From 3703f39965a197ebd91743fc38d0f640606b8da3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ingo Molnar Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2008 18:13:37 +0200 Subject: geode: fix modular build -tip testing found this build bug: MODPOST 331 modules ERROR: "geode_mfgpt_toggle_event" [drivers/watchdog/geodewdt.ko] undefined! ERROR: "geode_mfgpt_alloc_timer" [drivers/watchdog/geodewdt.ko] undefined! make[1]: *** [__modpost] Error 1 make: *** [modules] Error 2 with this config: http://redhat.com/~mingo/misc/config-Wed_Jun__4_18_01_59_CEST_2008.bad export those symbols. Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar --- arch/x86/kernel/mfgpt_32.c | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/mfgpt_32.c b/arch/x86/kernel/mfgpt_32.c index 3cad17f..07c0f82 100644 --- a/arch/x86/kernel/mfgpt_32.c +++ b/arch/x86/kernel/mfgpt_32.c @@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ int geode_mfgpt_toggle_event(int timer, int cmp, int event, int enable) wrmsr(msr, value, dummy); return 0; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(geode_mfgpt_toggle_event); int geode_mfgpt_set_irq(int timer, int cmp, int irq, int enable) { @@ -222,6 +223,7 @@ int geode_mfgpt_alloc_timer(int timer, int domain) /* No timers available - too bad */ return -1; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(geode_mfgpt_alloc_timer); #ifdef CONFIG_GEODE_MFGPT_TIMER -- cgit v1.1 From b29c701deacd5d24453127c37ed77ef851c53b8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Nestler Date: Mon, 12 May 2008 15:44:39 +0200 Subject: x86: fix endless page faults in mount_block_root for Linux 2.6 Page faults in kernel address space between PAGE_OFFSET up to VMALLOC_START should not try to map as vmalloc. Fix rarely endless page faults inside mount_block_root for root filesystem at boot time. All 32bit kernels up to 2.6.25 can fail into this hole. I can not present this under native linux kernel. I see, that the 64bit has fixed the problem. I copied the same lines into 32bit part. Recorded debugs are from coLinux kernel 2.6.22.18 (virtualisation): http://www.henrynestler.com/colinux/testing/pfn-check-0.7.3/20080410-antinx/bug16-recursive-page-fault-endless.txt The physicaly memory was trimmed down to 192MB to better catch the bug. More memory gets the bug more rarely. Details, how every x86 32bit system can fail: Start from "mount_block_root", http://lxr.linux.no/linux/init/do_mounts.c#L297 There the variable "fs_names" got one memory page with 4096 bytes. Variable "p" walks through the existing file system types. The first string is no problem. But, with the second loop in mount_block_root the offset of "p" is not at beginning of page, the offset is for example +9, if "reiserfs" is the first in list. Than calls do_mount_root, and lands in sys_mount. Remember: Variable "type_page" contains now "fs_type+9" and not contains a full page. The sys_mount copies 4096 bytes with function "exact_copy_from_user()": http://lxr.linux.no/linux/fs/namespace.c#L1540 Mostly exist pages after the buffer "fs_names+4096+9" and the page fault handler was not called. No problem. In the case, if the page after "fs_names+4096" is not mapped, the page fault handler was called from http://lxr.linux.no/linux/fs/namespace.c#L1320 The do_page_fault gots an address 0xc03b4000. It's kernel address, address >= TASK_SIZE, but not from vmalloc! It's from "__getname()" alias "kmem_cache_alloc". The "error_code" is 0. "vmalloc_fault" will be call: http://lxr.linux.no/linux/arch/i386/mm/fault.c#L332 "vmalloc_fault" tryed to find the physical page for a non existing virtual memory area. The macro "pte_present" in vmalloc_fault() got a next page fault for 0xc0000ed0 at: http://lxr.linux.no/linux/arch/i386/mm/fault.c#L282 No PTE exist for such virtual address. The page fault handler was trying to sync the physical page for the PTE lockup. This called vmalloc_fault() again for address 0xc000000, and that also was not existing. The endless began... In normal case the cpu would still loop with disabled interrrupts. Under coLinux this was catched by a stack overflow inside printk debugs. Signed-off-by: Henry Nestler Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner --- arch/x86/mm/fault.c | 5 +++++ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/fault.c b/arch/x86/mm/fault.c index fd7e179..8bcb6f4 100644 --- a/arch/x86/mm/fault.c +++ b/arch/x86/mm/fault.c @@ -497,6 +497,11 @@ static int vmalloc_fault(unsigned long address) unsigned long pgd_paddr; pmd_t *pmd_k; pte_t *pte_k; + + /* Make sure we are in vmalloc area */ + if (!