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diff --git a/doc/._fdl.texi b/doc/._fdl.texi Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d0bb98 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/._fdl.texi diff --git a/doc/._fdl.txt b/doc/._fdl.txt Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf58b16 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/._fdl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2199 @@ +This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.11, for Bash version 4.1. + +This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning +Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command +interpreter with advanced features for both interactive use and shell +programming. + +Another good source of basic information about shells is the collection +of FAQ articles periodically posted to comp.unix.shell. + +Questions and comments concerning this document should be sent to +chet.ramey@case.edu. + +This document is available for anonymous FTP with the URL + +ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/FAQ + +The Bash home page is http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html + +---------- +Contents: + +Section A: The Basics + +A1) What is it? +A2) What's the latest version? +A3) Where can I get it? +A4) On what machines will bash run? +A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix? +A6) How can I build bash with gcc? +A7) How can I make bash my login shell? +A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my + machine. Why not? +A9) What's the `POSIX Shell and Utilities standard'? +A10) What is the bash `posix mode'? + +Section B: The latest version + +B1) What's new in version 4.1? +B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.1 and + previous bash versions? + +Section C: Differences from other Unix shells + +C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell? +C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88? +C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are? + +Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells? + +D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than + `which command' says it will? +D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh? +D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers? +D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash? +D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to + another, like csh does with `|&'? +D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to + ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command? + +Section E: Why does bash do certain things the way it does? + +E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test? +E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'? +E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash + wrap lines at the wrong column? +E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't + the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes? +E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters + in arguments to `echo'. Bash doesn't interpret these characters. Why + not, and how can I make it understand them? +E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z? +E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles? +E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'? +E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning + with every letter except `z'? +E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'? +E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash + notice the change? +E12) Why don't negative offsets in substring expansion work like I expect? +E13) Why does filename completion misbehave if a colon appears in the filename? +E14) Why does quoting the pattern argument to the regular expression matching + conditional operator (=~) cause matching to stop working? +E15) Tell me more about the shell compatibility level. + +Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions + +F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'? +F2) I built bash on Solaris 2. Why do globbing expansions and filename + completion chop off the first few characters of each filename? +F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or + `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS? +F4) I'm running SVR4.2. Why is the line erased every time I type `@'? +F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a + redirection before a subshell command? +F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1? +F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on + HP/UX 11.x? + +Section G: How can I get bash to do certain common things? + +G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters? +G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but + still invoke the command from within the function? +G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value + of another shell variable? +G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that + looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time? +G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt? +G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"? +G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase? +G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match + all files in the current directory except "." and ".."? + +Section H: Where do I go from here? + +H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and + advice? +H2) What kind of bash documentation is there? +H3) What's coming in future versions? +H4) What's on the bash `wish list'? +H5) When will the next release appear? + +---------- +Section A: The Basics + +A1) What is it? + +Bash is a Unix command interpreter (shell). It is an implementation of +the Posix 1003.2 shell standard, and resembles the Korn and System V +shells. + +Bash contains a number of enhancements over those shells, both +for interactive use and shell programming. Features geared +toward interactive use include command line editing, command +history, job control, aliases, and prompt expansion. Programming +features include additional variable expansions, shell +arithmetic, and a number of variables and options to control +shell behavior. + +Bash was originally written by Brian Fox of the Free Software +Foundation. The current developer and maintainer is Chet Ramey +of Case Western Reserve University. + +A2) What's the latest version? + +The latest version is 4.1, first made available on 31 December, 2009. + +A3) Where can I get it? + +Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the +master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The +latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu. +The following URLs tell how to get version 4.1: + +ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.1.tar.gz +ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.1.tar.gz + +Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs: + +ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.1.tar.gz +ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.1.tar.gz + +Any patches for the current version are available with the URL: + +ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.1-patches/ + +A4) On what machines will bash run? + +Bash has been ported to nearly every version of Unix. All you +should have to do to build it on a machine for which a port +exists is to type `configure' and then `make'. The build process +will attempt to discover the version of Unix you have and tailor +itself accordingly, using a script created by GNU autoconf. + +More information appears in the file `INSTALL' in the distribution. + +The Bash web page (http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/bash/bashtop.html) +explains how to obtain binary versions of bash for most of the major +commercial Unix systems. + +A5) Will bash run on operating systems other than Unix? + +Configuration specifics for Unix-like systems such as QNX and +LynxOS are included in the distribution. Bash-2.05 and later +versions should compile and run on Minix 2.0 (patches were +contributed), but I don't believe anyone has built bash-2.x on +earlier Minix versions yet. + +Bash has been ported to versions of Windows implementing the Win32 +programming interface. This includes Windows 95 and Windows NT. +The port was done by Cygnus Solutions (now part of Red Hat) as part +of their CYGWIN project. For more information about the project, see +http://www.cygwin.com/. + +Cygnus originally ported bash-1.14.7, and that port was part of their +early GNU-Win32 (the original name) releases. Cygnus has also done +ports of bash-3.2 and bash-4.0 to the CYGWIN environment, and both +are available as part of their current release. + +Bash-2.05b and later versions should require no local Cygnus changes to +build and run under CYGWIN. + +DJ Delorie has a port of bash-2.x which runs under MS-DOS, as part +of the DJGPP project. For more information on the project, see + +http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/ + +I have been told that the original DJGPP port was done by Daisuke Aoyama. + +Mark Elbrecht <snowball3@bigfoot.com> has sent me notice that bash-2.04 +is available for DJGPP V2. The files are available as: + +ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204b.zip binary +ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204d.zip documentation +ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204s.zip source + +Mark began to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the current status. + +Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services +for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix. I do not anticipate any problems +with building bash-4.1, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed. + +A6) How can I build bash with gcc? + +Bash configures to use gcc by default if it is available. Read the +file INSTALL in the distribution for more information. + +A7) How can I make bash my login shell? + +Some machines let you use `chsh' to change your login shell. Other +systems use `passwd -s' or `passwd -e'. If one of these works for +you, that's all you need. Note that many systems require the full +pathname to a shell to appear in /etc/shells before you can make it +your login shell. For this, you may need the assistance of your +friendly local system administrator. + +If you cannot do this, you can still use bash as your login shell, but +you need to perform some tricks. The basic idea is to add a command +to your login shell's startup file to replace your login shell with +bash. + +For example, if your login shell is csh or tcsh, and you have installed +bash in /usr/gnu/bin/bash, add the following line to ~/.login: + + if ( -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login + +(the `--login' tells bash that it is a login shell). + +It's not a good idea to put this command into ~/.cshrc, because every +csh you run without the `-f' option, even ones started to run csh scripts, +reads that file. If you must put the command in ~/.cshrc, use something +like + + if ( $?prompt ) exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login + +to ensure that bash is exec'd only when the csh is interactive. + +If your login shell is sh or ksh, you have to do two things. + +First, create an empty file in your home directory named `.bash_profile'. +The existence of this file will prevent the exec'd bash from trying to +read ~/.profile, and re-execing itself over and over again. ~/.bash_profile +is the first file bash tries to read initialization commands from when +it is invoked as a login shell. + +Next, add a line similar to the above to ~/.profile: + + [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && [ -x /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && \ + exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login + +This will cause login shells to replace themselves with bash running as +a login shell. Once you have this working, you can copy your initialization +code from ~/.profile to ~/.bash_profile. + +I have received word that the recipe supplied above is insufficient for +machines running CDE. CDE has a maze of twisty little startup files, all +slightly different. + +If you cannot change your login shell in the password file to bash, you +will have to (apparently) live with CDE using the shell in the password +file to run its startup scripts. If you have changed your shell to bash, +there is code in the CDE startup files (on Solaris, at least) that attempts +to do the right thing. It is, however, often broken, and may require that +you use the $BASH_ENV trick described below. + +`dtterm' claims to use $SHELL as the default program to start, so if you +can change $SHELL in the CDE startup files, you should be able to use bash +in your terminal windows. + +Setting DTSOURCEPROFILE in ~/.dtprofile will cause the `Xsession' program +to read your login shell's startup files. You may be able to use bash for +the rest of the CDE programs by setting SHELL to bash in ~/.dtprofile as +well, but I have not tried this. + +You can use the above `exec' recipe to start bash when not logging in with +CDE by testing the value of the DT variable: + + if [ -n "$DT" ]; then + [ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login + fi + +If CDE starts its shells non-interactively during login, the login shell +startup files (~/.profile, ~/.bash_profile) will not be sourced at login. +To get around this problem, append a line similar to the following to your +~/.dtprofile: + + BASH_ENV=${HOME}/.bash_profile ; export BASH_ENV + +and add the following line to the beginning of ~/.bash_profile: + + unset BASH_ENV + +A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my + machine. Why not? + +You must add the full pathname to bash to the file /etc/shells. As +noted in the answer to the previous question, many systems require +this before you can make bash your login shell. + +Most versions of ftpd use this file to prohibit `special' users +such as `uucp' and `news' from using FTP. + +A9) What's the `POSIX Shell and Utilities standard'? + +POSIX is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a +family of open system standards based on UNIX. There are a +number of aspects of UNIX under consideration for +standardization, from the basic system services at the system +call and C library level to applications and tools to system +administration and management. Each area of standardization is +assigned to a working group in the 1003 series. + +The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard was originally developed by +IEEE Working Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2). Today it has been merged with +the original 1003.1 Working Group and is maintained by the Austin +Group (a joint working group of the IEEE, The Open Group and +ISO/IEC SC22/WG15). Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume +within the set of documents that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, and +thus now the former POSIX.2 (from 1992) is now part of the current +POSIX.1 standard (POSIX 1003.1-2001). + +The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command +interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from +the command line or by other programs. The standard is freely +available on the web at http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version3/ . +Work continues at the Austin Group on maintenance issues; see +http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ to join the discussions. + +Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined +by the POSIX Shell and Utilities volume. The shell command +language has of course been standardized, including the basic flow +control and program execution constructs, I/O redirection and +pipelining, argument handling, variable expansion, and quoting. + +The `special' builtins, which must be implemented as part of the +shell to provide the desired functionality, are specified as +being part of the shell; examples of these are `eval' and +`export'. Other utilities appear in the sections of POSIX not +devoted to the shell which are commonly (and in some cases must +be) implemented as builtin commands, such as `read' and `test'. +POSIX also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive +behavior as part of the UPE, including job control and command +line editing. Only vi-style line editing commands have been +standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to +objections. + +The latest version of the POSIX Shell and Utilities standard is +available (now updated to the 2004 Edition) as part of the Single +UNIX Specification Version 3 at + +http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version3/ + +A10) What is the bash `posix mode'? + +Although bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell +specification, there are areas where the bash default behavior +differs from that spec. The bash `posix mode' changes the bash +behavior in these areas so that it obeys the spec more closely. + +Posix mode is entered by starting bash with the --posix or +'-o posix' option or executing `set -o posix' after bash is running. + +The specific aspects of bash which change when posix mode is +active are listed in the file POSIX in the bash distribution. +They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual +(from which that file is generated). + +Section B: The latest version + +B1) What's new in version 4.1? + +Bash-4.1 is the first revision to the fourth major release of bash. + +Bash-4.1 contains the following new features (see the manual page for +complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.1 +distribution): + +o Here-documents within $(...) command substitutions may once more be + delimited by the closing right paren, instead of requiring a newline. + +o Bash's file status checks (executable, readable, etc.) now take file + system ACLs into account on file systems that support them. + +o Bash now passes environment variables with names that are not valid + shell variable names through into the environment passed to child + processes. + +o The `execute-unix-command' readline function now attempts to clear and + reuse the current line rather than move to a new one after the command + executes. + +o `printf -v' can now assign values to array indices. + +o New `complete -E' and `compopt -E' options that work on the "empty" + completion: completion attempted on an empty command line. + +o New complete/compgen/compopt -D option to define a `default' completion: + a completion to be invoked on command for which no completion has been + defined. If this function returns 124, programmable completion is + attempted again, allowing a user to dynamically build a set of completions + as completion is attempted by having the default completion function + install individual completion functions each time it is invoked. + +o When displaying associative arrays, subscripts are now quoted. + +o Changes to dabbrev-expand to make it more `emacs-like': no space appended + after matches, completions are not sorted, and most recent history entries + are presented first. + +o The [[ and (( commands are now subject to the setting of `set -e' and the + ERR trap. + +o The source/. builtin now removes NUL bytes from the file before attempting + to parse commands. + +o There is a new configuration option (in config-top.h) that forces bash to + forward all history entries to syslog. + +o A new variable $BASHOPTS to export shell options settable using `shopt' to + child processes. + +o There is a new confgure option that forces the extglob option to be + enabled by default. + +o New variable $BASH_XTRACEFD; when set to an integer bash will write xtrace + output to that file descriptor. + +o If the optional left-hand-side of a redirection is of the form {var}, the + shell assigns the file descriptor used to $var or uses $var as the file + descriptor to move or close, depending on the redirection operator. + +o The < and > operators to the [[ conditional command now do string + comparison according to the current locale. + +o Programmable completion now uses the completion for `b' instead of `a' + when completion is attempted on a line like: a $(b c. + +o Force extglob on temporarily when parsing the pattern argument to + the == and != operators to the [[ command, for compatibility. + +o Changed the behavior of interrupting the wait builtin when a SIGCHLD is + received and a trap on SIGCHLD is set to be Posix-mode only. + +o The read builtin has a new `-N nchars' option, which reads exactly NCHARS + characters, ignoring delimiters like newline. + +o The mapfile/readarray builtin no longer stores the commands it invokes via + callbacks in the history list. + +o There is a new `compat40' shopt option. + +o The < and > operators to [[ do string comparisons using the current locale + only if the compatibility level is greater than 40 (set to 41 by default). + +o New bindable readline function: menu-complete-backward. + +o In the readline vi-mode insertion keymap, C-n is now bound to menu-complete + by default, and C-p to menu-complete-backward. + +o When in readline vi command mode, repeatedly hitting ESC now does nothing, + even when ESC introduces a bound key sequence. This is closer to how + historical vi behaves. + +o New bindable readline function: skip-csi-sequence. Can be used as a + default to consume key sequences generated by keys like Home and End + without having to bind all keys. + +o New bindable readline variable: skip-completed-text, active when + completing in the middle of a word. If enabled, it means that characters + in the completion that match characters in the remainder of the word are + "skipped" rather than inserted into the line. + +o The pre-readline-6.0 version of menu completion is available as + "old-menu-complete" for users who do not like the readline-6.0 version. + +o New bindable readline variable: echo-control-characters. If enabled, and + the tty ECHOCTL bit is set, controls the echoing of characters + corresponding to keyboard-generated signals. + +o New bindable readline variable: enable-meta-key. Controls whether or not + readline sends the smm/rmm sequences if the terminal indicates it has a + meta key that enables eight-bit characters. + +A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0: + +Bash-4.0 contained the following new features: + +o When using substring expansion on the positional parameters, a starting + index of 0 now causes $0 to be prefixed to the list. + +o There is a new variable, $BASHPID, which always returns the process id of + the current shell. + +o There is a new `autocd' option that, when enabled, causes bash to attempt + to `cd' to a directory name that is supplied as the first word of a + simple command. + +o There is a new `checkjobs' option that causes the shell to check for and + report any running or stopped jobs at exit. + +o The programmable completion code exports a new COMP_TYPE variable, set to + a character describing the type of completion being attempted. + +o The programmable completion code exports a new COMP_KEY variable, set to + the character that caused the completion to be invoked (e.g., TAB). + +o The programmable completion code now uses the same set of characters as + readline when breaking the command line into a list of words. + +o The block multiplier for the ulimit -c and -f options is now 512 when in + Posix mode, as Posix specifies. + +o Changed the behavior of the read builtin to save any partial input received + in the specified variable when the read builtin times out. This also + results in variables specified as arguments to read to be set to the empty + string when there is no input available. When the read builtin times out, + it returns an exit status greater than 128. + +o The shell now has the notion of a `compatibility level', controlled by + new variables settable by `shopt'. Setting this variable currently + restores the bash-3.1 behavior when processing quoted strings on the rhs + of the `=~' operator to the `[[' command. + +o The `ulimit' builtin now has new -b (socket buffer size) and -T (number + of threads) options. + +o There is a new `compopt' builtin that allows completion functions to modify + completion options for existing completions or the completion currently + being executed. + +o The `read' builtin has a new -i option which inserts text into the reply + buffer when using readline. + +o A new `-E' option to the complete builtin allows control of the default + behavior for completion on an empty line. + +o There is now limited support for completing command name words containing + globbing characters. + +o The `help' builtin now has a new -d option, to display a short description, + and a -m option, to print help information in a man page-like format. + +o There is a new `mapfile' builtin to populate an array with lines from a + given file. + +o If a command is not found, the shell attempts to execute a shell function + named `command_not_found_handle', supplying the command words as the + function arguments. + +o There is a new shell option: `globstar'. When enabled, the globbing code + treats `**' specially -- it matches all directories (and files within + them, when appropriate) recursively. + +o There is a new shell option: `dirspell'. When enabled, the filename + completion code performs spelling correction on directory names during + completion. + +o The `-t' option to the `read' builtin now supports fractional timeout + values. + +o Brace expansion now allows zero-padding of expanded numeric values and + will add the proper number of zeroes to make sure all values contain the + same number of digits. + +o There is a new bash-specific bindable readline function: `dabbrev-expand'. + It uses menu completion on a set of words taken from the history list. + +o The command assigned to a key sequence with `bind -x' now sets two new + variables in the environment of the executed command: READLINE_LINE_BUFFER + and READLINE_POINT. The command can change the current readline line + and cursor position by modifying READLINE_LINE_BUFFER and READLINE_POINT, + respectively. + +o There is a new >>& redirection operator, which appends the standard output + and standard error to the named file. + +o The parser now understands `|&' as a synonym for `2>&1 |', which redirects + the standard error for a command through a pipe. + +o The new `;&' case statement action list terminator causes execution to + continue with the action associated with the next pattern in the + statement rather than terminating the command. + +o The new `;;&' case statement action list terminator causes the shell to + test the next set of patterns after completing execution of the current + action, rather than terminating the command. + +o The shell understands a new variable: PROMPT_DIRTRIM. When set to an + integer value greater than zero, prompt expansion of \w and \W will + retain only that number of trailing pathname components and replace + the intervening characters with `...'. + +o There are new case-modifying word expansions: uppercase (^[^]) and + lowercase (,[,]). They can work on either the first character or + array element, or globally. They accept an optional shell pattern + that determines which characters to modify. There is an optionally- + configured feature to include capitalization operators. + +o The shell provides associative array variables, with the appropriate + support to create, delete, assign values to, and expand them. + +o The `declare' builtin now has new -l (convert value to lowercase upon + assignment) and -u (convert value to uppercase upon assignment) options. + There is an optionally-configurable -c option to capitalize a value at + assignment. + +o There is a new `coproc' reserved word that specifies a coprocess: an + asynchronous command run with two pipes connected to the creating shell. + Coprocs can be named. The input and output file descriptors and the + PID of the coprocess are available to the calling shell in variables + with coproc-specific names. + +o A value of 0 for the -t option to `read' now returns success if there is + input available to be read from the specified file descriptor. + +o CDPATH and GLOBIGNORE are ignored when the shell is running in privileged + mode. + +o New bindable readline functions shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word, + which move forward and backward words delimited by shell metacharacters + and honor shell quoting. + +o New bindable readline functions shell-backward-kill-word and shell-kill-word + which kill words backward and forward, but use the same word boundaries + as shell-forward-word and shell-backward-word. + +Bash-3.2 contained the following new features: + +o Bash-3.2 now checks shell scripts for NUL characters rather than non-printing + characters when deciding whether or not a script is a binary file. + +o Quoting the string argument to the [[ command's =~ (regexp) operator now + forces string matching, as with the other pattern-matching operators. + +Bash-3.1 contained the following new features: + +o Bash-3.1 may now be configured and built in a mode that enforces strict + POSIX compliance. + +o The `+=' assignment operator, which appends to the value of a string or + array variable, has been implemented. + +o It is now possible to ignore case when matching in contexts other than + filename generation using the new `nocasematch' shell option. + +Bash-3.0 contained the following new features: + +o Features to support the bash debugger have been implemented, and there + is a new `extdebug' option to turn the non-default options on + +o HISTCONTROL is now a colon-separated list of options and has been + extended with a new `erasedups' option that will result in only one + copy of a command being kept in the history list + +o Brace expansion has been extended with a new {x..y} form, producing + sequences of digits or characters + +o Timestamps are now kept with history entries, with an option to save + and restore them from the history file; there is a new HISTTIMEFORMAT + variable describing how to display the timestamps when listing history + entries + +o The `[[' command can now perform extended regular expression (egrep-like) + matching, with matched subexpressions placed in the BASH_REMATCH array + variable + +o A new `pipefail' option causes a pipeline to return a failure status if + any command in it fails + +o The `jobs', `kill', and `wait' builtins now accept job control notation + in their arguments even if job control is not enabled + +o The `gettext' package and libintl have been integrated, and the shell + messages may be translated into other languages + +Bash-2.05b introduced the following new features: + +o support for multibyte characters has been added to both bash and readline + +o the DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands, + [[...]] conditional commands, and for ((...)) loops + +o the shell now performs arithmetic in the largest integer size the machine + supports (intmax_t) + +o there is a new \D{...} prompt expansion; passes the `...' to strftime(3) + and inserts the result into the expanded prompt + +o there is a new `here-string' redirection operator: <<< word + +o when displaying variables, function attributes and definitions are shown + separately, allowing them to be re-used as input (attempting to re-use + the old output would result in syntax errors). + +o `read' has a new `-u fd' option to read from a specified file descriptor + +o the bash debugger in examples/bashdb has been modified to work with the + new DEBUG trap semantics, the command set has been made more gdb-like, + and the changes to $LINENO make debugging functions work better + +o the expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the + function start if the shell is interactive -- if the shell is running a + script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script. This is as + POSIX-2001 requires + +Bash-2.05a introduced the following new features: + +o The `printf' builtin has undergone major work + +o There is a new read-only `shopt' option: login_shell, which is set by + login shells and unset otherwise + +o New `\A' prompt string escape sequence; expanding to time in 24-hour + HH:MM format + +o New `-A group/-g' option to complete and compgen; goes group name + completion + +o New [+-]O invocation option to set and unset `shopt' options at startup + +o ksh-like `ERR' trap + +o `for' loops now allow empty word lists after the `in' reserved word + +o new `hard' and `soft' arguments for the `ulimit' builtin + +o Readline can be configured to place the user at the same point on the line + when retrieving commands from the history list + +o Readline can be configured to skip `hidden' files (filenames with a leading + `.' on Unix) when performing completion + +Bash-2.05 introduced the following new features: + +o This version has once again reverted to using locales and strcoll(3) when + processing pattern matching bracket expressions, as POSIX requires. +o Added a new `--init-file' invocation argument as a synonym for `--rcfile', + per the new GNU coding standards. +o The /dev/tcp and /dev/udp redirections now accept service names as well as + port numbers. +o `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some + of the aspects of that compspec. Valid values are: + + default - perform bash default completion if programmable + completion produces no matches + dirnames - perform directory name completion if programmable + completion produces no matches + filenames - tell readline that the compspec produces filenames, + so it can do things like append slashes to + directory names and suppress trailing spaces +o A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks + in pathname arguments. +o When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a + way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and + `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX + mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior. + +Bash-2.04 introduced the following new features: + +o Programmable word completion with the new `complete' and `compgen' builtins; + examples are provided in examples/complete/complete-examples +o `history' has a new `-d' option to delete a history entry +o `bind' has a new `-x' option to bind key sequences to shell commands +o The prompt expansion code has new `\j' and `\l' escape sequences +o The `no_empty_cmd_completion' shell option, if enabled, inhibits + command completion when TAB is typed on an empty line +o `help' has a new `-s' option to print a usage synopsis +o New arithmetic operators: var++, var--, ++var, --var, expr1,expr2 (comma) +o New ksh93-style arithmetic for command: + for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done +o `read' has new options: `-t', `-n', `-d', `-s' +o The redirection code handles several filenames specially: /dev/fd/N, + /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr +o The redirection code now recognizes /dev/tcp/HOST/PORT and + /dev/udp/HOST/PORT and tries to open a TCP or UDP socket, respectively, + to the specified port on the specified host +o The ${!prefix*} expansion has been implemented +o A new FUNCNAME variable, which expands to the name of a currently-executing + function +o The GROUPS variable is no longer readonly +o A new shopt `xpg_echo' variable, to control the behavior of echo with + respect to backslash-escape sequences at runtime +o The NON_INTERACTIVE_LOGIN_SHELLS #define has returned + +The version of Readline released with Bash-2.04, Readline-4.1, had several +new features as well: + +o Parentheses matching is always compiled into readline, and controllable + with the new `blink-matching-paren' variable +o The history-search-forward and history-search-backward functions now leave + point at the end of the line when the search string is empty, like + reverse-search-history, and forward-search-history +o A new function for applications: rl_on_new_line_with_prompt() +o New variables for applications: rl_already_prompted, and rl_gnu_readline_p + + +Bash-2.03 had very few new features, in keeping with the convention +that odd-numbered releases provide mainly bug fixes. A number of new +features were added to Readline, mostly at the request of the Cygnus +folks. + +A new shopt option, `restricted_shell', so that startup files can test + whether or not the shell was started in restricted mode +Filename generation is now performed on the words between ( and ) in + compound array assignments (this is really a bug fix) +OLDPWD is now auto-exported, as POSIX.2 requires +ENV and BASH_ENV are read-only variables in a restricted shell +Bash may now be linked against an already-installed Readline library, + as long as the Readline library is version 4 or newer +All shells begun with the `--login' option will source the login shell + startup files, even if the shell is not interactive + +There were lots of changes to the version of the Readline library released +along with Bash-2.03. For a complete list of the changes, read the file +CHANGES in the Bash-2.03 distribution. + +Bash-2.02 contained the following new features: + +a new version of malloc (based on the old GNU malloc code in previous + bash versions) that is more page-oriented, more conservative + with memory usage, does not `orphan' large blocks when they + are freed, is usable on 64-bit machines, and has allocation + checking turned on unconditionally +POSIX.2-style globbing character classes ([:alpha:], [:alnum:], etc.) +POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes +POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols +the ksh [[...]] extended conditional command +the ksh egrep-style extended pattern matching operators +a new `printf' builtin +the ksh-like $(<filename) command substitution, which is equivalent to + $(cat filename) +new tilde prefixes that expand to directories from the directory stack +new `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation +case-insensitive globbing (filename expansion) +menu completion a la tcsh +`magic-space' history expansion function like tcsh +the readline inputrc `language' has a new file inclusion directive ($include) + +Bash-2.01 contained only a few new features: + +new `GROUPS' builtin array variable containing the user's group list +new bindable readline commands: history-and-alias-expand-line and + alias-expand-line + +Bash-2.0 contained extensive changes and new features from bash-1.14.7. +Here's a short list: + +new `time' reserved word to time pipelines, shell builtins, and + shell functions +one-dimensional arrays with a new compound assignment statement, + appropriate expansion constructs and modifications to some + of the builtins (read, declare, etc.) to use them +new quoting syntaxes for ANSI-C string expansion and locale-specific + string translation +new expansions to do substring extraction, pattern replacement, and + indirect variable expansion +new builtins: `disown' and `shopt' +new variables: HISTIGNORE, SHELLOPTS, PIPESTATUS, DIRSTACK, GLOBIGNORE, + MACHTYPE, BASH_VERSINFO +special handling of many unused or redundant variables removed + (e.g., $notify, $glob_dot_filenames, $no_exit_on_failed_exec) +dynamic loading of new builtin commands; many loadable examples provided +new prompt expansions: \a, \e, \n, \H, \T, \@, \v, \V +history and aliases available in shell scripts +new readline variables: enable-keypad, mark-directories, input-meta, + visible-stats, disable-completion, comment-begin +new readline commands to manipulate the mark and operate on the region +new readline emacs mode commands and bindings for ksh-88 compatibility +updated and extended builtins +new DEBUG trap +expanded (and now documented) restricted shell mode + +implementation stuff: +autoconf-based configuration +nearly all of the bugs reported since version 1.14 have been fixed +most builtins converted to use builtin `getopt' for consistency +most builtins use -p option to display output in a reusable form + (for consistency) +grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone) +lots of code now smaller and faster +test suite greatly expanded + +B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.1 and + previous bash versions? + +There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.1 and previous +versions. They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution. +That file is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to +bash-maintainers@gnu.org (or bug-bash@gnu.org if you would like +community discussion) if if you find something that's not mentioned there. + +Section C: Differences from other Unix shells + +C1) How does bash differ from sh, the Bourne shell? + +This is a non-comprehensive list of features that differentiate bash +from the SVR4.2 shell. The bash manual page explains these more +completely. + +Things bash has that sh does not: + long invocation options + [+-]O invocation option + -l invocation option + `!' reserved word to invert pipeline return value + `time' reserved word to time pipelines and shell builtins + the `function' reserved word + the `select' compound command and reserved word + arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done + new $'...' and $"..." quoting + the $(...) form of command substitution + the $(<filename) form of command substitution, equivalent to + $(cat filename) + the ${#param} parameter value length operator + the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator + the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator + the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator + the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator + expansions to perform substring removal (${p%[%]w}, ${p#[#]w}) + expansion of positional parameters beyond $9 with ${num} + variables: BASH, BASHPID, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, UID, EUID, REPLY, + TIMEFORMAT, PPID, PWD, OLDPWD, SHLVL, RANDOM, SECONDS, + LINENO, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE, HOSTNAME, + ENV, PS3, PS4, DIRSTACK, PIPESTATUS, HISTSIZE, HISTFILE, + HISTFILESIZE, HISTCONTROL, HISTIGNORE, GLOBIGNORE, GROUPS, + PROMPT_COMMAND, FCEDIT, FIGNORE, IGNOREEOF, INPUTRC, + SHELLOPTS, OPTERR, HOSTFILE, TMOUT, FUNCNAME, histchars, + auto_resume, PROMPT_DIRTRIM, BASHOPTS, BASH_XTRACEFD + DEBUG trap + ERR trap + variable arrays with new compound assignment syntax + redirections: <>, &>, >|, <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-, >>& + prompt string special char translation and variable expansion + auto-export of variables in initial environment + command search finds functions before builtins + bash return builtin will exit a file sourced with `.' + builtins: cd -/-L/-P, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t. + export -n/-f/-p/name=value, pwd -L/-P, + read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u/-i/-N, + readonly -a/-f/name=value, trap -l, set +o, + set -b/-m/-o option/-h/-p/-B/-C/-H/-P, + unset -f/-v, ulimit -i/-m/-p/-q/-u/-x, + type -a/-p/-t/-f/-P, suspend -f, kill -n, + test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S + bash reads ~/.bashrc for interactive shells, $ENV for non-interactive + bash restricted shell mode is more extensive + bash allows functions and variables with the same name + brace expansion + tilde expansion + arithmetic expansion with $((...)) and `let' builtin + the `[[...]]' extended conditional command + process substitution + aliases and alias/unalias builtins + local variables in functions and `local' builtin + readline and command-line editing with programmable completion + command history and history/fc builtins + csh-like history expansion + other new bash builtins: bind, command, compgen, complete, builtin, + declare/typeset, dirs, enable, fc, help, + history, logout, popd, pushd, disown, shopt, + printf, compopt, mapfile + exported functions + filename generation when using output redirection (command >a*) + POSIX.2-style globbing character classes + POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes + POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols + egrep-like extended pattern matching operators + case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing + variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, + even for builtins and functions + posix mode and strict posix conformance + redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr, + /dev/tcp/host/port, /dev/udp/host/port + debugger support, including `caller' builtin and new variables + RETURN trap + the `+=' assignment operator + autocd shell option and behavior + command-not-found hook with command_not_found_handle shell function + globstar shell option and `**' globbing behavior + |& synonym for `2>&1 |' + ;& and ;;& case action list terminators + case-modifying word expansions and variable attributes + associative arrays + coprocesses using the `coproc' reserved word and variables + shell assignment of a file descriptor used in a redirection to a variable + +Things sh has that bash does not: + uses variable SHACCT to do shell accounting + includes `stop' builtin (bash can use alias stop='kill -s STOP') + `newgrp' builtin + turns on job control if called as `jsh' + $TIMEOUT (like bash $TMOUT) + `^' is a synonym for `|' + new SVR4.2 sh builtins: mldmode, priv + +Implementation differences: + redirection to/from compound commands causes sh to create a subshell + bash does not allow unbalanced quotes; sh silently inserts them at EOF + bash does not mess with signal 11 + sh sets (euid, egid) to (uid, gid) if -p not supplied and uid < 100 + bash splits only the results of expansions on IFS, using POSIX.2 + field splitting rules; sh splits all words on IFS + sh does not allow MAILCHECK to be unset (?) + sh does not allow traps on SIGALRM or SIGCHLD + bash allows multiple option arguments when invoked (e.g. -x -v); + sh allows only a single option argument (`sh -x -v' attempts + to open a file named `-v', and, on SunOS 4.1.4, dumps core. + On Solaris 2.4 and earlier versions, sh goes into an infinite + loop.) + sh exits a script if any builtin fails; bash exits only if one of + the POSIX.2 `special' builtins fails + +C2) How does bash differ from the Korn shell, version ksh88? + +Things bash has or uses that ksh88 does not: + long invocation options + [-+]O invocation option + -l invocation option + `!' reserved word + arithmetic for command: for ((expr1 ; expr2; expr3 )); do list; done + arithmetic in largest machine-supported size (intmax_t) + posix mode and posix conformance + command hashing + tilde expansion for assignment statements that look like $PATH + process substitution with named pipes if /dev/fd is not available + the ${!param} indirect parameter expansion operator + the ${!param*} prefix expansion operator + the ${param:offset[:length]} parameter substring operator + the ${param/pat[/string]} parameter pattern substitution operator + variables: BASH, BASH_VERSION, BASH_VERSINFO, BASHPID, UID, EUID, SHLVL, + TIMEFORMAT, HISTCMD, HOSTTYPE, OSTYPE, MACHTYPE, + HISTFILESIZE, HISTIGNORE, HISTCONTROL, PROMPT_COMMAND, + IGNOREEOF, FIGNORE, INPUTRC, HOSTFILE, DIRSTACK, + PIPESTATUS, HOSTNAME, OPTERR, SHELLOPTS, GLOBIGNORE, + GROUPS, FUNCNAME, histchars, auto_resume, PROMPT_DIRTRIM + prompt expansion with backslash escapes and command substitution + redirection: &> (stdout and stderr), <<<, [n]<&word-, [n]>&word-, >>& + more extensive and extensible editing and programmable completion + builtins: bind, builtin, command, declare, dirs, echo -e/-E, enable, + exec -l/-c/-a, fc -s, export -n/-f/-p, hash, help, history, + jobs -x/-r/-s, kill -s/-n/-l, local, logout, popd, pushd, + read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-N, readonly -a/-n/-f/-p, + set -o braceexpand/-o histexpand/-o interactive-comments/ + -o notify/-o physical/-o posix/-o hashall/-o onecmd/ + -h/-B/-C/-b/-H/-P, set +o, suspend, trap -l, type, + typeset -a/-F/-p, ulimit -i/-q/-u/-x, umask -S, alias -p, + shopt, disown, printf, complete, compgen, compopt, mapfile + `!' csh-style history expansion + POSIX.2-style globbing character classes + POSIX.2-style globbing equivalence classes + POSIX.2-style globbing collating symbols + egrep-like extended pattern matching operators + case-insensitive pattern matching and globbing + `**' arithmetic operator to do exponentiation + redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr + arrays of unlimited size + TMOUT is default timeout for `read' and `select' + debugger support, including the `caller' builtin + RETURN trap + Timestamps in history entries + {x..y} brace expansion + The `+=' assignment operator + autocd shell option and behavior + command-not-found hook with command_not_found_handle shell function + globstar shell option and `**' globbing behavior + |& synonym for `2>&1 |' + ;& and ;;& case action list terminators + case-modifying word expansions and variable attributes + associative arrays + coprocesses using the `coproc' reserved word and variables + shell assignment of a file descriptor used in a redirection to a variable + +Things ksh88 has or uses that bash does not: + tracked aliases (alias -t) + variables: ERRNO, FPATH, EDITOR, VISUAL + co-processes (bash uses different syntax) + weirdly-scoped functions + typeset +f to list all function names without definitions + text of command history kept in a file, not memory + builtins: alias -x, cd old new, newgrp, print, + read -p/-s/var?prompt, set -A/-o gmacs/ + -o bgnice/-o markdirs/-o trackall/-o viraw/-s, + typeset -H/-L/-R/-Z/-A/-ft/-fu/-fx/-t, whence + using environment to pass attributes of exported variables + arithmetic evaluation done on arguments to some builtins + reads .profile from $PWD when invoked as login shell + +Implementation differences: + ksh runs last command of a pipeline in parent shell context + bash has brace expansion by default (ksh88 compile-time option) + bash has fixed startup file for all interactive shells; ksh reads $ENV + bash has exported functions + bash command search finds functions before builtins + bash waits for all commands in pipeline to exit before returning status + emacs-mode editing has some slightly different key bindings + +C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are? + +This list is current through ksh93t+ (05/05/2009) + +New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.1: + floating point arithmetic and variables + math library functions + ${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array + `.' is allowed in variable names to create a hierarchical namespace + more extensive compound assignment syntax + discipline functions + KEYBD trap + variables: .sh.edchar, .sh.edmode, .sh.edcol, .sh.edtext, .sh.version, + .sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT + backreferences in pattern matching (\N) + `&' operator in pattern lists for matching (match all instead of any) + exit statuses between 0 and 255 + FPATH and PATH mixing + lexical scoping for local variables in `ksh' functions + no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions + $'' \C[.collating-element.] escape sequence + -C/-I invocation options + print -f (bash uses printf) + `fc' has been renamed to `hist' + `.' can execute shell functions + getopts -a + printf %B, %H, %P, %R, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d, `=' flag + read -n/-N differ/-v + set -o showme/-o multiline (bash default) + `sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions) + typeset -n and `nameref' variables + [[ -R name ]] (checks whether or not name is a nameref) + typeset -C/-S/-T/-X/-h/-s + experimental `type' definitions (a la typedef) using typeset + negative subscripts for indexed array variables + array expansions ${array[sub1..sub2]} and ${!array[sub1..sub2]} + associative array assignments using `;' as element separator + command substitution $(n<#) expands to current byte offset for fd N + new '${ ' form of command substitution, executed in current shell + new >;/<>;/<#pat/<##pat/<#/># redirections + brace expansion printf-like formats + [[ -v var ]] operators (checks whether or not var is set) + +New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1: + associative arrays + [n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close) + for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command + ?:, ++, --, `expr1 , expr2' arithmetic operators + expansions: ${!param}, ${param:offset[:len]}, ${param/pat[/str]}, + ${!param*} + compound array assignment + the `!' reserved word + loadable builtins -- but ksh uses `builtin' while bash uses `enable' + new $'...' and $"..." quoting + FIGNORE (but bash uses GLOBIGNORE), HISTCMD + brace expansion and set -B + changes to kill builtin + `command', `builtin', `disown' builtins + echo -e + exec -c/-a + read -A (bash uses read -a) + read -t/-d + trap -p + `.' restores the positional parameters when it completes + set -o notify/-C + set -o pipefail + set -G (-o globstar) and ** + POSIX.2 `test' + umask -S + unalias -a + command and arithmetic substitution performed on PS1, PS4, and ENV + command name completion, TAB displaying possible completions + ENV processed only for interactive shells + The `+=' assignment operator + the `;&' case statement "fallthrough" pattern list terminator + csh-style history expansion and set -H + negative offsets in ${param:offset:length} + redirection operators preceded with {varname} to store fd number in varname + DEBUG can force skipping following command + +Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells? + +D1) Why does bash run a different version of `command' than + `which command' says it will? + +On many systems, `which' is actually a csh script that assumes +you're running csh. In tcsh, `which' and its cousin `where' +are builtins. On other Unix systems, `which' is a perl script +that uses the PATH environment variable. Many Linux distributions +use GNU `which', which is a C program that can understand shell +aliases. + +The csh script version reads the csh startup files from your +home directory and uses those to determine which `command' will +be invoked. Since bash doesn't use any of those startup files, +there's a good chance that your bash environment differs from +your csh environment. The bash `type' builtin does everything +`which' does, and will report correct results for the running +shell. If you're really wedded to the name `which', try adding +the following function definition to your .bashrc: + + which() + { + builtin type "$@" + } + +If you're moving from tcsh and would like to bring `where' along +as well, use this function: + + where() + { + builtin type -a "$@" + } + +D2) Why doesn't bash treat brace expansions exactly like csh? + +The only difference between bash and csh brace expansion is that +bash requires a brace expression to contain at least one unquoted +comma if it is to be expanded. Any brace-surrounded word not +containing an unquoted comma is left unchanged by the brace +expansion code. This affords the greatest degree of sh +compatibility. + +Bash, ksh, zsh, and pd-ksh all implement brace expansion this way. + +D3) Why doesn't bash have csh variable modifiers? + +Posix has specified a more powerful, albeit somewhat more cryptic, +mechanism cribbed from ksh, and bash implements it. + +${parameter%word} + Remove smallest suffix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce + a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the + smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted. + + x=file.c + echo ${x%.c}.o + -->file.o + +${parameter%%word} + + Remove largest suffix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce + a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the + largest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted. + + x=posix/src/std + echo ${x%%/*} + -->posix + +${parameter#word} + Remove smallest prefix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce + a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the + smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted. + + x=$HOME/src/cmd + echo ${x#$HOME} + -->/src/cmd + +${parameter##word} + Remove largest prefix pattern. The WORD is expanded to produce + a pattern. It then expands to the value of PARAMETER, with the + largest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted. + + x=/one/two/three + echo ${x##*/} + -->three + + +Given + a=/a/b/c/d + b=b.xxx + + csh bash result + --- ---- ------ + $a:h ${a%/*} /a/b/c + $a:t ${a##*/} d + $b:r ${b%.*} b + $b:e ${b##*.} xxx + + +D4) How can I make my csh aliases work when I convert to bash? + +Bash uses a different syntax to support aliases than csh does. +The details can be found in the documentation. We have provided +a shell script which does most of the work of conversion for you; +this script can be found in ./examples/misc/aliasconv.sh. Here is +how you use it: + +Start csh in the normal way for you. (e.g., `csh') + +Pipe the output of `alias' through `aliasconv.sh', saving the +results into `bash_aliases': + + alias | bash aliasconv.sh >bash_aliases + +Edit `bash_aliases', carefully reading through any created +functions. You will need to change the names of some csh specific +variables to the bash equivalents. The script converts $cwd to +$PWD, $term to $TERM, $home to $HOME, $user to $USER, and $prompt +to $PS1. You may also have to add quotes to avoid unwanted +expansion. + +For example, the csh alias: + + alias cd 'cd \!*; echo $cwd' + +is converted to the bash function: + + cd () { command cd "$@"; echo $PWD ; } + +The only thing that needs to be done is to quote $PWD: + + cd () { command cd "$@"; echo "$PWD" ; } + +Merge the edited file into your ~/.bashrc. + +There is an additional, more ambitious, script in +examples/misc/cshtobash that attempts to convert your entire csh +environment to its bash equivalent. This script can be run as +simply `cshtobash' to convert your normal interactive +environment, or as `cshtobash ~/.login' to convert your login +environment. + +D5) How can I pipe standard output and standard error from one command to + another, like csh does with `|&'? + +Use + command 2>&1 | command2 + +The key is to remember that piping is performed before redirection, so +file descriptor 1 points to the pipe when it is duplicated onto file +descriptor 2. + +D6) Now that I've converted from ksh to bash, are there equivalents to + ksh features like autoloaded functions and the `whence' command? + +There are features in ksh-88 and ksh-93 that do not have direct bash +equivalents. Most, however, can be emulated with very little trouble. + +ksh-88 feature Bash equivalent +-------------- --------------- +compiled-in aliases set up aliases in .bashrc; some ksh aliases are + bash builtins (hash, history, type) +coprocesses named pipe pairs (one for read, one for write) +typeset +f declare -F +cd, print, whence function substitutes in examples/functions/kshenv +autoloaded functions examples/functions/autoload is the same as typeset -fu +read var?prompt read -p prompt var + +ksh-93 feature Bash equivalent +-------------- --------------- +sleep, getconf Bash has loadable versions in examples/loadables +${.sh.version} $BASH_VERSION +print -f printf +hist alias hist=fc +$HISTEDIT $FCEDIT + +Section E: How can I get bash to do certain things, and why does bash do + things the way it does? + +E1) Why is the bash builtin `test' slightly different from /bin/test? + +The specific example used here is [ ! x -o x ], which is false. + +Bash's builtin `test' implements the Posix.2 spec, which can be +summarized as follows (the wording is due to David Korn): + +Here is the set of rules for processing test arguments. + + 0 Args: False + 1 Arg: True iff argument is not null. + 2 Args: If first arg is !, True iff second argument is null. + If first argument is unary, then true if unary test is true + Otherwise error. + 3 Args: If second argument is a binary operator, do binary test of $1 $3 + If first argument is !, negate two argument test of $2 $3 + If first argument is `(' and third argument is `)', do the + one-argument test of the second argument. + Otherwise error. + 4 Args: If first argument is !, negate three argument test of $2 $3 $4. + Otherwise unspecified + 5 or more Args: unspecified. (Historical shells would use their + current algorithm). + +The operators -a and -o are considered binary operators for the purpose +of the 3 Arg case. + +As you can see, the test becomes (not (x or x)), which is false. + +E2) Why does bash sometimes say `Broken pipe'? + +If a sequence of commands appears in a pipeline, and one of the +reading commands finishes before the writer has finished, the +writer receives a SIGPIPE signal. Many other shells special-case +SIGPIPE as an exit status in the pipeline and do not report it. +For example, in: + + ps -aux | head + +`head' can finish before `ps' writes all of its output, and ps +will try to write on a pipe without a reader. In that case, bash +will print `Broken pipe' to stderr when ps is killed by a +SIGPIPE. + +As of bash-3.1, bash does not report SIGPIPE errors by default. You +can build a version of bash that will report such errors. + +E3) When I have terminal escape sequences in my prompt, why does bash + wrap lines at the wrong column? + +Readline, the line editing library that bash uses, does not know +that the terminal escape sequences do not take up space on the +screen. The redisplay code assumes, unless told otherwise, that +each character in the prompt is a `printable' character that +takes up one character position on the screen. + +You can use the bash prompt expansion facility (see the PROMPTING +section in the manual page) to tell readline that sequences of +characters in the prompt strings take up no screen space. + +Use the \[ escape to begin a sequence of non-printing characters, +and the \] escape to signal the end of such a sequence. + +E4) If I pipe the output of a command into `read variable', why doesn't + the output show up in $variable when the read command finishes? + +This has to do with the parent-child relationship between Unix +processes. It affects all commands run in pipelines, not just +simple calls to `read'. For example, piping a command's output +into a `while' loop that repeatedly calls `read' will result in +the same behavior. + +Each element of a pipeline, even a builtin or shell function, +runs in a separate process, a child of the shell running the +pipeline. A subprocess cannot affect its parent's environment. +When the `read' command sets the variable to the input, that +variable is set only in the subshell, not the parent shell. When +the subshell exits, the value of the variable is lost. + +Many pipelines that end with `read variable' can be converted +into command substitutions, which will capture the output of +a specified command. The output can then be assigned to a +variable: + + grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l | read ngroup + +can be converted into + + ngroup=$(grep ^gnu /usr/lib/news/active | wc -l) + +This does not, unfortunately, work to split the text among +multiple variables, as read does when given multiple variable +arguments. If you need to do this, you can either use the +command substitution above to read the output into a variable +and chop up the variable using the bash pattern removal +expansion operators or use some variant of the following +approach. + +Say /usr/local/bin/ipaddr is the following shell script: + +#! /bin/sh +host `hostname` | awk '/address/ {print $NF}' + +Instead of using + + /usr/local/bin/ipaddr | read A B C D + +to break the local machine's IP address into separate octets, use + + OIFS="$IFS" + IFS=. + set -- $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr) + IFS="$OIFS" + A="$1" B="$2" C="$3" D="$4" + +Beware, however, that this will change the shell's positional +parameters. If you need them, you should save them before doing +this. + +This is the general approach -- in most cases you will not need to +set $IFS to a different value. + +Some other user-supplied alternatives include: + +read A B C D << HERE + $(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr)) +HERE + +and, where process substitution is available, + +read A B C D < <(IFS=.; echo $(/usr/local/bin/ipaddr)) + +E5) I have a bunch of shell scripts that use backslash-escaped characters + in arguments to `echo'. Bash doesn't interpret these characters. Why + not, and how can I make it understand them? + +This is the behavior of echo on most Unix System V machines. + +The bash builtin `echo' is modeled after the 9th Edition +Research Unix version of `echo'. It does not interpret +backslash-escaped characters in its argument strings by default; +it requires the use of the -e option to enable the +interpretation. The System V echo provides no way to disable the +special characters; the bash echo has a -E option to disable +them. + +There is a configuration option that will make bash behave like +the System V echo and interpret things like `\t' by default. Run +configure with the --enable-xpg-echo-default option to turn this +on. Be aware that this will cause some of the tests run when you +type `make tests' to fail. + +There is a shell option, `xpg_echo', settable with `shopt', that will +change the behavior of echo at runtime. Enabling this option turns +on expansion of backslash-escape sequences. + +E6) Why doesn't a while or for loop get suspended when I type ^Z? + +This is a consequence of how job control works on Unix. The only +thing that can be suspended is the process group. This is a single +command or pipeline of commands that the shell forks and executes. + +When you run a while or for loop, the only thing that the shell forks +and executes are any commands in the while loop test and commands in +the loop bodies. These, therefore, are the only things that can be +suspended when you type ^Z. + +If you want to be able to stop the entire loop, you need to put it +within parentheses, which will force the loop into a subshell that +may be stopped (and subsequently restarted) as a single unit. + +E7) What about empty for loops in Makefiles? + +It's fairly common to see constructs like this in automatically-generated +Makefiles: + +SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@ + + ... + +subdirs-clean: + for d in ${SUBDIRS}; do \ + ( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \ + done + +When SUBDIRS is empty, this results in a command like this being passed to +bash: + + for d in ; do + ( cd $d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) + done + +In versions of bash before bash-2.05a, this was a syntax error. If the +reserved word `in' was present, a word must follow it before the semicolon +or newline. The language in the manual page referring to the list of words +being empty referred to the list after it is expanded. These versions of +bash required that there be at least one word following the `in' when the +construct was parsed. + +The idiomatic Makefile solution is something like: + +SUBDIRS = @SUBDIRS@ + +subdirs-clean: + subdirs=$SUBDIRS ; for d in $$subdirs; do \ + ( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \ + done + +The latest updated POSIX standard has changed this: the word list +is no longer required. Bash versions 2.05a and later accept the +new syntax. + +E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'? + +The bash arithmetic evaluation code (used for `let', $(()), (()), and in +other places), interprets a leading `0' in numeric constants as denoting +an octal number, and a leading `0x' as denoting hexadecimal. This is +in accordance with the POSIX.2 spec, section 2.9.2.1, which states that +arithmetic constants should be handled as signed long integers as defined +by the ANSI/ISO C standard. + +The POSIX.2 interpretation committee has confirmed this: + +http://www.pasc.org/interps/unofficial/db/p1003.2/pasc-1003.2-173.html + +E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning + with every letter except `z'? + +Bash-2.03, Bash-2.05 and later versions honor the current locale setting +when processing ranges within pattern matching bracket expressions ([A-Z]). +This is what POSIX.2 and SUSv3/XPG6 specify. + +The behavior of the matcher in bash-2.05 and later versions depends on the +current LC_COLLATE setting. Setting this variable to `C' or `POSIX' will +result in the traditional behavior ([A-Z] matches all uppercase ASCII +characters). Many other locales, including the en_US locale (the default +on many US versions of Linux) collate the upper and lower case letters like +this: + + AaBb...Zz + +which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `z'. Others collate like + + aAbBcC...zZ + +which means that [A-Z] matches every letter except `a'. + +The portable way to specify upper case letters is [:upper:] instead of +A-Z; lower case may be specified as [:lower:] instead of a-z. + +Look at the manual pages for setlocale(3), strcoll(3), and, if it is +present, locale(1). If you have locale(1), you can use it to find +your current locale information even if you do not have any of the +LC_ variables set. + +My advice is to put + + export LC_COLLATE=C + +into /etc/profile and inspect any shell scripts run from cron for +constructs like [A-Z]. This will prevent things like + + rm [A-Z]* + +from removing every file in the current directory except those beginning +with `z' and still allow individual users to change the collation order. +Users may put the above command into their own profiles as well, of course. + +E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'? + +POSIX.2, in its description of `cd', says that *three* or more leading +slashes may be replaced with a single slash when canonicalizing the +current working directory. + +This is, I presume, for historical compatibility. Certain versions of +Unix, and early network file systems, used paths of the form +//hostname/path to access `path' on server `hostname'. + +E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash + notice the change? + +This is another issue that deals with job control. + +The kernel maintains a notion of a current terminal process group. Members +of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the +current terminal process group ID) receive terminal-generated signals like +SIGWINCH. (For more details, see the JOB CONTROL section of the bash +man page.) + +If a terminal is resized, the kernel sends SIGWINCH to each member of +the terminal's current process group (the `foreground' process group). + +When bash is running with job control enabled, each pipeline (which may be +a single command) is run in its own process group, different from bash's +process group. This foreground process group receives the SIGWINCH; bash +does not. Bash has no way of knowing that the terminal has been resized. + +There is a `checkwinsize' option, settable with the `shopt' builtin, that +will cause bash to check the window size and adjust its idea of the +terminal's dimensions each time a process stops or exits and returns control +of the terminal to bash. Enable it with `shopt -s checkwinsize'. + +E12) Why don't negative offsets in substring expansion work like I expect? + +When substring expansion of the form ${param:offset[:length} is used, +an `offset' that evaluates to a number less than zero counts back from +the end of the expanded value of $param. + +When a negative `offset' begins with a minus sign, however, unexpected things +can happen. Consider + + a=12345678 + echo ${a:-4} + +intending to print the last four characters of $a. The problem is that +${param:-word} already has a well-defined meaning: expand to word if the +expanded value of param is unset or null, and $param otherwise. + +To use negative offsets that begin with a minus sign, separate the +minus sign and the colon with a space. + +E13) Why does filename completion misbehave if a colon appears in the filename? + +Filename completion (and word completion in general) may appear to behave +improperly if there is a colon in the word to be completed. + +The colon is special to readline's word completion code: it is one of the +characters that breaks words for the completer. Readline uses these characters +in sort of the same way that bash uses $IFS: they break or separate the words +the completion code hands to the application-specific or default word +completion functions. The original intent was to make it easy to edit +colon-separated lists (such as $PATH in bash) in various applications using +readline for input. + +This is complicated by the fact that some versions of the popular +`bash-completion' programmable completion package have problems with the +default completion behavior in the presence of colons. + +The current set of completion word break characters is available in bash as +the value of the COMP_WORDBREAKS variable. Removing `:' from that value is +enough to make the colon not special to completion: + +COMP_WORDBREAKS=${COMP_WORDBREAKS//:} + +You can also quote the colon with a backslash to achieve the same result +temporarily. + +E14) Why does quoting the pattern argument to the regular expression matching + conditional operator (=~) cause regexp matching to stop working? + +In versions of bash prior to bash-3.2, the effect of quoting the regular +expression argument to the [[ command's =~ operator was not specified. +The practical effect was that double-quoting the pattern argument required +backslashes to quote special pattern characters, which interfered with the +backslash processing performed by double-quoted word expansion and was +inconsistent with how the == shell pattern matching operator treated +quoted characters. + +In bash-3.2, the shell was changed to internally quote characters in single- +and double-quoted string arguments to the =~ operator, which suppresses the +special meaning of the characters special to regular expression processing +(`.', `[', `\', `(', `), `*', `+', `?', `{', `|', `^', and `$') and forces +them to be matched literally. This is consistent with how the `==' pattern +matching operator treats quoted portions of its pattern argument. + +Since the treatment of quoted string arguments was changed, several issues +have arisen, chief among them the problem of white space in pattern arguments +and the differing treatment of quoted strings between bash-3.1 and bash-3.2. +Both problems may be solved by using a shell variable to hold the pattern. +Since word splitting is not performed when expanding shell variables in all +operands of the [[ command, this allows users to quote patterns as they wish +when assigning the variable, then expand the values to a single string that +may contain whitespace. The first problem may be solved by using backslashes +or any other quoting mechanism to escape the white space in the patterns. + +Bash-4.0 introduces the concept of a `compatibility level', controlled by +several options to the `shopt' builtin. If the `compat31' option is enabled, +bash reverts to the bash-3.1 behavior with respect to quoting the rhs of +the =~ operator. + +E15) Tell me more about the shell compatibility level. + +Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a `shell compatibility level', specified +as a set of options to the shopt builtin (compat31, compat32, compat40 at +this writing). There is only one current compatibility level -- each +option is mutually exclusive. This list does not mention behavior that is +standard for a particular version (e.g., setting compat32 means that quoting +the rhs of the regexp matching operator quotes special regexp characters in +the word, which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and above). + +compat31 set + - the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current + locale when comparing strings + - quoting the rhs of the regexp matching operator (=~) has no + special effect + +compat32 set + - the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current + locale when comparing strings + +compat40 set + - the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current + locale when comparing strings + - interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution + of the entire list to be aborted + +Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions + +F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'? + +The problem is `cmdtool' and bash fighting over the input. When +scrolling is enabled in a cmdtool window, cmdtool puts the tty in +`raw mode' to permit command-line editing using the mouse for +applications that cannot do it themselves. As a result, bash and +cmdtool each try to read keyboard input immediately, with neither +getting enough of it to be useful. + +This mode also causes cmdtool to not implement many of the +terminal functions and control sequences appearing in the +`sun-cmd' termcap entry. For a more complete explanation, see +that file examples/suncmd.termcap in the bash distribution. + +`xterm' is a better choice, and gets along with bash much more +smoothly. + +If you must use cmdtool, you can use the termcap description in +examples/suncmd.termcap. Set the TERMCAP variable to the terminal +description contained in that file, i.e. + +TERMCAP='Mu|sun-cmd:am:bs:km:pt:li#34:co#80:cl=^L:ce=\E[K:cd=\E[J:rs=\E[s:' + +Then export TERMCAP and start a new cmdtool window from that shell. +The bash command-line editing should behave better in the new +cmdtool. If this works, you can put the assignment to TERMCAP +in your bashrc file. + +F2) I built bash on Solaris 2. Why do globbing expansions and filename + completion chop off the first few characters of each filename? + +This is the consequence of building bash on SunOS 5 and linking +with the libraries in /usr/ucblib, but using the definitions +and structures from files in /usr/include. + +The actual conflict is between the dirent structure in +/usr/include/dirent.h and the struct returned by the version of +`readdir' in libucb.a (a 4.3-BSD style `struct direct'). + +Make sure you've got /usr/ccs/bin ahead of /usr/ucb in your $PATH +when configuring and building bash. This will ensure that you +use /usr/ccs/bin/cc or acc instead of /usr/ucb/cc and that you +link with libc before libucb. + +If you have installed the Sun C compiler, you may also need to +put /usr/ccs/bin and /opt/SUNWspro/bin into your $PATH before +/usr/ucb. + +F3) Why does bash