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diff --git a/binutils-2.20.1/gas/doc/c-arm.texi b/binutils-2.20.1/gas/doc/c-arm.texi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed28a73 --- /dev/null +++ b/binutils-2.20.1/gas/doc/c-arm.texi @@ -0,0 +1,1087 @@ +@c Copyright 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, +@c 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c This is part of the GAS manual. +@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo. + +@ifset GENERIC +@page +@node ARM-Dependent +@chapter ARM Dependent Features +@end ifset + +@ifclear GENERIC +@node Machine Dependencies +@chapter ARM Dependent Features +@end ifclear + +@cindex ARM support +@cindex Thumb support +@menu +* ARM Options:: Options +* ARM Syntax:: Syntax +* ARM Floating Point:: Floating Point +* ARM Directives:: ARM Machine Directives +* ARM Opcodes:: Opcodes +* ARM Mapping Symbols:: Mapping Symbols +* ARM Unwinding Tutorial:: Unwinding +@end menu + +@node ARM Options +@section Options +@cindex ARM options (none) +@cindex options for ARM (none) + +@table @code + +@cindex @code{-mcpu=} command line option, ARM +@item -mcpu=@var{processor}[+@var{extension}@dots{}] +This option specifies the target processor. The assembler will issue an +error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which +will not execute on the target processor. The following processor names are +recognized: +@code{arm1}, +@code{arm2}, +@code{arm250}, +@code{arm3}, +@code{arm6}, +@code{arm60}, +@code{arm600}, +@code{arm610}, +@code{arm620}, +@code{arm7}, +@code{arm7m}, +@code{arm7d}, +@code{arm7dm}, +@code{arm7di}, +@code{arm7dmi}, +@code{arm70}, +@code{arm700}, +@code{arm700i}, +@code{arm710}, +@code{arm710t}, +@code{arm720}, +@code{arm720t}, +@code{arm740t}, +@code{arm710c}, +@code{arm7100}, +@code{arm7500}, +@code{arm7500fe}, +@code{arm7t}, +@code{arm7tdmi}, +@code{arm7tdmi-s}, +@code{arm8}, +@code{arm810}, +@code{strongarm}, +@code{strongarm1}, +@code{strongarm110}, +@code{strongarm1100}, +@code{strongarm1110}, +@code{arm9}, +@code{arm920}, +@code{arm920t}, +@code{arm922t}, +@code{arm940t}, +@code{arm9tdmi}, +@code{fa526} (Faraday FA526 processor), +@code{fa626} (Faraday FA626 processor), +@code{arm9e}, +@code{arm926e}, +@code{arm926ej-s}, +@code{arm946e-r0}, +@code{arm946e}, +@code{arm946e-s}, +@code{arm966e-r0}, +@code{arm966e}, +@code{arm966e-s}, +@code{arm968e-s}, +@code{arm10t}, +@code{arm10tdmi}, +@code{arm10e}, +@code{arm1020}, +@code{arm1020t}, +@code{arm1020e}, +@code{arm1022e}, +@code{arm1026ej-s}, +@code{fa626te} (Faraday FA626TE processor), +@code{fa726te} (Faraday FA726TE processor), +@code{arm1136j-s}, +@code{arm1136jf-s}, +@code{arm1156t2-s}, +@code{arm1156t2f-s}, +@code{arm1176jz-s}, +@code{arm1176jzf-s}, +@code{mpcore}, +@code{mpcorenovfp}, +@code{cortex-a8}, +@code{cortex-a9}, +@code{cortex-r4}, +@code{cortex-m3}, +@code{cortex-m1}, +@code{cortex-m0}, +@code{ep9312} (ARM920 with Cirrus Maverick coprocessor), +@code{i80200} (Intel XScale processor) +@code{iwmmxt} (Intel(r) XScale processor with Wireless MMX(tm) technology coprocessor) +and +@code{xscale}. +The special name @code{all} may be used to allow the +assembler to accept instructions valid for any ARM processor. + +In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler can be told to +accept various extension mnemonics that extend the processor using the +co-processor instruction space. For example, @code{-mcpu=arm920+maverick} +is equivalent to specifying @code{-mcpu=ep9312}. The following extensions +are currently supported: +@code{+maverick} +@code{+iwmmxt} +and +@code{+xscale}. + +@cindex @code{-march=} command line option, ARM +@item -march=@var{architecture}[+@var{extension}@dots{}] +This option specifies the target architecture. The assembler will issue +an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which +will not execute on the target architecture. The following architecture +names are recognized: +@code{armv1}, +@code{armv2}, +@code{armv2a}, +@code{armv2s}, +@code{armv3}, +@code{armv3m}, +@code{armv4}, +@code{armv4xm}, +@code{armv4t}, +@code{armv4txm}, +@code{armv5}, +@code{armv5t}, +@code{armv5txm}, +@code{armv5te}, +@code{armv5texp}, +@code{armv6}, +@code{armv6j}, +@code{armv6k}, +@code{armv6z}, +@code{armv6zk}, +@code{armv7}, +@code{armv7-a}, +@code{armv7-r}, +@code{armv7-m}, +@code{iwmmxt} +and +@code{xscale}. +If both @code{-mcpu} and +@code{-march} are specified, the assembler will use +the setting for @code{-mcpu}. + +The architecture option can be extended with the same instruction set +extension options as the @code{-mcpu} option. + +@cindex @code{-mfpu=} command line option, ARM +@item -mfpu=@var{floating-point-format} + +This option specifies the