path: root/core/java/android/content/ContentResolver.java

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2006 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package android.content;

import android.accounts.Account;
import android.app.ActivityThread;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager.NameNotFoundException;
import android.content.res.AssetFileDescriptor;
import android.content.res.Resources;
import android.database.ContentObserver;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.CursorWrapper;
import android.database.IContentObserver;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
import android.os.RemoteException;
import android.os.ServiceManager;
import android.os.SystemClock;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.util.Config;
import android.util.EventLog;
import android.util.Log;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.ArrayList;


/**
 * This class provides applications access to the content model.
 */
public abstract class ContentResolver {
    /**
     * @deprecated instead use
     * {@link #requestSync(android.accounts.Account, String, android.os.Bundle)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_ACCOUNT = "account";
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_EXPEDITED = "expedited";
    /**
     * @deprecated instead use
     * {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_MANUAL}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_FORCE = "force";

    /**
     * If this extra is set to true then the sync settings (like getSyncAutomatically())
     * are ignored by the sync scheduler.
     */
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_IGNORE_SETTINGS = "ignore_settings";

    /**
     * If this extra is set to true then any backoffs for the initial attempt (e.g. due to retries)
     * are ignored by the sync scheduler. If this request fails and gets rescheduled then the
     * retries will still honor the backoff.
     */
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_IGNORE_BACKOFF = "ignore_backoff";

    /**
     * If this extra is set to true then the request will not be retried if it fails.
     */
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_DO_NOT_RETRY = "do_not_retry";

    /**
     * Setting this extra is the equivalent of setting both {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_IGNORE_SETTINGS}
     * and {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_IGNORE_BACKOFF}
     */
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_MANUAL = "force";

    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_UPLOAD = "upload";
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_OVERRIDE_TOO_MANY_DELETIONS = "deletions_override";
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_DISCARD_LOCAL_DELETIONS = "discard_deletions";

    /**
     * Set by the SyncManager to request that the SyncAdapter initialize itself for
     * the given account/authority pair. One required initialization step is to
     * ensure that {@link #setIsSyncable(android.accounts.Account, String, int)} has been
     * called with a >= 0 value. When this flag is set the SyncAdapter does not need to
     * do a full sync, though it is allowed to do so.
     */
    public static final String SYNC_EXTRAS_INITIALIZE = "initialize";

    public static final String SCHEME_CONTENT = "content";
    public static final String SCHEME_ANDROID_RESOURCE = "android.resource";
    public static final String SCHEME_FILE = "file";

    /**
     * This is the Android platform's base MIME type for a content: URI
     * containing a Cursor of a single item.  Applications should use this
     * as the base type along with their own sub-type of their content: URIs
     * that represent a particular item.  For example, hypothetical IMAP email
     * client may have a URI
     * <code>content://com.company.provider.imap/inbox/1</code> for a particular
     * message in the inbox, whose MIME type would be reported as
     * <code>CURSOR_ITEM_BASE_TYPE + "/vnd.company.imap-msg"</code>
     *
     * <p>Compare with {@link #CURSOR_DIR_BASE_TYPE}.
     */
    public static final String CURSOR_ITEM_BASE_TYPE = "vnd.android.cursor.item";

    /**
     * This is the Android platform's base MIME type for a content: URI
     * containing a Cursor of zero or more items.  Applications should use this
     * as the base type along with their own sub-type of their content: URIs
     * that represent a directory of items.  For example, hypothetical IMAP email
     * client may have a URI
     * <code>content://com.company.provider.imap/inbox</code> for all of the
     * messages in its inbox, whose MIME type would be reported as
     * <code>CURSOR_DIR_BASE_TYPE + "/vnd.company.imap-msg"</code>
     *
     * <p>Note how the base MIME type varies between this and
     * {@link #CURSOR_ITEM_BASE_TYPE} depending on whether there is
     * one single item or multiple items in the data set, while the sub-type
     * remains the same because in either case the data structure contained
     * in the cursor is the same.
     */
    public static final String CURSOR_DIR_BASE_TYPE = "vnd.android.cursor.dir";

    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_ERROR_SYNC_ALREADY_IN_PROGRESS = 1;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_ERROR_AUTHENTICATION = 2;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_ERROR_IO = 3;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_ERROR_PARSE = 4;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_ERROR_CONFLICT = 5;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_ERROR_TOO_MANY_DELETIONS = 6;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_ERROR_TOO_MANY_RETRIES = 7;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_ERROR_INTERNAL = 8;

    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_OBSERVER_TYPE_SETTINGS = 1<<0;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_OBSERVER_TYPE_PENDING = 1<<1;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_OBSERVER_TYPE_ACTIVE = 1<<2;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_OBSERVER_TYPE_STATUS = 1<<3;
    /** @hide */
    public static final int SYNC_OBSERVER_TYPE_ALL = 0x7fffffff;

    // Always log queries which take 500ms+; shorter queries are
    // sampled accordingly.
    private static final int SLOW_THRESHOLD_MILLIS = 500;
    private final Random mRandom = new Random();  // guarded by itself

    public ContentResolver(Context context) {
        mContext = context;
    }

    /** @hide */
    protected abstract IContentProvider acquireProvider(Context c, String name);
    /** @hide */
    public abstract boolean releaseProvider(IContentProvider icp);