dump core after I interrupt username completion or + `~user' tilde expansion on a machine running NIS? + +This is a famous and long-standing bug in the SunOS YP (sorry, NIS) +client library, which is part of libc. + +The YP library code keeps static state -- a pointer into the data +returned from the server. When YP initializes itself (setpwent), +it looks at this pointer and calls free on it if it's non-null. +So far, so good. + +If one of the YP functions is interrupted during getpwent (the +exact function is interpretwithsave()), and returns NULL, the +pointer is freed without being reset to NULL, and the function +returns. The next time getpwent is called, it sees that this +pointer is non-null, calls free, and the bash free() blows up +because it's being asked to free freed memory. + +The traditional Unix mallocs allow memory to be freed multiple +times; that's probably why this has never been fixed. You can +run configure with the `--without-gnu-malloc' option to use +the C library malloc and avoid the problem. + +F4) I'm running SVR4.2. Why is the line erased every time I type `@'? + +The `@' character is the default `line kill' character in most +versions of System V, including SVR4.2. You can change this +character to whatever you want using `stty'. For example, to +change the line kill character to control-u, type + + stty kill ^U + +where the `^' and `U' can be two separate characters. + +F5) Why does bash report syntax errors when my C News scripts use a + redirection before a subshell command? + +The actual command in question is something like + + < file ( command ) + +According to the grammar given in the POSIX.2 standard, this construct +is, in fact, a syntax error. Redirections may only precede `simple +commands'. A subshell construct such as the above is one of the shell's +`compound commands'. A redirection may only follow a compound command. + +This affects the mechanical transformation of commands that use `cat' +to pipe a file into a command (a favorite Useless-Use-Of-Cat topic on +comp.unix.shell). While most commands of the form + + cat file | command + +can be converted to `< file command', shell control structures such as +loops and subshells require `command < file'. + +The file CWRU/sh-redir-hack in the bash distribution is an +(unofficial) patch to parse.y that will modify the grammar to +support this construct. It will not apply with `patch'; you must +modify parse.y by hand. Note that if you apply this, you must +recompile with -DREDIRECTION_HACK. This introduces a large +number of reduce/reduce conflicts into the shell grammar. + +F6) Why can't I use vi-mode editing on Red Hat Linux 6.1? + +The short answer is that Red Hat screwed up. + +The long answer is that they shipped an /etc/inputrc that only works +for emacs mode editing, and then screwed all the vi users by setting +INPUTRC to /etc/inputrc in /etc/profile. + +The short fix is to do one of the following: remove or rename +/etc/inputrc, set INPUTRC=~/.inputrc in ~/.bashrc (or .bash_profile, +but make sure you export it if you do), remove the assignment to +INPUTRC from /etc/profile, add + + set keymap emacs + +to the beginning of /etc/inputrc, or bracket the key bindings in +/etc/inputrc with these lines + + $if mode=emacs + [...] + $endif + +F7) Why do bash-2.05a and bash-2.05b fail to compile `printf.def' on + HP/UX 11.x? + +HP/UX's support for long double is imperfect at best. + +GCC will support it without problems, but the HP C library functions +like strtold(3) and printf(3) don't actually work with long doubles. +HP implemented a `long_double' type as a 4-element array of 32-bit +ints, and that is what the library functions use. The ANSI C +`long double' type is a 128-bit floating point scalar. + +The easiest fix, until HP fixes things up, is to edit the generated +config.h and #undef the HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE line. After doing that, +the compilation should complete successfully. + +Section G: How can I get bash to do certain common things? + +G1) How can I get bash to read and display eight-bit characters? + +This is a process requiring several steps. + +First, you must ensure that the `physical' data path is a full eight +bits. For xterms, for example, the `vt100' resources `eightBitInput' +and `eightBitOutput' should be set to `true'. + +Once you have set up an eight-bit path, you must tell the kernel and +tty driver to leave the eighth bit of characters alone when processing +keyboard input. Use `stty' to do this: + + stty cs8 -istrip -parenb + +For old BSD-style systems, you can use + + stty pass8 + +You may also need + + stty even odd + +Finally, you need to tell readline that you will be inputting and +displaying eight-bit characters. You use readline variables to do +this. These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash +`bind' builtin. Here's an example using `bind': + + bash$ bind 'set convert-meta off' + bash$ bind 'set meta-flag on' + bash$ bind 'set output-meta on' + +The `set' commands between the single quotes may also be placed +in ~/.inputrc. + +The script examples/scripts.noah/meta.bash encapsulates the bind +commands in a shell function. + +G2) How do I write a function `x' to replace builtin command `x', but + still invoke the command from within the function? + +This is why the `command' and `builtin' builtins exist. The +`command' builtin executes the command supplied as its first +argument, skipping over any function defined with that name. The +`builtin' builtin executes the builtin command given as its first +argument directly. + +For example, to write a function to replace `cd' that writes the +hostname and current directory to an xterm title bar, use +something like the following: + + cd() + { + builtin cd "$@" && xtitle "$HOST: $PWD" + } + +This could also be written using `command' instead of `builtin'; +the version above is marginally more efficient. + +G3) How can I find the value of a shell variable whose name is the value + of another shell variable? + +Versions of Bash newer than Bash-2.0 support this directly. You can use + + ${!var} + +For example, the following sequence of commands will echo `z': + + var1=var2 + var2=z + echo ${!var1} + +For sh compatibility, use the `eval' builtin. The important +thing to remember is that `eval' expands the arguments you give +it again, so you need to quote the parts of the arguments that +you want `eval' to act on. + +For example, this expression prints the value of the last positional +parameter: + + eval echo \"\$\{$#\}\" + +The expansion of the quoted portions of this expression will be +deferred until `eval' runs, while the `$#' will be expanded +before `eval' is executed. In versions of bash later than bash-2.0, + + echo ${!#} + +does the same thing. + +This is not the same thing as ksh93 `nameref' variables, though the syntax +is similar. I may add namerefs in a future bash version. + +G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that + looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time? + +The bash command timing code looks for a variable `TIMEFORMAT' and +uses its value as a format string to decide how to display the +timing statistics. + +The value of TIMEFORMAT is a string with `%' escapes expanded in a +fashion similar in spirit to printf(3). The manual page explains +the meanings of the escape sequences in the format string. + +If TIMEFORMAT is not set, bash acts as if the following assignment had +been performed: + + TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS' + +The POSIX.2 default time format (used by `time -p command') is + + TIMEFORMAT=$'real %2R\nuser %2U\nsys %2S' + +The BSD /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with: + + TIMEFORMAT=$'\t%1R real\t%1U user\t%1S sys' + +The System V /usr/bin/time format can be emulated with: + + TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%1R\nuser\t%1U\nsys\t%1S' + +The ksh format can be emulated with: + + TIMEFORMAT=$'\nreal\t%2lR\nuser\t%2lU\nsys\t%2lS' + +G5) How do I get the current directory into my prompt? + +Bash provides a number of backslash-escape sequences which are expanded +when the prompt string (PS1 or PS2) is displayed. The full list is in +the manual page. + +The \w expansion gives the full pathname of the current directory, with +a tilde (`~') substituted for the current value of $HOME. The \W +expansion gives the basename of the current directory. To put the full +pathname of the current directory into the path without any tilde +subsitution, use $PWD. Here are some examples: + + PS1='\w$ ' # current directory with tilde + PS1='\W$ ' # basename of current directory + PS1='$PWD$ ' # full pathname of current directory + +The single quotes are important in the final example to prevent $PWD from +being expanded when the assignment to PS1 is performed. + +G6) How can I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar"? + +Use the pattern removal functionality described in D3. The following `for' +loop will do the trick: + + for f in *.foo; do + mv $f ${f%foo}bar + done + +G7) How can I translate a filename from uppercase to lowercase? + +The script examples/functions/lowercase, originally written by John DuBois, +will do the trick. The converse is left as an exercise. + +G8) How can I write a filename expansion (globbing) pattern that will match + all files in the current directory except "." and ".."? + +You must have set the `extglob' shell option using `shopt -s extglob' to use +this: + + echo .!(.|) * + +A solution that works without extended globbing is given in the Unix Shell +FAQ, posted periodically to comp.unix.shell. It's a variant of + + echo .[!.]* ..?* * + +(The ..?* catches files with names of three or more characters beginning +with `..') + +Section H: Where do I go from here? + +H1) How do I report bugs in bash, and where should I look for fixes and + advice? + +Use the `bashbug' script to report bugs. It is built and +installed at the same time as bash. It provides a standard +template for reporting a problem and automatically includes +information about your configuration and build environment. + +`bashbug' sends its reports to bug-bash@gnu.org, which +is a large mailing list gatewayed to the usenet newsgroup gnu.bash.bug. + +Bug fixes, answers to questions, and announcements of new releases +are all posted to gnu.bash.bug. Discussions concerning bash features +and problems also take place there. + +To reach the bash maintainers directly, send mail to +bash-maintainers@gnu.org. + +H2) What kind of bash documentation is there? + +First, look in the doc directory in the bash distribution. It should +contain at least the following files: + +bash.1 an extensive, thorough Unix-style manual page +builtins.1 a manual page covering just bash builtin commands +bashref.texi a reference manual in GNU tex`info format +bashref.info an info version of the reference manual +FAQ this file +article.ms text of an article written for The Linux Journal +readline.3 a man page describing readline + +Postscript, HTML, and ASCII files created from the above source are +available in the documentation distribution. + +There is additional documentation available for anonymous FTP from host +ftp.cwru.edu in the `pub/bash' directory. + +Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt have written a book on bash, published +by O'Reilly and Associates. The book is based on Bill Rosenblatt's Korn +Shell book. The title is ``Learning the Bash Shell'', and the ISBN number +of the third edition, published in March, 2005, is 0-596-00965-8. Look for +it in fine bookstores near you. This edition of the book has been updated +to cover bash-3.0. + +The GNU Bash Reference Manual has been published as a printed book by +Network Theory Ltd (Paperback, ISBN: 0-9541617-7-7, Nov. 2006). It covers +bash-3.2 and is available from most online bookstores (see +http://www.network-theory.co.uk/bash/manual/ for details). The publisher +will donate $1 to the Free Software Foundation for each copy sold. + +Arnold Robbins and Nelson Beebe have written ``Classic Shell Scripting'', +published by O'Reilly. The first edition, with ISBN number 0-596-00595-4, +was published in May, 2005. + +Chris F. A. Johnson, a frequent contributor to comp.unix.shell and +gnu.bash.bug, has written ``Shell Scripting Recipes: A Problem-Solution +Approach,'' a new book on shell scripting, concentrating on features of +the POSIX standard helpful to shell script writers. The first edition from +Apress, with ISBN number 1-59059-471-1, was published in May, 2005. + +H3) What's coming in future versions? + +These are features I hope to include in a future version of bash. + +Rocky Bernstein's bash debugger (support is included with bash-4.0) + +H4) What's on the bash `wish list' for future versions? + +These are features that may or may not appear in a future version of bash. + +breaking some of the shell functionality into embeddable libraries +a module system like zsh's, using dynamic loading like builtins +a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins +a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and + variables (contributions gratefully accepted) +ksh93-like `nameref' variables +ksh93-like `xx.yy' variables (including some of the .sh.* variables) and + associated disipline functions +Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing + +H5) When will the next release appear? + +The next version will appear sometime in 2010. Never make predictions. + +This document is Copyright 1995-2010 by Chester Ramey. + +Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and +without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute +this document for any purpose, provided that the above copyright +notice appears in all copies of this document and that the +contents of this document remain unaltered. diff --git a/doc/INTRO b/doc/INTRO new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29f208a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/INTRO @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ + BASH - The Bourne-Again Shell + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, that will appear +in the GNU operating system. Bash is an sh-compatible shell that +incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell +(csh). It is intended to conform to the IEEE POSIX P1003.2/ISO 9945.2 +Shell and Tools standard. It offers functional improvements over sh +for both programming and interactive use. In addition, most sh scripts +can be run by Bash without modification. + +Bash is quite portable. It uses a configuration system that discovers +characteristics of the compilation platform at build time, and may +therefore be built on nearly every version of UNIX. Ports to +UNIX-like systems such as QNX and Minix and to non-UNIX systems such +as OS/2, Windows 95, and Windows NT are available. + +Bash includes the following features: + +Editing and Completion + +Bash offers a command-line editing facility which permits users to +edit command lines using familiar emacs or vi-style editing commands. +Editing allows corrections to be made without having to erase back +to the point of error or start the command line anew. The editing +facilities include a feature that allows users to complete command and +file names. + +The Bash line editing library is fully customizable. Users may define +their own key bindings -- the action taken when a key is pressed. A +number of variables to fine-tune editing behavior are also available. + +History and Command Re-entry + +The Bash history feature remembers commands entered to the shell and +allows them to be recalled and re-executed. The history list may be +of unlimited size. Bash allows users to search for previous commands +and reuse portions of those commands when composing new ones. The +history list may be saved across shell sessions. + +Bash allows users to control which commands are saved on the history +list. + +Job Control + +On systems that support it, Bash provides an interface to the +operating system's job control facilities, which allow processes +to be suspended and restarted, and moved between the foreground +and background. Bash allows users to selectively `forget' about +background jobs. + +Shell Functions and Aliases + +These mechanisms are available to bind a user-selected identifier to a +list of commands that will be executed when the identifier is used as +a command name. Functions allow local variables and recursion, and +have access to the environment of the calling shell. Aliases may be +used to create a mnemonic for a command name, expand a single word to +a complex command, or ensure that a command is called with a basic set +of options. + +Arrays + +Bash-2.0 supports indexed arrays of unlimited size. The subscript for +an array is an arithmetic expression. Arrays may be assigned to with +a new compound assignment syntax, and several builtins have options to +operate on array variables. Bash includes a number of built-in array +variables. + +Arithmetic + +Bash allows users to perform integer arithmetic in any base from two +to sixty-four. Nearly all of the C language arithmetic operators are +available with the same syntax and precedence as in C. Arithmetic +expansion allows an arithmetic expression to be evaluated and the +result substituted into the command line. Shell variables can be used +as operands, and the value of an expression may be assigned to a +variable. + +An arithmetic expression may be used as a command; the exit status of +the command is the value of the expression. + +ANSI-C Quoting + +There is a new quoting syntax that allows backslash-escaped characters +in strings to be expanded according to the ANSI C standard. + +Tilde Expansion + +Users' home directories may be expanded using this feature. Words +beginning with a tilde may also be expanded to the current or previous +working directory. + +Brace Expansion + +Brace expansion is a convenient way to generate a list of strings that +share a common prefix or suffix. + +Substring Capabilities + +Bash allows new strings to be created by removing leading or trailing +substrings from existing variable values, or by specifying a starting +offset and length. Portions of variable values may be matched against +shell patterns and the matching portion removed or a new value +substituted. + +Indirect Variable Expansion + +Bash makes it easy to find the value of a shell variable whose name is +the value of another variable. + +Expanded I/O Capabilities + +Bash provides several input and output features not available in sh, +including the ability to: + + o specify a file or file descriptor for both input and output + o read from or write to asynchronous processes using named pipes + o read lines ending in backslash + o display a prompt on the terminal before a read + o format menus and interpret responses to them + o echo lines exactly as input without escape processing + +Control of Builtin Commands + +Bash implements several builtin commands to give users more control +over which commands are executed. The enable builtin allows other +builtin commands to be selectively enabled or disabled. The command +and builtin builtins change the order in which the shell searches for +commands. + +On systems that provide dynamic loading, new builtins may be loaded +into a running shell from a shared object file. These new builtins +have access to all of the shell facilities. + +Help + +Bash includes a built-in help facility. + +Shell Optional Behavior + +There is a great deal of customizable shell behavior. The shopt +builtin command provides a unified interface that allows users to +alter shell defaults. + +Prompt Customization + +Bash allows the primary and secondary prompts to be customized by +interpreting a number of backslash-escaped special characters. +Parameter and variable expansion is also performed on the values of +the primary and secondary prompt strings before they are displayed. + +Security + +Bash provides a restricted shell environment. It is also possible to +control the execution of setuid/setgid scripts. + +Directory Stack + +Bash provides a `directory stack', to which directories may be added +and removed. The current directory may be changed to any directory in +the stack. It is easy to toggle between two directories in the stack. +The directory stack may be saved and restored across different shell +invocations. + +POSIX Mode + +Bash is nearly completely conformant to POSIX.2. POSIX mode changes +those few areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the +standard to match the standard. In POSIX mode, Bash is POSIX.2 +compliant. + +Internationalization + +Bash provides a new quoting syntax that allows strings to be +translated according to the current locale. The locale in which the +shell itself runs may also be changed, so that the shell messages +themselves may be language-specific. + +The command-line editing facilities allow the input of eight-bit +characters, so most of the ISO-8859 family of character sets are +supported. + +Command Timing + +Bash allows external commands, shell builtin commands and shell functions +to be timed. The format used to display the timing information may be +changed by the user. diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e0e68b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/Makefile.in @@ -0,0 +1,304 @@ +# This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-. +# +# Copyright (C) 2003-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. + +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU General Public License for more details. + +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + +PACKAGE = @PACKAGE_NAME@ +VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@ + +PACKAGE_BUGREPORT = @PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@ +PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@ +PACKAGE_STRING = @PACKAGE_STRING@ +PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@ + +# +SHELL = @MAKE_SHELL@ +RM = rm -f + +topdir = @top_srcdir@ +srcdir = @srcdir@ +VPATH = .:@srcdir@ + +prefix = @prefix@ +exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@ + +datarootdir = @datarootdir@ + +infodir = @infodir@ + +# set this to a directory name to have the HTML files installed +htmldir = @htmldir@ + +# Support an alternate destination root directory for package building +DESTDIR = + +mandir = @mandir@ +manpfx = man + +man1ext = .1 +man1dir = $(mandir)/$(manpfx)1 +man3ext = .3 +man3dir = $(mandir)/$(manpfx)3 + +INSTALL = @INSTALL@ +INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@ +BUILD_DIR = @BUILD_DIR@ + +SUPPORT_SRCDIR = $(topdir)/support + +# bad style +RL_LIBDIR = $(topdir)/lib/readline + +# unused +TEXINDEX = texindex +TEX = tex + +MAKEINFO = makeinfo +TEXI2DVI = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2dvi +TEXI2HTML = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2html +MAN2HTML = ${BUILD_DIR}/support/man2html +HTMLPOST = ${srcdir}/htmlpost.sh +INFOPOST = ${srcdir}/infopost.sh +QUIETPS = #set this to -q to shut up dvips +PAPERSIZE = letter # change to a4 for A4-size paper +PSDPI = 600 # could be 300 if you like +DVIPS = dvips -D ${PSDPI} $(QUIETPS) -t ${PAPERSIZE} -o $@ # tricky + +TEXINPUTDIR = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc +SET_TEXINPUTS = TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS + +# These tools might not be available; they're not required +DVIPDF = dvipdfm -o $@ -p ${PAPERSIZE} +PSPDF = gs -sPAPERSIZE=${PAPERSIZE} -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sOutputFile=$@ + +MKDIRS = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/mkdirs + +# This should be a program that converts troff to an ascii-readable format +NROFF = groff -Tascii + +# This should be a program that converts troff to postscript +GROFF = groff + +HSUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/hsuser.texi +RLUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/rluser.texi + +BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/fdl.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi + +.SUFFIXES: .0 .1 .3 .ms .ps .txt .dvi .html .pdf + +.1.ps: + $(RM) $@ + -${GROFF} -man $< > $@ + +.1.0: + $(RM) $@ + -${NROFF} -man $< > $@ + +.1.html: + $(RM) $@ + -${MAN2HTML} $< | ${HTMLPOST} > $@ + +.ms.ps: + $(RM) $@ + -${GROFF} -ms $< > $@ + +.ms.txt: + $(RM) $@ + -${NROFF} -ms $< > $@ + +.3.ps: + $(RM) $@ + -${GROFF} -man $< > $@ + +.3.0: + $(RM) $@ + -${NROFF} -man $< > $@ + +.3.html: + $(RM) $@ + -${MAN2HTML} $< > $@ + +.ps.pdf: + $(RM) $@ + -${PSPDF} $< + +.dvi.pdf: + $(RM) $@ + -${DVIPDF} $< + +.dvi.ps: + ${RM} $@ + -${DVIPS} $< + +all: ps info dvi text html +nodvi: ps info text html +everything: all pdf + +PSFILES = bash.ps bashbug.ps article.ps builtins.ps rbash.ps +DVIFILES = bashref.dvi bashref.ps +INFOFILES = bashref.info +MAN0FILES = bash.0 bashbug.0 builtins.0 rbash.0 +HTMLFILES = bashref.html bash.html +PDFFILES = bash.pdf bashref.pdf article.pdf rose94.pdf + +ps: ${PSFILES} +dvi: ${DVIFILES} +info: ${INFOFILES} +text: ${MAN0FILES} +html: ${HTMLFILES} +pdf: ${PDFFILES} + +bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + ${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi + +bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + $(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi + +bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER) + $(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi + +bash.info: bashref.info + ${SHELL} ${INFOPOST} < $(srcdir)/bashref.info > $@ ; \ + +bash.txt: bash.1 +bash.ps: bash.1 +bash.html: bash.1 $(MAN2HTML) +bashbug.ps: bashbug.1 +builtins.ps: builtins.1 bash.1 +rbash.ps: rbash.1 bash.1 +bash.0: bash.1 +bashbug.0: bashbug.1 +builtins.0: builtins.1 bash.1 +rbash.0: rbash.1 bash.1 +article.ps: article.ms + +bashref.ps: bashref.dvi + +article.pdf: article.ps +bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi +bash.pdf: bash.ps +rose94.pdf: rose94.ps + +$(MAN2HTML): ${topdir}/support/man2html.c + -( cd ${BUILD_DIR}/support ; ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} man2html) + +clean: + $(RM) *.aux *.bak *.cp *.fn *.ky *.log *.pg *.toc *.tp *.vr *.cps \ + *.pgs *.bt *.bts *.rw *.rws *.fns *.kys *.tps *.vrs *.o + ${RM} core *.core + +mostlyclean: clean + $(RM) Makefile + +distclean: clean maybe-clean + $(RM) Makefile + +maintainer-clean: clean + ${RM} ${PSFILES} ${DVIFILES} ${INFOFILES} ${MAN0FILES} ${HTMLFILES} + ${RM} ${CREATED_FAQ} + $(RM) Makefile + +maybe-clean: + -if test "X$(topdir)" != "X$(BUILD_DIR)"; then \ + $(RM) ${PSFILES} ${DVIFILES} ${INFOFILES} ${MAN0FILES} ${HTMLFILES}; \ + fi + +installdirs: + -$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir) + -$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(infodir) + -if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \ + $(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + fi + +install: info installdirs bash.info + -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} + -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext} +# uncomment the next lines to install the builtins man page +# sed 's:bash\.1:man1/&:' $(srcdir)/builtins.1 > $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 +# -$(INSTALL_DATA) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} +# -$(RM) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 + -if test -f bash.info; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/bash.info $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info +# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory + if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ + install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \ + else true; fi +# if htmldir is set, install the html files into that directory + -if test -n "${htmldir}" ; then \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \ + fi + +install_builtins: installdirs + sed 's:bash\.1:man1/&:' $(srcdir)/builtins.1 > $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 + -$(INSTALL_DATA) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} + -$(RM) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 + +install_everything: install install_builtins + +uninstall: + -$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext} + -$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext} + $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info + -if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \ + $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bash.html ; \ + $(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bashref.html ; \ + fi + +# for use by chet +CREATED_FAQ = faq.news faq.news2 faq.mail faq.version + +faq: ${CREATED_FAQ} + +faq.version: FAQ.version FAQ + sh mkfaqvers FAQ.version > $@ + +faq.headers.mail: FAQ.headers.mail FAQ + sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.mail > $@ + +faq.headers.news: FAQ.headers.news FAQ + sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.news > $@ + +faq.headers.news2: FAQ.headers.news2 FAQ + sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.news2 > $@ + +faq.news: FAQ faq.headers.news faq.version + $(RM) $@ + cat faq.headers.news faq.version FAQ > $@ + +faq.news2: FAQ faq.headers.news2 faq.version + $(RM) $@ + cat faq.headers.news2 faq.version FAQ > $@ + +faq.mail: FAQ faq.headers.mail faq.version + $(RM) $@ + cat faq.headers.mail faq.version FAQ > $@ + +inst: bashref.texi + $(SHELL) ./mkinstall + cmp -s INSTALL ../INSTALL || mv INSTALL ../INSTALL + $(RM) INSTALL + +posix: bashref.texi + $(SHELL) ./mkposix + cmp -s POSIX ../POSIX || mv POSIX ../POSIX + $(RM) POSIX + +rbash: bashref.texi + $(SH) ./mkrbash + cmp -s RBASH ../RBASH || mv RBASH ../RBASH + $(RM) RBASH + +xdist: pdf inst posix rbash diff --git a/doc/README b/doc/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3a1d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/README @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +This directory contains the bash documentation. + +FAQ - a set of frequently-asked questions about Bash with answers +INTRO - a short introduction to bash +article.ms - an article I wrote about bash for The Linux Journal +bash.1 - the bash man page +builtins.1 - a man page that documents the builtins, extracted from bash.1 +bashref.texi - the `bash reference manual' +bashref.info - the `bash reference manual' processed by `makeinfo' +readline.3 - the readline man page + +The `.ps' files are postscript versions of the above. The `.html' +files are HTML versions of the man page and reference manual. The +`.0' files are formatted manual pages. The `.txt' versions are +ascii -- the output of `groff -Tascii'. + +The rest of this file explains how to use the `builtins.1' man page. + +For each command in the list of builtins create a file in man/man1 called: + +${command}.1 + +eg. +for.1 +type.1 +alias.1 +etc. + +All these files are identical as follows: + +jaws@jaws(264)$ cat alias.1 +.so man1/builtins.1 +jaws@jaws(265)$ + +Make sure you adjust the .so line in builtins.1 to reflect where you +put it. diff --git a/doc/article.ms b/doc/article.ms new file mode 100644 index 0000000..517155a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/article.ms @@ -0,0 +1,1114 @@ +.de SE \" start example +.sp .5 +.RS +.ft CR +.nf +.. +.de EE \" end example +.fi +.sp .5 +.RE +.ft R +.. +.TL +Bash \- The GNU shell* +.AU +Chet Ramey +Case Western Reserve University +chet@po.cwru.edu +.FS +*An earlier version of this article appeared in The Linux Journal. +.FE +.NH 1 +Introduction +.PP +.B Bash +is the shell, or command language interpreter, +that will appear in the GNU operating system. +The name is an acronym for +the \*QBourne-Again SHell\*U, a pun on Steve Bourne, the author +of the direct ancestor of the current +.UX +shell \fI/bin/sh\fP, +which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version +of \s-1UNIX\s+1. +.PP +Bash is an \fBsh\fP\-compatible shell that incorporates useful +features from the Korn shell (\fBksh\fP) and the C shell (\fBcsh\fP), +described later in this article. It is ultimately intended to be a +conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Utilities +specification (IEEE Working Group 1003.2). It offers functional +improvements over sh for both interactive and programming use. +.PP +While the GNU operating system will most likely include a version +of the Berkeley shell csh, Bash will be the default shell. +Like other GNU software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs +on nearly every version of +.UX +and a few other operating systems \- an independently-supported +port exists for OS/2, and there are rumors of ports to DOS and +Windows NT. Ports to \s-1UNIX\s+1-like systems such as QNX and Minix +are part of the distribution. +.PP +The original author of Bash +was Brian Fox, an employee of the Free Software Foundation. The +current developer and maintainer is Chet Ramey, a volunteer who +works at Case Western Reserve University. +.NH 1 +What's POSIX, anyway? +.PP +.I POSIX +is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a family of open +system standards based on \s-1UNIX\s+1. There are a number of aspects of \s-1UNIX\s+1 +under consideration for standardization, from the basic system services +at the system call and C library level to applications and tools to system +administration and management. Each area of standardization is +assigned to a working group in the 1003 series. +.PP +The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been developed by IEEE Working +Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2).\(dd +.FS +\(ddIEEE, \fIIEEE Standard for Information Technology -- Portable +Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, +1992. +.FE +It concentrates on the command interpreter +interface and utility programs +commonly executed from the command line or by other programs. +An initial version of the standard has been +approved and published by the IEEE, and work is currently underway to +update it. +There are four primary areas of work in the 1003.2 standard: +.IP \(bu +Aspects of the shell's syntax and command language. +A number of special builtins such as +.B cd +and +.B exec +are being specified as part of the shell, since their +functionality usually cannot be implemented by a separate executable; +.IP \(bu +A set of utilities to be called by shell scripts and applications. +Examples are programs like +.I sed, +.I tr, +and +.I awk. +Utilities commonly implemented as shell builtins +are described in this section, such as +.B test +and +.B kill . +An expansion of this section's scope, termed the User Portability +Extension, or UPE, has standardized interactive programs such as +.I vi +and +.I mailx; +.IP \(bu +A group of functional interfaces to services provided by the +shell, such as the traditional \f(CRsystem()\fP +C library function. There are functions to perform shell word +expansions, perform filename expansion (\fIglobbing\fP), obtain values +of POSIX.2 system configuration variables, retrieve values of +environment variables (\f(CRgetenv()\fP\^), and other services; +.IP \(bu +A suite of \*Qdevelopment\*U utilities such as +.I c89 +(the POSIX.2 version of \fIcc\fP), +and +.I yacc. +.PP +Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior +defined by POSIX.2. The shell command language has of +course been standardized, including the basic flow control +and program execution constructs, I/O redirection and +pipelining, argument handling, variable expansion, and quoting. +The +.I special +builtins, which must be implemented as part of the shell to +provide the desired functionality, are specified as being +part of the shell; examples of these are +.B eval +and +.B export . +Other utilities appear in the sections of POSIX.2 not +devoted to the shell which are commonly (and in some +cases must be) implemented as builtin commands, such as +.B read +and +.B test . +POSIX.2 also specifies aspects of the shell's +interactive behavior as part of +the UPE, including job control and command line editing. +Interestingly enough, only \fIvi\fP-style line editing commands +have been standardized; \fIemacs\fP editing commands were left +out due to objections. +.PP +While POSIX.2 includes much of what the shell has traditionally +provided, some important things have been omitted as being +\*Qbeyond its scope.\*U There is, for instance, no mention of +a difference between a +.I login +shell and any other interactive shell (since POSIX.2 does not +specify a login program). No fixed startup files are defined, +either \- the standard does not mention +.I .profile . +.NH 1 +Basic Bash features +.PP +Since the Bourne shell +provides Bash with most of its philosophical underpinnings, +Bash inherits most of its features and functionality from sh. +Bash implements all of the traditional sh flow +control constructs (\fIfor\fP, \fIif\fP, \fIwhile\fP, etc.). +All of the Bourne shell builtins, including those not specified in +the POSIX.2 standard, appear in Bash. Shell \fIfunctions\fP, +introduced in the SVR2 version of the Bourne shell, +are similar to shell scripts, but are defined using a special +syntax and are executed in the same process as the calling shell. +Bash has shell functions +which behave in a fashion upward-compatible with sh functions. +There are certain shell +variables that Bash interprets in the same way as sh, such as +.B PS1 , +.B IFS , +and +.B PATH . +Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and +variable expansion semantics, redirection, and quoting as the +Bourne shell. Where differences appear between the POSIX.2 +standard and traditional sh behavior, Bash follows POSIX. +.PP +The Korn Shell (\fBksh\fP) is a descendent of the Bourne shell written +at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David Korn\(dg. It provides a number of +useful features that POSIX and Bash have adopted. Many of the +interactive facilities in POSIX.2 have their roots in the ksh: +for example, the POSIX and ksh job control facilities are nearly +identical. Bash includes features from the Korn Shell for both +interactive use and shell programming. For programming, Bash provides +variables such as +.B RANDOM +and +.B REPLY , +the +.B typeset +builtin, +the ability to remove substrings from variables based on patterns, +and shell arithmetic. +.FS +\(dgMorris Bolsky and David Korn, \fIThe KornShell Command and +Programming Language\fP, Prentice Hall, 1989. +.FE +.B RANDOM +expands to a random number each time it is referenced; assigning a +value to +.B RANDOM +seeds the random number generator. +.B REPLY +is the default variable used by the +.B read +builtin when no variable names are supplied as arguments. +The +.B typeset +builtin is used to define variables and give them attributes +such as \fBreadonly\fP. +Bash arithmetic allows the evaluation of an expression and the +substitution of the result. Shell variables may be used as operands, +and the result of an expression may be assigned to a variable. +Nearly all of the operators from the C language are available, +with the same precedence rules: +.SE +$ echo $((3 + 5 * 32)) +163 +.EE +.LP +For interactive use, Bash implements ksh-style aliases and builtins +such as +.B fc +(discussed below) and +.B jobs . +Bash aliases allow a string to be substituted for a command name. +They can be used to create a mnemonic for a \s-1UNIX\s+1 command +name (\f(CRalias del=rm\fP), to expand a single word to a complex command +(\f(CRalias news='xterm -g 80x45 -title trn -e trn -e -S1 -N &'\fP), or to +ensure that a command is invoked with a basic set of options +(\f(CRalias ls="/bin/ls -F"\fP). +.PP +The C shell (\fBcsh\fP)\(dg, originally written by Bill Joy while at +Berkeley, is widely used and quite popular for its interactive +facilities. Bash includes a csh-compatible history expansion +mechanism (\*Q! history\*U), brace expansion, access to a stack +of directories via the +.B pushd , +.B popd , +and +.B dirs +builtins, and tilde expansion, to generate users' home directories. +Tilde expansion has also been adopted by both the Korn Shell and +POSIX.2. +.FS +\(dgBill Joy, An Introduction to the C Shell, \fIUNIX User's Supplementary +Documents\fP, University of California at Berkeley, 1986. +.FE +.PP +There were certain areas in which POSIX.2 felt standardization +was necessary, but no existing implementation provided the proper +behavior. The working group invented and standardized functionality +in these areas, which Bash implements. The +.B command +builtin was invented so that shell functions could be written to +replace builtins; it makes the capabilities of the builtin +available to the function. The reserved word \*Q!