ ects: plain characters, which are)3.018 F .704(simply copied to standar\ d output, character escape sequences, which are con)144 120 R -.15(ve) -.4 G .704(rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and forma\ t speci\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 132 R .036(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1(ar)144 144 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 5.531(.I)C 3.031(na)-5.531 G .531(ddition to the standard)-3.031 F F1 (printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B/F2 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(interprets the follo)3.032 F(w-) -.25 E(ing e)144 156 Q(xtensions:)-.15 E F2(%b)144 168 Q F0(causes)20.44 E F2(printf)5.115 E F0 2.615(to e)5.115 F 2.615 (xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F1(ar) 5.115 E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)180 180 Q .608(xcept that)-.15 F F2(\\c) 3.108 E F0 .608(terminates output, backslashes in)3.108 F F2<5c08>3.108 E F0(,)A F2(\\")3.108 E F0 3.108(,a)C(nd)-3.108 E F2(\\?)3.108 E F0 .608 (are not remo)3.108 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .608(d, and octal).15 F(escapes be) 180 192 Q(ginning with)-.15 E F2(\\0)2.5 E F0 (may contain up to four digits\).)2.5 E F2(%q)144 204 Q F0(causes)20.44 E F2(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F1(ar)2.51 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F (input.)180 216 Q F2(%\()144 228 Q F1(datefmt)A F2(\)T)A F0(causes)180 240 Q F2(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 (to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F1(datefmt) 4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 252 R F1 (strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F1(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 (ger representing the number)-.15 F .457(of seconds since the epoch.)180 264 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F .458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F (current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 276 Q(as in) -.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(Ar)144 292.8 Q .464(guments to n\ on-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 (xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 304.8 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) -.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 316.8 Q(alue of the follo) -.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 333.6 Q F1(format)3.424 E F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F1(ar)3.423 E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F1(format) 3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F1(ar)144 345.6 Q(guments)-.37 E F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) .15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,) -.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 357.6 Q(The return v)5 E (alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F2(pushd) 108 374.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C -2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A F2(pushd)108 386.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F0 2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\ rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 398.4 R 3.139(wt) -.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F 1.315(stack the current w)144 410.4 R 1.315(orking directory)-.1 F 6.315(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.715 F 1.315(guments, e)-.18 F 1.316(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.816(od)-.1 G 1.316(irectories and)-3.816 F .872 (returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 422.4 R 5.871(.A) -.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .871(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.171 -.15 (ve t)-.2 H .871(he follo).15 F .871(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 434.4 Q F2144 446.4 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\ hen adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F (only the stack is manipulated.)180 458.4 Q F2(+)144 470.4 Q F1(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.768 E F0 1.267 (th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267(wn by) -.25 F F2(dirs)180 482.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C (tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2144 494.4 Q F1(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)180 506.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) -2.5 E F1(dir)144.35 518.4 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F1(dir)2.85 E F0 (to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .489(If the)144 535.2 R F2(pushd)2.989 E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F2(dirs) 2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488 (If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F2(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039 (returns 0 unless the cd to)144 547.2 R F1(dir)3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F2(pushd)3.54 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847(stack is empty)144 559.2 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent directory stack element i\ s speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 571.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F2(pwd)108 588 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 (Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 600 R .845 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 (he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 612 R F22.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 .181 (\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2(set) 2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If) 144 624 R(the)3.263 E F23.263 E F0 .763 (option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 636 R -.25(va) -.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 648 Q F2 -.18(re)108 664.8 S(ad) .18 E F0([)3.816 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F2-3.816 E F1(aname) 3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F2-3.816 E F1(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F2 -3.816 E F1(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F2-3.816 E F1 (nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F2-3.817 E F1(nc) 3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F2-3.817 E F1(pr)3.817 E (ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F2-3.817 E F1(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817 (][)C F2-3.817 E F1(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 676.8 Q F1(name)A F0 (...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \ \214le descriptor)144 688.8 R F1(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) 3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 700.8 Q F22.539 E F0 .039 (option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst) -.1 F F1(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038 (ord to the second)-.1 F F1(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42 (and so on, with lefto)144 712.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42 (ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42 (ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I) .18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 724.8 R .541(wer w) -.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\ ames are assigned empty)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28) 135.965 E(60)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 61 61 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E -.25(va)144 84 S 2.51(lues. The).25 F .011(characters in)2.511 F /F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011 (are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011 (backslash character \()2.511 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.511(\)m) C(ay)-2.511 E 1.891(be used to remo)144 96 R 2.191 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.191 -.15(ny s).15 H 1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.89 (xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F (Options, if supplied, ha)144 108 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 120 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname) 2.5 E F0 1.049(The w)180 132 R 1.049 (ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) -.25 E F3(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F3 (aname)180.33 144 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 (ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2144 156 Q F3(delim)2.5 E F0 (The \214rst character of)180 168 Q F3(delim)2.5 E F0 (is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E F2144 180 Q F0 .373 (If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F2 -.18(re) 2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F1(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E .218 (to obtain the line.)180 192 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def) 5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F (viously)-.25 E(acti)180 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G (diting settings.)