floating point format to assemble for. The +assembler will issue an error message if an attempt is made to assemble +an instruction which will not execute on the target floating point unit. +The following format options are recognized: +@code{softfpa}, +@code{fpe}, +@code{fpe2}, +@code{fpe3}, +@code{fpa}, +@code{fpa10}, +@code{fpa11}, +@code{arm7500fe}, +@code{softvfp}, +@code{softvfp+vfp}, +@code{vfp}, +@code{vfp10}, +@code{vfp10-r0}, +@code{vfp9}, +@code{vfpxd}, +@code{vfpv2} +@code{vfpv3} +@code{vfpv3-d16} +@code{arm1020t}, +@code{arm1020e}, +@code{arm1136jf-s}, +@code{maverick} +and +@code{neon}. + +In addition to determining which instructions are assembled, this option +also affects the way in which the @code{.double} assembler directive behaves +when assembling little-endian code. + +The default is dependent on the processor selected. For Architecture 5 or +later, the default is to assembler for VFP instructions; for earlier +architectures the default is to assemble for FPA instructions. + +@cindex @code{-mthumb} command line option, ARM +@item -mthumb +This option specifies that the assembler should start assembling Thumb +instructions; that is, it should behave as though the file starts with a +@code{.code 16} directive. + +@cindex @code{-mthumb-interwork} command line option, ARM +@item -mthumb-interwork +This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should +be marked as supporting interworking. + +@cindex @code{-mimplicit-it} command line option, ARM +@item -mimplicit-it=never +@itemx -mimplicit-it=always +@itemx -mimplicit-it=arm +@itemx -mimplicit-it=thumb +The @code{-mimplicit-it} option controls the behavior of the assembler when +conditional instructions are not enclosed in IT blocks. +There are four possible behaviors. +If @code{never} is specified, such constructs cause a warning in ARM +code and an error in Thumb-2 code. +If @code{always} is specified, such constructs are accepted in both +ARM and Thumb-2 code, where the IT instruction is added implicitly. +If @code{arm} is specified, such constructs are accepted in ARM code +and cause an error in Thumb-2 code. +If @code{thumb} is specified, such constructs cause a warning in ARM +code and are accepted in Thumb-2 code. If you omit this option, the +behavior is equivalent to @code{-mimplicit-it=arm}. + +@cindex @code{-mapcs} command line option, ARM +@item -mapcs @code{[26|32]} +This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should +be marked as supporting the indicated version of the Arm Procedure. +Calling Standard. + +@cindex @code{-matpcs} command line option, ARM +@item -matpcs +This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should +be marked as supporting the Arm/Thumb Procedure Calling Standard. If +enabled this option will cause the assembler to create an empty +debugging section in the object file called .arm.atpcs. Debuggers can +use this to determine the ABI being used by. + +@cindex @code{-mapcs-float} command line option, ARM +@item -mapcs-float +This indicates the floating point variant of the APCS should be +used. In this variant floating point arguments are passed in FP +registers rather than integer registers. + +@cindex @code{-mapcs-reentrant} command line option, ARM +@item -mapcs-reentrant +This indicates that the reentrant variant of the APCS should be used. +This variant supports position independent code. + +@cindex @code{-mfloat-abi=} command line option, ARM +@item -mfloat-abi=@var{abi} +This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should be +marked as using specified floating point ABI. +The following values are recognized: +@code{soft}, +@code{softfp} +and +@code{hard}. + +@cindex @code{-eabi=} command line option, ARM +@item -meabi=@var{ver} +This option specifies which EABI version the produced object files should +conform to. +The following values are recognized: +@code{gnu}, +@code{4} +and +@code{5}. + +@cindex @code{-EB} command line option, ARM +@item -EB +This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should +be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor. + +@cindex @code{-EL} command line option, ARM +@item -EL +This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should +be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor. + +@cindex @code{-k} command line option, ARM +@cindex PIC code generation for ARM +@item -k +This option specifies that the output of the assembler should be marked +as position-independent code (PIC). + +@cindex @code{--fix-v4bx} command line option, ARM +@item --fix-v4bx +Allow @code{BX} instructions in ARMv4 code. This is intended for use with +the linker option of the same name. + +@cindex @code{-mwarn-deprecated} command line option, ARM +@item -mwarn-deprecated +@itemx -mno-warn-deprecated +Enable or disable warnings about using deprecated options or +features. The default is to warn. + +@end table + + +@node ARM Syntax +@section Syntax +@menu +* ARM-Instruction-Set:: Instruction Set +* ARM-Chars:: Special Characters +* ARM-Regs:: Register Names +* ARM-Relocations:: Relocations +@end menu + +@node ARM-Instruction-Set +@subsection Instruction Set Syntax +Two slightly different syntaxes are support for ARM and THUMB +instructions. The default, @code{divided}, uses the old style where +ARM and THUMB instructions had their own, separate syntaxes. The new, +@code{unified} syntax, which can be selected via the @code{.syntax} +directive, and has the following main features: + +@table @bullet +@item +Immediate operands do not require a @code{#} prefix. + +@item +The @code{IT} instruction may appear, and if it does it is validated +against subsequent conditional affixes. In ARM mode it does not +generate machine code, in THUMB mode it does. + +@item +For ARM instructions the conditional affixes always appear at the end +of the instruction. For THUMB instructions conditional affixes can be +used, but only inside the scope of an @code{IT} instruction. + +@item +All of the instructions new to the V6T2 architecture (and later) are +available. (Only a few such instructions can be written in the +@code{divided} syntax). + +@item +The @code{.N} and @code{.W} suffixes are recognized and honored. + +@item +All instructions set the flags if and only if they have an @code{s} +affix. +@end table + +@node ARM-Chars +@subsection Special Characters + +@cindex line comment character, ARM +@cindex ARM line comment character +The presence of a @samp{@@} on a line indicates the start of a comment +that extends to the end of the current line. If a @samp{#} appears as +the first character of a line, the whole line is treated as a comment. + +@cindex line separator, ARM +@cindex statement separator, ARM +@cindex ARM line separator +The @samp{;} character can be used instead of a newline to separate +statements. + +@cindex immediate character, ARM +@cindex ARM immediate character +Either @samp{#} or @samp{$} can be used to indicate immediate operands. + +@cindex identifiers, ARM +@cindex ARM identifiers +*TODO* Explain about /data modifier on symbols. + +@node ARM-Regs +@subsection Register Names + +@cindex ARM register names +@cindex register names, ARM +*TODO* Explain about ARM register naming, and the predefined names. + +@node ARM Floating Point +@section Floating Point + +@cindex floating point, ARM (@sc{ieee}) +@cindex ARM floating point (@sc{ieee}) +The ARM family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers. + +@node ARM-Relocations +@subsection ARM relocation generation + +@cindex data relocations, ARM +@cindex ARM data relocations +Specific data relocations can be generated by putting the relocation name +in parentheses after the symbol name. For example: + +@smallexample + .word foo(TARGET1) +@end smallexample + +This will generate an @samp{R_ARM_TARGET1} relocation against the symbol +@var{foo}. +The following relocations are supported: +@code{GOT}, +@code{GOTOFF}, +@code{TARGET1}, +@code{TARGET2}, +@code{SBREL}, +@code{TLSGD}, +@code{TLSLDM}, +@code{TLSLDO}, +@code{GOTTPOFF}, +@code{GOT_PREL} +and +@code{TPOFF}. + +For compatibility with older toolchains the assembler also accepts +@code{(PLT)} after branch targets. This will generate the deprecated +@samp{R_ARM_PLT32} relocation. + +@cindex MOVW and MOVT relocations, ARM +Relocations for @samp{MOVW} and @samp{MOVT} instructions can be generated +by prefixing the value with @samp{#:lower16:} and @samp{#:upper16} +respectively. For example to load the 32-bit address of foo into r0: + +@smallexample + MOVW r0, #:lower16:foo + MOVT r0, #:upper16:foo +@end smallexample + +@node ARM Directives +@section ARM Machine Directives + +@cindex machine directives, ARM +@cindex ARM machine directives +@table @code + +@c AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA + +@cindex @code{.2byte} directive, ARM +@cindex @code{.4byte} directive, ARM +@cindex @code{.8byte} directive, ARM +@item .2byte @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* +@itemx .4byte @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* +@itemx .8byte @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* +These directives write 2, 4 or 8 byte values to the output section. + +@cindex @code{.align} directive, ARM +@item .align @var{expression} [, @var{expression}] +This is the generic @var{.align} directive. For the ARM however if the +first argument is zero (ie no alignment is needed) the assembler will +behave as if the argument had been 2 (ie pad to the next four byte +boundary). This is for compatibility with ARM's own assembler. + +@cindex @code{.arch} directive, ARM +@item .arch @var{name} +Select the target architecture. Valid values for @var{name} are the same as +for the @option{-march} commandline option. + +@cindex @code{.arm} directive, ARM +@item .arm +This performs the same action as @var{.code 32}. + +@anchor{arm_pad} +@cindex @code{.pad} directive, ARM +@item .pad #@var{count} +Generate unwinder annotations for a stack adjustment of @var{count} bytes. +A positive value indicates the function prologue allocated stack space by +decrementing the stack pointer. + +@c BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB + +@cindex @code{.bss} directive, ARM +@item .bss +This directive switches to the @code{.bss} section. + +@c CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC + +@cindex @code{.cantunwind} directive, ARM +@item .cantunwind +Prevents unwinding through the current function. No personality routine +or exception table data is required or permitted. + +@cindex @code{.code} directive, ARM +@item .code @code{[16|32]} +This directive selects the instruction set being generated. The value 16 +selects Thumb, with the value 32 selecting ARM. + +@cindex @code{.cpu} directive, ARM +@item .cpu @var{name} +Select the target processor. Valid values for @var{name} are the same as +for the @option{-mcpu} commandline option. + +@c DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD + +@cindex @code{.dn} and @code{.qn} directives, ARM +@item @var{name} .dn @var{register name} [@var{.type}] [[@var{index}]] +@item @var{name} .qn @var{register name} [@var{.type}] [[@var{index}]] + +The @code{dn} and @code{qn} directives are used to create typed +and/or indexed register aliases for use in Advanced SIMD Extension +(Neon) instructions. The former should be used to create aliases +of double-precision registers, and the latter to create aliases of +quad-precision registers. + +If these directives are used to create typed aliases, those aliases can +be used in Neon instructions instead of writing types after the mnemonic +or after each operand. For example: + +@smallexample + x .dn d2.f32 + y .dn d3.f32 + z .dn d4.f32[1] + vmul x,y,z +@end smallexample + +This is equivalent to writing the following: + +@smallexample + vmul.f32 d2,d3,d4[1] +@end smallexample + +Aliases created using @code{dn} or @code{qn} can be destroyed using +@code{unreq}. + +@c EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE + +@cindex @code{.eabi_attribute} directive, ARM +@item .eabi_attribute @var{tag}, @var{value} +Set the EABI object attribute @var{tag} to @var{value}. + +The @var{tag} is either an attribute number, or one of the following: +@code{Tag_CPU_raw_name}, @code{Tag_CPU_name}, @code{Tag_CPU_arch}, +@code{Tag_CPU_arch_profile}, @code{Tag_ARM_ISA_use}, +@code{Tag_THUMB_ISA_use}, @code{Tag_VFP_arch}, @code{Tag_WMMX_arch}, +@code{Tag_Advanced_SIMD_arch}, @code{Tag_PCS_config}, +@code{Tag_ABI_PCS_R9_use}, @code{Tag_ABI_PCS_RW_data}, +@code{Tag_ABI_PCS_RO_data}, @code{Tag_ABI_PCS_GOT_use}, +@code{Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_rounding}, +@code{Tag_ABI_FP_denormal}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions}, +@code{Tag_ABI_FP_user_exceptions}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_number_model}, +@code{Tag_ABI_align8_needed}, @code{Tag_ABI_align8_preserved}, +@code{Tag_ABI_enum_size}, @code{Tag_ABI_HardFP_use}, +@code{Tag_ABI_VFP_args}, @code{Tag_ABI_WMMX_args}, +@code{Tag_ABI_optimization_goals}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_optimization_goals}, +@code{Tag_compatibility}, @code{Tag_CPU_unaligned_access}, +@code{Tag_VFP_HP_extension}, @code{Tag_ABI_FP_16bit_format}, +@code{Tag_nodefaults}, @code{Tag_also_compatible_with}, +@code{Tag_conformance}, @code{Tag_T2EE_use}, +@code{Tag_Virtualization_use}, @code{Tag_MPextension_use} + +The @var{value} is either a @code{number}, @code{"string"}, or +@code{number, "string"} depending on the tag. + +@cindex @code{.even} directive, ARM +@item .even +This directive aligns to an even-numbered address. + +@cindex @code{.extend} directive, ARM +@cindex @code{.ldouble} directive, ARM +@item .extend @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* +@itemx .ldouble @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* +These directives write 12byte long double floating-point values to the +output section. These are not compatible with current ARM processors +or ABIs. + +@c FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF + +@anchor{arm_fnend} +@cindex @code{.fnend} directive, ARM +@item .fnend +Marks the end of a function with an unwind table entry. The unwind index +table entry is created when this