    /**
     * Return the MIME type of the given content URL.
     *
     * @param url A Uri identifying content (either a list or specific type),
     * using the content:// scheme.
     * @return A MIME type for the content, or null if the URL is invalid or the type is unknown
     */
    public final String getType(Uri url)
    {
        IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(url);
        if (provider == null) {
            return null;
        }
        try {
            return provider.getType(url);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            return null;
        } catch (java.lang.Exception e) {
            return null;
        } finally {
            releaseProvider(provider);
        }
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Query the given URI, returning a {@link Cursor} over the result set.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * For best performance, the caller should follow these guidelines:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Provide an explicit projection, to prevent
     * reading data from storage that aren't going to be used.</li>
     * <li>Use question mark parameter markers such as 'phone=?' instead of
     * explicit values in the {@code selection} parameter, so that queries
     * that differ only by those values will be recognized as the same
     * for caching purposes.</li>
     * </ul>
     * </p>
     *
     * @param uri The URI, using the content:// scheme, for the content to
     *         retrieve.
     * @param projection A list of which columns to return. Passing null will
     *         return all columns, which is inefficient.
     * @param selection A filter declaring which rows to return, formatted as an
     *         SQL WHERE clause (excluding the WHERE itself). Passing null will
     *         return all rows for the given URI.
     * @param selectionArgs You may include ?s in selection, which will be
     *         replaced by the values from selectionArgs, in the order that they
     *         appear in the selection. The values will be bound as Strings.
     * @param sortOrder How to order the rows, formatted as an SQL ORDER BY
     *         clause (excluding the ORDER BY itself). Passing null will use the
     *         default sort order, which may be unordered.
     * @return A Cursor object, which is positioned before the first entry, or null
     * @see Cursor
     */
    public final Cursor query(Uri uri, String[] projection,
            String selection, String[] selectionArgs, String sortOrder) {
        IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(uri);
        if (provider == null) {
            return null;
        }
        try {
            long startTime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            Cursor qCursor = provider.query(uri, projection, selection, selectionArgs, sortOrder);
            if (qCursor == null) {
                releaseProvider(provider);
                return null;
            }
            long durationMillis = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() - startTime;
            maybeLogQueryToEventLog(durationMillis, uri, projection, selection, sortOrder);
            // Wrap the cursor object into CursorWrapperInner object
            return new CursorWrapperInner(qCursor, provider);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            releaseProvider(provider);
            return null;
        } catch(RuntimeException e) {
            releaseProvider(provider);
            throw e;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Open a stream on to the content associated with a content URI.  If there
     * is no data associated with the URI, FileNotFoundException is thrown.
     *
     * <h5>Accepts the following URI schemes:</h5>
     * <ul>
     * <li>content ({@link #SCHEME_CONTENT})</li>
     * <li>android.resource ({@link #SCHEME_ANDROID_RESOURCE})</li>
     * <li>file ({@link #SCHEME_FILE})</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>See {@link #openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri, String)} for more information
     * on these schemes.
     *
     * @param uri The desired URI.
     * @return InputStream
     * @throws FileNotFoundException if the provided URI could not be opened.
     * @see #openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri, String)
     */
    public final InputStream openInputStream(Uri uri)
            throws FileNotFoundException {
        String scheme = uri.getScheme();
        if (SCHEME_ANDROID_RESOURCE.equals(scheme)) {
            // Note: left here to avoid breaking compatibility.  May be removed
            // with sufficient testing.
            OpenResourceIdResult r = getResourceId(uri);
            try {
                InputStream stream = r.r.openRawResource(r.id);
                return stream;
            } catch (Resources.NotFoundException ex) {
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Resource does not exist: " + uri);
            }
        } else if (SCHEME_FILE.equals(scheme)) {
            // Note: left here to avoid breaking compatibility.  May be removed
            // with sufficient testing.
            return new FileInputStream(uri.getPath());
        } else {
            AssetFileDescriptor fd = openAssetFileDescriptor(uri, "r");
            try {
                return fd != null ? fd.createInputStream() : null;
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Unable to create stream");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Synonym for {@link #openOutputStream(Uri, String)
     * openOutputStream(uri, "w")}.
     * @throws FileNotFoundException if the provided URI could not be opened.
     */
    public final OutputStream openOutputStream(Uri uri)
            throws FileNotFoundException {
        return openOutputStream(uri, "w");
    }