-2.5 E F2144 216 Q F3(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If) 10.78 E F2 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 (is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F3(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 (is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-) -.25 F(ing be)180 228 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2144 240 Q F3(nc)2.5 E(har) -.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 252 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394 (returns after reading)3.894 F F3(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395 (characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of) -.1 F(input, b)180 264 Q(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F3(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 (characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 276 Q F3(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 288 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269 (returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E (s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269 (aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274 (line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 300 R F2 -.18(re)2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-) 5.275 F 1.003 (tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 312 R F2 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F3(nc)3.502 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 324 Q F2144 336 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 348 Q F3(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161 (ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read) -.25 F(an)180 360 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F2 144 372 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) 25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of) -5.543 F(the line.)180 384 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G (ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) -.25 E F2144 396 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2 144 408 Q F3(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 420 Q F2 -.18(re)3.548 G (ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.548 F 1.048 (ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F3(timeout) 180 432 Q F0(seconds.)3.497 E F3(timeout)5.997 E F0 .997 (may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.497 F(wing) -.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 444 R .576(This option is only ef) 5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)3.076 G (ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .142 (pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 456 R .142 (fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.141 E F3(timeout)2.641 E F0 .141(is 0,)2.641 F F2 -.18(re)180 468 S(ad).18 E F0 .113(returns success if input is a)2.613 F -.25(va)-.2 G .113 (ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.613(,f)-.4 G .114 (ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 480 Q (xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F2144 492 Q F3(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor) 14.46 E F3(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192(If no)144 508.8 R F3(names)3.052 E F0 .192(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.962 F(ariable) -.25 E F1(REPL)2.691 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .191 (The return code is zero,)4.691 F 1.343 (unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 520.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.843 G(ad) .18 E F0 1.343 (times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.843 F (128\), or an in)144 532.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E F2 2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.18(re)108 549.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 (\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 561.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G(n).15 E F3(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77 (ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F3(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 573.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F23.596 E F0 1.097 (option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F3 (names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 585.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) -.1 F F23.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) -3.334 F F23.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) -.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 597.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 (rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F23.277 E F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F3(name) 3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 609.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F23.021 E F0 .521 (option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F .521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 621.6 R(The)5.296 E F2 2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 (causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) 144 633.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 645.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) -3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F3(wor) 3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) -5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) 144 657.6 R F3(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) -.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F22.76 E F0 .26 (is supplied with a)2.76 F F3(name)144.36 669.6 Q F0 (that is not a function.)2.68 E F2 -.18(re)108 686.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)2.5 E F3(n)A F0(])A .586(Causes a function to e)144 698.4 R .587 (xit with the return v)-.15 F .587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F3(n)3.087 E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 E F3(n)3.447 E F0 .587 (is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335 (that of the last command e)144 710.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335 (cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G 1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe) 144 722.4 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F2(.)3.294 E F0(\() 5.794 E F2(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794 (ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .795 (cuting that script).15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(61)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 62 62 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .246(and return either)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.106 E F0 .246(or the e)2.986 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .245 (xit sta-)-.15 F .081(tus of the script.)144 96 R .082 (If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082 (cution of a script by).15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(.)2.582 E F0 2.582 (,t).833 G .082(he return sta-)-2.582 F 2.306(tus is f)144 108 R 4.806 (alse. An)-.1 F 4.806(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.806 F F2(RETURN)4.805 E F0 2.305(trap is e)4.805 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.305 (cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E (resumes after the function or script.)144 120 Q F2(set)108 136.8 Q F0 ([)2.5 E F2(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 (option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F2 (set)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(+o) -2.5 E F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0 (...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 160.8 S .835(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .836 (ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 (reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 172.8 R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783 (riables cannot be).25 F 2.946(reset. In)144 184.8 R F1 .447(posix mode) 2.946 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447 (ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447 (The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.531 (locale. When)144 196.8 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F 3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An) -.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F 1.623 (after option processing are treated as v)144 208.8 R 1.624 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) 144 220.