directive is processed. + +If no personality routine has been specified then standard personality +routine 0 or 1 will be used, depending on the number of unwind opcodes +required. + +@anchor{arm_fnstart} +@cindex @code{.fnstart} directive, ARM +@item .fnstart +Marks the start of a function with an unwind table entry. + +@cindex @code{.force_thumb} directive, ARM +@item .force_thumb +This directive forces the selection of Thumb instructions, even if the +target processor does not support those instructions + +@cindex @code{.fpu} directive, ARM +@item .fpu @var{name} +Select the floating-point unit to assemble for. Valid values for @var{name} +are the same as for the @option{-mfpu} commandline option. + +@c GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG +@c HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH + +@cindex @code{.handlerdata} directive, ARM +@item .handlerdata +Marks the end of the current function, and the start of the exception table +entry for that function. Anything between this directive and the +@code{.fnend} directive will be added to the exception table entry. + +Must be preceded by a @code{.personality} or @code{.personalityindex} +directive. + +@c IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII + +@cindex @code{.inst} directive, ARM +@item .inst @var{opcode} [ , @dots{} ] +@item .inst.n @var{opcode} [ , @dots{} ] +@item .inst.w @var{opcode} [ , @dots{} ] +Generates the instruction corresponding to the numerical value @var{opcode}. +@code{.inst.n} and @code{.inst.w} allow the Thumb instruction size to be +specified explicitly, overriding the normal encoding rules. + +@c JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ +@c KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +@c LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL + +@item .ldouble @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* +See @code{.extend}. + +@cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, ARM +@item .ltorg +This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be +dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text +section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary). +@code{GAS} maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each +sub-section. The @code{.ltorg} directive will only affect the literal +pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly +all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped. + +Note - older versions of @code{GAS} would dump the current literal +pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since +it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools. + +@c MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM + +@cindex @code{.movsp} directive, ARM +@item .movsp @var{reg} [, #@var{offset}] +Tell the unwinder that @var{reg} contains an offset from the current +stack pointer. If @var{offset} is not specified then it is assumed to be +zero. + +@c NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN +@c OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO + +@cindex @code{.object_arch} directive, ARM +@item .object_arch @var{name} +Override the architecture recorded in the EABI object attribute section. +Valid values for @var{name} are the same as for the @code{.arch} directive. +Typically this is useful when code uses runtime detection of CPU features. + +@c PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP + +@cindex @code{.packed} directive, ARM +@item .packed @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* +This directive writes 12-byte packed floating-point values to the +output section. These are not compatible with current ARM processors +or ABIs. + +@cindex @code{.pad} directive, ARM +@item .pad #@var{count} +Generate unwinder annotations for a stack adjustment of @var{count} bytes. +A positive value indicates the function prologue allocated stack space by +decrementing the stack pointer. + +@cindex @code{.personality} directive, ARM +@item .personality @var{name} +Sets the personality routine for the current function to @var{name}. + +@cindex @code{.personalityindex} directive, ARM +@item .personalityindex @var{index} +Sets the personality routine for the current function to the EABI standard +routine number @var{index} + +@cindex @code{.pool} directive, ARM +@item .pool +This is a synonym for .ltorg. + +@c QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ +@c RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR + +@cindex @code{.req} directive, ARM +@item @var{name} .req @var{register name} +This creates an alias for @var{register name} called @var{name}. For +example: + +@smallexample + foo .req r0 +@end smallexample + +@c SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + +@anchor{arm_save} +@cindex @code{.save} directive, ARM +@item .save @var{reglist} +Generate unwinder annotations to restore the registers in @var{reglist}. +The format of @var{reglist} is the same as the corresponding store-multiple +instruction. + +@smallexample +@exdent @emph{core registers} + .save @{r4, r5, r6, lr@} + stmfd sp!, @{r4, r5, r6, lr@} +@exdent @emph{FPA registers} + .save f4, 2 + sfmfd f4, 2, [sp]! +@exdent @emph{VFP registers} + .save @{d8, d9, d10@} + fstmdx sp!, @{d8, d9, d10@} +@exdent @emph{iWMMXt registers} + .save @{wr10, wr11@} + wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]! + wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]! +or + .save wr11 + wstrd wr11, [sp, #-8]! + .save wr10 + wstrd wr10, [sp, #-8]! +@end smallexample + +@anchor{arm_setfp} +@cindex @code{.setfp} directive, ARM +@item .setfp @var{fpreg}, @var{spreg} [, #@var{offset}] +Make all unwinder annotations relative to a frame pointer. Without this +the unwinder will use offsets from the stack pointer. + +The syntax of this directive is the same as the @code{sub} or @code{mov} +instruction used to set the frame pointer. @var{spreg} must be either +@code{sp} or mentioned in a previous @code{.movsp} directive. + +@smallexample +.movsp ip +mov ip, sp +@dots{} +.setfp fp, ip, #4 +sub fp, ip, #4 +@end smallexample + +@cindex @code{.secrel32} directive, ARM +@item .secrel32 @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]* +This directive emits relocations that evaluate to the section-relative +offset of each expression's symbol. This directive is only supported +for PE targets. + +@cindex @code{.syntax} directive, ARM +@item .syntax [@code{unified} | @code{divided}] +This directive sets the Instruction Set Syntax as described in the +@ref{ARM-Instruction-Set} section. + +@c TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT + +@cindex @code{.thumb} directive, ARM +@item .thumb +This performs the same action as @var{.code 16}. + +@cindex @code{.thumb_func} directive, ARM +@item .thumb_func +This directive specifies that the following symbol is the name of a +Thumb encoded function. This information is necessary in order to allow +the assembler and linker to generate correct code for interworking +between Arm and Thumb instructions and should be used even if +interworking is not going to be performed. The presence of this +directive also implies @code{.thumb} + +This directive is not neccessary when generating EABI objects. On these +targets the encoding is implicit when generating Thumb code. + +@cindex @code{.thumb_set} directive, ARM +@item .thumb_set +This performs the equivalent of a @code{.set} directive in that it +creates a symbol which is an alias for another symbol (possibly not yet +defined). This directive also has the added property in that it marks +the aliased symbol as being a thumb function entry point, in the same +way that the @code{.thumb_func} directive does. + +@c UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU + +@cindex @code{.unreq} directive, ARM +@item .unreq @var{alias-name} +This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the +@code{req}, @code{dn} or @code{qn} directives. For example: + +@smallexample + foo .req r0 + .unreq foo +@end smallexample + +An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can +be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg 'r0'). This +should only be done if it is really necessary. + +@cindex @code{.unwind_raw} directive, ARM +@item .unwind_raw @var{offset}, @var{byte1}, @dots{} +Insert one of more arbitary unwind opcode bytes, which are known to adjust +the stack pointer by @var{offset} bytes. + +For example @code{.unwind_raw 4, 0xb1, 0x01} is equivalent to +@code{.save @{r0@}} + +@c VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV + +@cindex @code{.vsave} directive, ARM +@item .vsave @var{vfp-reglist} +Generate unwinder annotations to restore the VFP registers in @var{vfp-reglist} +using FLDMD. Also works for VFPv3 registers +that are to be restored using VLDM. +The format of @var{vfp-reglist} is the same as the corresponding store-multiple +instruction. + +@smallexample +@exdent @emph{VFP registers} + .vsave @{d8, d9, d10@} + fstmdd sp!, @{d8, d9, d10@} +@exdent @emph{VFPv3 registers} + .vsave @{d15, d16, d17@} + vstm sp!, @{d15, d16, d17@} +@end smallexample + +Since FLDMX and FSTMX are now deprecated, this directive should be +used in favour of @code{.save} for saving VFP registers for ARMv6 and above. + +@c WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW +@c XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX +@c YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY +@c ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ + +@end