When you want to make a connection to one of the Google APIs provided in the Google Play services library (such as Google+, Games, or Drive), you need to create an instance of {@code GoogleApiClient} ("Google API Client"). The Google API Client provides a common entry point to all the Google Play services and manages the network connection between the user's device and each Google service.
If the Google API you want to use is not included in the Google Play services library, you can connect using the appropriate REST API, but you must obtain an OAuth 2.0 token. For more information, read Authorizing with Google for REST APIs.
This guide shows how you can use Google API Client to:
Note: If you have an existing app that connects to Google Play services with a subclass of {@code GooglePlayServicesClient}, you should migrate to {@code GoogleApiClient} as soon as possible.
Figure 1. An illustration showing how the Google API Client provides an interface for connecting and making calls to any of the available Google Play services such as Google Play Games and Google Drive.
To get started, you must first install the Google Play services library (revision 15 or higher) for your Android SDK. If you haven't done so already, follow the instructions in Set Up Google Play Services SDK.
Once your project is linked to the Google Play services library, create an instance of {@code GoogleApiClient} using the {@code GoogleApiClient.Builder} APIs in your activity's {@link android.app.Activity#onCreate onCreate()} method. The {@code GoogleApiClient.Builder} class provides methods that allow you to specify the Google APIs you want to use and your desired OAuth 2.0 scopes. For example, here's a {@code GoogleApiClient} instance that connects with the Google Drive service:
GoogleApiClient mGoogleApiClient = new GoogleApiClient.Builder(this)
.addApi(Drive.API)
.addScope(Drive.SCOPE_FILE)
.build();
You can add multiple APIs and multiple scopes to the same {@code GoogleApiClient} by appending additional calls to {@code addApi()} and {@code addScope()}.
However, before you can begin a connection by calling {@code connect()} on the {@code GoogleApiClient}, you must specify an implementation for the callback interfaces, {@code ConnectionCallbacks} and {@code OnConnectionFailedListener}. These interfaces receive callbacks in response to the asynchronous {@code connect()} method when the connection to Google Play services succeeds, fails, or becomes suspended.
For example, here's an activity that implements the callback interfaces and adds them to the Google API Client:
import gms.common.api.*;
import gms.drive.*;
import android.support.v4.app.FragmentActivity;
public class MyActivity extends FragmentActivity
implements ConnectionCallbacks, OnConnectionFailedListener {
private GoogleApiClient mGoogleApiClient;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
// Create a GoogleApiClient instance
mGoogleApiClient = new GoogleApiClient.Builder(this)
.addApi(Drive.API)
.addScope(Drive.SCOPE_FILE)
.addConnectionCallbacks(this)
.addOnConnectionFailedListener(this)
.build();
...
}
@Override
public void onConnected(Bundle connectionHint) {
// Connected to Google Play services!
// The good stuff goes here.
}
@Override
public void onConnectionSuspended(int cause) {
// The connection has been interrupted.
// Disable any UI components that depend on Google APIs
// until onConnected() is called.
}
@Override
public void onConnectionFailed(ConnectionResult result) {
// This callback is important for handling errors that
// may occur while attempting to connect with Google.
//
// More about this in the next section.
...
}
}
With the callback interfaces defined, you're ready to call {@code connect()}. To gracefully manage the lifecycle of the connection, you should call {@code connect()} during the activity's {@link android.app.Activity#onStart onStart()} (unless you want to connect later), then call {@code disconnect()} during the {@link android.app.Activity#onStop onStop()} method. For example:
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
if (!mResolvingError) { // more about this later
mGoogleApiClient.connect();
}
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
mGoogleApiClient.disconnect();
super.onStop();
}
However, if you run this code, there's a good chance it will fail and your app will receive a call to {@code onConnectionFailed()} with the {@code SIGN_IN_REQUIRED} error because the user account has not been specified. The next section shows how to handle this error and others.
When you receive a call to the {@code onConnectionFailed()} callback, you should call {@code hasResolution()} on the provided {@code ConnectionResult} object. If it returns true, you can request the user take immediate action to resolve the error by calling {@code startResolutionForResult()} on the {@code ConnectionResult} object. The {@code startResolutionForResult()} behaves the same as {@link android.app.Activity#startActivityForResult startActivityForResult()} and launches the appropriate activity for the user to resolve the error (such as an activity to select an account).