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F2($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F2($2)2.5 E F0(,)A F2 2.5(... $)2.5 F F1(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 232.8 Q F0 .54(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539 (ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .539(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 244.8 Q (vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F2144 256.8 Q F0 .131 (Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F 2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E (primary prompt.)184 268.8 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) -.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F2144 280.8 Q F0 .511(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F1(pipeline)3.011 E F0 .511 (\(which may consist of a single)3.011 F F1 .51(simple command)3.01 F F0 3.01(\), a)B F1(sub-)3.01 E(shell)184 292.8 Q F0 .872 (command enclosed in parentheses, or one of the commands e)3.372 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .872(cuted as part of a).15 F .399 (command list enclosed by braces \(see)184 304.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .399(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.899 F F0(abo)2.649 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.899(\)e).15 G .399(xits with a non-zero)-3.049 F 3.968(status. The)184 316.8 R 1.468 (shell does not e)3.968 F 1.468(xit if the command that f)-.15 F 1.468 (ails is part of the command list)-.1 F .57(immediately follo)184 328.8 R .57(wing a)-.25 F F2(while)3.07 E F0(or)3.07 E F2(until)3.07 E F0 -.1 (ke)3.069 G(yw)-.05 E .569(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F .569 (wing the)-.25 F F2(if)3.069 E F0(or)3.069 E F2(elif)3.069 E F0(reserv) 184 340.8 Q .909(ed w)-.15 F .909(ords, part of an)-.1 F 3.409(yc)-.15 G .909(ommand e)-3.409 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .909(cuted in a).15 F F2(&&)3.409 E F0(or)3.409 E F2(||)3.41 E F0 .91(list e)3.41 F .91(xcept the command) -.15 F(follo)184 352.8 Q .05(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)2.55 E F0(or) 2.55 E F2(||)2.55 E F0 2.55(,a)C .35 -.15(ny c)-2.55 H .049 (ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .049(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F (s)-.55 E .372(return v)184 364.8 R .372(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15 (ve)-.4 G .372(rted with).15 F F2(!)2.872 E F0 5.372(.A)C .372(trap on) -2.5 F F2(ERR)2.872 E F0 2.872(,i)C 2.873(fs)-2.872 G .373(et, is e) -2.873 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .373(cuted before the shell).15 F -.15(ex)184 376.8 S 2.897(its. This).15 F .397(option applies to the shell en)2.897 F .396(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .396(vironment sepa-)-.4 F .19(rately \(see)184 388.8 R F3 .19(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.69 F (ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.44 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .19 (\), and may cause subshells).15 F(to e)184 400.8 Q(xit before e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E F2 144 412.8 Q F0(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2144 424.8 Q F0 2.239(Remember the location of commands as the)28.74 F 4.738 (ya)-.15 G 2.238(re look)-4.738 F 2.238(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.738(cution. This).15 F(is)4.738 E(enabled by def)184 436.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F2144 448.8 Q F0 .513(All ar)28.74 F .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F (command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 460.8 Q F2 144 472.8 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .149 (Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F .148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .636 (on systems that support it \(see)184 484.8 R F3 .636(JOB CONTR)3.136 F (OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.136(\). Background).15 F .637 (processes run in a)3.136 F .642 (separate process group and a line containing their e)184 496.8 R .641 (xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 508.8 Q F2 144 520.8 Q F0 .652(Read commands b)28.74 F .652(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .652(cute them.).15 F .653 (This may be used to check a shell script for)5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 532.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F2144 544.8 Q F1(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 556.8 Q F1 (option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 (allexport)184 568.8 Q F0(Same as)224 580.8 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 (braceexpand)184 592.8 Q F0(Same as)224 604.8 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 (emacs)184 616.8 Q F0 .089 (Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)13.9 F 2.589(ace. This) -.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 (when the shell is interacti)224 628.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F2(\255\255noediting) 3.45 E F0 2.5(option. This)224 640.8 R(also af)2.5 E (fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G (ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F2(err)184 652.8 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(errtrace)184 664.8 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F2 2.5 E F0(.)A F2(functrace)184 676.8 Q F0(Same as)224 688.8 Q F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(hashall)184 700.8 Q F0(Same as)9.43 E F22.5 E F0(.)A (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(62)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 63 63 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(histexpand)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 96 Q F1 2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history)184 108 Q F0 .587(Enable command history) 10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E (Y)-.315 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F (on by def)224 120 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) .15 E F1(ignor)184 132 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.656(The ef)224 144 R 1.656 (fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) 4.157 E F0 1.657(had been e)4.157 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 156 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) .15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 168 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 180 Q F1 2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 192 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 204 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 216 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 228 Q F0(Same as)11.12 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (noglob)184 240 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)184 252 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F1(notify)184 264 Q F0(Same as)15 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 276 Q F0(Same as)6.66 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 288 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (ph)184 300 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (pipefail)184 312 Q F0 1.03(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029 (alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.029 (alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 324 R 1.136 (xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) -.15 F -.15(ex)224 336 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G (his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 348 Q F0 2.091(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 (fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 360 Q /F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 372 Q(vileged) -.1 E F0(Same as)224 384 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 396 S (rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 408 Q F0 1.465(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.966 (ace. This)-.1 F 1.466(also af)3.966 F 1.466(fects the editing)-.25 F (interf)224 420 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0 (.)A F1(xtrace)184 432 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 450 Q F13.