    /**
     * Open a stream on to the content associated with a content URI.  If there
     * is no data associated with the URI, FileNotFoundException is thrown.
     *
     * <h5>Accepts the following URI schemes:</h5>
     * <ul>
     * <li>content ({@link #SCHEME_CONTENT})</li>
     * <li>file ({@link #SCHEME_FILE})</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>See {@link #openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri, String)} for more information
     * on these schemes.
     *
     * @param uri The desired URI.
     * @param mode May be "w", "wa", "rw", or "rwt".
     * @return OutputStream
     * @throws FileNotFoundException if the provided URI could not be opened.
     * @see #openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri, String)
     */
    public final OutputStream openOutputStream(Uri uri, String mode)
            throws FileNotFoundException {
        AssetFileDescriptor fd = openAssetFileDescriptor(uri, mode);
        try {
            return fd != null ? fd.createOutputStream() : null;
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Unable to create stream");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Open a raw file descriptor to access data under a "content:" URI.  This
     * is like {@link #openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri, String)}, but uses the
     * underlying {@link ContentProvider#openFile}
     * ContentProvider.openFile()} method, so will <em>not</em> work with
     * providers that return sub-sections of files.  If at all possible,
     * you should use {@link #openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri, String)}.  You
     * will receive a FileNotFoundException exception if the provider returns a
     * sub-section of a file.
     *
     * <h5>Accepts the following URI schemes:</h5>
     * <ul>
     * <li>content ({@link #SCHEME_CONTENT})</li>
     * <li>file ({@link #SCHEME_FILE})</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>See {@link #openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri, String)} for more information
     * on these schemes.
     *
     * @param uri The desired URI to open.
     * @param mode The file mode to use, as per {@link ContentProvider#openFile
     * ContentProvider.openFile}.
     * @return Returns a new ParcelFileDescriptor pointing to the file.  You
     * own this descriptor and are responsible for closing it when done.
     * @throws FileNotFoundException Throws FileNotFoundException of no
     * file exists under the URI or the mode is invalid.
     * @see #openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri, String)
     */
    public final ParcelFileDescriptor openFileDescriptor(Uri uri,
            String mode) throws FileNotFoundException {
        AssetFileDescriptor afd = openAssetFileDescriptor(uri, mode);
        if (afd == null) {
            return null;
        }

        if (afd.getDeclaredLength() < 0) {
            // This is a full file!
            return afd.getParcelFileDescriptor();
        }

        // Client can't handle a sub-section of a file, so close what
        // we got and bail with an exception.
        try {
            afd.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
        }

        throw new FileNotFoundException("Not a whole file");
    }

    /**
     * Open a raw file descriptor to access data under a "content:" URI.  This
     * interacts with the underlying {@link ContentProvider#openAssetFile}
     * ContentProvider.openAssetFile()} method of the provider associated with the
     * given URI, to retrieve any file stored there.
     *
     * <h5>Accepts the following URI schemes:</h5>
     * <ul>
     * <li>content ({@link #SCHEME_CONTENT})</li>
     * <li>android.resource ({@link #SCHEME_ANDROID_RESOURCE})</li>
     * <li>file ({@link #SCHEME_FILE})</li>
     * </ul>
     * <h5>The android.resource ({@link #SCHEME_ANDROID_RESOURCE}) Scheme</h5>
     * <p>
     * A Uri object can be used to reference a resource in an APK file.  The
     * Uri should be one of the following formats:
     * <ul>
     * <li><code>android.resource://package_name/id_number</code><br/>
     * <code>package_name</code> is your package name as listed in your AndroidManifest.xml.
     * For example <code>com.example.myapp</code><br/>
     * <code>id_number</code> is the int form of the ID.<br/>
     * The easiest way to construct this form is
     * <pre>Uri uri = Uri.parse("android.resource://com.example.myapp/" + R.raw.my_resource");</pre>
     * </li>
     * <li><code>android.resource://package_name/type/name</code><br/>
     * <code>package_name</code> is your package name as listed in your AndroidManifest.xml.
     * For example <code>com.example.myapp</code><br/>
     * <code>type</code> is the string form of the resource type.  For example, <code>raw</code>
     * or <code>drawable</code>.
     * <code>name</code> is the string form of the resource name.  That is, whatever the file
     * name was in your res directory, without the type extension.
     * The easiest way to construct this form is
     * <pre>Uri uri = Uri.parse("android.resource://com.example.myapp/raw/my_resource");</pre>
     * </li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param uri The desired URI to open.
     * @param mode The file mode to use, as per {@link ContentProvider#openAssetFile
     * ContentProvider.openAssetFile}.
     * @return Returns a new ParcelFileDescriptor pointing to the file.  You
     * own this descriptor and are responsible for closing it when done.
     * @throws FileNotFoundException Throws FileNotFoundException of no
     * file exists under the URI or the mode is invalid.
     */
    public final AssetFileDescriptor openAssetFileDescriptor(Uri uri,
            String mode) throws FileNotFoundException {
        String scheme = uri.getScheme();
        if (SCHEME_ANDROID_RESOURCE.equals(scheme)) {
            if (!"r".equals(mode)) {
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Can't write resources: " + uri);
            }
            OpenResourceIdResult r = getResourceId(uri);
            try {
                return r.r.openRawResourceFd(r.id);
            } catch (Resources.NotFoundException ex) {
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Resource does not exist: " + uri);
            }
        } else if (SCHEME_FILE.equals(scheme)) {
            ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = ParcelFileDescriptor.open(
                    new File(uri.getPath()), modeToMode(uri, mode));
            return new AssetFileDescriptor(pfd, 0, -1);
        } else {
            IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(uri);
            if (provider == null) {
                throw new FileNotFoundException("No content provider: " + uri);
            }
            try {
                AssetFileDescriptor fd = provider.openAssetFile(uri, mode);
                if(fd == null) {
                    releaseProvider(provider);
                    return null;
                }
                ParcelFileDescriptor pfd = new ParcelFileDescriptorInner(
                        fd.getParcelFileDescriptor(), provider);
                return new AssetFileDescriptor(pfd, fd.getStartOffset(),
                        fd.getDeclaredLength());
            } catch (RemoteException e) {
                releaseProvider(provider);
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Dead content provider: " + uri);
            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                releaseProvider(provider);
                throw e;
            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
                releaseProvider(provider);
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * A resource identified by the {@link Resources} that contains it, and a resource id.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public class OpenResourceIdResult {
        public Resources r;
        public int id;
    }