\*U was added +to negate the return value of a command or pipeline; it was nearly +impossible to express \*Qif not x\*U cleanly using the sh language. +There exist multiple incompatible implementations of the +.B test +builtin, which tests files for type and other attributes and performs +arithmetic and string comparisons. +POSIX considered none of these correct, so the standard +behavior was specified in terms of the number of arguments to the +command. POSIX.2 dictates exactly what will happen when four or +fewer arguments are given to +.B test , +and leaves the behavior undefined when more arguments are supplied. +Bash uses the POSIX.2 algorithm, which was conceived by David Korn. +.NH 2 +Features not in the Bourne Shell +.PP +There are a number of minor differences between Bash and the +version of sh present on most other versions of \s-1UNIX\s+1. The majority +of these are due to the POSIX standard, but some are the result of +Bash adopting features from other shells. For instance, Bash +includes the new \*Q!\*U reserved word, the +.B command +builtin, the ability of the +.B read +builtin to correctly return a line ending with a backslash, symbolic +arguments to the +.B umask +builtin, variable substring removal, a way to get the length of a variable, +and the new algorithm for the +.B test +builtin from the POSIX.2 standard, none of which appear in sh. +.PP +Bash also implements the \*Q$(...)\*U command substitution syntax, +which supersedes the sh `...` construct. +The \*Q$(...)\*U construct expands to the output of the command +contained within the +parentheses, with trailing newlines removed. The sh syntax is +accepted for backwards compatibility, but the \*Q$(...)\*U form +is preferred because its quoting rules are much simpler and it +is easier to nest. +.PP +The Bourne shell does not provide such features as brace expansion, +the ability +to define a variable and a function with the same name, local variables +in shell functions, the ability to enable and disable individual +builtins or write a function to replace a builtin, or a means to +export a shell function to a child process. +.PP +Bash has closed +a long-standing shell security hole by not using the +.B $IFS +variable to split each word read by the shell, but splitting only +the results of expansion (ksh and the 4.4 BSD sh have fixed this +as well). Useful behavior such as a means to abort +execution of a script read with the \*Q.\*U command using the +\fBreturn\fP builtin or automatically +exporting variables in the shell's environment to children is also +not present in the Bourne shell. Bash provides a much more powerful +environment for both interactive use and programming. +.NH 1 +Bash-specific Features +.PP +This section details a few of the features which make Bash unique. +Most of them provide improved interactive use, but a few programming +improvements are present as well. Full descriptions of these +features can be found in the Bash documentation. +.NH 2 +Startup Files +.PP +Bash executes startup files differently than other shells. The Bash +behavior is a compromise between the csh principle of startup files +with fixed names executed for each shell and the sh +\*Qminimalist\*U behavior. An interactive instance of Bash started +as a login shell reads and executes +.I ~/.bash_profile +(the file .bash_profile in the user's home directory), if it exists. +An interactive non-login shell reads and executes +.I ~/.bashrc . +A non-interactive shell (one begun to execute a shell script, for +example) reads no fixed startup file, but uses the value of the variable +.B $ENV , +if set, as the name of a startup file. The ksh practice of reading +.B $ENV +for every shell, with the accompanying difficulty of defining the +proper variables and functions for interactive and non-interactive +shells or having the file read only for interactive shells, was +considered too complex. Ease of use won out here. Interestingly, +the next release of ksh will change to reading +.B $ENV +only for interactive shells. +.NH 2 +New Builtin Commands +.PP +There are a few builtins which are new or have been extended in Bash. +The +.B enable +builtin allows builtin commands to be turned on and off arbitrarily. +To use the version of +.I echo +found in a user's search path rather than the Bash builtin, +\f(CRenable -n echo\fP suffices. The +.B help +builtin provides +quick synopses of the shell facilities without requiring +access to a manual page. +.B Builtin +is similar to +.B command +in that it bypasses shell functions and directly executes builtin +commands. Access to a csh-style stack of directories is provided +via the +.B pushd , +.B popd , +and +.B dirs +builtins. +.B Pushd +and +.B popd +insert and remove directories from the stack, respectively, and +.B dirs +lists the stack contents. On systems that allow fine-grained control +of resources, the +.B ulimit +builtin can be used to tune these settings. +.B Ulimit +allows a user to control, +among other things, whether core dumps are to be generated, +how much memory the shell or a child process is allowed to allocate, +and how large a file created by a child process can grow. The +.B suspend +command will stop the shell process when job control is active; most +other shells do not allow themselves to be stopped like that. +.B Type, +the Bash answer to +.B which +and +.B whence, +shows what will happen when a word is typed as a command: +.SE +$ type export +export is a shell builtin +$ type -t export +builtin +$ type bash +bash is /bin/bash +$ type cd +cd is a function +cd () +{ + builtin cd ${1+"$@"} && xtitle $HOST: $PWD +} +.EE +.LP +Various +modes tell what a command word is (reserved word, alias, function, builtin, +or file) or which version of a command will be executed based on +a user's search path. Some of this functionality has been adopted +by POSIX.2 and folded into the +.B command +utility. +.NH 2 +Editing and Completion +.PP +One area in which Bash shines is command line editing. Bash uses the +.I readline +library to read and edit lines when interactive. Readline is a +powerful and flexible input facility that a user can configure to +individual tastes. It allows lines to be edited using either emacs +or vi commands, where those commands are appropriate. The full +capability of emacs is not present \- there is no way to execute +a named command with M-x, for instance \- but the existing commands +are more than adequate. The vi mode is compliant with +the command line editing standardized by POSIX.2. +.PP +Readline is fully customizable. In addition to the basic commands +and key bindings, the library allows users to define additional +key bindings using a startup file. The +.I inputrc +file, which defaults to the file +.I ~/.inputrc , +is read each time readline initializes, permitting users to +maintain a consistent interface across a set of programs. Readline +includes an extensible interface, so each program using the +library can add its own bindable commands and program-specific +key bindings. Bash uses this facility to add bindings +that perform history expansion or shell word expansions on the current +input line. +.PP +Readline interprets a number of +variables which further tune its behavior. Variables +exist to control whether or not eight-bit characters are directly +read as input or converted to meta-prefixed key sequences (a +meta-prefixed key sequence consists of the character with the +eighth bit zeroed, preceded by the +.I meta-prefix +character, usually escape, which selects an alternate keymap), to +decide whether to output characters with the eighth bit set +directly or as a meta-prefixed key sequence, whether or not to +wrap to a new screen line when a line being edited is longer than +the screen width, the keymap to which subsequent key bindings should +apply, or even what happens when readline wants to +ring the terminal's bell. All of these variables can be set in +the inputrc file. +.PP +The startup file understands a set of C +preprocessor-like conditional constructs which allow variables or +key bindings to be assigned based on the application using readline, +the terminal currently being used, or the editing mode. Users can +add program-specific bindings to make their lives easier: I have +bindings that let me edit the value of +.B $PATH +and double-quote the current or previous word: +.SE +# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction +$if Bash +# edit the path +"\eC-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\ee\eC-e\eC-a\eef\eC-f" +# prepare to type a quoted word -- insert open and close double +# quotes and move to just after the open quote +"\eC-x\e"": "\e"\e"\eC-b" +# Quote the current or previous word +"\eC-xq": "\eeb\e"\eef\e"" +$endif +.EE +.LP +There is a readline +command to re-read the file, so users can edit the file, change +some bindings, and begin to use them almost immediately. +.PP +Bash implements the +.B bind +builtin for more dyamic control of readline than the startup file +permits. +.B Bind +is used in several ways. In +.I list +mode, it can display the current key bindings, list all the +readline editing directives available for binding, list which keys +invoke a given directive, or output the current set of key +bindings in a format that can be incorporated directly into an inputrc +file. In +.I batch +mode, it reads a series of key bindings directly from a file and +passes them to readline. In its most common usage, +.B bind +takes a single string and passes it directly to readline, which +interprets the line as if it had just been read from the inputrc file. +Both key bindings and variable assignments may appear in the +string given to +.B bind . +.PP +The readline library also provides an interface for \fIword completion\fP. +When the +.I completion +character (usually TAB) is typed, readline looks at the word currently +being entered and computes the set of filenames of which the current +word is a valid prefix. +If there is only one possible completion, the +rest of the characters are inserted directly, otherwise the +common prefix of the set of filenames is added to the current word. +A second TAB character entered immediately after a non-unique +completion causes readline to list the possible completions; there is +an option to have the list displayed immediately. +Readline provides hooks so that applications can provide specific types +of completion before the default filename completion is attempted. +This is quite flexible, though it is not completely user-programmable. +Bash, for example, can complete filenames, command names (including aliases, +builtins, shell reserved words, shell functions, and executables found +in the file system), shell variables, usernames, and hostnames. It +uses a set of heuristics that, while not perfect, is generally quite +good at determining what type of completion to attempt. +.NH 2 +History +.PP +Access to the list of commands previously entered (the \fIcommand history\fP) +is provided jointly by Bash and the readline library. Bash provides +variables (\fB$HISTFILE\fP, \fB$HISTSIZE\fP, and \fB$HISTCONTROL\fP) +and the +.B history +and +.B fc +builtins to manipulate the history list. +The value of +.B $HISTFILE +specifes the file where Bash writes the command history on exit and +reads it on startup. +.B $HISTSIZE +is used to limit the number of commands saved in the history. +.B $HISTCONTROL +provides a crude form of control over which commands are saved on +the history list: a value of +.I ignorespace +means to not save commands which begin with a space; a value of +.I ignoredups +means to not save commands identical to the last command saved. +\fB$HISTCONTROL\fP was named \fB$history_control\fP in earlier +versions of Bash; the old name is still accepted for backwards +compatibility. The +.B history +command can read or write files containing the history list +and display the current list contents. The +.B fc +builtin, adopted from POSIX.2 and the Korn Shell, allows display +and re-execution, with optional editing, +of commands from the history list. The readline +library offers a set of commands to search the history list for +a portion of the current input line or a string typed by the user. +Finally, the +.I history +library, generally incorporated directly into the readline library, +implements a facility for history recall, expansion, and re-execution +of previous commands very similar to csh +(\*Qbang history\*U, so called because the exclamation point +introduces a history substitution): +.SE +$ echo a b c d e +a b c d e +$ !! f g h i +echo a b c d e f g h i +a b c d e f g h i +$ !-2 +echo a b c d e +a b c d e +$ echo !-2:1-4 +echo a b c d +a b c d +.EE +.LP +The command history is only +saved when the shell is interactive, so it is not available for use +by shell scripts. +.NH 2 +New Shell Variables +.PP +There are a number of convenience variables that Bash interprets +to make life easier. These include +.B FIGNORE , +which is a set of filename suffixes identifying files to exclude when +completing filenames; +.B HOSTTYPE , +which is automatically set to a string describing the type of +hardware on which Bash is currently executing; +.B command_oriented_history , +which directs Bash to save all lines of a multiple-line +command such as a \fIwhile\fP or \fIfor\fP loop in a single +history entry, allowing easy re-editing; and +.B IGNOREEOF , +whose value indicates the number of consecutive EOF characters that +an interactive shell will read before exiting \- an easy way to keep +yourself from being logged out accidentally. The +.B auto_resume +variable alters the way the shell treats simple command names: +if job control is active, and this variable is set, single-word +simple commands without redirections cause the shell to first +look for and restart a suspended job with that name before +starting a new process. +.NH 2 +Brace Expansion +.PP +Since sh offers no convenient way to generate arbitrary strings that +share a common prefix or suffix (filename expansion requires that +the filenames exist), Bash implements \fIbrace expansion\fP, a +capability picked up from csh. +Brace expansion is similar to filename expansion, but the strings +generated need not correspond to existing files. A brace expression +consists of an optional +.I preamble , +followed by a pair of braces enclosing a series of comma-separated +strings, and an optional +.I postamble . +The preamble is prepended to each string within the braces, and the +postamble is then appended to each resulting string: +.SE +$ echo a{d,c,b}e +ade ace abe +.EE +.LP +As this example demonstrates, the results of brace expansion are not +sorted, as they are by filename expansion. +.NH 2 +Process Substitution +.PP +On systems that can support it, Bash provides a facility known as +\fIprocess substitution\fP. Process substitution is similar to command +substitution in that its specification includes a command to execute, +but the shell does not collect the command's output and insert it into +the command line. Rather, Bash opens a pipe to the command, which +is run in the background. The shell uses named pipes (FIFOs) or the +.I /dev/fd +method of naming open files to expand the process +substitution to a filename which connects to the pipe when opened. +This filename becomes the result of the expansion. Process substitution +can be used to compare the outputs of two different versions of an +application as part of a regression test: +.SE +$ cmp <(old_prog) <(new_prog) +.EE +.NH 2 +Prompt Customization +.PP +One of the more popular interactive features that Bash provides is +the ability to customize the prompt. Both +.B $PS1 +and +.B $PS2, +the primary and secondary prompts, are expanded before being +displayed. Parameter and variable expansion is performed when +the prompt string is expanded, so any shell variable can be +put into the prompt (e.g., +.B $SHLVL , +which indicates how deeply the current shell is nested). +Bash specially interprets characters in the prompt string +preceded by a backslash. Some of these backslash escapes are +replaced with +the current time, the date, the current working directory, +the username, and the command number or history number of the command +being entered. There is even a backslash escape to cause the shell +to change its prompt when running as root after an \fIsu\fP. +Before printing each primary prompt, Bash expands the variable +.B $PROMPT_COMMAND +and, if it has a value, executes the expanded value as a command, +allowing additional prompt customization. For example, this assignment +causes the current user, the current host, the time, the last +component of the current working directory, the level of shell +nesting, and the history number of the current command to be embedded +into the primary prompt: +.SE +$ PS1='\eu@\eh [\et] \eW($SHLVL:\e!)\e$ ' +chet@odin [21:03:44] documentation(2:636)$ cd .. +chet@odin [21:03:54] src(2:637)$ +.EE +.LP +The string being assigned is surrounded by single quotes so that if +it is exported, the value of +.B $SHLVL +will be updated by a child shell: +.SE +chet@odin [21:17:35] src(2:638)$ export PS1 +chet@odin [21:17:40] src(2:639)$ bash +chet@odin [21:17:46] src(3:696)$ +.EE +.LP +The \fP\e$\fP escape is displayed +as \*Q\fB$\fP\*U when running as a normal user, but as \*Q\fB#\fP\*U when +running as root. +.NH 2 +File System Views +.PP +Since Berkeley introduced symbolic links in 4.2 BSD, one of their most +annoying properties has been the \*Qwarping\*U to a completely +different area of the file system when using +.B cd , +and the resultant non-intuitive behavior of \*Q\fBcd ..\fP\*U. +The \s-1UNIX\s+1 kernel treats symbolic links +.I physically . +When the kernel is translating a pathname +in which one component is a symbolic link, it replaces all or part +of the pathname while processing the link. If the contents of the symbolic +link begin with a slash, the kernel replaces the +pathname entirely; if not, the link contents replace +the current component. In either case, the symbolic link +is visible. If the link value is an absolute pathname, +the user finds himself in a completely different part of the file +system. +.PP +Bash provides a +.I logical +view of the file system. In this default mode, command and filename +completion and builtin commands such as +.B cd +and +.B pushd +which change the current working directory transparently follow +symbolic links as if they were directories. +The +.B $PWD +variable, which holds the shell's idea of the current working directory, +depends on the path used to reach the directory rather than its +physical location in the local file system hierarchy. For example: +.SE +$ cd /usr/local/bin +$ echo $PWD +/usr/local/bin +$ pwd +/usr/local/bin +$ /bin/pwd +/net/share/sun4/local/bin +$ cd .. +$ pwd +/usr/local +$ /bin/pwd +/net/share/sun4/local +$ cd .. +$ pwd +/usr +$ /bin/pwd +/usr +.EE +.LP +One problem with this, of +course, arises when programs that do not understand the shell's logical +notion of the file system interpret \*Q..\*U differently. This generally +happens when Bash completes filenames containing \*Q..\*U according to a +logical hierarchy which does not correspond to their physical location. +For users who find this troublesome, a corresponding +.I physical +view of the file system is available: +.SE +$ cd /usr/local/bin +$ pwd +/usr/local/bin +$ set -o physical +$ pwd +/net/share/sun4/local/bin +.EE +.NH 2 +Internationalization +.PP +One of the most significant improvements in version 1.13 of Bash was the +change to \*Qeight-bit cleanliness\*U. Previous versions used the +eighth bit of characters to mark whether or not they were +quoted when performing word expansions. While this did not affect +the majority of users, most of whom used only seven-bit ASCII characters, +some found it confining. Beginning with version 1.13, Bash +implemented a different quoting mechanism that did not alter the +eighth bit of characters. This allowed Bash +to manipulate files with \*Qodd\*U characters in their names, but +did nothing to help users enter those names, so +version 1.13 introduced changes to readline that +made it eight-bit clean as well. Options exist that force readline to +attach no special significance to characters with the eighth bit set +(the default behavior is to convert these characters to meta-prefixed +key sequences) and to output these characters without conversion to +meta-prefixed sequences. These changes, along with the expansion of +keymaps to a full eight bits, enable readline to work with most of the +ISO-8859 family of character sets, used by many European countries. +.NH 2 +POSIX Mode +.PP +Although Bash is intended to be POSIX.2 conformant, there are areas in +which the default behavior is not compatible with the standard. For +users who wish to operate in a strict POSIX.2 environment, Bash +implements a \fIPOSIX mode\fP. When this mode is active, Bash modifies +its default operation where it differs from POSIX.2 to match the +standard. POSIX mode is entered when Bash is started with the +.B -posix +option. This feature is also available as an option to the +\fBset\fP builtin, \fBset -o posix\fP. +For compatibility with other GNU software that attempts to be POSIX.2 +compliant, Bash also enters POSIX mode if the variable +.B $POSIXLY_CORRECT +is set when Bash is started or assigned a value during execution. +.B $POSIX_PEDANTIC +is accepted as well, to be compatible with some older GNU utilities. +When Bash is started in POSIX mode, for example, it sources the +file named by the value of +.B $ENV +rather than the \*Qnormal\*U startup files, and does not allow +reserved words to be aliased. +.NH 1 +New Features and Future Plans +.PP +There are several features introduced in the current +version of Bash, version 1.14, and a number under consideration +for future releases. This section will briefly detail the new +features in version 1.14 and describe several features +that may appear in later versions. +.NH 2 +New Features in Bash-1.14 +.PP +The new features available in Bash-1.14 answer several of +the most common requests for enhancements. Most notably, there +is a mechanism +for including non-visible character sequences in prompts, such as +those which cause a terminal to print characters in different +colors or in standout mode. There was nothing preventing the use +of these sequences in earlier +versions, but the readline redisplay algorithm assumed each +character occupied physical screen space and would wrap lines +prematurely. +.PP +Readline has a few new +variables, several new bindable commands, and some additional +emacs mode default key bindings. A new history search +mode has been implemented: in this mode, readline searches the +history for lines beginning with the characters between the +beginning of the current line and the cursor. The existing readline +incremental search commands no longer match identical lines more +than once. +Filename completion now expands variables in directory names. +The history expansion facilities are now nearly +completely csh-compatible: missing modifiers have been added and +history substitution has been extended. +.PP +Several of the features described earlier, such as +.B "set -o posix" +and +.B $POSIX_PEDANTIC , +are new in version 1.14. +There is a new shell variable, +.B OSTYPE , +to which Bash assigns a value that identifies the +version of \s-1UNIX\s+1 it's +running on (great for putting architecture-specific binary directories +into the \fB$PATH\fP). +Two variables have been renamed: +.B $HISTCONTROL +replaces +.B $history_control , +and +.B $HOSTFILE +replaces +.B $hostname_completion_file . +In both cases, the old names are accepted for backwards +compatibility. The ksh +.I select +construct, which allows the generation of simple menus, +has been implemented. New capabilities have been added +to existing variables: +.B $auto_resume +can now take values of +.I exact +or +.I substring , +and +.B $HISTCONTROL +understands the value +.I ignoreboth , +which combines the two previously acceptable values. The +.B dirs +builtin has acquired options to print out specific members of the +directory stack. The +.B $nolinks +variable, which forces a physical view of the file system, +has been superseded by the +.B \-P +option to the +.B set +builtin (equivalent to \fBset -o physical\fP); the variable is retained +for backwards compatibility. The version string contained in +.B $BASH_VERSION +now includes an indication of the patch level as well as the +\*Qbuild version\*U. +Some little-used features have +been removed: the +.B bye +synonym for +.B exit +and the +.B $NO_PROMPT_VARS +variable are gone. There is now an organized test suite that can be +run as a regression test when building a new version of Bash. +.PP +The documentation has been thoroughly overhauled: +there is a new manual page on the readline library and the \fIinfo\fP +file has been updated to reflect the current version. +As always, as many bugs as possible have been fixed, although some +surely remain. +.NH 2 +Other Features +.PP +There are a few features that I hope to include in later Bash releases. +Some are based on work already done in other shells. +.PP +In addition to simple variables, a future release of Bash will include +one-dimensional arrays, using the ksh +implementation of arrays as a model. Additions to the ksh syntax, +such as \fIvarname\fP=( ... ) to assign a list of words directly to +an array and a mechanism to allow +the +.B read +builtin to read a list of values directly into an array, would be +desirable. Given those extensions, the ksh +.B "set \-A" +syntax may not be worth supporting (the +.B \-A +option assigns a list of values to an array, but is a rather +peculiar special case). +.PP +Some shells include a means of \fIprogrammable\fP word +completion, where the user specifies on a per-command basis how the +arguments of the command are to be treated when completion is attempted: +as filenames, hostnames, executable files, and so on. The other +aspects of the current Bash implementation could remain as-is; the +existing heuristics would still be valid. Only when completing the +arguments to a simple command would the programmable completion be +in effect. +.PP +It would also be nice to give the user finer-grained +control over which commands are saved onto the history list. One +proposal is for a variable, tentatively named +.B HISTIGNORE , +which would contain a colon-separated list of commands. Lines beginning +with these commands, after the restrictions of +.B $HISTCONTROL +have been applied, would not be placed onto the history list. The +shell pattern-matching capabilities could also be available when +specifying the contents of +.B $HISTIGNORE . +.PP +One thing that newer shells such as +.B wksh +(also known as +.B dtksh ) +provide is a command to dynamically load code +implementing additional builtin commands into a running shell. +This new builtin would take an object file or shared library +implementing the \*Qbody\*U of the +builtin (\fIxxx_builtin()\fP for those familiar with Bash internals) +and a structure containing the name of the new command, the function +to call when the new builtin is invoked (presumably defined in the +shared object specified as an argument), and the documentation to be +printed by the +.B help +command (possibly present in the shared object as well). It would +manage the details of extending the internal table of builtins. +.PP +A few other builtins would also be desirable: two are the POSIX.2 +.B getconf +command, which prints the values of system configuration variables +defined by POSIX.2, and a +.B disown +builtin, which causes a shell running +with job control active to \*Qforget about\*U one or more +background jobs in its internal jobs table. Using +.B getconf , +for example, a user could retrieve a value for +.B $PATH +guaranteed to find all of the POSIX standard utilities, or +find out how long filenames may be in the file system containing +a specified directory. +.PP +There are no implementation timetables for any of these features, nor +are there concrete plans to include them. If anyone has comments on +these proposals, feel free to send me electronic mail. +.NH 1 +Reflections and Lessons Learned +.PP +The lesson that has been repeated most often during Bash +development is that there are dark corners in the Bourne shell, +and people use all of them. In the original description of the +Bourne shell, quoting and the shell grammar are both poorly +specified and incomplete; subsequent descriptions have not helped +much. The grammar presented in Bourne's paper describing +the shell distributed with the Seventh Edition of \s-1UNIX\s+1\(dg +is so far off that it does not allow the command \f(CWwho|wc\fP. +In fact, as Tom Duff states: +.QP +Nobody really knows what the +Bourne shell's grammar is. Even examination of the source code is +little help.\(dd +.FS +\(dgS. R. Bourne, \*QUNIX Time-Sharing System: The UNIX Shell\*U, +\fIBell System Technical Journal\fP, 57(6), July-August, 1978, pp. 1971-1990. +.FE +.FS +\(ddTom Duff, \*QRc \- A Shell for Plan 9 and \s-1UNIX\s+1 systems\*U, +\fIProc. of the Summer 1990 EUUG Conference\fP, London, July, 1990, +pp. 21-33. +.FE +.LP +The POSIX.2 standard includes a \fIyacc\fP grammar that comes close +to capturing the Bourne shell's behavior, but it disallows some +constructs which sh accepts without complaint \- and there are +scripts out there that use them. It took a few versions and +several bug reports before Bash implemented sh-compatible quoting, +and there are still some \*Qlegal\*U sh constructs which Bash flags as +syntax errors. Complete sh compatibility is a tough nut. +.PP +The shell is bigger and slower than I would like, though the current +version is substantially faster than previously. The readline library +could stand a substantial rewrite. A hand-written parser to replace +the current \fIyacc\fP-generated one would probably result in a speedup, +and would solve one glaring problem: the shell could parse +commands in \*Q$(...)\*U constructs +as they are entered, rather than reporting errors when the construct +is expanded. +.PP +As always, there is some chaff to go with the wheat. +Areas of duplicated functionality need to be cleaned +up. There are several cases where Bash treats a variable specially to +enable functionality available another way (\fB$notify\fP vs. +\fBset -o notify\fP and \fB$nolinks\fP vs. \fBset -o physical\fP, for +instance); the special treatment of the variable name should probably +be removed. A few more things could stand removal; the +.B $allow_null_glob_expansion +and +.B $glob_dot_filenames +variables are of particularly questionable value. +The \fB$[...]\fP arithmetic evaluation syntax is redundant now that +the POSIX-mandated \fB$((...))\fP construct has been implemented, +and could be deleted. +It would be nice if the text output by the +.B help +builtin were external to the shell rather than compiled into it. +The behavior enabled by +.B $command_oriented_history , +which causes the shell to attempt to save all lines of a multi-line +command in a single history entry, should be made the default and +the variable removed. +.NH 1 +Availability +.PP +As with all other +GNU software, Bash is available for anonymous FTP from +.I prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu +and from other GNU software mirror sites. The current version is in +.I bash-1.14.1.tar.gz +in that directory. Use +.I archie +to find the nearest archive site. The +latest version is always available for FTP from +.I bash.CWRU.Edu:/pub/dist. +Bash documentation is available for FTP from +.I bash.CWRU.Edu:/pub/bash. +.PP +The Free Software Foundation sells tapes and CD-ROMs +containing Bash; send electronic mail to +\f(CRgnu@prep.ai.mit.edu\fP or call \f(CR+1-617-876-3296\fP +for more information. +.PP +Bash is also distributed with several versions of \s-1UNIX\s+1-compatible +systems. It is included as /bin/sh and /bin/bash on several Linux +distributions (more about the difference in a moment), and as contributed +software in BSDI's BSD/386* and FreeBSD. +.FS +*BSD/386 is a trademark of Berkeley Software Design, Inc. +.FE +.PP +The Linux distribution deserves special mention. There are two +configurations included in the standard Bash distribution: a +\*Qnormal\*U configuration, in which all of the standard features +are included, and a \*Qminimal\*U configuration, which omits job +control, aliases, history and command line editing, the directory +stack and +.B pushd/popd/dirs, +process substitution, prompt string special character decoding, and the +.I select +construct. This minimal version is designed to be a drop-in replacement +for the traditional \s-1UNIX\s+1 /bin/sh, and is included as the Linux +/bin/sh in several packagings. +.NH 1 +Conclusion +.PP +Bash is a worthy successor to sh. +It is sufficiently portable +to run on nearly every version of \s-1UNIX\s+1 from +4.3 BSD to SVR4.2, and several \s-1UNIX\s+1 workalikes. +It is robust enough to replace sh on most of those systems, +and provides more functionality. It has several thousand regular users, +and their feedback has helped to make it as good as it is today \- a +testament to the benefits of free software. diff --git a/doc/article.pdf b/doc/article.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2aaf9e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/article.pdf diff --git a/doc/article.ps b/doc/article.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3aadf2f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/article.ps @@ -0,0 +1,1418 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.16.1 +%%CreationDate: Mon Nov 19 13:06:55 2001 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Times-Roman +%%+ font Courier +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.16 1 +%%Pages: 11 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.16 1 +/setpacking where{ +pop +currentpacking +true setpacking +}if +/grops 120 dict dup begin +/SC 32 def +/A/show load def +/B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/C{0 exch ashow}bind 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Each)72 477 R(area of standardization is assigned to a w) +2.5 E(orking group in the 1003 series.)-.1 E 2.814 +(The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been de)97 492.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.814(loped by IEEE W).15 F 2.813(orking Group 1003.2)-.8 F .254 +(\(POSIX.2\).\210 It concentrates on the command interpreter interf)72 +504.6 R .253(ace and utility programs commonly e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted).15 E 1.112(from the command line or by other programs.)72 516.6 +R 1.112(An initial v)6.112 F 1.113 +(ersion of the standard has been appro)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.613(da) +.15 G(nd)-3.613 E .365(published by the IEEE, and w)72 528.6 R .365 +(ork is currently underw)-.1 F .365(ay to update it.)-.1 F .365 +(There are four primary areas of w)5.365 F(ork)-.1 E +(in the 1003.2 standard:)72 540.6 Q 21.5<8341>72 556.2 S .835 +(spects of the shell')-21.5 F 3.335(ss)-.55 G .835 +(yntax and command language.)-3.335 F 3.335(An)5.835 G .835 +(umber of special b)-3.335 F .835(uiltins such as)-.2 F F2(cd)3.335 E F3 +(and)3.335 E F2(exec)97 568.2 Q F3 .545(are being speci\214ed as part o\ +f the shell, since their functionality usually cannot be implemented) +3.046 F(by a separate e)97 580.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable;).15 E 21.5 +<8341>72 595.8 S .926 +(set of utilities to be called by shell scripts and applications.) +-18.074 F .927(Examples are programs lik)5.927 F(e)-.1 E F1 .927 +(sed, tr)3.427 F(,)-1.11 E F3(and)97 607.8 Q F1(awk.)2.797 E F3 .297 +(Utilities commonly implemented as shell b)5.297 F .296 +(uiltins are described in this section, such as)-.2 F F2(test)2.796 E F3 +(and)97 619.8 Q F2(kill)3.422 E F3 5.922(.A)C 3.422(ne)-5.922 G .922 +(xpansion of this section')-3.572 F 3.423(ss)-.55 G .923 +(cope, termed the User Portability Extension, or UPE, has)-3.423 F +(standardized interacti)97 631.8 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.25 H(rograms such as) +.15 E F1(vi)2.5 E F3(and)2.5 E F1(mailx;)2.5 E F3 21.5<8341>72 647.4 S +.288(group of functional interf)-18.712 F .287(aces to services pro)-.1 +F .287(vided by the shell, such as the traditional)-.15 F/F6 10 +/Courier@0 SF(system\(\))2.787 E F3 3.289(Cl)97 659.4 S .789 +(ibrary function.)-3.289 F .789(There are functions to perform shell w) +5.789 F .789(ord e)-.1 F .79(xpansions, perform \214lename e)-.15 F +(xpan-)-.15 E .324(sion \()97 671.4 R F1(globbing)A F3 .324 +(\), obtain v)B .323(alues of POSIX.2 system con\214guration v)-.25 F +.323(ariables, retrie)-.25 F .623 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .323(alues of en)-.1 +F(viron-)-.4 E(ment v)97 683.4 Q(ariables \()-.25 E F6(getenv\(\))A F3 +(\), and other services;).833 E .32 LW 144 691.4 72 691.4 DL F4 +(*An earlier v)72 703.2 Q +(ersion of this article appeared in The Linux Journal.)-.12 E(\210IEEE,) +72 715 Q/F7 8/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.231(IEEE Standar)3.231 F 3.231(df) +-.296 G 1.231(or Information T)-3.231 F(ec)-.736 E(hnolo)-.12 E 1.231 +(gy -- P)-.08 F 1.231(ortable Oper)-.64 F 1.232 +(ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.12 F 1.232(art 2:)-.64 F +(Shell and Utilities)72 725 Q F4 2(,1)C(992.)