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F5 (option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552 (alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184 462 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F5(option\255name)3.571 E F0 3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072 (commands to recreate the current)3.572 F (option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 474 Q F1 144 486 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.072(rn on).45 F F5(privile)4.822 E -.1 (ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F F2($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F2($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.071 (\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5 (cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 498 R 1.501 (vironment, and the)-.4 F F2(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E F3(,)A F2 -.27(BA)184 510 S(SHOPTS).27 E F3(,)A F2(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A F0 (and)2.775 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G .524 (riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F (vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 522 R .379 (If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462 (user \(group\) id, and the)184 534 R F12.961 E F0 .461 (option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461 (en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 546 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 558 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G .387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886 F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F (set to the real user and group ids.)184 570 Q F1144 582 Q F0 (Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15 E F1144 594 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .043(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\ bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an) -.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 606 R 2.683 (xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182 (pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 (able or parameter)184 618 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 630 Q F1144 642 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya) -.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1144 654 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315 (xpanding each)-.15 F F5 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo) 2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 666 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236 (xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)3.736 E F3(,)A F0(follo) 3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 678 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 144 690 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 702 Q (ault.)-.1 E F1144 714 Q F0 .213(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.713 E F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F 5.436(tors. This)184 726 R 2.936(may be o)5.436 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.936 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection).15 F (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(63)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 64 64 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E(operator)184 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of) 2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 96 Q F0 .103(If set, an)27.63 F 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104 (is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 F .839(mands e)184 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838 (trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 120 Q F1 144 132 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 (style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 144 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 156 Q F0 1.165 (If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164 (ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.164 (cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.664 E F0 2.821 (that change the current w)184 168 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 (.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822 (ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 180 R(def)2.686 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F (mands which change the current directory)184 192 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 204 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 (substitutions, and commands e)184 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E (UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 228 Q F0 (traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 240 Q F0 .4(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 (his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F (Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 252 Q /F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1 2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 264 Q F0 1.945 (Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2(ar)4.444 E(g) -.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G 1.944 (ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 276 R F1 3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F13.445 E F0 .945 (options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no) 3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B (parameters remain unchanged.)184 288 Q .425(The options are of)144 304.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 (Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 (to be turned of)144 316.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) -.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 (current set of options may be found in)144 328.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 (ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F (is encountered.)144 340.8 Q F1(shift)108 357.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 (])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 369.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G .429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 381.6 Q F1($#)2.583 E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .083 (+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to) .15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06 (is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 393.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F (If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 (,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 405.6 R .144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 .143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 (or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 417.6 Q F1(shopt)108 434.4 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) -2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 446.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222 (alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1 2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\ ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 458.4 R(The) 144 470.4 Q F12.827 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\ d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.827 F .328(Other options) 5.328 F(ha)144 482.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:) -.25 E F1144 494.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 506.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2 (optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 518.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\ put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2 (optname)2.503 E F0(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 530.4 R .255 (If multiple)5.255 F F2(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256 (guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1 2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F (all)180 542.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.) 2.5 E F1144 554.4 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2 (optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0 (option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .128 (If either)144 571.2 R F12.628 E F0(or)2.628 E F12.628 E F0 .127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127 (guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.023 (are set or unset, respecti)144 583.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.023 (.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.023 F F1(shopt)3.524 E F0 1.024(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.524 F(def)144 595.2 Q(ault.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 612 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) 4.044 F .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) 144 624 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696(alid shell) -.25 F(option.)144 636 Q(The list of)144 652.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 (options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 670.8 Q F0 .2 (If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E (ment to the)184 682.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(cdable_v)144 694.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 706.8 R .155 (gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F (name of a v)184 718.