    /**
     * Resolves an android.resource URI to a {@link Resources} and a resource id.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public OpenResourceIdResult getResourceId(Uri uri) throws FileNotFoundException {
        String authority = uri.getAuthority();
        Resources r;
        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(authority)) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("No authority: " + uri);
        } else {
            try {
                r = mContext.getPackageManager().getResourcesForApplication(authority);
            } catch (NameNotFoundException ex) {
                throw new FileNotFoundException("No package found for authority: " + uri);
            }
        }
        List<String> path = uri.getPathSegments();
        if (path == null) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("No path: " + uri);
        }
        int len = path.size();
        int id;
        if (len == 1) {
            try {
                id = Integer.parseInt(path.get(0));
            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                throw new FileNotFoundException("Single path segment is not a resource ID: " + uri);
            }
        } else if (len == 2) {
            id = r.getIdentifier(path.get(1), path.get(0), authority);
        } else {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("More than two path segments: " + uri);
        }
        if (id == 0) {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("No resource found for: " + uri);
        }
        OpenResourceIdResult res = new OpenResourceIdResult();
        res.r = r;
        res.id = id;
        return res;
    }

    /** @hide */
    static public int modeToMode(Uri uri, String mode) throws FileNotFoundException {
        int modeBits;
        if ("r".equals(mode)) {
            modeBits = ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_READ_ONLY;
        } else if ("w".equals(mode) || "wt".equals(mode)) {
            modeBits = ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_WRITE_ONLY
                    | ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_CREATE
                    | ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_TRUNCATE;
        } else if ("wa".equals(mode)) {
            modeBits = ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_WRITE_ONLY
                    | ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_CREATE
                    | ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_APPEND;
        } else if ("rw".equals(mode)) {
            modeBits = ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_READ_WRITE
                    | ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_CREATE;
        } else if ("rwt".equals(mode)) {
            modeBits = ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_READ_WRITE
                    | ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_CREATE
                    | ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_TRUNCATE;
        } else {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("Bad mode for " + uri + ": "
                    + mode);
        }
        return modeBits;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts a row into a table at the given URL.
     *
     * If the content provider supports transactions the insertion will be atomic.
     *
     * @param url The URL of the table to insert into.
     * @param values The initial values for the newly inserted row. The key is the column name for
     *               the field. Passing an empty ContentValues will create an empty row.
     * @return the URL of the newly created row.
     */
    public final Uri insert(Uri url, ContentValues values)
    {
        IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(url);
        if (provider == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URL " + url);
        }
        try {
            long startTime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            Uri createdRow = provider.insert(url, values);
            long durationMillis = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() - startTime;
            maybeLogUpdateToEventLog(durationMillis, url, "insert", null /* where */);
            return createdRow;
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            return null;
        } finally {
            releaseProvider(provider);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Applies each of the {@link ContentProviderOperation} objects and returns an array
     * of their results. Passes through OperationApplicationException, which may be thrown
     * by the call to {@link ContentProviderOperation#apply}.
     * If all the applications succeed then a {@link ContentProviderResult} array with the
     * same number of elements as the operations will be returned. It is implementation-specific
     * how many, if any, operations will have been successfully applied if a call to
     * apply results in a {@link OperationApplicationException}.
     * @param authority the authority of the ContentProvider to which this batch should be applied
     * @param operations the operations to apply
     * @return the results of the applications
     * @throws OperationApplicationException thrown if an application fails.
     * See {@link ContentProviderOperation#apply} for more information.
     * @throws RemoteException thrown if a RemoteException is encountered while attempting
     *   to communicate with a remote provider.
     */
    public ContentProviderResult[] applyBatch(String authority,
            ArrayList<ContentProviderOperation> operations)
            throws RemoteException, OperationApplicationException {
        ContentProviderClient provider = acquireContentProviderClient(authority);
        if (provider == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown authority " + authority);
        }
        try {
            return provider.applyBatch(operations);
        } finally {
            provider.release();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Inserts multiple rows into a table at the given URL.
     *
     * This function make no guarantees about the atomicity of the insertions.
     *
     * @param url The URL of the table to insert into.
     * @param values The initial values for the newly inserted rows. The key is the column name for
     *               the field. Passing null will create an empty row.
     * @return the number of newly created rows.
     */
    public final int bulkInsert(Uri url, ContentValues[] values)
    {
        IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(url);
        if (provider == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URL " + url);
        }
        try {
            long startTime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            int rowsCreated = provider.bulkInsert(url, values);
            long durationMillis = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() - startTime;
            maybeLogUpdateToEventLog(durationMillis, url, "bulkinsert", null /* where */);
            return rowsCreated;
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            return 0;
        } finally {
            releaseProvider(provider);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes row(s) specified by a content URI.
     *
     * If the content provider supports transactions, the deletion will be atomic.
     *
     * @param url The URL of the row to delete.
     * @param where A filter to apply to rows before deleting, formatted as an SQL WHERE clause
                    (excluding the WHERE itself).
     * @return The number of rows deleted.
     */
    public final int delete(Uri url, String where, String[] selectionArgs)
    {
        IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(url);
        if (provider == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URL " + url);
        }
        try {
            long startTime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            int rowsDeleted = provider.delete(url, where, selectionArgs);
            long durationMillis = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() - startTime;
            maybeLogUpdateToEventLog(durationMillis, url, "delete", where);
            return rowsDeleted;
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            return -1;
        } finally {
            releaseProvider(provider);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Update row(s) in a content URI.
     *
     * If the content provider supports transactions the update will be atomic.
     *
     * @param uri The URI to modify.
     * @param values The new field values. The key is the column name for the field.
                     A null value will remove an existing field value.
     * @param where A filter to apply to rows before deleting, formatted as an SQL WHERE clause
                    (excluding the WHERE itself).
     * @return The number of rows updated.
     * @throws NullPointerException if uri or values are null
     */
    public final int update(Uri uri, ContentValues values, String where,
            String[] selectionArgs) {
        IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(uri);
        if (provider == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " + uri);
        }
        try {
            long startTime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            int rowsUpdated = provider.update(uri, values, where, selectionArgs);
            long durationMillis = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() - startTime;
            maybeLogUpdateToEventLog(durationMillis, uri, "update", where);
            return rowsUpdated;
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            return -1;
        } finally {
            releaseProvider(provider);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the content provider for the given content URI..
     *
     * @param uri The URI to a content provider
     * @return The ContentProvider for the given URI, or null if no content provider is found.
     * @hide
     */
    public final IContentProvider acquireProvider(Uri uri)
    {
        if (!SCHEME_CONTENT.equals(uri.getScheme())) {
            return null;
        }
        String auth = uri.getAuthority();
        if (auth != null) {
            return acquireProvider(mContext, uri.getAuthority());
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * @hide
     */
    public final IContentProvider acquireProvider(String name) {
        if(name == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return acquireProvider(mContext, name);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link ContentProviderClient} that is associated with the {@link ContentProvider}
     * that services the content at uri, starting the provider if necessary. Returns
     * null if there is no provider associated wih the uri. The caller must indicate that they are
     * done with the provider by calling {@link ContentProviderClient#release} which will allow
     * the system to release the provider it it determines that there is no other reason for
     * keeping it active.
     * @param uri specifies which provider should be acquired
     * @return a {@link ContentProviderClient} that is associated with the {@link ContentProvider}
     * that services the content at uri or null if there isn't one.
     */
    public final ContentProviderClient acquireContentProviderClient(Uri uri) {
        IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(uri);
        if (provider != null) {
            return new ContentProviderClient(this, provider);
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link ContentProviderClient} that is associated with the {@link ContentProvider}
     * with the authority of name, starting the provider if necessary. Returns
     * null if there is no provider associated wih the uri. The caller must indicate that they are
     * done with the provider by calling {@link ContentProviderClient#release} which will allow
     * the system to release the provider it it determines that there is no other reason for
     * keeping it active.
     * @param name specifies which provider should be acquired
     * @return a {@link ContentProviderClient} that is associated with the {@link ContentProvider}
     * with the authority of name or null if there isn't one.
     */
    public final ContentProviderClient acquireContentProviderClient(String name) {
        IContentProvider provider = acquireProvider(name);
        if (provider != null) {
            return new ContentProviderClient(this, provider);
        }