If {@code hasResolution()} returns false, you should instead call {@code GooglePlayServicesUtil.getErrorDialog()}, passing it the error code. This returns a {@link android.app.Dialog} provided by Google Play services that's appropriate for the given error. The dialog may simply provide a message explaining the error, but it may also provide an action to launch an activity that can resolve the error (such as when the user needs to install a newer version of Google Play services).
For example, your {@code onConnectionFailed()} callback method should now look like this:
public class MyActivity extends FragmentActivity
implements ConnectionCallbacks, OnConnectionFailedListener {
// Request code to use when launching the resolution activity
private static final int REQUEST_RESOLVE_ERROR = 1001;
// Unique tag for the error dialog fragment
private static final String DIALOG_ERROR = "dialog_error";
// Bool to track whether the app is already resolving an error
private boolean mResolvingError = false;
...
@Override
public void onConnectionFailed(ConnectionResult result) {
if (mResolvingError) {
// Already attempting to resolve an error.
return;
} else if (result.hasResolution()) {
try {
mResolvingError = true;
result.startResolutionForResult(this, REQUEST_RESOLVE_ERROR);
} catch (SendIntentException e) {
// There was an error with the resolution intent. Try again.
mGoogleApiClient.connect();
}
} else {
// Show dialog using GooglePlayServicesUtil.getErrorDialog()
showErrorDialog(result.getErrorCode());
mResolvingError = true;
}
}
// The rest of this code is all about building the error dialog
/* Creates a dialog for an error message */
private void showErrorDialog(int errorCode) {
// Create a fragment for the error dialog
ErrorDialogFragment dialogFragment = new ErrorDialogFragment();
// Pass the error that should be displayed
Bundle args = new Bundle();
args.putInt(DIALOG_ERROR, errorCode);
dialogFragment.setArguments(args);
dialogFragment.show(getSupportFragmentManager(), "errordialog");
}
/* Called from ErrorDialogFragment when the dialog is dismissed. */
public void onDialogDismissed() {
mResolvingError = false;
}
/* A fragment to display an error dialog */
public static class ErrorDialogFragment extends DialogFragment {
public ErrorDialogFragment() { }
@Override
public Dialog onCreateDialog(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Get the error code and retrieve the appropriate dialog
int errorCode = this.getArguments().getInt(DIALOG_ERROR);
return GooglePlayServicesUtil.getErrorDialog(errorCode,
this.getActivity(), REQUEST_RESOLVE_ERROR);
}
@Override
public void onDismiss(DialogInterface dialog) {
((MainActivity)getActivity()).onDialogDismissed();
}
}
}
Once the user completes the resolution provided by {@code startResolutionForResult()} or {@code GooglePlayServicesUtil.getErrorDialog()}, your activity receives the {@link android.app.Activity#onActivityResult onActivityResult()} callback with the {@link android.app.Activity#RESULT_OK} result code. You can then call {@code connect()} again. For example:
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
if (requestCode == REQUEST_RESOLVE_ERROR) {
mResolvingError = false;
if (resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
// Make sure the app is not already connected or attempting to connect
if (!mGoogleApiClient.isConnecting() &&
!mGoogleApiClient.isConnected()) {
mGoogleApiClient.connect();
}
}
}
}
In the above code, you probably noticed the boolean, {@code mResolvingError}. This keeps track of the app state while the user is resolving the error to avoid repetitive attempts to resolve the same error. For instance, while the account picker dialog is showing to resolve the {@code SIGN_IN_REQUIRED} error, the user may rotate the screen. This recreates your activity and causes your {@link android.app.Activity#onStart onStart()} method to be called again, which then calls {@code connect()} again. This results in another call to {@code startResolutionForResult()}, which creates another account picker dialog in front of the existing one.
This boolean is effective only if retained across activity instances, though. The next section explains further.
To avoid executing the code in {@code onConnectionFailed()} while a previous attempt to resolve an error is ongoing, you need to retain a boolean that tracks whether your app is already attempting to resolve an error.