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E (alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(64)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 65 65 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cdspell)144 84 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a) 10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 (corrected. The)184 96 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 (ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) -.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .552(one character too man)184 108 R 4.352 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552 (orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F (the command proceeds.)184 120 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 132 Q F0 2.079 (If set,)184 144 R F1(bash)4.579 E F0 2.079 (checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.579 F 2.08 (xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 156 S(cute it.).15 E (If a hashed command no longer e)5 E (xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 168 Q F0 .449(If set,)184 180 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 (lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 (topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 192 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938 (xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 (attempted without an interv)184 204 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F /F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 216 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G (obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 228 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 240 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G .797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G .797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 252 S(lues of).25 E F2(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F2(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 264 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa) 3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 276 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E (ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 288 Q F0 .419(If set,)184 300 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha)2.919 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar) -.15 F(guments)-.18 E(to the)184 312 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 (conditional command')2.5 E(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.5 E F0(operator)2.5 E(.) -.55 E F1(compat32)144 324 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 336 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 (ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 1.265 (string comparison when using the)184 348 R F1([[)3.766 E F0 1.266 (conditional command')3.766 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.766 E F0(and)3.766 E F1(>) 3.766 E F0 3.766(operators. Bash)3.766 F -.15(ve)184 360 S .513 (rsions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and).15 F/F4 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.012 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .512 (\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the).19 F(current locale')184 372 Q 2.5 (sc)-.55 G(ollation sequence and)-2.5 E F4(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0 (\(3\).).51 E F1(compat40)144 384 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 396 R F1(bash) 3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423 (string comparison when using the)184 408 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 (conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) 2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F(vious item\) and the ef)184 420 Q(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 E F1(compat41)144 432 Q F0 1.443(If set,)184 444 R F1(bash)3.943 E F0 3.943(,w)C 1.444 (hen in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter) -3.943 F -.15(ex)184 456 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G .958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.458(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 (the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 468 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59 (posix mode through v)184 480 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) 5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 (vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 492 Q F1(dirspell)144 504 Q F0 .858(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 (attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F (the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 516 Q(xist.)-.15 E F1(dotglob)144 528 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 (includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) -.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F (xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 540 Q F0 1.386 (If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386 (hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 552 Q (gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E (An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 564 Q F0 .717(If set, aliases are e)184 576 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(ALIASES)3.217 E F3(.)A F0 .716 (This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 588 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 600 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 (If set, beha)184 612 Q(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E (uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 624 Q F0(The)28.5 E F14.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F (number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 636 Q (gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 648 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F 1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 660 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 672 Q F0 .84 (If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 (trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 (exe)220 684 S .488 (cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 (sour)220 696 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 708 Q F2 -.27(BA)28.5 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G (SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904(are updated as described in their descriptions) 3.154 F(abo)220 720 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(65)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(5.)184 84 Q F0 1.359 (Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359 (command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220 96 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1 (DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.) 184 108 Q F0 .804(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .805 (command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.804 F(in)220 120 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F2 (command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.) 2.5 E F1(extglob)144 132 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 (xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) -.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 144 Q F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 156 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 168 R F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 E F0(")A F2(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) -4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G (pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 180 Q (This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 192 Q F0 1.425(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425 (ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424 (xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 204 S(pansion error).15 E(.) -.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 216 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 .936(If set, the suf)184 228 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) -.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 (ariable cause w)-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 (when performing w)184 240 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 (ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947(pletions. See)184 252 R F3 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f) -.