-2 E EP +%%Page: 2 2 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-2-)282.17 48 Q 21.5<8341>72 84 S +(suite of \231de)-19 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(lopment\232 utilities such as).15 +E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c89)2.5 E F0(\(the POSIX.2 v)2.5 E(ersion of) +-.15 E F1(cc)2.5 E F0(\), and)A F1(yacc.)2.5 E F0 .483 +(Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell')97 99.6 R 2.983(sb) +-.55 G(eha)-2.983 E .484(vior de\214ned by POSIX.2.)-.2 F .484 +(The shell command)5.484 F 1.439 +(language has of course been standardized, including the basic \215o)72 +111.6 R 3.938(wc)-.25 G 1.438(ontrol and program e)-3.938 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 1.438(cution con-).15 F 1.284 +(structs, I/O redirection and pipelining, ar)72 123.6 R 1.284 +(gument handling, v)-.18 F 1.284(ariable e)-.25 F 1.284 +(xpansion, and quoting.)-.15 F(The)6.285 E F1(special)3.785 E F0 -.2(bu) +72 135.6 S .676 +(iltins, which must be implemented as part of the shell to pro).2 F .676 +(vide the desired functionality)-.15 F 3.176(,a)-.65 G .676 +(re speci\214ed)-3.176 F .7(as being part of the shell; e)72 147.6 R .7 +(xamples of these are)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)3.201 +H(l).15 E F0(and)3.201 E F2(export)3.201 E F0 5.701(.O)C .701 +(ther utilities appear in the sections of)-5.701 F .256(POSIX.2 not de) +72 159.6 R -.2(vo)-.25 G .256(ted to the shell which are commonly \(and\ + in some cases must be\) implemented as b).2 F(uiltin)-.2 E .213 +(commands, such as)72 171.6 R F2 -.18(re)2.713 G(ad).18 E F0(and)2.713 E +F2(test)2.713 E F0 5.213(.P)C .213 +(OSIX.2 also speci\214es aspects of the shell')-5.213 F 2.713(si)-.55 G +(nteracti)-2.713 E .513 -.15(ve b)-.25 H(eha).15 E .214(vior as part)-.2 +F .598(of the UPE, including job control and command line editing.)72 +183.6 R .598(Interestingly enough, only)5.598 F F1(vi)3.098 E F0 .598 +(-style line edit-)B(ing commands ha)72 195.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een standardized;).15 E F1(emacs)2.5 E F0 +(editing commands were left out due to objections.)2.5 E 1.128 +(While POSIX.2 includes much of what the shell has traditionally pro)97 +211.2 R 1.129(vided, some important things)-.15 F(ha)72 223.2 Q .344 +-.15(ve b)-.2 H .044(een omitted as being \231be).15 F .044 +(yond its scope.)-.15 F 5.043<9a54>-.7 G .043 +(here is, for instance, no mention of a dif)-5.043 F .043 +(ference between a)-.25 F F1(lo)72 235.2 Q(gin)-.1 E F0 1.445 +(shell and an)3.945 F 3.945(yo)-.15 G 1.445(ther interacti)-3.945 F +1.745 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.446 +(hell \(since POSIX.2 does not specify a login program\).).15 F 1.446 +(No \214x)6.446 F(ed)-.15 E(startup \214les are de\214ned, either \255 \ +the standard does not mention)72 247.2 Q F1(.pr)2.5 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 +(.)A F2 2.5(3. Basic)72 271.2 R(Bash featur)2.5 E(es)-.18 E F0 1.448 +(Since the Bourne shell pro)97 286.8 R 1.448 +(vides Bash with most of its philosophical underpinnings, Bash inherits) +-.15 F .64(most of its features and functionality from sh.)72 298.8 R +.641(Bash implements all of the traditional sh \215o)5.641 F 3.141(wc) +-.25 G .641(ontrol con-)-3.141 F .8(structs \()72 310.8 R F1(for)A F0(,) +A F1(if)3.3 E F0(,)A F1(while)3.3 E F0 3.3(,e)C 3.3(tc.\). All)-3.3 F +.799(of the Bourne shell b)3.3 F .799 +(uiltins, including those not speci\214ed in the POSIX.2)-.2 F .536 +(standard, appear in Bash.)72 322.8 R(Shell)5.536 E F1(functions)3.036 E +F0 3.036(,i)C .536(ntroduced in the SVR2 v)-3.036 F .537 +(ersion of the Bourne shell, are similar)-.15 F .779 +(to shell scripts, b)72 334.8 R .779 +(ut are de\214ned using a special syntax and are e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.779(cuted in the same process as the calling).15 F 2.841(shell. Bash)72 +346.8 R .341(has shell functions which beha)2.841 F .641 -.15(ve i)-.2 H +2.841(naf).15 G .341(ashion upw)-2.941 F .342 +(ard-compatible with sh functions.)-.1 F .342(There are)5.342 F 1.447 +(certain shell v)72 358.8 R 1.446 +(ariables that Bash interprets in the same w)-.25 F 1.446 +(ay as sh, such as)-.1 F F2(PS1)3.946 E F0(,)A F2(IFS)3.946 E F0 3.946 +(,a)C(nd)-3.946 E F2 -.74(PA)3.946 G(TH)-.21 E F0 6.446(.B)C(ash)-6.446 +E 1.423(implements essentially the same grammar)72 370.8 R 3.924(,p)-.4 +G 1.424(arameter and v)-3.924 F 1.424(ariable e)-.25 F 1.424 +(xpansion semantics, redirection, and)-.15 F 1.06 +(quoting as the Bourne shell.)72 382.8 R 1.06(Where dif)6.06 F 1.06 +(ferences appear between the POSIX.2 standard and traditional sh)-.25 F +(beha)72 394.8 Q(vior)-.2 E 2.5(,B)-.4 G(ash follo)-2.5 E(ws POSIX.)-.25 +E 1.608(The K)97 410.4 R 1.608(orn Shell \()-.35 F F2(ksh)A F0 4.108 +(\)i)C 4.108(sad)-4.108 G 1.608 +(escendent of the Bourne shell written at A)-4.108 F 1.609 +(T&T Bell Laboratories by)-1.11 F(Da)72 422.4 Q 1.059(vid K)-.2 F 3.559 +(orn\207. It)-.35 F(pro)3.559 E 1.059 +(vides a number of useful features that POSIX and Bash ha)-.15 F 1.359 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.558(dopted. Man).15 F 3.558(yo)-.15 G 3.558(ft)-3.558 +G(he)-3.558 E(interacti)72 434.4 Q 1.312 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.012 +(acilities in POSIX.2 ha).05 F 1.312 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.012 +(heir roots in the ksh: for e).15 F 1.013 +(xample, the POSIX and ksh job control)-.15 F -.1(fa)72 446.4 S .513 +(cilities are nearly identical. Bash includes features from the K).1 F +.513(orn Shell for both interacti)-.35 F .813 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .513 +(se and shell).15 F 3.905(programming. F)72 458.4 R 1.405 +(or programming, Bash pro)-.15 F 1.405(vides v)-.15 F 1.405 +(ariables such as)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)3.905 E F0(and)3.905 E F2(REPL)3.905 +E(Y)-.92 E F0 3.905(,t)C(he)-3.905 E F2(typeset)3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)72 +470.4 S .398(iltin, the ability to remo).2 F .698 -.15(ve s)-.15 H .398 +(ubstrings from v).15 F .398 +(ariables based on patterns, and shell arithmetic.)-.25 F F2(RANDOM) +5.397 E F0 -.15(ex)72 482.4 S .489 +(pands to a random number each time it is referenced; assigning a v).15 +F .49(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)2.99 E F0 .49(seeds the random)2.99 F +.055(number generator)72 494.4 R(.)-.55 E F2(REPL)5.055 E(Y)-.92 E F0 +.054(is the def)2.554 F .054(ault v)-.1 F .054(ariable used by the)-.25 +F F2 -.18(re)2.554 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.554 G .054(iltin when no v).2 +F .054(ariable names are sup-)-.25 F .742(plied as ar)72 506.4 R 3.243 +(guments. The)-.18 F F2(typeset)3.243 E F0 -.2(bu)3.243 G .743 +(iltin is used to de\214ne v).2 F .743(ariables and gi)-.25 F 1.043 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H .743(hem attrib).15 F .743(utes such as)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) +3.243 G(ad-).18 E(only)72 518.4 Q F0 5.512(.B)C .512 +(ash arithmetic allo)-5.512 F .512(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .511 +(luation of an e).25 F .511 +(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F .511(Shell v)5.511 +F(ari-)-.25 E .222 +(ables may be used as operands, and the result of an e)72 530.4 R .222 +(xpression may be assigned to a v)-.15 F 2.722(ariable. Nearly)-.25 F +.222(all of)2.722 F(the operators from the C language are a)72 542.4 Q +-.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, with the same precedence rules:).25 E/F3 10 +/Courier@0 SF 6($e)97 560.4 S(cho $\(\(3 + 5 * 32\)\))-6 E(163)97 572.4 +Q F0 -.15(Fo)72 594 S 3.24(ri).15 G(nteracti)-3.24 E 1.04 -.15(ve u)-.25 +H .74(se, Bash implements ksh-style aliases and b).15 F .74 +(uiltins such as)-.2 F F2(fc)3.24 E F0 .74(\(discussed belo)3.24 F .74 +(w\) and)-.25 F F2(jobs)3.24 E F0(.)A .291(Bash aliases allo)72 606 R +2.791(was)-.25 G .291(tring to be substituted for a command name.)-2.791 +F(The)5.291 E 2.791(yc)-.15 G .291(an be used to create a mnemonic) +-2.791 F .568(for a)72 618 R/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)3.068 E F0 .568 +(command name \()3.068 F F3 .568(alias del=rm)B F0 .568(\), to e)B .567 +(xpand a single w)-.15 F .567(ord to a comple)-.1 F 3.067(xc)-.15 G .567 +(ommand \()-3.067 F F3(alias)A .255 +(news='xterm -g 80x45 -title trn -e trn -e -S1 -N &')72 630 R F0 .255 +(\), or to ensure that a command)B(is in)72 642 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 +G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith a basic set of options \()-2.5 E F3 +(alias ls="/bin/ls -F")A F0(\).)A .293(The C shell \()97 657.6 R F2(csh) +A F0 .293(\)\207, originally written by Bill Jo)B 2.792(yw)-.1 G .292 +(hile at Berk)-2.792 F(ele)-.1 E 1.592 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 2.792(sw).65 G +.292(idely used and quite popular)-2.792 F 1.499(for its interacti)72 +669.6 R 1.799 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 3.999(acilities. Bash).05 F 1.499 +(includes a csh-compatible history e)3.999 F 1.5 +(xpansion mechanism \(\231! history\232\),)-.15 F .019(brace e)72 681.6 +R .018(xpansion, access to a stack of directories via the)-.15 F F2 +(pushd)2.518 E F0(,)A F2(popd)2.518 E F0 2.518(,a)C(nd)-2.518 E F2(dirs) +2.518 E F0 -.2(bu)2.518 G .018(iltins, and tilde e).2 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +1.293(to generate users' home directories.)72 693.6 R -.35(Ti)6.294 G +1.294(lde e).35 F 1.294(xpansion has also been adopted by both the K) +-.15 F 1.294(orn Shell and)-.35 F .32 LW 144 708.2 72 708.2 DL/F5 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(\207Morris Bolsk)72 720 Q 2(ya)-.12 G(nd Da)-2 E +(vid K)-.16 E(orn,)-.28 E/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(The K)2 E +(ornShell Command and Pr)-.32 E -.08(og)-.36 G -.12(ra).08 G +(mming Langua).12 E -.08(ge)-.08 G F5 2(,P).08 G(rentice Hall, 1989.)-2 +E EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-3-)282.17 48 Q(POSIX.2.)72 84 Q .148 +(There were certain areas in which POSIX.2 felt standardization w)97 +99.6 R .149(as necessary)-.1 F 2.649(,b)-.65 G .149(ut no e)-2.849 F +.149(xisting imple-)-.15 F 1.598(mentation pro)72 111.6 R 1.598 +(vided the proper beha)-.15 F(vior)-.2 E 6.598(.T)-.55 G 1.598(he w) +-6.598 F 1.597(orking group in)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.597 +(nted and standardized functionality in).15 F .674 +(these areas, which Bash implements.)72 123.6 R(The)5.674 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(command)3.174 E F0 -.2(bu)3.174 G .674(iltin w).2 F +.674(as in)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .674 +(nted so that shell functions could be).15 F .996(written to replace b) +72 135.6 R .996(uiltins; it mak)-.2 F .996(es the capabilities of the b) +-.1 F .995(uiltin a)-.2 F -.25(va)-.2 G .995(ilable to the function.).25 +F .995(The reserv)5.995 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)72 147.6 S 1.731 +(rd \231!\232 w).1 F 1.731(as added to ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.731 +(te the return v).05 F 1.731(alue of a command or pipeline; it w)-.25 F +1.732(as nearly impossible to)-.1 F -.15(ex)72 159.6 S .286 +(press \231if not x\232 cleanly using the sh language.).15 F .286 +(There e)5.286 F .286(xist multiple incompatible implementations of the) +-.15 F F1(test)72 171.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.163 G .663 +(iltin, which tests \214les for type and other attrib).2 F .664 +(utes and performs arithmetic and string comparisons.)-.2 F .5 +(POSIX considered none of these correct, so the standard beha)72 183.6 R +.5(vior w)-.2 F .5(as speci\214ed in terms of the number of)-.1 F(ar)72 +195.6 Q .412(guments to the command.)-.18 F .412(POSIX.2 dictates e) +5.412 F .412(xactly what will happen when four or fe)-.15 F .412(wer ar) +-.25 F .412(guments are)-.18 F(gi)72 207.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.01(nt).15 +G(o)-5.01 E F1(test)5.01 E F0 5.01(,a)C 2.51(nd lea)-5.01 F -.15(ve)-.2 +G 5.01(st).15 G 2.51(he beha)-5.01 F 2.51(vior unde\214ned when more ar) +-.2 F 2.51(guments are supplied.)-.18 F 2.51(Bash uses the)7.51 F +(POSIX.2 algorithm, which w)72 219.6 Q(as concei)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(db).15 G 2.5(yD)-2.5 G -.2(av)-2.5 G(id K).2 E(orn.)-.35 E F1 2.5 +(3.1. F)72 243.6 R(eatur)-.25 E(es not in the Bour)-.18 E(ne Shell)-.15 +E F0 .718(There are a number of minor dif)97 259.2 R .719 +(ferences between Bash and the v)-.25 F .719 +(ersion of sh present on most other)-.15 F -.15(ve)72 271.2 S .874 +(rsions of).15 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)3.374 E F0 5.873(.T)C .873 +(he majority of these are due to the POSIX standard, b)-5.873 F .873 +(ut some are the result of Bash)-.2 F .386 +(adopting features from other shells.)72 283.2 R -.15(Fo)5.386 G 2.886 +(ri).15 G .386(nstance, Bash includes the ne)-2.886 F 2.886<7799>-.25 G +.386(!\232 reserv)-2.886 F .386(ed w)-.15 F .386(ord, the)-.1 F F1 +(command)2.886 E F0 -.2(bu)72 295.2 S .116(iltin, the ability of the).2 +F F1 -.18(re)2.616 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.615 G .115 +(iltin to correctly return a line ending with a backslash, symbolic ar) +.2 F(guments)-.18 E .798(to the)72 307.2 R F1(umask)3.298 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.298 G .798(iltin, v).2 F .798(ariable substring remo)-.25 F -.25(va) +-.15 G .798(l, a w).25 F .799(ay to get the length of a v)-.1 F .799 +(ariable, and the ne)-.25 F 3.299(wa)-.25 G(lgo-)-3.299 E(rithm for the) +72 319.2 Q F1(test)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin from the POSIX.2 standard, none of which appear in sh.).2 E 1.225 +(Bash also implements the \231$\(...\)\232 command substitution syntax,\ + which supersedes the sh `...` con-)97 334.8 R 2.851(struct. The)72 +346.8 R .351(\231$\(...\)\232 construct e)2.851 F .351(xpands to the ou\ +tput of the command contained within the parentheses, with)-.15 F .664 +(trailing ne)72 358.8 R .664(wlines remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.164 +(d. The).15 F .664(sh syntax is accepted for backw)3.164 F .664 +(ards compatibility)-.1 F 3.164(,b)-.65 G .664 +(ut the \231$\(...\)\232 form is)-3.364 F(preferred because its quoting\ + rules are much simpler and it is easier to nest.)72 370.8 Q .772 +(The Bourne shell does not pro)97 386.4 R .772 +(vide such features as brace e)-.15 F .772 +(xpansion, the ability to de\214ne a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E .283 +(and a function with the same name, local v)72 398.4 R .282 +(ariables in shell functions, the ability to enable and disable indi-) +-.25 F .547(vidual b)72 410.4 R .547 +(uiltins or write a function to replace a b)-.2 F .547 +(uiltin, or a means to e)-.2 F .547 +(xport a shell function to a child pro-)-.15 F(cess.)72 422.4 Q .32 +(Bash has closed a long-standing shell security hole by not using the)97 +438 R F1($IFS)2.82 E F0 -.25(va)2.82 G .32(riable to split each w).25 F +(ord)-.1 E 1.254(read by the shell, b)72 450 R 1.254 +(ut splitting only the results of e)-.2 F 1.255 +(xpansion \(ksh and the 4.4 BSD sh ha)-.15 F 1.555 -.15(ve \214)-.2 H +-.15(xe).15 G 3.755(dt).15 G 1.255(his as)-3.755 F 2.907(well\). Useful) +72 462 R(beha)2.907 E .407(vior such as a means to abort e)-.2 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .407(cution of a script read with the \231.).15 F 2.906<9a63> +-.7 G .406(ommand using the)-2.906 F F1 -.18(re)72 474 S(tur).18 E(n) +-.15 E F0 -.2(bu)2.742 G .242(iltin or automatically e).2 F .242 +(xporting v)-.15 F .243(ariables in the shell')-.25 F 2.743(se)-.55 G +-.4(nv)-2.743 G .243(ironment to children is also not present).4 F .969 +(in the Bourne shell.)72 486 R .968(Bash pro)5.968 F .968 +(vides a much more po)-.15 F .968(werful en)-.25 F .968 +(vironment for both interacti)-.4 F 1.268 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .968 +(se and pro-).15 F(gramming.)72 498 Q F1 2.5(4. Bash-speci\214c)72 522 R +-.25(Fe)2.5 G(atur).25 E(es)-.18 E F0 .491(This section details a fe)97 +537.6 R 2.991(wo)-.25 G 2.991(ft)-2.991 G .491(he features which mak) +-2.991 F 2.991(eB)-.1 G .491(ash unique.)-2.991 F .492(Most of them pro) +5.491 F .492(vide impro)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d).15 E(interacti)72 549.6 +Q 1.182 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .882(se, b).15 F .882(ut a fe)-.2 F 3.382(wp) +-.25 G .882(rogramming impro)-3.382 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .882 +(ments are present as well.).15 F .882(Full descriptions of these fea-) +5.882 F(tures can be found in the Bash documentation.)72 561.6 Q F1 2.5 +(4.1. Startup)72 585.6 R(Files)2.5 E F0 .161(Bash e)97 601.2 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .161(cutes startup \214les dif).15 F .161 +(ferently than other shells.)-.25 F .162(The Bash beha)5.161 F .162 +(vior is a compromise between)-.2 F .29 +(the csh principle of startup \214les with \214x)72 613.2 R .29 +(ed names e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .29 +(cuted for each shell and the sh \231minimalist\232 beha).15 F(vior)-.2 +E(.)-.55 E 2.955(An interacti)72 625.2 R 3.255 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.955 +(nstance of Bash started as a login shell reads and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cutes).15 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bash_pr)5.456 E(o\214le)-.45 E +F0 2.956(\(the \214le)5.456 F .954(.bash_pro\214le in the user')72 637.2 +R 3.454(sh)-.55 G .953(ome directory\), if it e)-3.454 F 3.453 +(xists. An)-.15 F(interacti)3.453 E 1.253 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .953 +(on-login shell reads and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F3 +(~/.bashr)72 649.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 5.641(.A)C(non-interacti)-2.5 E .942 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .642(hell \(one be).15 F .642(gun to e)-.15 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .642(cute a shell script, for e).15 F .642 +(xample\) reads no \214x)-.15 F .642(ed startup)-.15 F .342(\214le, b)72 +661.2 R .342(ut uses the v)-.2 F .342(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 +E F1($ENV)2.842 E F0 2.841(,i)C 2.841(fs)-2.841 G .341 +(et, as the name of a startup \214le.)-2.841 F .341 +(The ksh practice of read-)5.341 F(ing)72 673.2 Q F1($ENV)3.114 E F0 +.614(for e)3.114 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .614(ry shell, with the accompan).15 F +.615(ying dif)-.15 F .615(\214culty of de\214ning the proper v)-.25 F +.615(ariables and functions)-.25 F .721(for interacti)72 685.2 R 1.021 +-.15(ve a)-.25 H .721(nd non-interacti).15 F 1.021 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .721 +(hells or ha).15 F .721(ving the \214le read only for interacti)-.2 F +1.02 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .72(hells, w).15 F .72(as considered)-.1 F .158 +(too comple)72 697.2 R 2.658(x. Ease)-.15 F .158(of use w)2.658 F .158 +(on out here.)-.1 F(Interestingly)5.158 E 2.658(,t)-.65 G .158(he ne) +-2.658 F .159(xt release of ksh will change to reading)-.15 F F1($ENV) +2.659 E .32 LW 144 705.2 72 705.2 DL/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .559 +(\207Bill Jo)72 717 R 1.599 -.52(y, A)-.08 H 2.559(nI).52 G .559 +(ntroduction to the C Shell,)-2.559 F/F5 8/Times-Italic@0 SF .558 +(UNIX User')2.558 F 2.558(sS)-.32 G .558(upplementary Documents)-2.558 F +F4 2.558(,U)C(ni)-2.558 E -.12(ve)-.2 G .558(rsity of California at).12 +F(Berk)72 727 Q(ele)-.08 E 1.04 -.52(y, 1)-.12 H(986.).52 E EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-4-)282.17 48 Q(only for interacti)72 84 Q .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(4.2. New)72 108 +R(Builtin Commands)2.5 E F0 1.02(There are a fe)97 123.6 R 3.52(wb)-.25 +G 1.02(uiltins which are ne)-3.72 F 3.52(wo)-.25 G 3.52(rh)-3.52 G -2.25 +-.2(av e)-3.52 H 1.02(been e)3.72 F 1.02(xtended in Bash.)-.15 F(The) +6.02 E F1(enable)3.52 E F0 -.2(bu)3.52 G 1.02(iltin allo).2 F(ws)-.25 E +-.2(bu)72 135.6 S .824(iltin commands to be turned on and of).2 F 3.324 +(fa)-.25 G(rbitrarily)-3.324 E 5.824(.T)-.65 G 3.324(ou)-6.624 G .824 +(se the v)-3.324 F .824(ersion of)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ec) +3.324 E(ho)-.15 E F0 .825(found in a user')3.324 F 3.325(ss)-.55 G +(earch)-3.325 E .625(path rather than the Bash b)72 147.6 R(uiltin,)-.2 +E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .625(enable -n echo)3.125 F F0(suf)3.125 E 3.125 +(\214ces. The)-.25 F F1(help)3.124 E F0 -.2(bu)3.124 G .624(iltin pro).2 +F .624(vides quick synopses)-.15 F .703(of the shell f)72 159.6 R .704 +(acilities without requiring access to a manual page.)-.1 F F1(Builtin) +5.704 E F0 .704(is similar to)3.204 F F1(command)3.204 E F0 .704 +(in that it)3.204 F .342(bypasses shell functions and directly e)72 +171.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .342(cutes b).15 F .342(uiltin commands.)-.2 F +.342(Access to a csh-style stack of directories)5.342 F .072(is pro)72 +183.6 R .073(vided via the)-.15 F F1(pushd)2.573 E F0(,)A F1(popd)2.573 +E F0 2.573(,a)C(nd)-2.573 E F1(dirs)2.573 E F0 -.2(bu)2.573 G(iltins.).2 +E F1(Pushd)5.073 E F0(and)2.573 E F1(popd)2.573 E F0 .073 +(insert and remo)2.573 F .373 -.15(ve d)-.15 H .073(irectories from the) +.15 F 2.858(stack, respecti)72 195.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.358(,a) +-.65 G(nd)-5.358 E F1(dirs)5.358 E F0 2.858(lists the stack contents.) +5.358 F 2.858(On systems that allo)7.858 F 5.358<778c>-.25 G 2.857 +(ne-grained control of)-5.358 F 1.339(resources, the)72 207.6 R F1 +(ulimit)3.839 E F0 -.2(bu)3.839 G 1.339 +(iltin can be used to tune these settings.).2 F F1(Ulimit)6.34 E F0 +(allo)3.84 E 1.34(ws a user to control, among)-.25 F 1.086 +(other things, whether core dumps are to be generated, ho)72 219.6 R +3.586(wm)-.25 G 1.086(uch memory the shell or a child process is)-3.586 +F(allo)72 231.6 Q .496(wed to allocate, and ho)-.25 F 2.996(wl)-.25 G +(ar)-2.996 E .496(ge a \214le created by a child process can gro)-.18 F +4.296 -.65(w. T)-.25 H(he).65 E F1(suspend)2.996 E F0 .497(command will) +2.997 F .744(stop the shell process when job control is acti)72 243.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.243(;m).15 G .743(ost other shells do not allo)-3.243 F +3.243(wt)-.25 G(hemselv)-3.243 E .743(es to be stopped)-.15 F(lik)72 +255.6 Q 2.717(et)-.1 G(hat.)-2.717 E F1 -.74(Ty)5.217 G(pe,).74 E F0 +.217(the Bash answer to)2.717 F F1(which)2.717 E F0(and)2.717 E F1 +(whence,)2.717 E F0(sho)2.717 E .218(ws what will happen when a w)-.25 F +.218(ord is typed as a)-.1 F(command:)72 267.6 Q F3 6($t)97 285.6 S +(ype export)-6 E(export is a shell builtin)97 297.6 Q 6($t)97 309.6 S +(ype -t export)-6 E(builtin)97 321.6 Q 6($t)97 333.6 S(ype bash)-6 E +(bash is /bin/bash)97 345.6 Q 6($t)97 357.6 S(ype cd)-6 E +(cd is a function)97 369.6 Q(cd \(\))97 381.6 Q({)97 393.6 Q +(builtin cd ${1+"$@"} && xtitle $HOST: $PWD)121 405.6 Q(})97 417.6 Q F0 +-1.11(Va)72 439.2 S .682(rious modes tell what a command w)1.11 F .681 +(ord is \(reserv)-.1 F .681(ed w)-.15 F .681(ord, alias, function, b)-.1 +F .681(uiltin, or \214le\) or which v)-.2 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E 1.15 +(sion of a command will be e)72 451.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.15 +(cuted based on a user').15 F 3.65(ss)-.55 G 1.15(earch path.)-3.65 F +1.15(Some of this functionality has been)6.15 F +(adopted by POSIX.2 and folded into the)72 463.2 Q F1(command)2.5 E F0 +(utility)2.5 E(.)-.65 E F1 2.5(4.3. Editing)72 487.2 R(and Completion) +2.5 E F0 .682(One area in which Bash shines is command line editing.)97 +502.8 R .682(Bash uses the)5.682 F F2 -.37(re)3.182 G(adline).37 E F0 +.681(library to read and)3.181 F .942(edit lines when interacti)72 514.8 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.942(.R).15 G .942(eadline is a po)-5.942 F .942 +(werful and \215e)-.25 F .942(xible input f)-.15 F .943 +(acility that a user can con\214gure to)-.1 F(indi)72 526.8 Q .732 +(vidual tastes.)-.25 F .732(It allo)5.732 F .732(ws lines to be edited \ +using either emacs or vi commands, where those commands)-.25 F .2 +(are appropriate.)72 538.8 R .2 +(The full capability of emacs is not present \255 there is no w)5.2 F .2 +(ay to e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cute a named command).15 F 1.15 +(with M-x, for instance \255 b)72 550.8 R 1.15(ut the e)-.2 F 1.149 +(xisting commands are more than adequate.)-.15 F 1.149 +(The vi mode is compliant)6.149 F +(with the command line editing standardized by POSIX.2.)72 562.8 Q 1.69 +(Readline is fully customizable.)97 578.4 R 1.691 +(In addition to the basic commands and k)6.69 F 1.991 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +1.691(indings, the library).15 F(allo)72 590.4 Q .028 +(ws users to de\214ne additional k)-.25 F .327 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .027 +(indings using a startup \214le.).15 F(The)5.027 E F2(inputr)2.527 E(c) +-.37 E F0 .027(\214le, which def)2.527 F .027(aults to the \214le)-.1 F +F2(~/.inputr)72 602.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 3.002(,i)C 3.002(sr)-3.002 G .503(e\ +ad each time readline initializes, permitting users to maintain a consi\ +stent interf)-3.002 F .503(ace across a)-.1 F .893(set of programs.)72 +614.4 R .893(Readline includes an e)5.893 F .893(xtensible interf)-.15 F +.892(ace, so each program using the library can add its)-.1 F -.25(ow)72 +626.4 S 3.56(nb).25 G 1.06(indable commands and program-speci\214c k) +-3.56 F 1.361 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 3.561(indings. Bash).15 F 1.061 +(uses this f)3.561 F 1.061(acility to add bindings that)-.1 F +(perform history e)72 638.4 Q(xpansion or shell w)-.15 E(ord e)-.1 E +(xpansions on the current input line.)-.15 E .707 +(Readline interprets a number of v)97 654 R .706 +(ariables which further tune its beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E 5.706(.V)-.55 G +.706(ariables e)-6.816 F .706(xist to control)-.15 F .157 +(whether or not eight-bit characters are directly read as input or con) +72 666 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .158(rted to meta-pre\214x).15 F .158(ed k)-.15 F +.458 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .158(equences \(a).15 F(meta-pre\214x)72 678 Q .082 +(ed k)-.15 F .382 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .081(equence consists of the characte\ +r with the eighth bit zeroed, preceded by the).15 F F2(meta-pr)2.581 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0(character)72 690 Q 3.233(,u)-.4 G .733 +(sually escape, which selects an alternate k)-3.233 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .734 +(map\), to decide whether to output characters with).15 F .624 +(the eighth bit set directly or as a meta-pre\214x)72 702 R .624(ed k) +-.15 F .924 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .623 +(equence, whether or not to wrap to a ne).15 F 3.123(ws)-.25 G .623 +(creen line)-3.123 F 1.196 +(when a line being edited is longer than the screen width, the k)72 714 +R -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.196(map to which subsequent k).15 F 1.496 -.15(ey b) +-.1 H(indings).15 E .531(should apply)72 726 R 3.031(,o)-.65 G 3.031(re) +-3.031 G -.15(ve)-3.281 G 3.031(nw).15 G .531 +(hat happens when readline w)-3.031 F .531(ants to ring the terminal') +-.1 F 3.03(sb)-.55 G 3.03(ell. All)-3.03 F .53(of these v)3.03 F +(ariables)-.25 E EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-5-)282.17 48 Q +(can be set in the inputrc \214le.)72 84 Q .284 +(The startup \214le understands a set of C preprocessor)97 99.6 R(-lik) +-.2 E 2.785(ec)-.1 G .285(onditional constructs which allo)-2.785 F +2.785(wv)-.25 G(ariables)-3.035 E .12(or k)72 111.6 R .42 -.15(ey b)-.1 +H .119(indings to be assigned based on the application using readline, \ +the terminal currently being used, or).15 F .338(the editing mode.)72 +123.6 R .338(Users can add program-speci\214c bindings to mak)5.338 F +2.838(et)-.1 G .338(heir li)-2.838 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.838(se).15 G 2.838 +(asier: I)-2.838 F(ha)2.838 E .639 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .339(indings that).15 +F(let me edit the v)72 135.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($P) +2.5 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(and double-quote the current or pre)2.5 +E(vious w)-.25 E(ord:)-.1 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF 6(#M)97 153.6 S +(acros that are convenient for shell interaction)-6 E($if Bash)97 165.6 +Q 6(#e)97 177.6 S(dit the path)-6 E +("\\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\\e\\C-e\\C-a\\ef\\C-f")97 189.6 Q 6(#p)97 201.6 +S(repare to type a quoted word -- insert open and close double)-6 E 6 +(#q)97 213.6 S(uotes and move to just after the open quote)-6 E +("\\C-x\\"": "\\"\\"\\C-b")97 225.6 Q 6(#Q)97 237.6 S +(uote the current or previous word)-6 E("\\C-xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")97 +249.6 Q($endif)97 261.6 Q F0 .322(There is a readline command to re-rea\ +d the \214le, so users can edit the \214le, change some bindings, and b\ +e)72 283.2 R(gin)-.15 E(to use them almost immediately)72 295.2 Q(.)-.65 +E .851(Bash implements the)97 310.8 R F1(bind)3.351 E F0 -.2(bu)3.351 G +.851(iltin for more dyamic control of readline than the startup \214le \ +permits.).2 F F1(Bind)72 322.8 Q F0 .25(is used in se)2.75 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .25(ral w).15 F 2.75(ays. In)-.1 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list) +2.75 E F0 .25(mode, it can display the current k)2.75 F .55 -.15(ey b) +-.1 H .25(indings, list all the readline edit-).15 F .149(ing directi)72 +334.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.649(sa).15 G -.25(va)-2.849 G .149 +(ilable for binding, list which k).25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.649(si).15 G +-1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.649 H .349 -.1(ke a g).4 H -2.15 -.25(iv e).1 H 2.65 +(nd).25 G(irecti)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.65(,o).15 G 2.65(ro)-2.65 G +.15(utput the current set of k)-2.65 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .042(bindings in a\ + format that can be incorporated directly into an inputrc \214le.)72 +346.8 R(In)5.041 E F3(batc)2.541 E(h)-.15 E F0 .041 +(mode, it reads a series of)2.541 F -.1(ke)72 358.8 S 2.858(yb)-.05 G +.359(indings directly from a \214le and passes them to readline.)-2.858 +F .359(In its most common usage,)5.359 F F1(bind)2.859 E F0(tak)2.859 E +.359(es a sin-)-.1 F 1.117(gle string and passes it directly to readlin\ +e, which interprets the line as if it had just been read from the)72 +370.8 R(inputrc \214le.)72 382.8 Q(Both k)5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +(indings and v).15 E(ariable assignments may appear in the string gi) +-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nt).15 G(o)-2.5 E F1(bind)2.5 E F0(.)A .53 +(The readline library also pro)97 398.4 R .53(vides an interf)-.15 F .53 +(ace for)-.1 F F3(wor)3.03 E 3.03(dc)-.37 G(ompletion)-3.03 E F0 5.53 +(.W)C .53(hen the)-5.53 F F3(completion)3.03 E F0(character)3.03 E 1.261 +(\(usually T)72 410.4 R 1.261(AB\) is typed, readline looks at the w) +-.93 F 1.26(ord currently being entered and computes the set of \214le-) +-.1 F .523(names of which the current w)72 422.4 R .523(ord is a v)-.1 F +.523(alid pre\214x.)-.25 F .524 +(If there is only one possible completion, the rest of the)5.523 F .358 +(characters are inserted directly)72 434.4 R 2.858(,o)-.65 G .358(therw\ +ise the common pre\214x of the set of \214lenames is added to the curre\ +nt)-2.858 F -.1(wo)72 446.4 S 3.199(rd. A).1 F .699(second T)3.199 F +.699(AB character entered immediately after a non-unique completion cau\ +ses readline to list)-.93 F 1.814 +(the possible completions; there is an option to ha)72 458.4 R 2.113 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.813(he list displayed immediately).15 F 6.813(.R)-.65 +G 1.813(eadline pro)-6.813 F(vides)-.15 E .482 +(hooks so that applications can pro)72 470.4 R .482 +(vide speci\214c types of completion before the def)-.15 F .483 +(ault \214lename completion)-.1 F .132(is attempted.)72 482.4 R .132 +(This is quite \215e)5.132 F .132 +(xible, though it is not completely user)-.15 F 2.632 +(-programmable. Bash,)-.2 F .132(for e)2.632 F .132(xample, can)-.15 F +.37(complete \214lenames, command names \(including aliases, b)72 494.4 +R .37(uiltins, shell reserv)-.2 F .37(ed w)-.15 F .37 +(ords, shell functions, and)-.1 F -.15(exe)72 506.4 S .424 +(cutables found in the \214le system\), shell v).15 F .424 +(ariables, usernames, and hostnames.)-.25 F .423 +(It uses a set of heuristics)5.424 F(that, while not perfect, is genera\ +lly quite good at determining what type of completion to attempt.)72 +518.4 Q F1 2.5(4.4. History)72 542.4 R F0 .144 +(Access to the list of commands pre)97 558 R .144(viously entered \(the) +-.25 F F3 .144(command history)2.644 F F0 2.644(\)i)C 2.644(sp)-2.644 G +(ro)-2.644 E .144(vided jointly by Bash)-.15 F .078 +(and the readline library)72 570 R 5.077(.B)-.65 G .077(ash pro)-5.077 F +.077(vides v)-.15 F .077(ariables \()-.25 F F1($HISTFILE)A F0(,)A F1 +($HISTSIZE)2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1($HISTCONTR)2.577 E(OL) +-.3 E F0 2.577(\)a)C(nd)-2.577 E(the)72 582 Q F1(history)2.89 E F0(and) +2.89 E F1(fc)2.89 E F0 -.2(bu)2.89 G .39 +(iltins to manipulate the history list.).2 F .391(The v)5.391 F .391 +(alue of)-.25 F F1($HISTFILE)2.891 E F0 .391(specifes the \214le where) +2.891 F .49(Bash writes the command history on e)72 594 R .489 +(xit and reads it on startup.)-.15 F F1($HISTSIZE)5.489 E F0 .489 +(is used to limit the number)2.989 F .642(of commands sa)72 606 R -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 3.142(di).15 G 3.142(nt)-3.142 G .642(he history)-3.142 F(.) +-.65 E F1($HISTCONTR)5.642 E(OL)-.3 E F0(pro)3.142 E .642 +(vides a crude form of control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.142(rw).15 G +.642(hich com-)-3.142 F .025(mands are sa)72 618 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.525 +(do).15 G 2.525(nt)-2.525 G .025(he history list: a v)-2.525 F .025 +(alue of)-.25 F F3(ignor)2.525 E(espace)-.37 E F0 .025(means to not sa) +2.525 F .324 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .024(ommands which be).15 F .024 +(gin with a)-.15 F .927(space; a v)72 630 R .927(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(ignor)3.427 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .927(means to not sa)3.427 F 1.228 -.15 +(ve c)-.2 H .928(ommands identical to the last command sa).15 F -.15(ve) +-.2 G(d.).15 E F1($HIST)5.928 E(-)-.92 E(CONTR)72 642 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 -.1 +(wa)3.778 G 3.778(sn).1 G(amed)-3.778 E F1($history_contr)3.778 E(ol) +-.18 E F0 1.278(in earlier v)3.778 F 1.278 +(ersions of Bash; the old name is still accepted for)-.15 F(backw)72 654 +Q .575(ards compatibility)-.1 F 5.575(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.575 E F1(history) +3.075 E F0 .575 +(command can read or write \214les containing the history list and dis-) +3.075 F .167(play the current list contents.)72 666 R(The)5.167 E F1(fc) +2.667 E F0 -.2(bu)2.667 G .167(iltin, adopted from POSIX.2 and the K).2 +F .167(orn Shell, allo)-.35 F .167(ws display and)-.25 F(re-e)72 678 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G .58 +(cution, with optional editing, of commands from the history list.).15 F +.58(The readline library of)5.58 F .58(fers a set of)-.25 F 1.255(comma\ +nds to search the history list for a portion of the current input line \ +or a string typed by the user)72 690 R(.)-.55 E(Finally)72 702 Q 2.535 +(,t)-.65 G(he)-2.535 E F3(history)2.535 E F0(library)2.535 E 2.535(,g) +-.65 G .036(enerally incorporated directly into the readline library) +-2.535 F 2.536(,i)-.65 G .036(mplements a f)-2.536 F .036(acility for) +-.1 F 1.023(history recall, e)72 714 R 1.022(xpansion, and re-e)-.15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.022(cution of pre).15 F 1.022(vious commands v)-.25 F +1.022(ery similar to csh \(\231bang history\232, so)-.15 F +(called because the e)72 726 Q +(xclamation point introduces a history substitution\):)-.15 E EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-6-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6($e)97 84 S +(cho a b c d e)-6 E 6(abcde)97 96 S 6($!)97 108 S 6(!fghi)-6 G +(echo a b c d e f g h i)97 120 Q 6(abcdefghi)97 132 S 6($!)97 144 S(-2) +-6 E(echo a b c d e)97 156 Q 6(abcde)97 168 S 6($e)97 180 S(cho !-2:1-4) +-6 E(echo a b c d)97 192 Q 6(abcd)97 204 S F0 1.456 +(The command history is only sa)72 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.957(dw).15 G +1.457(hen the shell is interacti)-3.957 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.957(,s).15 G +3.957(oi)-3.957 G 3.957(ti)-3.957 G 3.957(sn)-3.957 G 1.457(ot a)-3.957 +F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.457(ilable for use by shell).25 F(scripts.)72 237.6 Q +/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(4.5. New)72 261.6 R(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables) +-.92 E F0 .59(There are a number of con)97 277.2 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .589 +(nience v).15 F .589(ariables that Bash interprets to mak)-.25 F 3.089 +(el)-.1 G .589(ife easier)-3.089 F 5.589(.T)-.55 G .589(hese include) +-5.589 F F2(FIGNORE)72 289.2 Q F0 3.973(,w)C 1.473 +(hich is a set of \214lename suf)-3.973 F<8c78>-.25 E 1.474 +(es identifying \214les to e)-.15 F 1.474 +(xclude when completing \214lenames;)-.15 F F2(HOSTTYPE)72 301.2 Q F0 +2.932(,w)C .432 +(hich is automatically set to a string describing the type of hardw) +-2.932 F .431(are on which Bash is cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .335(rently e)72 +313.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting;).15 E F2(command_oriented_history)2.835 E +F0 2.835(,w)C .335(hich directs Bash to sa)-2.835 F .635 -.15(ve a)-.2 H +.336(ll lines of a multiple-line com-).15 F 1.071(mand such as a)72 +325.2 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(while)3.571 E F0(or)3.571 E F3(for)3.571 +E F0 1.071(loop in a single history entry)3.571 F 3.57(,a)-.65 G(llo) +-3.57 E 1.07(wing easy re-editing; and)-.25 F F2(IGNOREEOF)3.57 E F0(,)A +.747(whose v)72 337.2 R .747(alue indicates the number of consecuti)-.25 +F 1.047 -.15(ve E)-.25 H .747(OF characters that an interacti).15 F +1.048 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .748(hell will read before).15 F -.15(ex)72 349.2 +S 1.432(iting \255 an easy w).15 F 1.432(ay to k)-.1 F 1.432 +(eep yourself from being logged out accidentally)-.1 F 6.432(.T)-.65 G +(he)-6.432 E F2(auto_r)3.932 E(esume)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)3.932 G(riable) +.25 E .571(alters the w)72 361.2 R .571 +(ay the shell treats simple command names: if job control is acti)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.071(,a).15 G .571(nd this v)-3.071 F .571 +(ariable is set, sin-)-.25 F(gle-w)72 373.2 Q .239(ord simple commands \ +without redirections cause the shell to \214rst look for and restart a \ +suspended job)-.1 F(with that name before starting a ne)72 385.2 Q 2.5 +(wp)-.25 G(rocess.)