        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Register an observer class that gets callbacks when data identified by a
     * given content URI changes.
     *
     * @param uri The URI to watch for changes. This can be a specific row URI, or a base URI
     * for a whole class of content.
     * @param notifyForDescendents If <code>true</code> changes to URIs beginning with <code>uri</code>
     * will also cause notifications to be sent. If <code>false</code> only changes to the exact URI
     * specified by <em>uri</em> will cause notifications to be sent. If true, than any URI values
     * at or below the specified URI will also trigger a match.
     * @param observer The object that receives callbacks when changes occur.
     * @see #unregisterContentObserver
     */
    public final void registerContentObserver(Uri uri, boolean notifyForDescendents,
            ContentObserver observer)
    {
        try {
            getContentService().registerContentObserver(uri, notifyForDescendents,
                    observer.getContentObserver());
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * Unregisters a change observer.
     *
     * @param observer The previously registered observer that is no longer needed.
     * @see #registerContentObserver
     */
    public final void unregisterContentObserver(ContentObserver observer) {
        try {
            IContentObserver contentObserver = observer.releaseContentObserver();
            if (contentObserver != null) {
                getContentService().unregisterContentObserver(
                        contentObserver);
            }
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * Notify registered observers that a row was updated.
     * To register, call {@link #registerContentObserver(android.net.Uri , boolean, android.database.ContentObserver) registerContentObserver()}.
     * By default, CursorAdapter objects will get this notification.
     *
     * @param uri
     * @param observer The observer that originated the change, may be <code>null</null>
     */
    public void notifyChange(Uri uri, ContentObserver observer) {
        notifyChange(uri, observer, true /* sync to network */);
    }