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F3(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def)184 264 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globstar)144 276 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)5 F F1(**)3.019 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte) -.15 F .518(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 (or more directories and subdirectories.)184 288 R .431 (If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 300 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 312 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 324 Q F1(histappend)144 336 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 348 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G (ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 360 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 372 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 384 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 (is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576 (he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F (tory substitution.)184 396 Q F1(histv)144 408 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 (If set, and)184 420 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) 2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 432 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 (nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 444 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 (hostcomplete)144 456 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 468 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 (will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 480 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 (is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E F3(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 492 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F (is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 504 Q F0(If set,) 184 516 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F3(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) .15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 528 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 540 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 (ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 (ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 (that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 552 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F3(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 564 Q (ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 576 Q F0 1.212 (If set, and job control is not acti)6.66 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,t).15 G 1.212(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not)-3.712 F -.15 (exe)184 588 S(cuted in the background in the current shell en).15 E (vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 600 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F F1(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F (with embedded ne)184 612 Q (wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 (login_shell)144 624 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 636 R F3(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 648 S(lue may not be changed.).25 E F1(mailwar)144 660 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 672 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 (is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F -.1(wa)184 684 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E (`The mail in)-.74 E F2(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) -.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 696 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 708 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325 (is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 (will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F3 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F (completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 720 Q (GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(66)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 67 67 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocaseglob)144 84 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti) 2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 108 S(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion) .1 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 120 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 132 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194 (matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 F(while e)184 144 Q -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([[)2.5 E F0 (conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 156 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 168 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 (ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855 (thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o) -3.355 E -.15(ex)184 180 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) .15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 192 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 (If set, the programmable completion f)184 204 R .677(acilities \(see) -.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 216 Q (This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 228 Q(omptv) -.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 240 R 1.448 (go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) -.15 F -.15(ex)184 252 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) -.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15 (ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 264 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 276 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) 184 288 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 300 Q 4.178 (w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F 1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe) 184 312 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E F1(shift_v)144 324 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 336 R F1 (shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 (iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 (xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 348 Q F1(sour) 144 360 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 372 R F1(sour)3.271 E (ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) -3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 (to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) 184 384 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) -.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 396 Q F0(If set, the)184 408 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 424.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A 1.001 (Suspend the e)144 436.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 (cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be) 3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 448.8 R F12.523 E F0 .023 (option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 (rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) 5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 460.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F12.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E F1(test)108 477.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) 108 489.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 1.15 (Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)6.77 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.15 (luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)3.65 G (pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.188 (operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 501.6 R 3.688 (gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.187(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F 1.889(described abo)144 513.6 R 2.189 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 (CONDITION)4.389 E 1.889(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(test)6.389 E F0 1.89(does not accept an)4.389 F 4.39(yo)-.15 G 1.89 (ptions, nor)-4.39 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 525.6 Q (gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 543.6 R .785 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 (dence. The)144 555.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 (luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F 4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F (used when there are \214v)144 567.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G (ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 579.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E (alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 591.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26(Returns the v)6.77 F .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 (rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 603.6 Q F3 -.2 (ex)144 615.6 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 627.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 639.6 S (pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 651.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 (ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 668.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E (guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 686.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) 180 698.