-2.5 E F2 2.5(4.6. Brace)72 409.2 R(Expansion)2.5 E +F0 .653(Since sh of)97 424.8 R .653(fers no con)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G +.653(nient w).15 F .653 +(ay to generate arbitrary strings that share a common pre\214x or suf) +-.1 F<8c78>-.25 E 2.124(\(\214lename e)72 436.8 R 2.124 +(xpansion requires that the \214lenames e)-.15 F 2.123 +(xist\), Bash implements)-.15 F F3(br)4.623 E 2.123(ace e)-.15 F +(xpansion)-.2 E F0 4.623(,ac)C(apability)-4.623 E(pick)72 448.8 Q .773 +(ed up from csh.)-.1 F .774(Brace e)5.773 F .774 +(xpansion is similar to \214lename e)-.15 F .774(xpansion, b)-.15 F .774 +(ut the strings generated need not)-.2 F 1.211(correspond to e)72 460.8 +R 1.211(xisting \214les.)-.15 F 3.711(Ab)6.211 G 1.211(race e)-3.711 F +1.211(xpression consists of an optional)-.15 F F3(pr)3.71 E(eamble)-.37 +E F0 3.71(,f)C(ollo)-3.71 E 1.21(wed by a pair of)-.25 F 2.938 +(braces enclosing a series of comma-separated strings, and an optional) +72 472.8 R F3(postamble)5.438 E F0 7.938(.T)C 2.938(he preamble is) +-7.938 F(prepended to each string within the braces, and the postamble \ +is then appended to each resulting string:)72 484.8 Q F1 6($e)97 502.8 S +(cho a{d,c,b}e)-6 E(ade ace abe)97 514.8 Q F0 .306(As this e)72 536.4 R +.306(xample demonstrates, the results of brace e)-.15 F .305 +(xpansion are not sorted, as the)-.15 F 2.805(ya)-.15 G .305 +(re by \214lename e)-2.805 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)72 548.4 Q F2 2.5 +(4.7. Pr)72 572.4 R(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F0 .457 +(On systems that can support it, Bash pro)97 588 R .457(vides a f)-.15 F +.457(acility kno)-.1 F .458(wn as)-.25 F F3(pr)2.958 E .458 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.458(.P)C .458(rocess sub-)-5.458 F .347 +(stitution is similar to command substitution in that its speci\214cati\ +on includes a command to e)72 600 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .346(cute, b).15 F +.346(ut the)-.2 F .181(shell does not collect the command')72 612 R +2.681(so)-.55 G .181(utput and insert it into the command line.)-2.681 F +(Rather)5.181 E 2.681(,B)-.4 G .182(ash opens a pipe)-2.681 F 1.861 +(to the command, which is run in the background.)72 624 R 1.861 +(The shell uses named pipes \(FIFOs\) or the)6.861 F F3(/de)4.361 E +(v/fd)-.15 E F0 .961(method of naming open \214les to e)72 636 R .962(x\ +pand the process substitution to a \214lename which connects to the pip\ +e)-.15 F .104(when opened.)72 648 R .103 +(This \214lename becomes the result of the e)5.104 F 2.603 +(xpansion. Process)-.15 F .103(substitution can be used to com-)2.603 F +(pare the outputs of tw)72 660 Q 2.5(od)-.1 G(if)-2.5 E(ferent v)-.25 E +(ersions of an application as part of a re)-.15 E(gression test:)-.15 E +F1 6($c)97 678 S(mp <\(old_prog\) <\(new_prog\))-6 E EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-7-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5 +(4.8. Pr)72 84 R(ompt Customization)-.18 E F0 2.229 +(One of the more popular interacti)97 99.6 R 2.529 -.15(ve f)-.25 H +2.229(eatures that Bash pro).15 F 2.23 +(vides is the ability to customize the)-.15 F 3.234(prompt. Both)72 +111.6 R F1($PS1)3.234 E F0(and)3.234 E F1($PS2,)3.234 E F0 .734 +(the primary and secondary prompts, are e)3.234 F .733 +(xpanded before being displayed.)-.15 F -.15(Pa)72 123.6 S .804 +(rameter and v).15 F .804(ariable e)-.25 F .805 +(xpansion is performed when the prompt string is e)-.15 F .805 +(xpanded, so an)-.15 F 3.305(ys)-.15 G .805(hell v)-3.305 F(ariable)-.25 +E .729(can be put into the prompt \(e.g.,)72 135.6 R F1($SHL)3.228 E(VL) +-.92 E F0 3.228(,w)C .728(hich indicates ho)-3.228 F 3.228(wd)-.25 G +.728(eeply the current shell is nested\).)-3.228 F(Bash)5.728 E 1.895(s\ +pecially interprets characters in the prompt string preceded by a backs\ +lash.)72 147.6 R 1.895(Some of these backslash)6.895 F .874 +(escapes are replaced with the current time, the date, the current w)72 +159.6 R .874(orking directory)-.1 F 3.373(,t)-.65 G .873 +(he username, and the)-3.373 F .78 +(command number or history number of the command being entered.)72 171.6 +R .781(There is e)5.781 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.281(nab).15 G .781 +(ackslash escape to)-3.281 F .007 +(cause the shell to change its prompt when running as root after an)72 +183.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(su)2.507 E F0 5.007(.B)C .007 +(efore printing each primary prompt,)-5.007 F .305(Bash e)72 195.6 R +.305(xpands the v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1($PR)2.805 E(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 +E F0 .305(and, if it has a v)2.805 F .306(alue, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.306(cutes the e).15 F .306(xpanded v)-.15 F .306(alue as)-.25 F 3.735 +(ac)72 207.6 S 1.235(ommand, allo)-3.735 F 1.234 +(wing additional prompt customization.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)6.234 G 3.734(re) +.15 G 1.234(xample, this assignment causes the current)-3.884 F(user)72 +219.6 Q 2.917(,t)-.4 G .417 +(he current host, the time, the last component of the current w)-2.917 F +.417(orking directory)-.1 F 2.917(,t)-.65 G .418(he le)-2.917 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.918(lo).15 G 2.918(fs)-2.918 G .418(hell nest-)-2.918 F(ing, a\ +nd the history number of the current command to be embedded into the pr\ +imary prompt:)72 231.6 Q/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6($P)97 249.6 S +(S1='\\u@\\h [\\t] \\W\($SHLVL:\\!\)\\$ ')-6 E +(chet@odin [21:03:44] documentation\(2:636\)$ cd ..)97 261.6 Q +(chet@odin [21:03:54] src\(2:637\)$)97 273.6 Q F0 .146(The string being\ + assigned is surrounded by single quotes so that if it is e)72 295.2 R +.146(xported, the v)-.15 F .146(alue of)-.25 F F1($SHL)2.646 E(VL)-.92 E +F0(will)2.646 E(be updated by a child shell:)72 307.2 Q F3 +(chet@odin [21:17:35] src\(2:638\)$ export PS1)97 325.2 Q +(chet@odin [21:17:40] src\(2:639\)$ bash)97 337.2 Q +(chet@odin [21:17:46] src\(3:696\)$)97 349.2 Q F0 +(The \\$ escape is displayed as \231)72 370.8 Q F1($)A F0 2.5<9a77>C +(hen running as a normal user)-2.5 E 2.5(,b)-.4 G(ut as \231)-2.7 E F1 +(#)A F0 2.5<9a77>C(hen running as root.)-2.5 E F1 2.5(4.9. File)72 394.8 +R(System V)2.5 E(iews)-.37 E F0 .029(Since Berk)97 410.4 R(ele)-.1 E +2.529(yi)-.15 G .029 +(ntroduced symbolic links in 4.2 BSD, one of their most anno)-2.529 F +.03(ying properties has been)-.1 F .764(the \231w)72 422.4 R .764 +(arping\232 to a completely dif)-.1 F .764 +(ferent area of the \214le system when using)-.25 F F1(cd)3.263 E F0 +3.263(,a)C .763(nd the resultant non-intu-)-3.263 F(iti)72 434.4 Q .704 +-.15(ve b)-.25 H(eha).15 E .405(vior of \231)-.2 F F1 .405(cd ..)B F0 +2.905(\232. The)B/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.905 E F0 -.1(ke)2.905 G +.405(rnel treats symbolic links).1 F F2(physically)2.905 E F0 5.405(.W)C +.405(hen the k)-5.405 F .405(ernel is translating)-.1 F 3.223(ap)72 +446.4 S .723(athname in which one component is a symbolic link, it repl\ +aces all or part of the pathname while pro-)-3.223 F .668 +(cessing the link.)72 458.4 R .668 +(If the contents of the symbolic link be)5.668 F .669 +(gin with a slash, the k)-.15 F .669(ernel replaces the pathname)-.1 F +.219(entirely; if not, the link contents replace the current component.) +72 470.4 R .219(In either case, the symbolic link is visible.)5.219 F +.058(If the link v)72 482.4 R .058(alue is an absolute pathname, the us\ +er \214nds himself in a completely dif)-.25 F .059 +(ferent part of the \214le sys-)-.25 F(tem.)72 494.4 Q .704(Bash pro)97 +510 R .704(vides a)-.15 F F2(lo)3.203 E(gical)-.1 E F0(vie)3.203 E 3.203 +(wo)-.25 G 3.203(ft)-3.203 G .703(he \214le system.)-3.203 F .703 +(In this def)5.703 F .703(ault mode, command and \214lename com-)-.1 F +.522(pletion and b)72 522 R .522(uiltin commands such as)-.2 F F1(cd) +3.022 E F0(and)3.022 E F1(pushd)3.022 E F0 .522 +(which change the current w)3.022 F .522(orking directory transpar)-.1 F +(-)-.2 E .127(ently follo)72 534 R 2.627(ws)-.25 G .127 +(ymbolic links as if the)-2.627 F 2.627(yw)-.15 G .127(ere directories.) +-2.627 F(The)5.126 E F1($PWD)2.626 E F0 -.25(va)2.626 G .126 +(riable, which holds the shell').25 F 2.626(si)-.55 G .126(dea of)-2.626 +F .366(the current w)72 546 R .366(orking directory)-.1 F 2.866(,d)-.65 +G .367 +(epends on the path used to reach the directory rather than its ph) +-2.866 F .367(ysical loca-)-.05 F +(tion in the local \214le system hierarch)72 558 Q 3.8 -.65(y. F)-.05 H +(or e).5 E(xample:)-.15 E F3 6($c)97 576 S 6(d/)-6 G(usr/local/bin)-6 E +6($e)97 588 S(cho $PWD)-6 E(/usr/local/bin)97 600 Q 6($p)97 612 S(wd)-6 +E(/usr/local/bin)97 624 Q 6($/)97 636 S(bin/pwd)-6 E +(/net/share/sun4/local/bin)97 648 Q 6($c)97 660 S 6(d.)-6 G(.)-6 E 6($p) +97 672 S(wd)-6 E(/usr/local)97 684 Q 6($/)97 696 S(bin/pwd)-6 E +(/net/share/sun4/local)97 708 Q 6($c)97 720 S 6(d.)-6 G(.)-6 E EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-8-)282.17 48 Q/F1 10/Courier@0 SF 6($p)97 84 S +(wd)-6 E(/usr)97 96 Q 6($/)97 108 S(bin/pwd)-6 E(/usr)97 120 Q F0 .3(On\ +e problem with this, of course, arises when programs that do not unders\ +tand the shell')72 141.6 R 2.8(sl)-.55 G .3(ogical notion of)-2.8 F .217 +(the \214le system interpret \231..)72 153.6 R 2.718<9a64>-.7 G(if) +-2.718 E(ferently)-.25 E 5.218(.T)-.65 G .218 +(his generally happens when Bash completes \214lenames containing)-5.218 +F(\231..)72 165.6 Q 3.384<9a61>-.7 G .884 +(ccording to a logical hierarch)-3.384 F 3.384(yw)-.05 G .884 +(hich does not correspond to their ph)-3.384 F .883(ysical location.) +-.05 F -.15(Fo)5.883 G 3.383(ru).15 G .883(sers who)-3.383 F +(\214nd this troublesome, a corresponding)72 177.6 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(physical)2.5 E F0(vie)2.5 E 2.5(wo)-.25 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 +G(he \214le system is a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1 6($c)97 +195.6 S 6(d/)-6 G(usr/local/bin)-6 E 6($p)97 207.6 S(wd)-6 E +(/usr/local/bin)97 219.6 Q 6($s)97 231.6 S(et -o physical)-6 E 6($p)97 +243.6 S(wd)-6 E(/net/share/sun4/local/bin)97 255.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF 2.5(4.10. Inter)72 285.6 R(nationalization)-.15 E F0 .145 +(One of the most signi\214cant impro)97 301.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G .145 +(ments in v).15 F .145(ersion 1.13 of Bash w)-.15 F .145 +(as the change to \231eight-bit clean-)-.1 F 2.933(liness\232. Pre)72 +313.2 R .433(vious v)-.25 F .432 +(ersions used the eighth bit of characters to mark whether or not the) +-.15 F 2.932(yw)-.15 G .432(ere quoted when)-2.932 F 1.495(performing w) +72 325.2 R 1.495(ord e)-.1 F 3.995(xpansions. While)-.15 F 1.495 +(this did not af)3.995 F 1.496 +(fect the majority of users, most of whom used only)-.25 F(se)72 337.2 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.236(n-bit ASCII characters, some found it con\214ning.) +.15 F(Be)6.236 E 1.236(ginning with v)-.15 F 1.236 +(ersion 1.13, Bash implemented a)-.15 F(dif)72 349.2 Q .02(ferent quoti\ +ng mechanism that did not alter the eighth bit of characters.)-.25 F +.021(This allo)5.021 F .021(wed Bash to manipulate)-.25 F .427 +(\214les with \231odd\232 characters in their names, b)72 361.2 R .427 +(ut did nothing to help users enter those names, so v)-.2 F .426 +(ersion 1.13)-.15 F 1.458 +(introduced changes to readline that made it eight-bit clean as well.)72 +373.2 R 1.458(Options e)6.458 F 1.458(xist that force readline to)-.15 F +.744(attach no special signi\214cance to characters with the eighth bit\ + set \(the def)72 385.2 R .744(ault beha)-.1 F .744(vior is to con)-.2 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G .744(rt these).15 F .641(characters to meta-pre\214x)72 +397.2 R .641(ed k)-.15 F .941 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .642 +(equences\) and to output these characters without con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .642(rsion to meta-pre-).15 F<8c78>72 409.2 Q .008(ed sequences.)-.15 +F .007(These changes, along with the e)5.007 F .007(xpansion of k)-.15 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G .007(maps to a full eight bits, enable readline to).15 F +-.1(wo)72 421.2 S(rk with most of the ISO-8859 f).1 E +(amily of character sets, used by man)-.1 E 2.5(yE)-.15 G +(uropean countries.)-2.5 E F3 2.5(4.11. POSIX)72 445.2 R(Mode)2.5 E F0 +.584(Although Bash is intended to be POSIX.2 conformant, there are area\ +s in which the def)97 460.8 R .584(ault beha)-.1 F(vior)-.2 E .463 +(is not compatible with the standard.)72 472.8 R -.15(Fo)5.463 G 2.962 +(ru).15 G .462(sers who wish to operate in a strict POSIX.2 en)-2.962 F +.462(vironment, Bash)-.4 F .505(implements a)72 484.8 R F2 .505 +(POSIX mode)3.005 F F0 5.505(.W)C .505(hen this mode is acti)-5.505 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.005(,B).15 G .505(ash modi\214es its def)-3.005 F .505 +(ault operation where it dif)-.1 F(fers)-.25 E .267 +(from POSIX.2 to match the standard.)72 496.8 R .266 +(POSIX mode is entered when Bash is started with the)5.267 F F3(-posix) +2.766 E F0(option.)2.766 E .149(This feature is also a)72 508.8 R -.25 +(va)-.2 G .149(ilable as an option to the).25 F F3(set)2.649 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.649 G(iltin,).2 E F3 .149(set -o posix)2.649 F F0 5.149(.F)C .149 +(or compatibility with other GNU)-5.299 F(softw)72 520.8 Q 4.02(are tha\ +t attempts to be POSIX.2 compliant, Bash also enters POSIX mode if the \ +v)-.1 F(ariable)-.25 E F3($POSIXL)72 532.8 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 5.824 +(is set when Bash is started or assigned a v)8.324 F 5.825 +(alue during e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E F3($POSIX_PED)72 +544.8 Q(ANTIC)-.35 E F0 .27 +(is accepted as well, to be compatible with some older GNU utilities.) +2.77 F .27(When Bash is)5.27 F .506(started in POSIX mode, for e)72 +556.8 R .506(xample, it sources the \214le named by the v)-.15 F .507 +(alue of)-.25 F F3($ENV)3.007 E F0 .507(rather than the \231nor)3.007 F +(-)-.2 E(mal\232 startup \214les, and does not allo)72 568.8 Q 2.5(wr) +-.25 G(eserv)-2.5 E(ed w)-.15 E(ords to be aliased.)-.1 E F3 2.5(5. New) +72 592.8 R -.25(Fe)2.5 G(atur).25 E(es and Futur)-.18 E 2.5(eP)-.18 G +(lans)-2.5 E F0 1.632(There are se)97 608.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.632 +(ral features introduced in the current v).15 F 1.631(ersion of Bash, v) +-.15 F 1.631(ersion 1.14, and a number)-.15 F .241 +(under consideration for future releases.)72 620.4 R .242 +(This section will brie\215y detail the ne)5.242 F 2.742(wf)-.25 G .242 +(eatures in v)-2.742 F .242(ersion 1.14 and)-.15 F(describe se)72 632.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral features that may appear in later v).15 E(ersions.) +-.15 E F3 2.5(5.1. New)72 656.4 R -.25(Fe)2.5 G(atur).25 E +(es in Bash-1.14)-.18 E F0 .884(The ne)97 672 R 3.384(wf)-.25 G .884 +(eatures a)-3.384 F -.25(va)-.2 G .884(ilable in Bash-1.14 answer se).25 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .883(ral of the most common requests for enhance-).15 F +2.931(ments. Most)72 684 R(notably)2.931 E 2.931(,t)-.65 G .432(here is\ + a mechanism for including non-visible character sequences in prompts, \ +such)-2.931 F .136 +(as those which cause a terminal to print characters in dif)72 696 R +.135(ferent colors or in standout mode.)-.25 F .135(There w)5.135 F .135 +(as noth-)-.1 F .558(ing pre)72 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .558 +(nting the use of these sequences in earlier v).15 F .559(ersions, b) +-.15 F .559(ut the readline redisplay algorithm assumed)-.2 F +(each character occupied ph)72 720 Q(ysical screen space and w)-.05 E +(ould wrap lines prematurely)-.1 E(.)-.65 E EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-9-)282.17 48 Q .13(Readline has a fe)97 84 R +2.63(wn)-.25 G .63 -.25(ew va)-2.63 H .13(riables, se).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G .13(ral ne).15 F 2.63(wb)-.25 G .13 +(indable commands, and some additional emacs mode)-2.63 F(def)72 96 Q +.918(ault k)-.1 F 1.218 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 3.418(indings. A).15 F(ne)3.418 +E 3.418(wh)-.25 G .919(istory search mode has been implemented: in this\ + mode, readline searches)-3.418 F .336(the history for lines be)72 108 R +.336(ginning with the characters between the be)-.15 F .336 +(ginning of the current line and the cursor)-.15 F(.)-.55 E .555(The e) +72 120 R .556(xisting readline incremental search commands no longer ma\ +tch identical lines more than once.)-.15 F(File-)5.556 E 1.979 +(name completion no)72 132 R 4.479(we)-.25 G 1.979(xpands v)-4.629 F +1.979(ariables in directory names.)-.25 F 1.978(The history e)6.978 F +1.978(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.978(acilities are no)-.1 F(w)-.25 E 1.449 +(nearly completely csh-compatible: missing modi\214ers ha)72 144 R 1.749 +-.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.449(een added and history substitution has been).15 F +-.15(ex)72 156 S(tended.).15 E(Se)97 171.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .474 +(ral of the features described earlier).15 F 2.973(,s)-.4 G .473(uch as) +-2.973 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .473(set -o posix)2.973 F F0(and)2.973 E +F1($POSIX_PED)2.973 E(ANTIC)-.35 E F0 2.973(,a)C .473(re ne)-2.973 F +2.973(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.973 E -.15(ve)72 183.6 S .106(rsion 1.14.).15 F +.106(There is a ne)5.106 F 2.606(ws)-.25 G .106(hell v)-2.606 F +(ariable,)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)2.606 E F0 2.606(,t)C 2.606(ow)-2.606 G .106 +(hich Bash assigns a v)-2.606 F .106(alue that identi\214es the v)-.25 F +(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E 1.38(sion of)72 195.6 R/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX) +3.88 E F0(it')3.88 E 3.879(sr)-.55 G 1.379(unning on \(great for puttin\ +g architecture-speci\214c binary directories into the)-3.879 F F1($P) +3.879 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(\).)A -1 -.8(Tw o)72 207.6 T -.25(va) +6.215 G 2.915(riables ha).25 F 3.215 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 2.915(een renamed:) +.15 F F1($HISTCONTR)5.416 E(OL)-.3 E F0(replaces)5.416 E F1 +($history_contr)5.416 E(ol)-.18 E F0 5.416(,a)C(nd)-5.416 E F1 +($HOSTFILE)5.416 E F0(replaces)72 219.6 Q F1 +($hostname_completion_\214le)2.521 E F0 5.021(.I)C 2.521(nb)-5.021 G +.021(oth cases, the old names are accepted for backw)-2.521 F .02 +(ards compatibil-)-.1 F(ity)72 231.6 Q 5.788(.T)-.65 G .788(he ksh) +-5.788 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(select)3.288 E F0 .788 +(construct, which allo)3.288 F .788 +(ws the generation of simple menus, has been implemented.)-.25 F(Ne) +5.788 E(w)-.25 E 1.496(capabilities ha)72 243.6 R 1.796 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +1.496(een added to e).15 F 1.495(xisting v)-.15 F(ariables:)-.25 E F1 +($auto_r)3.995 E(esume)-.18 E F0 1.495(can no)3.995 F 3.995(wt)-.25 G +(ak)-3.995 E 3.995(ev)-.1 G 1.495(alues of)-4.245 F F3 -.2(ex)3.995 G +(act).2 E F0(or)3.995 E F3(sub-)3.995 E(string)72 255.6 Q F0 4.843(,a)C +(nd)-4.843 E F1($HISTCONTR)4.843 E(OL)-.3 E F0 2.343(understands the v) +4.843 F(alue)-.25 E F3(ignor)4.844 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 4.844(,w)C 2.344 +(hich combines the tw)-4.844 F 4.844(op)-.1 G(re)-4.844 E(viously)-.25 E +1.556(acceptable v)72 267.6 R 4.056(alues. The)-.25 F F1(dirs)4.056 E F0 +-.2(bu)4.056 G 1.556(iltin has acquired options to print out speci\214c\ + members of the directory).2 F 3.062(stack. The)72 279.6 R F1($nolinks) +3.062 E F0 -.25(va)3.062 G .562(riable, which forces a ph).25 F .562 +(ysical vie)-.05 F 3.062(wo)-.25 G 3.062(ft)-3.062 G .563 +(he \214le system, has been superseded by the)-3.062 F F1<ad50>72 291.6 +Q F0 .494(option to the)2.994 F F1(set)2.994 E F0 -.2(bu)2.994 G .494 +(iltin \(equi).2 F -.25(va)-.25 G .494(lent to).25 F F1 .494(set -o ph) +2.994 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .493(\); the v)B .493 +(ariable is retained for backw)-.25 F .493(ards compati-)-.1 F(bility)72 +303.6 Q 5.196(.T)-.65 G .196(he v)-5.196 F .196 +(ersion string contained in)-.15 F F1($B)2.696 E(ASH_VERSION)-.3 E F0 +(no)2.696 E 2.696(wi)-.25 G .196(ncludes an indication of the patch le) +-2.696 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.696(la).15 G(s)-2.696 E .85(well as the \231b) +72 315.6 R .85(uild v)-.2 F 3.35(ersion\232. Some)-.15 F .85 +(little-used features ha)3.35 F 1.15 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .85(een remo).15 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.35(d: the).15 F F1(by)3.35 E(e)-.1 E F0(synon)3.35 E +.85(ym for)-.15 F F1(exit)3.35 E F0(and)3.35 E(the)72 327.6 Q F1($NO_PR) +3.498 E(OMPT_V)-.3 E(ARS)-1.35 E F0 -.25(va)3.498 G .998 +(riable are gone.).25 F .998(There is no)5.998 F 3.498(wa)-.25 G 3.498 +(no)-3.498 G -2.19 -.18(rg a)-3.498 H .998 +(nized test suite that can be run as a).18 F(re)72 339.6 Q +(gression test when b)-.15 E(uilding a ne)-.2 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G +(ersion of Bash.)-2.65 E 1.696(The documentation has been thoroughly o) +97 355.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.696(rhauled: there is a ne).15 F 4.196(wm) +-.25 G 1.695(anual page on the readline)-4.196 F .467(library and the)72 +367.2 R F3(info)2.967 E F0 .467 +(\214le has been updated to re\215ect the current v)2.967 F 2.968 +(ersion. As)-.15 F(al)2.968 E -.1(wa)-.1 G .468(ys, as man).1 F 2.968 +(yb)-.15 G .468(ugs as possi-)-3.168 F(ble ha)72 379.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +-.2 H(een \214x).15 E(ed, although some surely remain.)-.15 E F1 2.5 +(5.2. Other)72 403.2 R -.25(Fe)2.5 G(atur).25 E(es)-.18 E F0 1.68 +(There are a fe)97 418.8 R 4.18(wf)-.25 G 1.68 +(eatures that I hope to include in later Bash releases.)-4.18 F 1.68 +(Some are based on w)6.68 F(ork)-.1 E(already done in other shells.)72 +430.8 Q .958(In addition to simple v)97 446.4 R .959(ariables, a future\ + release of Bash will include one-dimensional arrays, using)-.25 F .206 +(the ksh implementation of arrays as a model.)72 458.4 R .205 +(Additions to the ksh syntax, such as)5.205 F F3(varname)2.705 E F0 .205 +(=\( ... \) to assign)B 2.587(al)72 470.4 S .087(ist of w)-2.587 F .088 +(ords directly to an array and a mechanism to allo)-.1 F 2.588(wt)-.25 G +(he)-2.588 E F1 -.18(re)2.588 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.588 G .088 +(iltin to read a list of v).2 F .088(alues directly)-.25 F .092 +(into an array)72 482.4 R 2.592(,w)-.65 G .092(ould be desirable.)-2.692 +F(Gi)5.092 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.592(nt).15 G .092(hose e)-2.592 F .092 +(xtensions, the ksh)-.15 F F1 .092(set \255A)2.592 F F0 .091 +(syntax may not be w)2.591 F .091(orth support-)-.1 F(ing \(the)72 494.4 +Q F1<ad41>2.5 E F0(option assigns a list of v)2.5 E(alues to an array) +-.25 E 2.5(,b)-.65 G(ut is a rather peculiar special case\).)-2.7 E .76 +(Some shells include a means of)97 510 R F3(pr)3.26 E -.1(og)-.45 G -.15 +(ra).1 G(mmable).15 E F0 -.1(wo)3.26 G .76 +(rd completion, where the user speci\214es on a per).1 F(-)-.2 E .163 +(command basis ho)72 522 R 2.663(wt)-.25 G .163(he ar)-2.663 F .163(gum\ +ents of the command are to be treated when completion is attempted: as \ +\214le-)-.18 F .194(names, hostnames, e)72 534 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .194 +(cutable \214les, and so on.).15 F .195 +(The other aspects of the current Bash implementation could)5.195 F .482 +(remain as-is; the e)72 546 R .482(xisting heuristics w)-.15 F .481 +(ould still be v)-.1 F 2.981(alid. Only)-.25 F .481 +(when completing the ar)2.981 F .481(guments to a simple)-.18 F +(command w)72 558 Q(ould the programmable completion be in ef)-.1 E +(fect.)-.25 E .479(It w)97 573.6 R .479(ould also be nice to gi)-.1 F +.779 -.15(ve t)-.25 H .479(he user \214ner).15 F .479 +(-grained control o)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.98(rw).15 G .48 +(hich commands are sa)-2.98 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.98(do).15 G .48(nto the) +-2.98 F 1.786(history list.)72 585.6 R 1.786(One proposal is for a v) +6.786 F 1.786(ariable, tentati)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.786(ly named).15 +F F1(HISTIGNORE)4.286 E F0 4.285(,w)C 1.785(hich w)-4.285 F 1.785 +(ould contain a)-.1 F .496(colon-separated list of commands.)72 597.6 R +.496(Lines be)5.496 F .496 +(ginning with these commands, after the restrictions of)-.15 F F1($HIST) +2.997 E(-)-.92 E(CONTR)72 609.6 Q(OL)-.3 E F0(ha)2.65 E .45 -.15(ve b) +-.2 H .15(een applied, w).15 F .15 +(ould not be placed onto the history list.)-.1 F .15 +(The shell pattern-matching capa-)5.15 F(bilities could also be a)72 +621.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable when specifying the contents of).25 E F1 +($HISTIGNORE)2.5 E F0(.)A .729(One thing that ne)97 637.2 R .729 +(wer shells such as)-.25 F F1(wksh)3.229 E F0 .729(\(also kno)3.229 F +.729(wn as)-.25 F F1(dtksh)3.23 E F0 3.23(\)p)C(ro)-3.23 E .73 +(vide is a command to dynami-)-.15 F 1.189 +(cally load code implementing additional b)72 649.2 R 1.189 +(uiltin commands into a running shell.)-.2 F 1.188(This ne)6.188 F 3.688 +(wb)-.25 G 1.188(uiltin w)-3.888 F(ould)-.1 E(tak)72 661.2 Q 2.875(ea) +-.1 G 2.875(no)-2.875 G .375 +(bject \214le or shared library implementing the \231body\232 of the b) +-2.875 F .375(uiltin \()-.2 F F3(xxx_b)A(uiltin\(\))-.2 E F0 .375 +(for those f)2.875 F(amiliar)-.1 E .052 +(with Bash internals\) and a structure containing the name of the ne)72 +673.2 R 2.552(wc)-.25 G .051(ommand, the function to call when the) +-2.552 F(ne)72 685.2 Q 3.458(wb)-.25 G .958(uiltin is in)-3.658 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.458(d\().1 G .959 +(presumably de\214ned in the shared object speci\214ed as an ar)-3.458 F +.959(gument\), and the docu-)-.18 F 1.352 +(mentation to be printed by the)72 697.2 R F1(help)3.851 E F0 1.351 +(command \(possibly present in the shared object as well\).)3.851 F +1.351(It w)6.351 F(ould)-.1 E(manage the details of e)72 709.2 Q +(xtending the internal table of b)-.15 E(uiltins.)-.2 E EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-10-)279.67 48 Q 3.291(Af)97 84 S 1.291 -.25 +(ew o)-3.291 H .791(ther b).25 F .791(uiltins w)-.2 F .791 +(ould also be desirable: tw)-.1 F 3.291(oa)-.1 G .791(re the POSIX.2) +-3.291 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getconf)3.292 E F0 .792 +(command, which prints)3.292 F 1.412(the v)72 96 R 1.412 +(alues of system con\214guration v)-.25 F 1.411 +(ariables de\214ned by POSIX.2, and a)-.25 F F1(diso)3.911 E(wn)-.1 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.911 G 1.411(iltin, which causes a).2 F 1.347 +(shell running with job control acti)72 108 R 1.647 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +3.847<6f99>.15 G(for)-3.847 E 1.347 +(get about\232 one or more background jobs in its internal jobs)-.18 F +3.465(table. Using)72 120 R F1(getconf)3.465 E F0 3.465(,f)C .965(or e) +-3.465 F .965(xample, a user could retrie)-.15 F 1.264 -.15(ve a v)-.25 +H .964(alue for)-.1 F F1($P)3.464 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .964 +(guaranteed to \214nd all of the)3.464 F .884 +(POSIX standard utilities, or \214nd out ho)72 132 R 3.385(wl)-.25 G +.885 +(ong \214lenames may be in the \214le system containing a speci\214ed) +-3.385 F(directory)72 144 Q(.)-.65 E 1.521 +(There are no implementation timetables for an)97 159.6 R 4.021(yo)-.15 +G 4.021(ft)-4.021 G 1.52(hese features, nor are there concrete plans to) +-4.021 F(include them.)72 171.6 Q(If an)5 E(yone has comments on these \ +proposals, feel free to send me electronic mail.)-.15 E F1 2.5 +(6. Re\215ections)72 195.6 R(and Lessons Lear)2.5 E(ned)-.15 E F0 .433 +(The lesson that has been repeated most often during Bash de)97 211.2 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .433(lopment is that there are dark corners).15 F .181 +(in the Bourne shell, and people use all of them.)72 223.2 R .18 +(In the original description of the Bourne shell, quoting and)5.181 F +.073(the shell grammar are both poorly speci\214ed and incomplete; subs\ +equent descriptions ha)72 235.2 R .373 -.15(ve n)-.2 H .073 +(ot helped much.).15 F 1.856(The grammar presented in Bourne')72 247.2 R +4.356(sp)-.55 G 1.856(aper describing the shell distrib)-4.356 F 1.855 +(uted with the Se)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.855(nth Edition of).15 F/F2 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)72 259.2 Q F0 2.5<8769>C 2.5(ss)-2.5 G 2.5(of) +-2.5 G(ar of)-2.6 E 2.5(ft)-.25 G(hat it does not allo)-2.5 E 2.5(wt) +-.25 G(he command)-2.5 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(who|wc)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 +(nf)-5 G(act, as T)-2.6 E(om Duf)-.8 E 2.5(fs)-.25 G(tates:)-2.5 E 1.375 +(Nobody really kno)97 274.8 R 1.375(ws what the Bourne shell')-.25 F +3.875(sg)-.55 G 1.375(rammar is.)-3.875 F(Ev)6.376 E 1.376(en e)-.15 F +1.376(xamination of the source)-.15 F(code is little help.\210)97 286.8 +Q .382(The POSIX.2 standard includes a)72 302.4 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(yacc)2.882 E F0 .382 +(grammar that comes close to capturing the Bourne shell')2.882 F 2.882 +(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.882 E(vior)-.2 E(,)-.4 E -.2(bu)72 314.4 S 3.246(ti).2 +G 3.246(td)-3.246 G(isallo)-3.246 E .747(ws some constructs which sh ac\ +cepts without complaint \255 and there are scripts out there that)-.25 F +.501(use them.)72 326.4 R .501(It took a fe)5.501 F 3.001(wv)-.25 G .501 +(ersions and se)-3.151 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(ral b).15 F .5 +(ug reports before Bash implemented sh-compatible quoting,)-.2 F .279 +(and there are still some \231le)72 338.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .279 +(l\232 sh constructs which Bash \215ags as syntax errors.).05 F .28 +(Complete sh compatibility)5.28 F(is a tough nut.)72 350.4 Q 1.231 +(The shell is bigger and slo)97 366 R 1.231(wer than I w)-.25 F 1.231 +(ould lik)-.1 F 1.23(e, though the current v)-.1 F 1.23 +(ersion is substantially f)-.15 F(aster)-.1 E .086(than pre)72 378 R +(viously)-.25 E 5.086(.T)-.65 G .087 +(he readline library could stand a substantial re)-5.086 F 2.587 +(write. A)-.25 F .087(hand-written parser to replace the)2.587 F +(current)72 390 Q F4(yacc)2.978 E F0 .478(-generated one w)B .477 +(ould probably result in a speedup, and w)-.1 F .477(ould solv)-.1 F +2.977(eo)-.15 G .477(ne glaring problem:)-2.977 F(the)5.477 E .384 +(shell could parse commands in \231$\(...\)\232 constructs as the)72 402 +R 2.884(ya)-.15 G .385 +(re entered, rather than reporting errors when the)-2.884 F +(construct is e)72 414 Q(xpanded.)-.15 E 1.064(As al)97 429.6 R -.1(wa) +-.1 G 1.064(ys, there is some chaf).1 F 3.564(ft)-.25 G 3.564(og)-3.564 +G 3.564(ow)-3.564 G 1.064(ith the wheat.)-3.564 F 1.063 +(Areas of duplicated functionality need to be)6.063 F .382(cleaned up.) +72 441.6 R .382(There are se)5.382 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .382 +(ral cases where Bash treats a v).15 F .382 +(ariable specially to enable functionality a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable).25 E .185(another w)72 453.6 R .185(ay \()-.1 F F1($notify)A F0 +(vs.)2.684 E F1 .184(set -o notify)5.184 F F0(and)2.684 E F1($nolinks) +2.684 E F0(vs.)2.684 E F1 .184(set -o ph)2.684 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 2.684 +(,f)C .184(or instance\); the special treatment)-2.684 F 3.421(of the v) +72 465.6 R 3.421(ariable name should probably be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 5.921(d. A).15 F(fe)5.921 E 5.921(wm)-.25 G 3.422 +(ore things could stand remo)-5.921 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.422(l; the).25 F +F1($allo)72 477.6 Q(w_null_glob_expansion)-.1 E F0(and)4.112 E F1 +($glob_dot_\214lenames)4.112 E F0 -.25(va)4.111 G 1.611 +(riables are of particularly questionable v).25 F(alue.)-.25 E(The)72 +489.6 Q F1($[...])3.977 E F0 1.477(arithmetic e)3.977 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.478(luation syntax is redundant no).25 F 3.978(wt)-.25 G 1.478 +(hat the POSIX-mandated)-3.978 F F1($\(\(...\)\))3.978 E F0 1.478 +(construct has)3.978 F .326(been implemented, and could be deleted.)72 +501.6 R .326(It w)5.326 F .326(ould be nice if the te)-.1 F .326 +(xt output by the)-.15 F F1(help)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G .325 +(iltin were e).2 F(xter)-.15 E(-)-.2 E .061 +(nal to the shell rather than compiled into it.)72 513.6 R .062 +(The beha)5.062 F .062(vior enabled by)-.2 F F1 +($command_oriented_history)2.562 E F0 2.562(,w)C(hich)-2.562 E 1.125 +(causes the shell to attempt to sa)72 525.6 R 1.424 -.15(ve a)-.2 H +1.124(ll lines of a multi-line command in a single history entry).15 F +3.624(,s)-.65 G 1.124(hould be)-3.624 F(made the def)72 537.6 Q +(ault and the v)-.1 E(ariable remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1 2.5 +(7. A)72 561.6 R -.1(va)-1 G(ilability).1 E F0 .047 +(As with all other GNU softw)97 577.2 R .047(are, Bash is a)-.1 F -.25 +(va)-.2 G .047(ilable for anon).25 F .047(ymous FTP from)-.15 F F4(pr) +2.547 E(ep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu)-.37 E F0 1.05(and from other GNU softw) +72 589.2 R 1.05(are mirror sites.)-.1 F 1.049(The current v)6.049 F +1.049(ersion is in)-.15 F F4(bash-1.14.1.tar)3.549 E(.gz)-1.11 E F0 +1.049(in that directory)3.549 F(.)-.65 E(Use)72 601.2 Q F4(ar)5.965 E +-.15(ch)-.37 G(ie).15 E F0 3.465(to \214nd the nearest archi)5.965 F +3.766 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 5.966(ite. The).15 F 3.466(latest v)5.966 F 3.466 +(ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 3.466(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.466 +(ilable for FTP from).25 F F4(bash.CWR)72 613.2 Q -.25(U.)-.4 G +(Edu:/pub/dist.).25 E F0(Bash documentation is a)5 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable for FTP from).25 E F4(bash.CWR)2.5 E -.25(U.)-.4 G +(Edu:/pub/bash.).25 E F0 1.169(The Free Softw)97 628.8 R 1.169(are F)-.1 +F 1.169(oundation sells tapes and CD-R)-.15 F 1.168 +(OMs containing Bash; send electronic mail to)-.4 F F3 +(gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu)72 640.8 Q F0(or call)2.5 E F3(+1-617-876-3296)2.5 +E F0(for more information.)2.5 E .694(Bash is also distrib)97 656.4 R +.694(uted with se)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .694(ral v).15 F .694(ersions of) +-.15 F F2(UNIX)3.194 E F0 .694(-compatible systems.)B .695 +(It is included as /bin/sh)5.694 F .948(and /bin/bash on se)72 668.4 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .948(ral Linux distrib).15 F .948 +(utions \(more about the dif)-.2 F .948 +(ference in a moment\), and as contrib)-.25 F(uted)-.2 E .32 LW 144 +676.4 72 676.4 DL/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .781 +(\207S. R. Bourne, \231UNIX T)72 688.2 R .781(ime-Sharing System:)-.28 F +.781(The UNIX Shell\232,)4.781 F/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF .78 +(Bell System T)2.78 F(ec)-.736 E .78(hnical J)-.12 F(ournal)-.2 E F5 +2.78(,5)C .78(7\(6\), July-)-2.78 F(August, 1978, pp. 1971-1990.)72 +698.2 Q<8854>72 710 Q .431(om Duf)-.64 F .431 +(f, \231Rc \255 A Shell for Plan 9 and)-.2 F/F7 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX) +2.432 E F5(systems\232,)2.432 E F6(Pr)2.432 E .432 +(oc. of the Summer 1990 EUUG Confer)-.36 F(ence)-.296 E F5 2.432(,L)C +(on-)-2.432 E(don, July)72 720 Q 2(,1)-.52 G(990, pp. 21-33.)-2 E EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-11-)279.67 48 Q(softw)72 84 Q(are in BSDI')-.1 +E 2.5(sB)-.55 G(SD/386* and FreeBSD.)-2.5 E .598(The Linux distrib)97 +99.6 R .598(ution deserv)-.2 F .598(es special mention.)-.15 F .598 +(There are tw)5.598 F 3.099(oc)-.1 G .599 +(on\214gurations included in the stan-)-3.099 F .733(dard Bash distrib) +72 111.6 R .732(ution: a \231normal\232 con\214guration, in which all o\ +f the standard features are included, and a)-.2 F .519(\231minimal\232 \ +con\214guration, which omits job control, aliases, history and command \ +line editing, the directory)72 123.6 R .886(stack and)72 135.6 R/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd/popd/dirs,)3.386 E F0 .886(process substitution,\ + prompt string special character decoding, and the)3.386 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(select)3.385 E F0 3.368(construct. This)72 147.6 R +.868(minimal v)3.368 F .869 +(ersion is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the traditional)-.15 +F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)3.369 E F0(/bin/sh,)3.369 E +(and is included as the Linux /bin/sh in se)72 159.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ral packagings.).15 E F1 2.5(8. Conclusion)72 183.6 R F0 .8 +(Bash is a w)97 199.2 R(orth)-.1 E 3.3(ys)-.05 G .8(uccessor to sh.)-3.3 +F .8(It is suf)5.8 F .8(\214ciently portable to run on nearly e)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .8(ry v).15 F .8(ersion of)-.15 F F3(UNIX)3.299 E F0 .31 +(from 4.3 BSD to SVR4.2, and se)72 211.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F3 +(UNIX)2.81 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(rkalik).1 E 2.81(es. It)-.1 F .311(is rob) +2.81 F .311(ust enough to replace sh on most of those)-.2 F 1.515 +(systems, and pro)72 223.2 R 1.515(vides more functionality)-.15 F 6.515 +(.I)-.65 G 4.015(th)-6.515 G 1.515(as se)-4.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.515 +(ral thousand re).15 F 1.515(gular users, and their feedback has)-.15 F +(helped to mak)72 235.2 Q 2.5(ei)-.1 G 2.5(ta)-2.5 G 2.5(sg)-2.5 G +(ood as it is today \255 a testament to the bene\214ts of free softw) +-2.5 E(are.)-.1 E .32 LW 144 708.2 72 708.2 DL/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF +(*BSD/386 is a trademark of Berk)72 720 Q(ele)-.08 E 2(yS)-.12 G(oftw)-2 +E(are Design, Inc.)-.08 E EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/article.txt b/doc/article.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c19ff92 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/article.