    /**
     * Notify registered observers that a row was updated.
     * To register, call {@link #registerContentObserver(android.net.Uri , boolean, android.database.ContentObserver) registerContentObserver()}.
     * By default, CursorAdapter objects will get this notification.
     *
     * @param uri
     * @param observer The observer that originated the change, may be <code>null</null>
     * @param syncToNetwork If true, attempt to sync the change to the network.
     */
    public void notifyChange(Uri uri, ContentObserver observer, boolean syncToNetwork) {
        try {
            getContentService().notifyChange(
                    uri, observer == null ? null : observer.getContentObserver(),
                    observer != null && observer.deliverSelfNotifications(), syncToNetwork);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * Start an asynchronous sync operation. If you want to monitor the progress
     * of the sync you may register a SyncObserver. Only values of the following
     * types may be used in the extras bundle:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Integer</li>
     * <li>Long</li>
     * <li>Boolean</li>
     * <li>Float</li>
     * <li>Double</li>
     * <li>String</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param uri the uri of the provider to sync or null to sync all providers.
     * @param extras any extras to pass to the SyncAdapter.
     * @deprecated instead use
     * {@link #requestSync(android.accounts.Account, String, android.os.Bundle)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void startSync(Uri uri, Bundle extras) {
        Account account = null;
        if (extras != null) {
            String accountName = extras.getString(SYNC_EXTRAS_ACCOUNT);
            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(accountName)) {
                account = new Account(accountName, "com.google");
            }
            extras.remove(SYNC_EXTRAS_ACCOUNT);
        }
        requestSync(account, uri != null ? uri.getAuthority() : null, extras);
    }

    /**
     * Start an asynchronous sync operation. If you want to monitor the progress
     * of the sync you may register a SyncObserver. Only values of the following
     * types may be used in the extras bundle:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Integer</li>
     * <li>Long</li>
     * <li>Boolean</li>
     * <li>Float</li>
     * <li>Double</li>
     * <li>String</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param account which account should be synced
     * @param authority which authority should be synced
     * @param extras any extras to pass to the SyncAdapter.
     */
    public static void requestSync(Account account, String authority, Bundle extras) {
        validateSyncExtrasBundle(extras);
        try {
            getContentService().requestSync(account, authority, extras);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check that only values of the following types are in the Bundle:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Integer</li>
     * <li>Long</li>
     * <li>Boolean</li>
     * <li>Float</li>
     * <li>Double</li>
     * <li>String</li>
     * <li>Account</li>
     * <li>null</li>
     * </ul>
     * @param extras the Bundle to check
     */
    public static void validateSyncExtrasBundle(Bundle extras) {
        try {
            for (String key : extras.keySet()) {
                Object value = extras.get(key);
                if (value == null) continue;
                if (value instanceof Long) continue;
                if (value instanceof Integer) continue;
                if (value instanceof Boolean) continue;
                if (value instanceof Float) continue;
                if (value instanceof Double) continue;
                if (value instanceof String) continue;
                if (value instanceof Account) continue;
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("unexpected value type: "
                        + value.getClass().getName());
            }
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            throw e;
        } catch (RuntimeException exc) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("error unparceling Bundle", exc);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Cancel any active or pending syncs that match the Uri. If the uri is null then
     * all syncs will be canceled.
     *
     * @param uri the uri of the provider to sync or null to sync all providers.
     * @deprecated instead use {@link #cancelSync(android.accounts.Account, String)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void cancelSync(Uri uri) {
        cancelSync(null /* all accounts */, uri != null ? uri.getAuthority() : null);
    }

    /**
     * Cancel any active or pending syncs that match account and authority. The account and
     * authority can each independently be set to null, which means that syncs with any account
     * or authority, respectively, will match.
     *
     * @param account filters the syncs that match by this account
     * @param authority filters the syncs that match by this authority
     */
    public static void cancelSync(Account account, String authority) {
        try {
            getContentService().cancelSync(account, authority);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get information about the SyncAdapters that are known to the system.
     * @return an array of SyncAdapters that have registered with the system
     */
    public static SyncAdapterType[] getSyncAdapterTypes() {
        try {
            return getContentService().getSyncAdapterTypes();
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if the provider should be synced when a network tickle is received
     *
     * @param account the account whose setting we are querying
     * @param authority the provider whose setting we are querying
     * @return true if the provider should be synced when a network tickle is received
     */
    public static boolean getSyncAutomatically(Account account, String authority) {
        try {
            return getContentService().getSyncAutomatically(account, authority);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set whether or not the provider is synced when it receives a network tickle.
     *
     * @param account the account whose setting we are querying
     * @param authority the provider whose behavior is being controlled
     * @param sync true if the provider should be synced when tickles are received for it
     */
    public static void setSyncAutomatically(Account account, String authority, boolean sync) {
        try {
            getContentService().setSyncAutomatically(account, authority, sync);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // exception ignored; if this is thrown then it means the runtime is in the midst of
            // being restarted
        }
    }