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(67)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E 2.5(1a)144 84 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 96 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 E 2.5(2a)144 108 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 120 R .37(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 132 R .38 (gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 144 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 (the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 156 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E (xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 168 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G (uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 180 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 (the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 192 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) -.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F3(,)A F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 204 R .578(xpression is the res\ ult of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments) -.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 216 R(The)6.332 E F13.832 E F0(and) 3.832 E F13.832 E F0 1.333 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 (three ar)180 228 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 (alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 240 R 3.021 (guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521(gument is e)-.18 F (xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)3.021 F(ar)180 252 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 (he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 264 Q (xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 276 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G (uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 288 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1 (!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385 (xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 300 R 4.147 (guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 (xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E (according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 312 Q -.15(ve) -.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 324 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 336 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) -.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F (abo)180 348 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 366 Q F1(test) 2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E (xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 382.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ processes run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 394.8 Q F1(trap)108 411.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F4 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)144 423.6 R F4(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702 (is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 (cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G (ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F4(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F4 (ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) 144 435.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F .658(\(the v)144 447.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) -.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 (is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) 144.34 459.6 Q F0 .581 (is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 (is not present and)3.3 F F13.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 (been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 471.6 R F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 483.6 R F13.36 E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 (prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 (signal. The)144 495.6 R F12.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.311(bers. Each)144 507.6 R F4(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 (is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.81 (>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E (names are case insensiti)144 519.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E F2(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 537.6 R F4 (sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F2(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 (\(0\) the command)3.898 F F4(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F 1.649(If a)6.649 F F4(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(DEB)144 549.6 Q (UG)-.09 E F3(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F4(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve) -.25 G(ry).15 E F4 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F4(for)3.667 E F0 (command,)3.667 E F4(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 561.6 Q F4 (select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146 (ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.646 E F0 .147 (command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 (cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 573.6 R F2 .146 (SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 585.6 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 (iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) -.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F4(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F2 (RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 597.6 Q F4(ar) 3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) -.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 609.6 Q -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuting.).15 E .928(If a)144 627.6 R F4(sigspec)3.768 E F0(is) 3.738 E F2(ERR)3.429 E F3(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F4(ar)3.759 E (g)-.37 E F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.429(ras).15 G .929(imple command has a non\255zero) -3.429 F -.15(ex)144 639.6 S 1.009(it status, subject to the follo).15 F 1.009(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F2(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009 (trap is not e)3.259 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.008(cuted if the f).15 F 1.008 (ailed com-)-.1 F .324 (mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 651.6 R .324 (wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.824 E F0(or)2.824 E F1(until)2.824 E F0 -.1 (ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F .151(in an)144 663.6 R F4(if)2.661 E F0 .151(statement, part of a command e)4.611 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)2.651 E F0(or)2.651 E F1(||) 2.651 E F0 .151(list, or if the command')2.651 F 2.651(sr)-.55 G .151 (eturn v)-2.651 F(alue)-.25 E(is being in)144 675.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G (rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 E(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095 (Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 693.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 (being ignored are reset to their original v)144 705.6 R .662 (alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) -.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 717.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) -.1 E(y)-.15 E F4(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.2) 72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(68)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 69 69 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(type)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0 (])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 96 S .173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G (ach)-2.673 E F2(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 (uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F F1144 108 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0 .843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 (,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2 (\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 120 Q F0 .086 (is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 (ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2 (name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 (found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 132 R .118 (xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F F12.