(address >= VMALLOC_START && address < VMALLOC_END)) + return -1; + /* * Synchronize this task's top level page-table * with the 'reference' page table. -- cgit v1.1 From 86b2b70e156203149c3861455feec54bc4906e6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Joe Korty Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2008 17:21:06 -0400 Subject: x86: fix asm warning in head_32.S On Mon, May 19, 2008 at 04:10:02PM -0700, Linus Torvalds wrote: > It also causes these warnings on 32-bit PAE: > > AS arch/x86/kernel/head_32.o > arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S: Assembler messages: > arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S:225: Warning: left operand is a bignum; integer 0 assumed > arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S:609: Warning: left operand is a bignum; integer 0 assumed > > and I do not see why (the end result seems to be identical). Fix head_32.S gcc bignum warnings when CONFIG_PAE=y. arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S: Assembler messages: arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S:225: Warning: left operand is a bignum; integer 0 assumed arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S:609: Warning: left operand is a bignum; integer 0 assumed The assembler was stumbling over the 64-bit constant 0x100000000 in the KPMDS #define. Testing: a cmp(1) on head_32.o before and after shows the binary is unchanged. Signed-off-by: Joe Korty Cc: Theodore Tso Cc: Gabriel C Cc: Keith Packard Cc: "Pallipadi Venkatesh" Cc: Eric Anholt Cc: "Siddha Suresh B" Cc: bugme-daemon@bugzilla.kernel.org Cc: airlied@linux.ie Cc: "Barnes Jesse" Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge Cc: Andrew Morton Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" Cc: Linus Torvalds Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar --- arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S b/arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S index b2cc737..f7357cc 100644 --- a/arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S +++ b/arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S @@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ default_entry: * this stage. */ -#define KPMDS ((0x100000000-__PAGE_OFFSET) >> 30) /* Number of kernel PMDs */ +#define KPMDS (((-__PAGE_OFFSET) >> 30) & 3) /* Number of kernel PMDs */ xorl %ebx,%ebx /* %ebx is kept at zero */ -- cgit v1.1 From 0b6a39f7ebcb1c82587ce35b401c513eed41ac5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ingo Molnar Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2008 13:29:43 +0200 Subject: Revert "x86: fix ioapic bug again" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This reverts commit 6e908947b4995bc0e551a8257c586d5c3e428201. Németh Márton reported: | there is a problem in 2.6.26-rc3 which was not there in case of | 2.6.25: the CPU wakes up ~90,000 times per sec instead of ~60 per sec. | | I also "git bisected" the problem, the result is: | | 6e908947b4995bc0e551a8257c586d5c3e428201 is first bad commit | commit 6e908947b4995bc0e551a8257c586d5c3e428201 | Author: Ingo Molnar | Date: Fri Mar 21 14:32:36 2008 +0100 | | x86: fix ioapic bug again the original problem is fixed by Maciej W. Rozycki in the tip/x86/apic branch (confirmed by Márton), but those changes are too intrusive for v2.6.26 so we'll go for the less intrusive (repeated) revert now. Reported-and-bisected-by: Németh Márton Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar --- arch/x86/kernel/io_apic_32.c | 12 ++---------- arch/x86/kernel/nmi_32.c | 9 ++------- 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/io_apic_32.c b/arch/x86/kernel/io_apic_32.c index a40d54f..4dc8600d9 100644 --- a/arch/x86/kernel/io_apic_32.c +++ b/arch/x86/kernel/io_apic_32.c @@ -2130,14 +2130,10 @@ static inline void __init check_timer(void) { int apic1, pin1, apic2, pin2; int vector; - unsigned int ver; unsigned long flags; local_irq_save(flags); - ver = apic_read(APIC_LVR); - ver = GET_APIC_VERSION(ver); - /* * get/set the timer IRQ vector: */ @@ -2150,15 +2146,11 @@ static inline void __init check_timer(void) * mode for the 8259A whenever interrupts are routed * through I/O APICs. Also IRQ0 has to be enabled in * the 8259A which implies the virtual wire has to be - * disabled in the local APIC. Finally timer interrupts - * need to be acknowledged manually in the 8259A for - * timer_interrupt() and for the i82489DX when using - * the NMI watchdog. + * disabled in the local APIC. */ apic_write_around(APIC_LVT0, APIC_LVT_MASKED | APIC_DM_EXTINT); init_8259A(1); - timer_ack = !cpu_has_tsc; - timer_ack |= (nmi_watchdog == NMI_IO_APIC && !APIC_INTEGRATED(ver)); + timer_ack = 1; if (timer_over_8254 > 0) enable_8259A_irq(0); diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/nmi_32.c b/arch/x86/kernel/nmi_32.c index 11b14bb..84160f7 100644 --- a/arch/x86/kernel/nmi_32.c +++ b/arch/x86/kernel/nmi_32.c @@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ #include #include -#include #include "mach_traps.h" @@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ int __init check_nmi_watchdog(void) prev_nmi_count = kmalloc(NR_CPUS * sizeof(int), GFP_KERNEL); if (!prev_nmi_count) - goto error; + return -1; printk(KERN_INFO "Testing NMI watchdog ... "); @@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ int __init check_nmi_watchdog(void) if (!atomic_read(&nmi_active)) { kfree(prev_nmi_count); atomic_set(&nmi_active, -1); - goto error; + return -1; } printk("OK.\n"); @@ -130,10 +129,6 @@ int __init check_nmi_watchdog(void) kfree(prev_nmi_count); return 0; -error: - timer_ack = !cpu_has_tsc; - - return -1; } static int __init setup_nmi_watchdog(char *str) -- cgit v1.1 From 52aaa12fbe786c90396f1b11ec39c924ccdd8fd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Manish Katiyar Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2008 19:14:15 +0530 Subject: x86: fix unused variable 'loops' warning in arch/x86/boot/a20.c Following patch fixes the below warning message : arch/x86/boot/a20.c:118: warning: unused variable 'loops' Signed-off-by : Manish Katiyar Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar --- arch/x86/boot/a20.c | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/a20.c b/arch/x86/boot/a20.c index 90943f8..e01aafd 100644 --- a/arch/x86/boot/a20.c +++ b/arch/x86/boot/a20.c @@ -115,8 +115,6 @@ static void enable_a20_fast(void) int enable_a20(void) { - int loops = A20_ENABLE_LOOPS; - #if defined(CONFIG_X86_ELAN) /* Elan croaks if we try to touch the KBC */ enable_a20_fast(); @@ -128,6 +126,7 @@ int enable_a20(void) enable_a20_kbc(); return 0; #else + int loops = A20_ENABLE_LOOPS; while (loops--) { /* First, check to see if A20 is already enabled (legacy free, etc.) */ -- cgit v1.1 From e32e58a96de4ac35a03349db2ab69f263ded958f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Peter Zijlstra Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2008 10:14:08 +0200 Subject: x86: fix lockdep warning during suspend-to-ram Andrew Morton wrote: > I've been seeing the below for a long time during suspend-to-ram on the Vaio. > > > PM: Syncing filesystems ... done. > PM: Preparing system for mem sleep > Freezing user space processes ... <4>------------[ cut here ]------------ > WARNING: at kernel/lockdep.c:2658 check_flags+0x4c/0x127() > Modules linked in: i915 drm ipw2200 sonypi ipv6 autofs4 hidp l2cap bluetooth sunrpc nf_conntrack_netbios_ns ipt_REJECT nf_conntrack_ipv4 xt_state nf_conntrack xt_tcpudp iptable_filter ip_tables x_tables acpi_cpufreq nvram ohci1394 ieee1394 ehci_hcd uhci_hcd sg joydev snd_hda_intel snd_seq_dummy sr_mod snd_seq_oss cdrom snd_seq_midi_event snd_seq snd_seq_device snd_pcm_oss snd_mixer_oss ieee80211 pcspkr ieee80211_crypt snd_pcm i2c_i801 snd_timer i2c_core ide_pci_generic piix snd soundcore snd_page_alloc button ext3 jbd ide_disk ide_core [last unloaded: ipw2200] > Pid: 3250, comm: zsh Not tainted 2.6.26-rc5 #1 > [] warn_on_slowpath+0x41/0x6d > [] ? native_sched_clock+0x82/0x96 > [] ? mark_held_locks+0x41/0x5c > [] ? _spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x36/0x58 > [] ? trace_hardirqs_on+0xe6/0x10d > [] ? __lock_acquire+0xae3/0xb2b > [] ? schedule+0x39b/0x3b4 > [] check_flags+0x4c/0x127 > [] lock_acquire+0x3a/0x86 > [] _spin_lock+0x26/0x53 > [] ? refrigerator+0x13/0xc3 > [] refrigerator+0x13/0xc3 > [] get_signal_to_deliver+0x3c/0x31e > [] do_notify_resume+0x91/0x6ee > [] ? lock_release_holdtime+0x50/0x56 > [] ? _spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x36/0x58 > [] ? read_chan+0x0/0x58c > [] ? trace_hardirqs_on+0xe6/0x10d > [] ? _spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x42/0x58 > [] ? tty_ldisc_deref+0x5c/0x63 > [] ? tty_read+0x66/0x98 > [] ? audit_syscall_exit+0x2aa/0x2c5 > [] ? do_syscall_trace+0x6b/0x16f > [] work_notifysig+0x13/0x1b > ======================= > ---[ end trace 25b49fe59a25afa5 ]--- > possible reason: unannotated irqs-off. > irq event stamp: 58919 > hardirqs last enabled at (58919): [] syscall_exit_work+0x11/0x26 Joy - I so love entry.S Best I can make of it: syscall_exit_work resume_userspace DISABLE_INTERRUPTS (no TRACE_IRQS_OFF) work_pending work_notifysig do_notify_resume() do_signal() get_signal_to_deliver() try_to_freeze() refrigerator() task_lock() -> check_flags() -> BANG The normal path is: syscall_exit_work resume_userspace DISABLE_INTERRUPTS restore_all TRACE_IRQS_IRET iret No idea why that would not warn.. Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar --- arch/x86/kernel/entry_32.S | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/entry_32.S b/arch/x86/kernel/entry_32.S index 2a609dc..c778e4f 100644 --- a/arch/x86/kernel/entry_32.S +++ b/arch/x86/kernel/entry_32.S @@ -248,6 +248,7 @@ ENTRY(resume_userspace) DISABLE_INTERRUPTS(CLBR_ANY) # make sure we don't miss an interrupt # setting need_resched or sigpending # between sampling and the iret + TRACE_IRQS_OFF movl TI_flags(%ebp), %ecx andl $_TIF_WORK_MASK, %ecx # is there any work to be done on # int/exception return? -- cgit v1.1 From eb53e9f3ea859a6d59c37b500593b970aa8562e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: David Howells Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2008 17:18:40 +0100 Subject: x86: fix an incompatible pointer type warning on 64-bit compilations Fix an incompatible pointer type warning on x86_64 compilations. early_memtest() is passing a u64* to find_e820_area_size() which is expecting an unsigned long. Change t_start and t_size to unsigned long as those are also 64-bit types on x88_64. Signed-off-by: David Howells Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar --- arch/x86/mm/init_64.c | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c b/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c index 156e6d7..998a06e 100644 --- a/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c +++ b/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c @@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ early_param("memtest", parse_memtest); static void __init early_memtest(unsigned long start, unsigned long end) { - u64 t_start, t_size; + unsigned long t_start, t_size; unsigned pattern; if (!memtest_pattern) @@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ static void __init early_memtest(unsigned long start, unsigned long end) if (t_start + t_size > end) t_size = end - t_start; - printk(KERN_CONT "\n %016llx - %016llx pattern %d", + printk(KERN_CONT "\n %016lx - %016lx pattern %d", t_start, t_start + t_size, pattern); memtest(t_start, t_size, pattern); -- cgit v1.1 From 4461145ef1be92851c230f858f6b6f457c99670f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vegard Nossum Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2008 08:55:59 +0200 Subject: x86, lockdep: fix "WARNING: at kernel/lockdep.c:2658 check_flags+0x4c/0x128()" Alessandro Suardi reported: > Recently upgraded my FC6 desktop to Fedora 9; with the > latest nautilus RPM updates my VNC session went nuts > with nautilus pegging the CPU for everything that breathed. > > I now reverted to an earlier nautilus package, but during > the peak CPU period my kernel spat this: > > [314185.623294] ------------[ cut here ]------------ > [314185.623414] WARNING: at kernel/lockdep.c:2658 check_flags+0x4c/0x128() > [314185.623514] Modules linked in: iptable_filter ip_tables x_tables > sunrpc ipv6 fuse snd_via82xx snd_ac97_codec ac97_bus snd_mpu401_uart > snd_rawmidi via686a hwmon parport_pc sg parport uhci_hcd ehci_hcd > [314185.623924] Pid: 12314, comm: nautilus Not tainted 