As shown in the code above, you should set a boolean to {@code true} each time you call {@code startResolutionForResult()} or display the dialog from {@code GooglePlayServicesUtil.getErrorDialog()}. Then when you receive {@link android.app.Activity#RESULT_OK} in the {@link android.app.Activity#onActivityResult onActivityResult()} callback, set the boolean to {@code false}.
To keep track of the boolean across activity restarts (such as when the user rotates the screen), save the boolean in the activity's saved instance data using {@link android.app.Activity#onSaveInstanceState onSaveInstanceState()}:
private static final String STATE_RESOLVING_ERROR = "resolving_error";
@Override
protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
outState.putBoolean(STATE_RESOLVING_ERROR, mResolvingError);
}
Then recover the saved state during {@link android.app.Activity#onCreate onCreate()}:
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
...
mResolvingError = savedInstanceState != null
&& savedInstanceState.getBoolean(STATE_RESOLVING_ERROR, false);
}
Now you're ready to safely run your app and connect to Google Play services. How you can perform read and write requests to any of the Google Play services using {@code GoogleApiClient} is discussed in the next section.
For more information about each services's APIs available once you're connected, consult the corresponding documentation, such as for Google Play Games or Google Drive.
Once connected, your client can make read and write calls using the service-specific APIs for which your app is authorized, as specified by the APIs and scopes you added to your {@code GoogleApiClient} instance.
Note: Before making calls to specific Google services, you may first need to register your app in the Google Developer Console. For specific instructions, refer to the appropriate getting started guide for the API you're using, such as Google Drive or Google+.
When you perform a read or write request using Google API Client, the immediate result is returned as a {@code PendingResult} object. This is an object representing the request, which hasn't yet been delivered to the Google service.
For example, here's a request to read a file from Google Drive that provides a {@code PendingResult} object:
Query query = new Query.Builder()
.addFilter(Filters.eq(SearchableField.TITLE, filename));
PendingResult result = Drive.DriveApi.query(mGoogleApiClient, query);
Once you have the {@code PendingResult}, you can continue by making the request either asynchronous or synchronous.
To make the request asynchronous, call {@code setResultCallback()} on the {@code PendingResult} and provide an implementation of the {@code ResultCallback} interface. For example, here's the request executed asynchronously:
private void loadFile(String filename) {
// Create a query for a specific filename in Drive.
Query query = new Query.Builder()
.addFilter(Filters.eq(SearchableField.TITLE, filename))
.build();
// Invoke the query asynchronously with a callback method
Drive.DriveApi.query(mGoogleApiClient, query)
.setResultCallback(new ResultCallback<DriveApi.MetadataBufferResult>() {
@Override
public void onResult(DriveApi.MetadataBufferResult result) {
// Success! Handle the query result.
...
}
});
}
When your app receives a {@code Result} object in the {@code onResult()} callback, it is delivered as an instance of the appropriate subclass as specified by the API you're using, such as {@code DriveApi.MetadataBufferResult}.
If you want your code to execute in a strictly defined order, perhaps because the result of one call is needed as an argument to another, you can make your request synchronous by calling {@code await()} on the {@code PendingResult}. This blocks the thread and returns the {@code Result} object when the request completes, which is delivered as an instance of the appropriate subclass as specified by the API you're using, such as {@code DriveApi.MetadataBufferResult}.
Because calling {@code await()} blocks the thread until the result arrives, it's important that you never perform this call on the UI thread. So, if you want to perform synchronous requests to a Google Play service, you should create a new thread, such as with {@link android.os.AsyncTask} in which to perform the request. For example, here's how to perform the same file request to Google Drive as a synchronous call:
private void loadFile(String filename) {
new GetFileTask().execute(filename);
}
private class GetFileTask extends AsyncTask<String, Void, Void> {
protected void doInBackground(String filename) {
Query query = new Query.Builder()
.addFilter(Filters.eq(SearchableField.TITLE, filename))
.build();
// Invoke the query synchronously
DriveApi.MetadataBufferResult result =
Drive.DriveApi.query(mGoogleApiClient, query).await();
// Continue doing other stuff synchronously
...
}
}
Tip: You can also enqueue read requests while not connected to Google Play services. For example, execute a method to read a file from Google Drive regardless of whether your Google API Client is connected yet. Then once a connection is established, the read requests execute and you'll receive the results. Any write requests, however, will generate an error if you call them while your Google API Client is not connected.