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855 (either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 144 R .855 (ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 .855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) 144 156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 G .641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E F1 3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666 (PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(search for each)144 168 R F2(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113 (type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2 (\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113 (ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F12.613 E F0(and)144 180 Q F1 2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F .444 (alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .444(If the) 4.944 F F12.944 E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 192 R F1 (type)2.765 E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427 (and functions, if and only if the)144 204 R F12.926 E F0 .426 (option is not also used.)2.926 F .426 (The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548(consulted when using) 144 216 R F13.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)-5.548 E F13.048 E F0 .549(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1 (command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 228 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0 (returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E (alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2 (limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 256.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F .943(that allo)144 268.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F (The)5.943 E F13.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F13.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) 144 280.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 292.8 R .425 (alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F12.926 E F0(nor)2.926 E F12.926 E F0 .426 (is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 304.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F .741(of the special v)144 316.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 (soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 (soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 328.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 340.8 R F12.999 E F0 .499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F (limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 352.8 Q 2.5 (alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 144 364.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1144 376.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E F1144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E F1144 400.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd) -.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 412.8 Q F0 (The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1144 424.8 Q F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children) 26.97 E F1144 436.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals) 27.52 E F1144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E (ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 460.8 Q F0 (The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G (ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 472.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) 24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180 484.8 Q F1144 496.8 Q F0 (The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1 144 508.8 Q F0 (The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F1144 520.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1144 532.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1144 544.8 Q F0 (The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1144 556.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 568.8 Q F0 .47 (The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47 (ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 580.8 Q F1144 592.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1144 604.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 621.6 Q F2(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343 (n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343 (alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F12.843 E F0 .343 (option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .175(option is gi) 144 633.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F12.675 E F0 .175 (is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175 (lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F1 2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 645.6 Q F12.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016 (hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.516 F F12.516 E F0(,) A F12.515 E F0(,)A F12.515 E F0 2.515(,a)C(nd)-2.515 E F1 2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015(hich are unscaled v)-2.515 F(al-)-.25 E 3.787(ues. The)144 657.6 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.287(lid option or ar).25 F 1.287 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144 669.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 686.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2 (The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 698.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ pted by)144 710.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 722.4 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q (2010 December 28)135.965 E(69)185.955 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 70 70 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) -.35 E .547(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 84 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G (he)-3.047 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.047 E F0 .547 (option is supplied, and)3.047 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)144.38 96 Q F0 .552 (is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 108 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 (unalias)108 124.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 (...])2.5 E(Remo)144 136.8 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F14.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 F(remo)144 148.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. 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The)144 249.6 R -.15(ex)2.5 G (it status is true unless a).15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E (.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 278.4 S .288 (it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F (Each)5.288 E F2(n)3.148 E F0 .287(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722 (job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 290.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .722(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722 (ipeline are w)-3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E F2(n)3.583 E F0(is)3.463 E 1.266(not gi)144 302.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.266 (n, all currently acti).15 F 1.566 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265 (hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.265 (nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.265 E F2(n)4.125 E F0 .456 (speci\214es a non-e)144 314.4 R .457 (xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .457 (Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F -.15(ex)144 326.4 S (it status of the last process or job w).15 E(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E /F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 343.2 Q F0(If)108 355.2 Q F1(bash)4.397 E F0 1.897(is started with the name)4.397 F F1(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F14.397 E F0 1.896 (option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.896 (cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.445(restricted. 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E(-interacti)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(-shell startup \214le).15 E F1(~/.bash_lo)109.666 256.8 Q (gout)-.1 E F0(The indi)144 268.8 Q (vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F1(~/.inputr)109.666 280.8 Q(c)-.37 E F0(Indi)144 292.8 Q(vidual)-.25 E F1 -.37(re)2.5 G(adline).37 E F0(initialization \214le)2.5 E F2 -.548(AU)72 309.6 S(THORS).548 E F0 (Brian F)108 321.6 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 E (bfox@gnu.or)108 333.6 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 350.4 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C) -.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 362.4 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E F2 -.11(BU)72 379.2 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F0 .568 (If you \214nd a b)108 391.2 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F3(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568 (you should report it.)3.068 F .568(But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F 3.068(es)-.1 G .568(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .567(ug, and)-.2 F 5.625(that it appears in the 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%%EOF