    /**
     * Specifies that a sync should be requested with the specified the account, authority,
     * and extras at the given frequency. If there is already another periodic sync scheduled
     * with the account, authority and extras then a new periodic sync won't be added, instead
     * the frequency of the previous one will be updated.
     * <p>
     * These periodic syncs honor the "syncAutomatically" and "masterSyncAutomatically" settings.
     * Although these sync are scheduled at the specified frequency, it may take longer for it to
     * actually be started if other syncs are ahead of it in the sync operation queue. This means
     * that the actual start time may drift.
     * <p>
     * Periodic syncs are not allowed to have any of {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_DO_NOT_RETRY},
     * {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_IGNORE_BACKOFF}, {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_IGNORE_SETTINGS},
     * {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_INITIALIZE}, {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_FORCE},
     * {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_EXPEDITED}, {@link #SYNC_EXTRAS_MANUAL} set to true.
     * If any are supplied then an {@link IllegalArgumentException} will be thrown.
     *
     * @param account the account to specify in the sync
     * @param authority the provider to specify in the sync request
     * @param extras extra parameters to go along with the sync request
     * @param pollFrequency how frequently the sync should be performed, in seconds.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an illegal extra was set or if any of the parameters
     * are null.
     */
    public static void addPeriodicSync(Account account, String authority, Bundle extras,
            long pollFrequency) {
        validateSyncExtrasBundle(extras);
        if (account == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("account must not be null");
        }
        if (authority == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("authority must not be null");
        }
        if (extras.getBoolean(SYNC_EXTRAS_MANUAL, false)
                || extras.getBoolean(SYNC_EXTRAS_DO_NOT_RETRY, false)
                || extras.getBoolean(SYNC_EXTRAS_IGNORE_BACKOFF, false)
                || extras.getBoolean(SYNC_EXTRAS_IGNORE_SETTINGS, false)
                || extras.getBoolean(SYNC_EXTRAS_INITIALIZE, false)
                || extras.getBoolean(SYNC_EXTRAS_FORCE, false)
                || extras.getBoolean(SYNC_EXTRAS_EXPEDITED, false)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal extras were set");
        }
        try {
            getContentService().addPeriodicSync(account, authority, extras, pollFrequency);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // exception ignored; if this is thrown then it means the runtime is in the midst of
            // being restarted
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove a periodic sync. Has no affect if account, authority and extras don't match
     * an existing periodic sync.
     *
     * @param account the account of the periodic sync to remove
     * @param authority the provider of the periodic sync to remove
     * @param extras the extras of the periodic sync to remove
     */
    public static void removePeriodicSync(Account account, String authority, Bundle extras) {
        validateSyncExtrasBundle(extras);
        if (account == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("account must not be null");
        }
        if (authority == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("authority must not be null");
        }
        try {
            getContentService().removePeriodicSync(account, authority, extras);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the list of information about the periodic syncs for the given account and authority.
     *
     * @param account the account whose periodic syncs we are querying
     * @param authority the provider whose periodic syncs we are querying
     * @return a list of PeriodicSync objects. This list may be empty but will never be null.
     */
    public static List<PeriodicSync> getPeriodicSyncs(Account account, String authority) {
        if (account == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("account must not be null");
        }
        if (authority == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("authority must not be null");
        }
        try {
            return getContentService().getPeriodicSyncs(account, authority);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check if this account/provider is syncable.
     * @return >0 if it is syncable, 0 if not, and <0 if the state isn't known yet.
     */
    public static int getIsSyncable(Account account, String authority) {
        try {
            return getContentService().getIsSyncable(account, authority);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set whether this account/provider is syncable.
     * @param syncable >0 denotes syncable, 0 means not syncable, <0 means unknown
     */
    public static void setIsSyncable(Account account, String authority, int syncable) {
        try {
            getContentService().setIsSyncable(account, authority, syncable);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // exception ignored; if this is thrown then it means the runtime is in the midst of
            // being restarted
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gets the master auto-sync setting that applies to all the providers and accounts.
     * If this is false then the per-provider auto-sync setting is ignored.
     *
     * @return the master auto-sync setting that applies to all the providers and accounts
     */
    public static boolean getMasterSyncAutomatically() {
        try {
            return getContentService().getMasterSyncAutomatically();
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the master auto-sync setting that applies to all the providers and accounts.
     * If this is false then the per-provider auto-sync setting is ignored.
     *
     * @param sync the master auto-sync setting that applies to all the providers and accounts
     */
    public static void setMasterSyncAutomatically(boolean sync) {
        try {
            getContentService().setMasterSyncAutomatically(sync);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // exception ignored; if this is thrown then it means the runtime is in the midst of
            // being restarted
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if there is currently a sync operation for the given
     * account or authority in the pending list, or actively being processed.
     * @param account the account whose setting we are querying
     * @param authority the provider whose behavior is being queried
     * @return true if a sync is active for the given account or authority.
     */
    public static boolean isSyncActive(Account account, String authority) {
        try {
            return getContentService().isSyncActive(account, authority);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * If a sync is active returns the information about it, otherwise returns false.
     * @return the ActiveSyncInfo for the currently active sync or null if one is not active.
     * @hide
     */
    public static ActiveSyncInfo getActiveSync() {
        try {
            return getContentService().getActiveSync();
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the status that matches the authority.
     * @param account the account whose setting we are querying
     * @param authority the provider whose behavior is being queried
     * @return the SyncStatusInfo for the authority, or null if none exists
     * @hide
     */
    public static SyncStatusInfo getSyncStatus(Account account, String authority) {
        try {
            return getContentService().getSyncStatus(account, authority);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Return true if the pending status is true of any matching authorities.
     * @param account the account whose setting we are querying
     * @param authority the provider whose behavior is being queried
     * @return true if there is a pending sync with the matching account and authority
     */
    public static boolean isSyncPending(Account account, String authority) {
        try {
            return getContentService().isSyncPending(account, authority);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    public static Object addStatusChangeListener(int mask, final SyncStatusObserver callback) {
        try {
            ISyncStatusObserver.Stub observer = new ISyncStatusObserver.Stub() {
                public void onStatusChanged(int which) throws RemoteException {
                    callback.onStatusChanged(which);
                }
            };
            getContentService().addStatusChangeListener(mask, observer);
            return observer;
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("the ContentService should always be reachable", e);
        }
    }