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1111 @@ + + + + + + + + + + Bash - The GNU shell* + + + Chet Ramey + Case Western Reserve University + chet@po.cwru.edu + + + + + + +_1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n + + _B_a_s_h is the shell, or command language interpreter, +that will appear in the GNU operating system. The name is +an acronym for the "Bourne-Again SHell", a pun on Steve +Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the current +UNIX|- shell /_b_i_n/_s_h, which appeared in the Seventh Edition +Bell Labs Research version of UNIX. + + Bash is an sh-compatible shell that incorporates useful +features from the Korn shell (ksh) and the C shell (csh), +described later in this article. It is ultimately intended +to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell +and Utilities specification (IEEE Working Group 1003.2). It +offers functional improvements over sh for both interactive +and programming use. + + While the GNU operating system will most likely include +a version of the Berkeley shell csh, Bash will be the +default shell. Like other GNU software, Bash is quite port- +able. It currently runs on nearly every version of UNIX and +a few other operating systems - an independently-supported +port exists for OS/2, and there are rumors of ports to DOS +and Windows NT. Ports to UNIX-like systems such as QNX and +Minix are part of the distribution. + + The original author of Bash was Brian Fox, an employee +of the Free Software Foundation. The current developer and +maintainer is Chet Ramey, a volunteer who works at Case +Western Reserve University. + +_2. _W_h_a_t'_s _P_O_S_I_X, _a_n_y_w_a_y? + + _P_O_S_I_X is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman +_________________________ +*An earlier version of this article appeared in The +Linux Journal. +|- UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. + + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 2 - + + +for a family of open system standards based on UNIX. There +are a number of aspects of UNIX under consideration for +standardization, from the basic system services at the sys- +tem call and C library level to applications and tools to +system administration and management. Each area of stan- +dardization is assigned to a working group in the 1003 +series. + + The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been +developed by IEEE Working Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2).|= It con- +centrates on the command interpreter interface and utility +programs commonly executed from the command line or by other +programs. An initial version of the standard has been +approved and published by the IEEE, and work is currently +underway to update it. There are four primary areas of work +in the 1003.2 standard: + +o+ Aspects of the shell's syntax and command language. A + number of special builtins such as _c_d and _e_x_e_c are + being specified as part of the shell, since their func- + tionality usually cannot be implemented by a separate + executable; + +o+ A set of utilities to be called by shell scripts and + applications. Examples are programs like _s_e_d, _t_r, and + _a_w_k. Utilities commonly implemented as shell builtins + are described in this section, such as _t_e_s_t and _k_i_l_l. + An expansion of this section's scope, termed the User + Portability Extension, or UPE, has standardized + interactive programs such as _v_i and _m_a_i_l_x; + +o+ A group of functional interfaces to services provided + by the shell, such as the traditional system() C + library function. There are functions to perform shell + word expansions, perform filename expansion (_g_l_o_b_b_i_n_g), + obtain values of POSIX.2 system configuration vari- + ables, retrieve values of environment variables + (getenv()), _a_n_d _o_t_h_e_r _s_e_r_v_i_c_e_s; + +o+ A suite of "development" utilities such as _c_8_9 (the + POSIX.2 version of _c_c), and _y_a_c_c. + + Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's +behavior defined by POSIX.2. The shell command language has +of course been standardized, including the basic flow con- +trol and program execution constructs, I/O redirection and +pipelining, argument handling, variable expansion, and quot- +ing. The _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins, which must be implemented as +part of the shell to provide the desired functionality, are +_________________________ +|=IEEE, _I_E_E_E _S_t_a_n_d_a_r_d _f_o_r _I_n_f_o_r_m_a_t_i_o_n _T_e_c_h_n_o_l_o_g_y -- +_P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e (_P_O_S_I_X) _P_a_r_t _2: +_S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_t_i_e_s, 1992. + + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 3 - + + +specified as being part of the shell; examples of these are +_e_v_a_l and _e_x_p_o_r_t. Other utilities appear in the sections of +POSIX.2 not devoted to the shell which are commonly (and in +some cases must be) implemented as builtin commands, such as +_r_e_a_d and _t_e_s_t. POSIX.2 also specifies aspects of the +shell's interactive behavior as part of the UPE, including +job control and command line editing. Interestingly enough, +only _v_i-style line editing commands have been standardized; +_e_m_a_c_s editing commands were left out due to objections. + + While POSIX.2 includes much of what the shell has trad- +itionally provided, some important things have been omitted +as being "beyond its scope." There is, for instance, no +mention of a difference between a _l_o_g_i_n shell and any other +interactive shell (since POSIX.2 does not specify a login +program). No fixed startup files are defined, either - the +standard does not mention ._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. + +_3. _B_a_s_i_c _B_a_s_h _f_e_a_t_u_r_e_s + + Since the Bourne shell provides Bash with most of its +philosophical underpinnings, Bash inherits most of its +features and functionality from sh. Bash implements all of +the traditional sh flow control constructs (_f_o_r, _i_f, _w_h_i_l_e, +etc.). All of the Bourne shell builtins, including those +not specified in the POSIX.2 standard, appear in Bash. +Shell _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_s, introduced in the SVR2 version of the +Bourne shell, are similar to shell scripts, but are defined +using a special syntax and are executed in the same process +as the calling shell. Bash has shell functions which behave +in a fashion upward-compatible with sh functions. There are +certain shell variables that Bash interprets in the same way +as sh, such as _P_S_1, _I_F_S, and _P_A_T_H. Bash implements essen- +tially the same grammar, parameter and variable expansion +semantics, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne shell. +Where differences appear between the POSIX.2 standard and +traditional sh behavior, Bash follows POSIX. + + The Korn Shell (ksh) is a descendent of the Bourne +shell written at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David Korn|-. It +provides a number of useful features that POSIX and Bash +have adopted. Many of the interactive facilities in POSIX.2 +have their roots in the ksh: for example, the POSIX and ksh +job control facilities are nearly identical. Bash includes +features from the Korn Shell for both interactive use and +shell programming. For programming, Bash provides variables +such as _R_A_N_D_O_M and _R_E_P_L_Y, the _t_y_p_e_s_e_t builtin, the ability +to remove substrings from variables based on patterns, and +shell arithmetic. _R_A_N_D_O_M expands to a random number each +time it is referenced; assigning a value to _R_A_N_D_O_M seeds the +_________________________ +|-Morris Bolsky and David Korn, _T_h_e _K_o_r_n_S_h_e_l_l _C_o_m_m_a_n_d +_a_n_d _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g _L_a_n_g_u_a_g_e, Prentice Hall, 1989. + + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 4 - + + +random number generator. _R_E_P_L_Y is the default variable used +by the _r_e_a_d builtin when no variable names are supplied as +arguments. The _t_y_p_e_s_e_t builtin is used to define variables +and give them attributes such as readonly. Bash arithmetic +allows the evaluation of an expression and the substitution +of the result. Shell variables may be used as operands, and +the result of an expression may be assigned to a variable. +Nearly all of the operators from the C language are avail- +able, with the same precedence rules: +9 $ echo $((3 + 5 * 32)) + 163 +9 +For interactive use, Bash implements ksh-style aliases and +builtins such as _f_c (discussed below) and _j_o_b_s. Bash +aliases allow a string to be substituted for a command name. +They can be used to create a mnemonic for a UNIX command +name (alias del=rm), to expand a single word to a complex +command (alias news='xterm -g 80x45 -title trn -e trn -e -S1 +-N &'), or to ensure that a command is invoked with a basic +set of options (alias ls="/bin/ls -F"). + + The C shell (csh)|-, originally written by Bill Joy +while at Berkeley, is widely used and quite popular for its +interactive facilities. Bash includes a csh-compatible his- +tory expansion mechanism ("! history"), brace expansion, +access to a stack of directories via the _p_u_s_h_d, _p_o_p_d, and +_d_i_r_s builtins, and tilde expansion, to generate users' home +directories. Tilde expansion has also been adopted by both +the Korn Shell and POSIX.2. + + There were certain areas in which POSIX.2 felt stan- +dardization was necessary, but no existing implementation +provided the proper behavior. The working group invented +and standardized functionality in these areas, which Bash +implements. The _c_o_m_m_a_n_d builtin was invented so that shell +functions could be written to replace builtins; it makes the +capabilities of the builtin available to the function. The +reserved word "!" was added to negate the return value of a +command or pipeline; it was nearly impossible to express "if +not x" cleanly using the sh language. There exist multiple +incompatible implementations of the _t_e_s_t builtin, which +tests files for type and other attributes and performs +arithmetic and string comparisons. POSIX considered none of +these correct, so the standard behavior was specified in +terms of the number of arguments to the command. POSIX.2 +dictates exactly what will happen when four or fewer argu- +ments are given to _t_e_s_t, and leaves the behavior undefined +when more arguments are supplied. Bash uses the POSIX.2 +_________________________ +|-Bill Joy, An Introduction to the C Shell, _U_N_I_X _U_s_e_r'_s +_S_u_p_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_a_r_y _D_o_c_u_m_e_n_t_s, University of California at +Berkeley, 1986. + + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 5 - + + +algorithm, which was conceived by David Korn. + +_3._1. _F_e_a_t_u_r_e_s _n_o_t _i_n _t_h_e _B_o_u_r_n_e _S_h_e_l_l + + There are a number of minor differences between Bash +and the version of sh present on most other versions of +UNIX. The majority of these are due to the POSIX standard, +but some are the result of Bash adopting features from other +shells. For instance, Bash includes the new "!" reserved +word, the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d builtin, the ability of the _r_e_a_d builtin +to correctly return a line ending with a backslash, symbolic +arguments to the _u_m_a_s_k builtin, variable substring removal, +a way to get the length of a variable, and the new algorithm +for the _t_e_s_t builtin from the POSIX.2 standard, none of +which appear in sh. + + Bash also implements the "$(...)" command substitution +syntax, which supersedes the sh `...` construct. The +"$(...)" construct expands to the output of the command con- +tained within the parentheses, with trailing newlines +removed. The sh syntax is accepted for backwards compati- +bility, but the "$(...)" form is preferred because its quot- +ing rules are much simpler and it is easier to nest. + + The Bourne shell does not provide such features as +brace expansion, the ability to define a variable and a +function with the same name, local variables in shell func- +tions, the ability to enable and disable individual builtins +or write a function to replace a builtin, or a means to +export a shell function to a child process. + + Bash has closed a long-standing shell security hole by +not using the $_I_F_S variable to split each word read by the +shell, but splitting only the results of expansion (ksh and +the 4.4 BSD sh have fixed this as well). Useful behavior +such as a means to abort execution of a script read with the +"." command using the return builtin or automatically +exporting variables in the shell's environment to children +is also not present in the Bourne shell. Bash provides a +much more powerful environment for both interactive use and +programming. + +_4. _B_a_s_h-_s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c _F_e_a_t_u_r_e_s + + This section details a few of the features which make +Bash unique. Most of them provide improved interactive use, +but a few programming improvements are present as well. +Full descriptions of these features can be found in the Bash +documentation. + +_4._1. _S_t_a_r_t_u_p _F_i_l_e_s + + Bash executes startup files differently than other +shells. The Bash behavior is a compromise between the csh + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 6 - + + +principle of startup files with fixed names executed for +each shell and the sh "minimalist" behavior. An interactive +instance of Bash started as a login shell reads and executes +~/._b_a_s_h__p_r_o_f_i_l_e (the file .bash_profile in the user's home +directory), if it exists. An interactive non-login shell +reads and executes ~/._b_a_s_h_r_c. A non-interactive shell (one +begun to execute a shell script, for example) reads no fixed +startup file, but uses the value of the variable $_E_N_V, if +set, as the name of a startup file. The ksh practice of +reading $_E_N_V for every shell, with the accompanying diffi- +culty of defining the proper variables and functions for +interactive and non-interactive shells or having the file +read only for interactive shells, was considered too com- +plex. Ease of use won out here. Interestingly, the next +release of ksh will change to reading $_E_N_V only for interac- +tive shells. + +_4._2. _N_e_w _B_u_i_l_t_i_n _C_o_m_m_a_n_d_s + + There are a few builtins which are new or have been +extended in Bash. The _e_n_a_b_l_e builtin allows builtin com- +mands to be turned on and off arbitrarily. To use the ver- +sion of _e_c_h_o found in a user's search path rather than the +Bash builtin, enable -n echo suffices. The _h_e_l_p builtin +provides quick synopses of the shell facilities without +requiring access to a manual page. _B_u_i_l_t_i_n is similar to +_c_o_m_m_a_n_d in that it bypasses shell functions and directly +executes builtin commands. Access to a csh-style stack of +directories is provided via the _p_u_s_h_d, _p_o_p_d, and _d_i_r_s buil- +tins. _P_u_s_h_d and _p_o_p_d insert and remove directories from the +stack, respectively, and _d_i_r_s lists the stack contents. On +systems that allow fine-grained control of resources, the +_u_l_i_m_i_t builtin can be used to tune these settings. _U_l_i_m_i_t +allows a user to control, among other things, whether core +dumps are to be generated, how much memory the shell or a +child process is allowed to allocate, and how large a file +created by a child process can grow. The _s_u_s_p_e_n_d command +will stop the shell process when job control is active; most +other shells do not allow themselves to be stopped like +that. _T_y_p_e, the Bash answer to _w_h_i_c_h and _w_h_e_n_c_e, shows what +will happen when a word is typed as a command: +9 $ type export + export is a shell builtin + $ type -t export + builtin + $ type bash + bash is /bin/bash + $ type cd + cd is a function + cd () + { + builtin cd ${1+"$@"} && xtitle $HOST: $PWD + } +9 + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 7 - + + +Various modes tell what a command word is (reserved word, +alias, function, builtin, or file) or which version of a +command will be executed based on a user's search path. +Some of this functionality has been adopted by POSIX.2 and +folded into the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d utility. + +_4._3. _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _a_n_d _C_o_m_p_l_e_t_i_o_n + + One area in which Bash shines is command line editing. +Bash uses the _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e library to read and edit lines when +interactive. Readline is a powerful and flexible input +facility that a user can configure to individual tastes. It +allows lines to be edited using either emacs or vi commands, +where those commands are appropriate. The full capability +of emacs is not present - there is no way to execute a named +command with M-x, for instance - but the existing commands +are more than adequate. The vi mode is compliant with the +command line editing standardized by POSIX.2. + + Readline is fully customizable. In addition to the +basic commands and key bindings, the library allows users to +define additional key bindings using a startup file. The +_i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, which defaults to the file ~/._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, is read +each time readline initializes, permitting users to maintain +a consistent interface across a set of programs. Readline +includes an extensible interface, so each program using the +library can add its own bindable commands and program- +specific key bindings. Bash uses this facility to add bind- +ings that perform history expansion or shell word expansions +on the current input line. + + Readline interprets a number of variables which further +tune its behavior. Variables exist to control whether or +not eight-bit characters are directly read as input or con- +verted to meta-prefixed key sequences (a meta-prefixed key +sequence consists of the character with the eighth bit +zeroed, preceded by the _m_e_t_a-_p_r_e_f_i_x character, usually +escape, which selects an alternate keymap), to decide +whether to output characters with the eighth bit set +directly or as a meta-prefixed key sequence, whether or not +to wrap to a new screen line when a line being edited is +longer than the screen width, the keymap to which subsequent +key bindings should apply, or even what happens when read- +line wants to ring the terminal's bell. All of these vari- +ables can be set in the inputrc file. + + The startup file understands a set of C preprocessor- +like conditional constructs which allow variables or key +bindings to be assigned based on the application using read- +line, the terminal currently being used, or the editing +mode. Users can add program-specific bindings to make their +lives easier: I have bindings that let me edit the value of +$_P_A_T_H and double-quote the current or previous word: +9 # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction + + +9 October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 8 - + + + $if Bash + # edit the path + "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" + # prepare to type a quoted word -- insert open and close double + # quotes and move to just after the open quote + "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + $endif +9 +There is a readline command to re-read the file, so users +can edit the file, change some bindings, and begin to use +them almost immediately. + + Bash implements the _b_i_n_d builtin for more dyamic con- +trol of readline than the startup file permits. _B_i_n_d is +used in several ways. In _l_i_s_t mode, it can display the +current key bindings, list all the readline editing direc- +tives available for binding, list which keys invoke a given +directive, or output the current set of key bindings in a +format that can be incorporated directly into an inputrc +file. In _b_a_t_c_h mode, it reads a series of key bindings +directly from a file and passes them to readline. In its +most common usage, _b_i_n_d takes a single string and passes it +directly to readline, which interprets the line as if it had +just been read from the inputrc file. Both key bindings and +variable assignments may appear in the string given to _b_i_n_d. + + The readline library also provides an interface for +_w_o_r_d _c_o_m_p_l_e_t_i_o_n. When the _c_o_m_p_l_e_t_i_o_n character (usually +TAB) is typed, readline looks at the word currently being +entered and computes the set of filenames of which the +current word is a valid prefix. If there is only one possi- +ble completion, the rest of the characters are inserted +directly, otherwise the common prefix of the set of +filenames is added to the current word. A second TAB char- +acter entered immediately after a non-unique completion +causes readline to list the possible completions; there is +an option to have the list displayed immediately. Readline +provides hooks so that applications can provide specific +types of completion before the default filename completion +is attempted. This is quite flexible, though it is not com- +pletely user-programmable. Bash, for example, can complete +filenames, command names (including aliases, builtins, shell +reserved words, shell functions, and executables found in +the file system), shell variables, usernames, and hostnames. +It uses a set of heuristics that, while not perfect, is gen- +erally quite good at determining what type of completion to +attempt. + +_4._4. _H_i_s_t_o_r_y + + Access to the list of commands previously entered (the +_c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y) is provided jointly by Bash and the + + +9 October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 9 - + + +readline library. Bash provides variables ($HISTFILE, +$HISTSIZE, and $HISTCONTROL) and the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y and _f_c builtins +to manipulate the history list. The value of $_H_I_S_T_F_I_L_E +specifes the file where Bash writes the command history on +exit and reads it on startup. $_H_I_S_T_S_I_Z_E is used to limit +the number of commands saved in the history. $_H_I_S_T_C_O_N_T_R_O_L +provides a crude form of control over which commands are +saved on the history list: a value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e means to +not save commands which begin with a space; a value of +_i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s means to not save commands identical to the last +command saved. $HISTCONTROL was named $history_control in +earlier versions of Bash; the old name is still accepted for +backwards compatibility. The _h_i_s_t_o_r_y command can read or +write files containing the history list and display the +current list contents. The _f_c builtin, adopted from POSIX.2 +and the Korn Shell, allows display and re-execution, with +optional editing, of commands from the history list. The +readline library offers a set of commands to search the his- +tory list for a portion of the current input line or a +string typed by the user. Finally, the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y library, +generally incorporated directly into the readline library, +implements a facility for history recall, expansion, and +re-execution of previous commands very similar to csh ("bang +history", so called because the exclamation point introduces +a history substitution): +9 $ echo a b c d e + a b c d e + $ !! f g h i + echo a b c d e f g h i + a b c d e f g h i + $ !-2 + echo a b c d e + a b c d e + $ echo !-2:1-4 + echo a b c d + a b c d +9 +The command history is only saved when the shell is interac- +tive, so it is not available for use by shell scripts. + +_4._5. _N_e_w _S_h_e_l_l _V_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s + + There are a number of convenience variables that Bash +interprets to make life easier. These include _F_I_G_N_O_R_E, +which is a set of filename suffixes identifying files to +exclude when completing filenames; _H_O_S_T_T_Y_P_E, which is +automatically set to a string describing the type of +hardware on which Bash is currently executing; +_c_o_m_m_a_n_d__o_r_i_e_n_t_e_d__h_i_s_t_o_r_y, which directs Bash to save all +lines of a multiple-line command such as a _w_h_i_l_e or _f_o_r loop +in a single history entry, allowing easy re-editing; and +_I_G_N_O_R_E_E_O_F, whose value indicates the number of consecutive +EOF characters that an interactive shell will read before + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 10 - + + +exiting - an easy way to keep yourself from being logged out +accidentally. The _a_u_t_o__r_e_s_u_m_e variable alters the way the +shell treats simple command names: if job control is active, +and this variable is set, single-word simple commands +without redirections cause the shell to first look for and +restart a suspended job with that name before starting a new +process. + +_4._6. _B_r_a_c_e _E_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n + + Since sh offers no convenient way to generate arbitrary +strings that share a common prefix or suffix (filename +expansion requires that the filenames exist), Bash imple- +ments _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, a capability picked up from csh. +Brace expansion is similar to filename expansion, but the +strings generated need not correspond to existing files. A +brace expression consists of an optional _p_r_e_a_m_b_l_e, followed +by a pair of braces enclosing a series of comma-separated +strings, and an optional _p_o_s_t_a_m_b_l_e. The preamble is +prepended to each string within the braces, and the postam- +ble is then appended to each resulting string: +9 $ echo a{d,c,b}e + ade ace abe +9 +As this example demonstrates, the results of brace expansion +are not sorted, as they are by filename expansion. + +_4._7. _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _S_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n + + On systems that can support it, Bash provides a facil- +ity known as _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. Process substitution is +similar to command substitution in that its specification +includes a command to execute, but the shell does not col- +lect the command's output and insert it into the command +line. Rather, Bash opens a pipe to the command, which is +run in the background. The shell uses named pipes (FIFOs) +or the /_d_e_v/_f_d method of naming open files to expand the +process substitution to a filename which connects to the +pipe when opened. This filename becomes the result of the +expansion. Process substitution can be used to compare the +outputs of two different versions of an application as part +of a regression test: +9 $ cmp <(old_prog) <(new_prog) +9 +_4._8. _P_r_o_m_p_t _C_u_s_t_o_m_i_z_a_t_i_o_n + + One of the more popular interactive features that Bash +provides is the ability to customize the prompt. Both $_P_S_1 +and $_P_S_2, the primary and secondary prompts, are expanded +before being displayed. Parameter and variable expansion is +performed when the prompt string is expanded, so any shell +variable can be put into the prompt (e.g., $_S_H_L_V_L, which + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 11 - + + +indicates how deeply the current shell is nested). Bash +specially interprets characters in the prompt string pre- +ceded by a backslash. Some of these backslash escapes are +replaced with the current time, the date, the current work- +ing directory, the username, and the command number or his- +tory number of the command being entered. There is even a +backslash escape to cause the shell to change its prompt +when running as root after an _s_u. Before printing each pri- +mary prompt, Bash expands the variable $_P_R_O_M_P_T__C_O_M_M_A_N_D and, +if it has a value, executes the expanded value as a command, +allowing additional prompt customization. For example, this +assignment causes the current user, the current host, the +time, the last component of the current working directory, +the level of shell nesting, and the history number of the +current command to be embedded into the primary prompt: +9 $ PS1='\u@\h [\t] \W($SHLVL:\!)\$ ' + chet@odin [21:03:44] documentation(2:636)$ cd .. + chet@odin [21:03:54] src(2:637)$ +9 +The string being assigned is surrounded by single quotes so +that if it is exported, the value of $_S_H_L_V_L will be updated +by a child shell: +9 chet@odin [21:17:35] src(2:638)$ export PS1 + chet@odin [21:17:40] src(2:639)$ bash + chet@odin [21:17:46] src(3:696)$ +9 +The \$ escape is displayed as "$" when running as a normal +user, but as "#" when running as root. + +_4._9. _F_i_l_e _S_y_s_t_e_m _V_i_e_w_s + + Since Berkeley introduced symbolic links in 4.2 BSD, +one of their most annoying properties has been the "warping" +to a completely different area of the file system when using +_c_d, and the resultant non-intuitive behavior of "cd ..". +The UNIX kernel treats symbolic links _p_h_y_s_i_c_a_l_l_y. When the +kernel is translating a pathname in which one component is a +symbolic link, it replaces all or part of the pathname while +processing the link. If the contents of the symbolic link +begin with a slash, the kernel replaces the pathname +entirely; if not, the link contents replace the current com- +ponent. In either case, the symbolic link is visible. If +the link value is an absolute pathname, the user finds him- +self in a completely different part of the file system. + + Bash provides a _l_o_g_i_c_a_l view of the file system. In +this default mode, command and filename completion and buil- +tin commands such as _c_d and _p_u_s_h_d which change the current +working directory transparently follow symbolic links as if +they were directories. The $_P_W_D variable, which holds the +shell's idea of the current working directory, depends on +the path used to reach the directory rather than its + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 12 - + + +physical location in the local file system hierarchy. For +example: +9 $ cd /usr/local/bin + $ echo $PWD + /usr/local/bin + $ pwd + /usr/local/bin + $ /bin/pwd + /net/share/sun4/local/bin + $ cd .. + $ pwd + /usr/local + $ /bin/pwd + /net/share/sun4/local + $ cd .. + $ pwd + /usr + $ /bin/pwd + /usr +9 +One problem with this, of course, arises when programs that +do not understand the shell's logical notion of the file +system interpret ".." differently. This generally happens +when Bash completes filenames containing ".." according to a +logical hierarchy which does not correspond to their physi- +cal location. For users who find this troublesome, a +corresponding _p_h_y_s_i_c_a_l view of the file system is available: +9 $ cd /usr/local/bin + $ pwd + /usr/local/bin + $ set -o physical + $ pwd + /net/share/sun4/local/bin +9 +_4._1_0. _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_t_i_o_n_a_l_i_z_a_t_i_o_n + + One of the most significant improvements in version +1.13 of Bash was the change to "eight-bit cleanliness". +Previous versions used the eighth bit of characters to mark +whether or not they were quoted when performing word expan- +sions. While this did not affect the majority of users, +most of whom used only seven-bit ASCII characters, some +found it confining. Beginning with version 1.13, Bash +implemented a different quoting mechanism that did not alter +the eighth bit of characters. This allowed Bash to manipu- +late files with "odd" characters in their names, but did +nothing to help users enter those names, so version 1.13 +introduced changes to readline that made it eight-bit clean +as well. Options exist that force readline to attach no +special significance to characters with the eighth bit set +(the default behavior is to convert these characters to +meta-prefixed key sequences) and to output these characters + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 13 - + + +without conversion to meta-prefixed sequences. These +changes, along with the expansion of keymaps to a full eight +bits, enable readline to work with most of the ISO-8859 fam- +ily of character sets, used by many European countries. + +_4._1_1. _P_O_S_I_X _M_o_d_e + + Although Bash is intended to be POSIX.2 conformant, +there are areas in which the default behavior is not compa- +tible with the standard. For users who wish to operate in a +strict POSIX.2 environment, Bash implements a _P_O_S_I_X _m_o_d_e. +When this mode is active, Bash modifies its default opera- +tion where it differs from POSIX.2 to match the standard. +POSIX mode is entered when Bash is started with the -_p_o_s_i_x +option. This feature is also available as an option to the +set builtin, set -o posix. For compatibility with other GNU +software that attempts to be POSIX.2 compliant, Bash also +enters POSIX mode if the variable $_P_O_S_I_X_L_Y__C_O_R_R_E_C_T is set +when Bash is started or assigned a value during execution. +$_P_O_S_I_X__P_E_D_A_N_T_I_C is accepted as well, to be compatible with +some older GNU utilities. When Bash is started in POSIX +mode, for example, it sources the file named by the value of +$_E_N_V rather than the "normal" startup files, and does not +allow reserved words to be aliased. + +_5. _N_e_w _F_e_a_t_u_r_e_s _a_n_d _F_u_t_u_r_e _P_l_a_n_s + + There are several features introduced in the current +version of Bash, version 1.14, and a number under considera- +tion for future releases. This section will briefly detail +the new features in version 1.14 and describe several +features that may appear in later versions. + +_5._1. _N_e_w _F_e_a_t_u_r_e_s _i_n _B_a_s_h-_1._1_4 + + The new features available in Bash-1.14 answer several +of the most common requests for enhancements. Most notably, +there is a mechanism for including non-visible character +sequences in prompts, such as those which cause a terminal +to print characters in different colors or in standout mode. +There was nothing preventing the use of these sequences in +earlier versions, but the readline redisplay algorithm +assumed each character occupied physical screen space and +would wrap lines prematurely. + + Readline has a few new variables, several new bindable +commands, and some additional emacs mode default key bind- +ings. A new history search mode has been implemented: in +this mode, readline searches the history for lines beginning +with the characters between the beginning of the current +line and the cursor. The existing readline incremental +search commands no longer match identical lines more than +once. Filename completion now expands variables in direc- +tory names. The history expansion facilities are now nearly + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 14 - + + +completely csh-compatible: missing modifiers have been added +and history substitution has been extended. + + Several of the features described earlier, such as _s_e_t +-_o _p_o_s_i_x and $_P_O_S_I_X__P_E_D_A_N_T_I_C, are new in version 1.14. +There is a new shell variable, _O_S_T_Y_P_E, to which Bash assigns +a value that identifies the version of UNIX it's running on +(great for putting architecture-specific binary directories +into the $PATH). Two variables have been renamed: $_H_I_S_T_C_O_N_- +_T_R_O_L replaces $_h_i_s_t_o_r_y__c_o_n_t_r_o_l, and $_H_O_S_T_F_I_L_E replaces +$_h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e__c_o_m_p_l_e_t_i_o_n__f_i_l_e. In both cases, the old names are +accepted for backwards compatibility. The ksh _s_e_l_e_c_t con- +struct, which allows the generation of simple menus, has +been implemented. New capabilities have been added to +existing variables: $_a_u_t_o__r_e_s_u_m_e can now take values of +_e_x_a_c_t or _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, and $_H_I_S_T_C_O_N_T_R_O_L understands the value +_i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h, which combines the two previously acceptable +values. The _d_i_r_s builtin has acquired options to print out +specific members of the directory stack. The $_n_o_l_i_n_k_s vari- +able, which forces a physical view of the file system, has +been superseded by the -_P option to the _s_e_t builtin +(equivalent to set -o physical); the variable is retained +for backwards compatibility. The version string contained +in $_B_A_S_H__V_E_R_S_I_O_N now includes an indication of the patch +level as well as the "build version". Some little-used +features have been removed: the _b_y_e synonym for _e_x_i_t and +the $_N_O__P_R_O_M_P_T__V_A_R_S variable are gone. There is now an +organized test suite that can be run as a regression test +when building a new version of Bash. + + The documentation has been thoroughly overhauled: there +is a new manual page on the readline library and the _i_n_f_o +file has been updated to reflect the current version. As +always, as many bugs as possible have been fixed, although +some surely remain. + +_5._2. _O_t_h_e_r _F_e_a_t_u_r_e_s + + There are a few features that I hope to include in +later Bash releases. Some are based on work already done in +other shells. + + In addition to simple variables, a future release of +Bash will include one-dimensional arrays, using the ksh +implementation of arrays as a model. Additions to the ksh +syntax, such as _v_a_r_n_a_m_e=( ... ) to assign a list of words +directly to an array and a mechanism to allow the _r_e_a_d buil- +tin to read a list of values directly into an array, would +be desirable. Given those extensions, the ksh _s_e_t -_A syntax +may not be worth supporting (the -_A option assigns a list of +values to an array, but is a rather peculiar special case). + + Some shells include a means of _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_a_b_l_e word com- +pletion, where the user specifies on a per-command basis how + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 15 - + + +the arguments of the command are to be treated when comple- +tion is attempted: as filenames, hostnames, executable +files, and so on. The other aspects of the current Bash +implementation could remain as-is; the existing heuristics +would still be valid. Only when completing the arguments to +a simple command would the programmable completion be in +effect. + + It would also be nice to give the user finer-grained +control over which commands are saved onto the history list. +One proposal is for a variable, tentatively named _H_I_S_T_I_G_- +_N_O_R_E, which would contain a colon-separated list of com- +mands. Lines beginning with these commands, after the res- +trictions of $_H_I_S_T_C_O_N_T_R_O_L have been applied, would not be +placed onto the history list. The shell pattern-matching +capabilities could also be available when specifying the +contents of $_H_I_S_T_I_G_N_O_R_E. + + One thing that newer shells such as _w_k_s_h (also known as +_d_t_k_s_h) provide is a command to dynamically load code imple- +menting additional builtin commands into a running shell. +This new builtin would take an object file or shared library +implementing the "body" of the builtin (_x_x_x__b_u_i_l_t_i_n() for +those familiar with Bash internals) and a structure contain- +ing the name of the new command, the function to call when +the new builtin is invoked (presumably defined in the shared +object specified as an argument), and the documentation to +be printed by the _h_e_l_p command (possibly present in the +shared object as well). It would manage the details of +extending the internal table of builtins. + + A few other builtins would also be desirable: two are +the POSIX.2 _g_e_t_c_o_n_f command, which prints the values of sys- +tem configuration variables defined by POSIX.2, and a _d_i_s_o_w_n +builtin, which causes a shell running with job control +active to "forget about" one or more background jobs in its +internal jobs table. Using _g_e_t_c_o_n_f, for example, a user +could retrieve a value for $_P_A_T_H guaranteed to find all of +the POSIX standard utilities, or find out how long filenames +may be in the file system containing a specified directory. + + There are no implementation timetables for any of these +features, nor are there concrete plans to include them. If +anyone has comments on these proposals, feel free to send me +electronic mail. + +_6. _R_e_f_l_e_c_t_i_o_n_s _a_n_d _L_e_s_s_o_n_s _L_e_a_r_n_e_d + + The lesson that has been repeated most often during +Bash development is that there are dark corners in the +Bourne shell, and people use all of them. In the original +description of the Bourne shell, quoting and the shell gram- +mar are both poorly specified and incomplete; subsequent +descriptions have not helped much. The grammar presented in + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 16 - + + +Bourne's paper describing the shell distributed with the +Seventh Edition of UNIX|- is so far off that it does not +allow the command who|wc. In fact, as Tom Duff states: + + Nobody really knows what the Bourne shell's gram- + mar is. Even examination of the source code is + little help.