2.6.26-rc5-git2 #4 > [314185.624021] [] warn_on_slowpath+0x41/0x7b > [314185.624021] [] ? do_page_fault+0x2c1/0x5fd > [314185.624021] [] ? up_read+0x16/0x28 > [314185.624021] [] ? do_page_fault+0x2c1/0x5fd > [314185.624021] [] ? __lock_acquire+0xbb4/0xbc3 > [314185.624021] [] check_flags+0x4c/0x128 > [314185.624021] [] lock_acquire+0x31/0x7d > [314185.624021] [] __atomic_notifier_call_chain+0x30/0x80 > [314185.624021] [] ? __atomic_notifier_call_chain+0x0/0x80 > [314185.624021] [] atomic_notifier_call_chain+0xc/0xe > [314185.624021] [] notify_die+0x2d/0x2f > [314185.624021] [] do_int3+0x1f/0x4d > [314185.624021] [] int3+0x27/0x2c > [314185.624021] ======================= > [314185.624021] ---[ end trace 1923f65a2d7bb246 ]--- > [314185.624021] possible reason: unannotated irqs-off. > [314185.624021] irq event stamp: 488879 > [314185.624021] hardirqs last enabled at (488879): [] > restore_nocheck+0x12/0x15 > [314185.624021] hardirqs last disabled at (488878): [] > work_resched+0x19/0x30 > [314185.624021] softirqs last enabled at (488876): [] > __do_softirq+0xa6/0xac > [314185.624021] softirqs last disabled at (488865): [] > do_softirq+0x57/0xa6 > > I didn't seem to find it with some googling, so here it is. > > I was incidentally ltracing that process to try and find out > what was gulping down that much CPU (sorry, no idea > whether ltrace and the WARNING happened at the same > time or which came first) and: Yeah, this is extremely likely to be the source of the warning. The warning should be harmless, however. > Box is my trusty noname K7-800, 512MB RAM; if there's > anything else useful I might be able to provide, just ask. It would be interesting to see where the int3 comes from. Too bad, lockdep doesn't provide the register dump. The stacktrace also doesn't go further than the int3(), I wonder if this int3 came from userspace? The ltrace readme says "software breakpoints, like gdb", so I guess this is the case. Yep, seems like it. This looks relevant: | commit fb1dac909d94ff807cd833d340c6827c3a957159 | Author: Peter Zijlstra | Date: Wed Jan 16 09:51:59 2008 +0100 | | lockdep: more hardirq annotations for notify_die() I'm attaching a similarly-looking patch for this case (DO_VM86_ERROR), though I suspect it might be missing for the other cases (DO_ERROR/DO_ERROR_INFO) as well. Reported-by: Alessandro Suardi Signed-off-by: Vegard Nossum Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar --- arch/x86/kernel/traps_32.c | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/traps_32.c b/arch/x86/kernel/traps_32.c index bde6f63..08d752d 100644 --- a/arch/x86/kernel/traps_32.c +++ b/arch/x86/kernel/traps_32.c @@ -544,6 +544,7 @@ vm86_trap: #define DO_ERROR(trapnr, signr, str, name) \ void do_##name(struct pt_regs *regs, long error_code) \ { \ + trace_hardirqs_fixup(); \ if (notify_die(DIE_TRAP, str, regs, error_code, trapnr, signr) \ == NOTIFY_STOP) \ return; \ -- cgit v1.1 From f8a45704f5bd5f037c8e4a75172cab1476fc0447 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kevin Winchester Date: Thu, 29 May 2008 21:14:35 -0300 Subject: x86: fix pointer type warning in arch/x86/mm/init_64.c:early_memtest Changed the call to find_e820_area_size to pass u64 instead of unsigned long. Signed-off-by: Kevin Winchester Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar --- arch/x86/mm/init_64.c | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'arch/x86') diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c b/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c index 998a06e..156e6d7 100644 --- a/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c +++ b/arch/x86/mm/init_64.c @@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ early_param("memtest", parse_memtest); static void __init early_memtest(unsigned long start, unsigned long end) { - unsigned long t_start, t_size; + u64 t_start, t_size; unsigned pattern; if (!memtest_pattern) @@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ static void __init early_memtest(unsigned long start, unsigned long end) if (t_start + t_size > end) t_size = end - t_start; - printk(KERN_CONT "\n %016lx - %016lx pattern %d", + printk(KERN_CONT "\n %016llx - %016llx pattern %d", t_start, t_start + t_size, pattern); memtest(t_start, t_size, pattern); -- cgit v1.1