    public static void removeStatusChangeListener(Object handle) {
        try {
            getContentService().removeStatusChangeListener((ISyncStatusObserver.Stub) handle);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            // exception ignored; if this is thrown then it means the runtime is in the midst of
            // being restarted
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns sampling percentage for a given duration.
     *
     * Always returns at least 1%.
     */
    private int samplePercentForDuration(long durationMillis) {
        if (durationMillis >= SLOW_THRESHOLD_MILLIS) {
            return 100;
        }
        return (int) (100 * durationMillis / SLOW_THRESHOLD_MILLIS) + 1;
    }

    private void maybeLogQueryToEventLog(long durationMillis,
                                         Uri uri, String[] projection,
                                         String selection, String sortOrder) {
        int samplePercent = samplePercentForDuration(durationMillis);
        if (samplePercent < 100) {
            synchronized (mRandom) {
                if (mRandom.nextInt(100) >= samplePercent) {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        StringBuilder projectionBuffer = new StringBuilder(100);
        if (projection != null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < projection.length; ++i) {
                // Note: not using a comma delimiter here, as the
                // multiple arguments to EventLog.writeEvent later
                // stringify with a comma delimiter, which would make
                // parsing uglier later.
                if (i != 0) projectionBuffer.append('/');
                projectionBuffer.append(projection[i]);
            }
        }

        // ActivityThread.currentPackageName() only returns non-null if the
        // current thread is an application main thread.  This parameter tells
        // us whether an event loop is blocked, and if so, which app it is.
        String blockingPackage = ActivityThread.currentPackageName();

        EventLog.writeEvent(
            EventLogTags.CONTENT_QUERY_OPERATION,
            uri.toString(),
            projectionBuffer.toString(),
            selection != null ? selection : "",
            sortOrder != null ? sortOrder : "",
            durationMillis,
            blockingPackage != null ? blockingPackage : "",
            samplePercent);
    }

    private void maybeLogUpdateToEventLog(
        long durationMillis, Uri uri, String operation, String selection) {
        int samplePercent = samplePercentForDuration(durationMillis);
        if (samplePercent < 100) {
            synchronized (mRandom) {
                if (mRandom.nextInt(100) >= samplePercent) {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        String blockingPackage = ActivityThread.currentPackageName();
        EventLog.writeEvent(
            EventLogTags.CONTENT_UPDATE_OPERATION,
            uri.toString(),
            operation,
            selection != null ? selection : "",
            durationMillis,
            blockingPackage != null ? blockingPackage : "",
            samplePercent);
    }

    private final class CursorWrapperInner extends CursorWrapper {
        private IContentProvider mContentProvider;
        public static final String TAG="CursorWrapperInner";
        private boolean mCloseFlag = false;

        CursorWrapperInner(Cursor cursor, IContentProvider icp) {
            super(cursor);
            mContentProvider = icp;
        }

        @Override
        public void close() {
            super.close();
            ContentResolver.this.releaseProvider(mContentProvider);
            mCloseFlag = true;
        }

        @Override
        protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
            try {
                if(!mCloseFlag) {
                    ContentResolver.this.releaseProvider(mContentProvider);
                }
            } finally {
                super.finalize();
            }
        }
    }

    private final class ParcelFileDescriptorInner extends ParcelFileDescriptor {
        private IContentProvider mContentProvider;
        public static final String TAG="ParcelFileDescriptorInner";
        private boolean mReleaseProviderFlag = false;

        ParcelFileDescriptorInner(ParcelFileDescriptor pfd, IContentProvider icp) {
            super(pfd);
            mContentProvider = icp;
        }

        @Override
        public void close() throws IOException {
            if(!mReleaseProviderFlag) {
                super.close();
                ContentResolver.this.releaseProvider(mContentProvider);
                mReleaseProviderFlag = true;
            }
        }

        @Override
        protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
            if (!mReleaseProviderFlag) {
                close();
            }
        }
    }

    /** @hide */
    public static final String CONTENT_SERVICE_NAME = "content";

    /** @hide */
    public static IContentService getContentService() {
        if (sContentService != null) {
            return sContentService;
        }
        IBinder b = ServiceManager.getService(CONTENT_SERVICE_NAME);
        if (Config.LOGV) Log.v("ContentService", "default service binder = " + b);
        sContentService = IContentService.Stub.asInterface(b);
        if (Config.LOGV) Log.v("ContentService", "default service = " + sContentService);
        return sContentService;
    }

    private static IContentService sContentService;
    private final Context mContext;
    private static final String TAG = "ContentResolver";
}