table + +@node ARM Opcodes +@section Opcodes + +@cindex ARM opcodes +@cindex opcodes for ARM +@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard ARM opcodes. It also +implements several pseudo opcodes, including several synthetic load +instructions. + +@table @code + +@cindex @code{NOP} pseudo op, ARM +@item NOP +@smallexample + nop +@end smallexample + +This pseudo op will always evaluate to a legal ARM instruction that does +nothing. Currently it will evaluate to MOV r0, r0. + +@cindex @code{LDR reg,=<label>} pseudo op, ARM +@item LDR +@smallexample + ldr <register> , = <expression> +@end smallexample + +If expression evaluates to a numeric constant then a MOV or MVN +instruction will be used in place of the LDR instruction, if the +constant can be generated by either of these instructions. Otherwise +the constant will be placed into the nearest literal pool (if it not +already there) and a PC relative LDR instruction will be generated. + +@cindex @code{ADR reg,<label>} pseudo op, ARM +@item ADR +@smallexample + adr <register> <label> +@end smallexample + +This instruction will load the address of @var{label} into the indicated +register. The instruction will evaluate to a PC relative ADD or SUB +instruction depending upon where the label is located. If the label is +out of range, or if it is not defined in the same file (and section) as +the ADR instruction, then an error will be generated. This instruction +will not make use of the literal pool. + +@cindex @code{ADRL reg,<label>} pseudo op, ARM +@item ADRL +@smallexample + adrl <register> <label> +@end smallexample + +This instruction will load the address of @var{label} into the indicated +register. The instruction will evaluate to one or two PC relative ADD +or SUB instructions depending upon where the label is located. If a +second instruction is not needed a NOP instruction will be generated in +its place, so that this instruction is always 8 bytes long. + +If the label is out of range, or if it is not defined in the same file +(and section) as the ADRL instruction, then an error will be generated. +This instruction will not make use of the literal pool. + +@end table + +For information on the ARM or Thumb instruction sets, see @cite{ARM +Software Development Toolkit Reference Manual}, Advanced RISC Machines +Ltd. + +@node ARM Mapping Symbols +@section Mapping Symbols + +The ARM ELF specification requires that special symbols be inserted +into object files to mark certain features: + +@table @code + +@cindex @code{$a} +@item $a +At the start of a region of code containing ARM instructions. + +@cindex @code{$t} +@item $t +At the start of a region of code containing THUMB instructions. + +@cindex @code{$d} +@item $d +At the start of a region of data. + +@end table + +The assembler will automatically insert these symbols for you - there +is no need to code them yourself. Support for tagging symbols ($b, +$f, $p and $m) which is also mentioned in the current ARM ELF +specification is not implemented. This is because they have been +dropped from the new EABI and so tools cannot rely upon their +presence. + +@node ARM Unwinding Tutorial +@section Unwinding + +The ABI for the ARM Architecture specifies a standard format for +exception unwind information. This information is used when an +exception is thrown to determine where control should be transferred. +In particular, the unwind information is used to determine which +function called the function that threw the exception, and which +function called that one, and so forth. This information is also used +to restore the values of callee-saved registers in the function +catching the exception. + +If you are writing functions in assembly code, and those functions +call other functions that throw exceptions, you must use assembly +pseudo ops to ensure that appropriate exception unwind information is +generated. Otherwise, if one of the functions called by your assembly +code throws an exception, the run-time library will be unable to +unwind the stack through your assembly code and your program will not +behave correctly. + +To illustrate the use of these pseudo ops, we will examine the code +that G++ generates for the following C++ input: + +@verbatim +void callee (int *); + +int +caller () +{ + int i; + callee (&i); + return i; +} +@end verbatim + +This example does not show how to throw or catch an exception from +assembly code. That is a much more complex operation and should +always be done in a high-level language, such as C++, that directly +supports exceptions. + +The code generated by one particular version of G++ when compiling the +example above is: + +@verbatim +_Z6callerv: + .fnstart +.LFB2: + @ Function supports interworking. + @ args = 0, pretend = 0, frame = 8 + @ frame_needed = 1, uses_anonymous_args = 0 + stmfd sp!, {fp, lr} + .save {fp, lr} +.LCFI0: + .setfp fp, sp, #4 + add fp, sp, #4 +.LCFI1: + .pad #8 + sub sp, sp, #8 +.LCFI2: + sub r3, fp, #8 + mov r0, r3 + bl _Z6calleePi + ldr r3, [fp, #-8] + mov r0, r3 + sub sp, fp, #4 + ldmfd sp!, {fp, lr} + bx lr +.LFE2: + .fnend +@end verbatim + +Of course, the sequence of instructions varies based on the options +you pass to GCC and on the version of GCC in use. The exact +instructions are not important since we are focusing on the pseudo ops +that are used to generate unwind information. + +An important assumption made by the unwinder is that the stack frame +does not change during the body of the function. In particular, since +we assume that the assembly code does not itself throw an exception, +the only point where an exception can be thrown is from a call, such +as the @code{bl} instruction above. At each call site, the same saved +registers (including @code{lr}, which indicates the return address) +must be located in the same locations relative to the frame pointer. + +The @code{.fnstart} (@pxref{arm_fnstart,,.fnstart pseudo op}) pseudo +op appears immediately before the first instruction of the function +while the @code{.fnend} (@pxref{arm_fnend,,.fnend pseudo op}) pseudo +op appears immediately after the last instruction of the function. +These pseudo ops specify the range of the function. + +Only the order of the other pseudos ops (e.g., @code{.setfp} or +@code{.pad}) matters; their exact locations are irrelevant. In the +example above, the compiler emits the pseudo ops with particular +instructions. That makes it easier to understand the code, but it is +not required for correctness. It would work just as well to emit all +of the pseudo ops other than @code{.fnend} in the same order, but +immediately after @code{.fnstart}. + +The @code{.save} (@pxref{arm_save,,.save pseudo op}) pseudo op +indicates registers that have been saved to the stack so that they can +be restored before the function returns. The argument to the +@code{.save} pseudo op is a list of registers to save. If a register +is ``callee-saved'' (as specified by the ABI) and is modified by the +function you are writing, then your code must save the value before it +is modified and restore the original value before the function +returns. If an exception is thrown, the run-time library restores the +values of these registers from their locations on the stack before +returning control to the exception handler. (Of course, if an +exception is not thrown, the function that contains the @code{.save} +pseudo op restores these registers in the function epilogue, as is +done with the @code{ldmfd} instruction above.) + +You do not have to save callee-saved registers at the very beginning +of the function and you do not need to use the @code{.save} pseudo op +immediately following the point at which the registers are saved. +However, if you modify a callee-saved register, you must save it on +the stack before modifying it and before calling any functions which +might throw an exception. And, you must use the @code{.save} pseudo +op to indicate that you have done so. + +The @code{.pad} (@pxref{arm_pad,,.pad}) pseudo op indicates a +modification of the stack pointer that does not save any registers. +The argument is the number of bytes (in decimal) that are subtracted +from the stack pointer. (On ARM CPUs, the stack grows downwards, so +subtracting from the stack pointer increases the size of the stack.) + +The @code{.setfp} (@pxref{arm_setfp,,.setfp pseudo op}) pseudo op +indicates the register that contains the frame pointer. The first +argument is the register that is set, which is typically @code{fp}. +The second argument indicates the register from which the frame +pointer takes its value. The third argument, if present, is the value +(in decimal) added to the register specified by the second argument to +compute the value of the frame pointer. You should not modify the +frame pointer in the body of the function. + +If you do not use a frame pointer, then you should not use the +@code{.setfp} pseudo op. If you do not use a frame pointer, then you +should avoid modifying the stack pointer outside of the function +prologue. Otherwise, the run-time library will be unable to find +saved registers when it is unwinding the stack. + +The pseudo ops described above are sufficient for writing assembly +code that calls functions which may throw exceptions. If you need to +know more about the object-file format used to represent unwind +information, you may consult the @cite{Exception Handling ABI for the +ARM Architecture} available from @uref{http://infocenter.arm.com}. |