|= + +The POSIX.2 standard includes a _y_a_c_c grammar that comes +close to capturing the Bourne shell's behavior, but it +disallows some constructs which sh accepts without complaint +- and there are scripts out there that use them. It took a +few versions and several bug reports before Bash implemented +sh-compatible quoting, and there are still some "legal" sh +constructs which Bash flags as syntax errors. Complete sh +compatibility is a tough nut. + + The shell is bigger and slower than I would like, +though the current version is substantially faster than pre- +viously. The readline library could stand a substantial +rewrite. A hand-written parser to replace the current +_y_a_c_c-generated one would probably result in a speedup, and +would solve one glaring problem: the shell could parse com- +mands in "$(...)" constructs as they are entered, rather +than reporting errors when the construct is expanded. + + As always, there is some chaff to go with the wheat. +Areas of duplicated functionality need to be cleaned up. +There are several cases where Bash treats a variable spe- +cially to enable functionality available another way +($notify vs. set -o notify and $nolinks vs. set -o physi- +cal, for instance); the special treatment of the variable +name should probably be removed. A few more things could +stand removal; the $_a_l_l_o_w__n_u_l_l__g_l_o_b__e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n and +$_g_l_o_b__d_o_t__f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e_s variables are of particularly question- +able value. The $[...] arithmetic evaluation syntax is +redundant now that the POSIX-mandated $((...)) construct has +been implemented, and could be deleted. It would be nice if +the text output by the _h_e_l_p builtin were external to the +shell rather than compiled into it. The behavior enabled by +$_c_o_m_m_a_n_d__o_r_i_e_n_t_e_d__h_i_s_t_o_r_y, which causes the shell to attempt +to save all lines of a multi-line command in a single his- +tory entry, should be made the default and the variable +removed. + + +_________________________ +|-S. R. Bourne, "UNIX Time-Sharing System: The UNIX +Shell", _B_e_l_l _S_y_s_t_e_m _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, 57(6), July- +August, 1978, pp. 1971-1990. +|=Tom Duff, "Rc - A Shell for Plan 9 and UNIX systems", +_P_r_o_c. _o_f _t_h_e _S_u_m_m_e_r _1_9_9_0 _E_U_U_G _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, London, July, +1990, pp. 21-33. + + + + + October 28, 1994 + + + + + + - 17 - + + +_7. _A_v_a_i_l_a_b_i_l_i_t_y + + As with all other GNU software, Bash is available for +anonymous FTP from _p_r_e_p._a_i._m_i_t._e_d_u:/_p_u_b/_g_n_u and from other +GNU software mirror sites. The current version is in _b_a_s_h- +_1._1_4._1._t_a_r._g_z in that directory. Use _a_r_c_h_i_e to find the +nearest archive site. The latest version is always avail- +able for FTP from _b_a_s_h._C_W_R_U._E_d_u:/_p_u_b/_d_i_s_t. Bash documenta- +tion is available for FTP from _b_a_s_h._C_W_R_U._E_d_u:/_p_u_b/_b_a_s_h. + + The Free Software Foundation sells tapes and CD-ROMs +containing Bash; send electronic mail to gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu +or call +1-617-876-3296 for more information. + + Bash is also distributed with several versions of +UNIX-compatible systems. It is included as /bin/sh and +/bin/bash on several Linux distributions (more about the +difference in a moment), and as contributed software in +BSDI's BSD/386* and FreeBSD. + + The Linux distribution deserves special mention. There +are two configurations included in the standard Bash distri- +bution: a "normal" configuration, in which all of the stan- +dard features are included, and a "minimal" configuration, +which omits job control, aliases, history and command line +editing, the directory stack and _p_u_s_h_d/_p_o_p_d/_d_i_r_s, process +substitution, prompt string special character decoding, and +the _s_e_l_e_c_t construct. This minimal version is designed to +be a drop-in replacement for the traditional UNIX /bin/sh, +and is included as the Linux /bin/sh in several packagings. + +_8. _C_o_n_c_l_u_s_i_o_n + + Bash is a worthy successor to sh. It is sufficiently +portable to run on nearly every version of UNIX from 4.3 BSD +to SVR4.2, and several UNIX workalikes. It is robust enough +to replace sh on most of those systems, and provides more +functionality. It has several thousand regular users, and +their feedback has helped to make it as good as it is today +- a testament to the benefits of free software. + + + + + + + + + + +_________________________ +*BSD/386 is a trademark of Berkeley Software Design, +Inc. + + + + + October 28, 1994 + + diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..675cd2f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.0 @@ -0,0 +1,5358 @@ +BASH(1) BASH(1) + + + +NNAAMMEE + bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell + +SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS + bbaasshh [options] [file] + +CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT + Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2009 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN + BBaasshh is an sshh-compatible command language interpreter that executes + commands read from the standard input or from a file. BBaasshh also incor- + porates useful features from the _K_o_r_n and _C shells (kksshh and ccsshh). + + BBaasshh is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and + Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard + 1003.1). BBaasshh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. + +OOPPTTIIOONNSS + In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the + description of the sseett builtin command, bbaasshh interprets the following + options when it is invoked: + + --cc _s_t_r_i_n_g If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from + _s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are arguments after the _s_t_r_i_n_g, they are + assigned to the positional parameters, starting with $$00. + --ii If the --ii option is present, the shell is _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e. + --ll Make bbaasshh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see + IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). + --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d + (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). + --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after + option processing, then commands are read from the standard + input. This option allows the positional parameters to be + set when invoking an interactive shell. + --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed + on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub- + ject to language translation when the current locale is not CC + or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be + executed. + [[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]] + _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the + sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If + _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO + unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and + values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on + the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the + output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input. + ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file- + names and arguments. An argument of -- is equivalent to ----. + + BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These + options must appear on the command line before the single-character + options to be recognized. + + ----ddeebbuuggggeerr + Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description + of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) and shell + function tracing (see the description of the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee option + to the sseett builtin below). + ----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss + Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por- + table object) file format. + ----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss + Equivalent to --DD. + ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- + fully. + ----iinniitt--ffiillee _f_i_l_e + ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e + Execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of the standard personal ini- + tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see + IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). + + ----llooggiinn + Equivalent to --ll. + + ----nnooeeddiittiinngg + Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when + the shell is interactive. + + ----nnoopprrooffiillee + Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or + any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these + files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + below). + + ----nnoorrcc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by + default if the shell is invoked as sshh. + + ----ppoossiixx + Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs + from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). + + ----rreessttrriicctteedd + The shell becomes restricted (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). + + ----vveerrbboossee + Equivalent to --vv. + + ----vveerrssiioonn + Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- + dard output and exit successfully. + +AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS + If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the --cc nor the + --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the + name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this + fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame- + ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com- + mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta- + tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are + executed, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the + file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then the shell + searches the directories in PPAATTHH for the script. + +IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or + one started with the ----llooggiinn option. + + An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments and + without the --cc option whose standard input and error are both connected + to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii + option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if bbaasshh is interactive, allowing + a shell script or a startup file to test this state. + + The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. + If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. + Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- + ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section. + + When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- + active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- + mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading + that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, + in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that + exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the + shell is started to inhibit this behavior. + + When a login shell exits, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the + file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists. + + When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh + reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This + may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option + will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. + + When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for + example, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands + its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name + of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- + mand were executed: + if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi + but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file + name. + + If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup + behavior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while + conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interac- + tive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, + it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and + _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to + inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the + name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is + defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and + execute. Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and exe- + cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no + effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not + attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh + enters _p_o_s_i_x mode after the startup files are read. + + When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line + option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, + interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and + executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other + startup files are read. + + BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input + connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell daemon, + usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh determines it + is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if + invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this behavior, + and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to be read, + but _r_s_h_d does not generally invoke the shell with those options or + allow them to be specified. + + If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup + files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, + the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is + set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, + the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not + reset. + +DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS + The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- + ment. + bbllaannkk A space or tab. + wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the + shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn. + nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- + scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- + score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr. + mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the + following: + || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb + ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr + A _t_o_k_e_n that performs a control function. It is one of the fol- + lowing symbols: + |||| && &&&& ;; ;;;; (( )) || ||&& <<nneewwlliinnee>> + +RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS + _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The + following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the + first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or the third + word of a ccaassee or ffoorr command: + + !! ccaassee ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill + wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] + +SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss + A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- + lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a + _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed, + and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as + arguments to the invoked command. + + The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if + the command is terminated by signal _n. + + PPiippeelliinneess + A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of + the control operators || or ||&&. The format for a pipeline is: + + [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ] + + The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the standard + input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- + tions specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is used, + the standard error of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input + through the pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirect- + ion of the standard error is performed after any redirections specified + by the command. + + The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, + unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the + pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command + to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- + fully. If the reserved word !! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of + that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described + above. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate + before returning a value. + + If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as + user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the + pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to that + specified by POSIX. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be set to a format + string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed; + see the description of TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess below. + + Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in + a subshell). + + LLiissttss + A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the + operators ;;, &&, &&&&, or ||||, and optionally terminated by one of ;;, &&, or + <<nneewwlliinnee>>. + + Of these list operators, &&&& and |||| have equal precedence, followed by ;; + and &&, which have equal precedence. + + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a + semicolon to delimit commands. + + If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- + cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not + wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. Commands + separated by a ;; are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each + command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of + the last command executed. + + AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by + the &&&& and |||| control operators, respectively. AND and OR lists are + executed with left associativity. An AND list has the form + + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 + + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status + of zero. + + An OR list has the form + + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 + + + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if and only if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit + status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of + the last command executed in the list. + + CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss + A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following: + + (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell environment (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUU-- + TTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT below). Variable assignments and builtin com- + mands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in + effect after the command completes. The return status is the + exit status of _l_i_s_t. + + { _l_i_s_t; } + _l_i_s_t is simply executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t + must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known + as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of + _l_i_s_t. Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are + _r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted + to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they + must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace or another shell + metacharacter. + + ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)) + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules described + below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of the expres- + sion is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return + status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to lleett ""_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n"". + + [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the + words between the [[[[ and ]]]]; tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, + process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Condi- + tional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as + primaries. + + When used with [[[[, The << and >> operators sort lexicographically + using the current locale. + + When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right + of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. If the shell + option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is performed without + regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value + is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not match (!!==) the pat- + tern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to + force it to be matched as a string. + + An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same + precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the + right of the operator is considered an extended regular expres- + sion and matched accordingly (as in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return value + is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the + regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional + expression's return value is 2. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh + is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of + alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to + force it to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by + parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are + saved in the array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH. The element of + BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0 is the portion of the string matching + the entire regular expression. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with + index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthe- + sized subexpression. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence: + + (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n )) + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to + override the normal precedence of operators. + !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n + True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false. + _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 &&&& _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 + True if both _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 and _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 are true. + _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 |||| _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 + True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true. + + The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value + of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of + the entire conditional expression. + + ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn [ _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee + The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of + items. The variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of this list in + turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omit- + ted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each positional + parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The return status + is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the + expansion of the items following iinn results in an empty list, no + commands are executed, and the return status is 0. + + ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee + First, the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 is evaluated according to + the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. The + arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 is then evaluated repeatedly until + it evaluates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero + value, _l_i_s_t is executed and the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3 is + evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it + evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last + command in _l_i_s_t that is executed, or false if any of the expres- + sions is invalid. + + sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee + The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of + items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard + error, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, + the positional parameters are printed (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). + The PPSS33 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the stan- + dard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to + one of the displayed words, then the value of _n_a_m_e is set to + that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis- + played again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other + value read causes _n_a_m_e to be set to null. The line read is + saved in the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each + selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed. The exit status of + sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, + or zero if no commands were executed. + + ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc + A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against + each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the same matching rules as for path- + name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is + expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- + sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, process + substitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is + expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- + sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, and process + substitution. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the + match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic + characters. When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is + executed. If the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are + attempted after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of + ;;;; causes execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with + the next set of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the + shell to test the next pattern list in the statement, if any, + and execute any associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit + status is zero if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit + status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t. + + iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t_; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii + The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in + turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn + _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the eellssee + _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- + tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested + true. + + wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t; ddoo _l_i_s_t; ddoonnee + uunnttiill _l_i_s_t; ddoo _l_i_s_t; ddoonnee + The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the ddoo _l_i_s_t as long as + the last command in _l_i_s_t returns an exit status of zero. The + uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, except that the + test is negated; the ddoo _l_i_s_t is executed as long as the last + command in _l_i_s_t returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status + of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the last + ddoo _l_i_s_t command executed, or zero if none was executed. + + CCoopprroocceesssseess + A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word. A + coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command + had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe + established between the executing shell and the coprocess. + + The format for a coprocess is: + + ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s] + + This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the + default name is _C_O_P_R_O_C. _N_A_M_E must not be supplied if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a _s_i_m_- + _p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word + of the simple command. When the coproc is executed, the shell creates + an array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the + executing shell. The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a + pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file + descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and + that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established + before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN + below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell + commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The process + id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the + value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used + to wait for the coprocess to terminate. + + The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. + + SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss + A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and + executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. + Shell functions are declared as follows: + + [ ffuunnccttiioonn ] _n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] + This defines a function named _n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn + is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the + parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- + pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). + That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but + may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. _c_o_m_- + _p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name + of a simple command. Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) + specified when a function is defined are performed when the + function is executed. The exit status of a function definition + is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a readonly function with + the same name already exists. When executed, the exit status of + a function is the exit status of the last command executed in + the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) + +CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS + In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- + aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and + all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive + shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow + comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is on by default in interac- + tive shells. + +QQUUOOTTIINNGG + _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or + words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment + for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized + as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. + + Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special + meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. + + When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- + TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must + be quoted to prevent history expansion. + + There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single + quotes, and double quotes. + + A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the + literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of + <newline>. If a \\<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not + itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that + is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). + + Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of + each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between + single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. + + Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of + all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, + when history expansion is enabled, !!. The characters $$ and `` retain + their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its + special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: + $$, ``, "", \\, or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double + quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion + will be performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped + using a backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed. + + The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double + quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). + + Words of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated specially. The word expands to + _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the + ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded + as follows: + \\aa alert (bell) + \\bb backspace + \\ee + \\EE an escape character + \\ff form feed + \\nn new line + \\rr carriage return + \\tt horizontal tab + \\vv vertical tab + \\\\ backslash + \\'' single quote + \\"" double quote + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (one to three digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + \\cc_x a control-_x character + + The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not + been present. + + A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") will cause + the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the + current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the + string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. + +PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS + A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- + ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm-- + eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a + _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the + ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). + + A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form + + _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] + + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e + is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion + is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not + performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall + PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- + ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, + eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands. + + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a + shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to + or add to the variable's previous value. When += is applied to a vari- + able for which the integer attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated + as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value, + which is also evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using + compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not + unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array + beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed + arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. + When applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and + appended to the variable's value. + + PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). + + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). + + SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a sin- + gle word with the value of each parameter separated by the first + character of the IIFFSS special variable. That is, "$$**" is equiva- + lent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c is the first character of the value + of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are sepa- + rated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined + without intervening separators. + @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter + expands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11" + "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, + the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- + ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last + parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. + When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to + nothing (i.e., they are removed). + ## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- + ground pipeline. + -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- + tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + itself (such as the --ii option). + $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it + expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- + shell. + !! Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed back- + ground (asynchronous) command. + 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set + at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com- + mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started + with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after + the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is + set to the file name used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument + zero. + __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke + the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- + ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last + argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to + the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and + placed in the environment exported to that command. When check- + ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur- + rently being checked. + + SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess + The following variables are set by the shell: + + BBAASSHH Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of + bbaasshh. + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + startup files. This variable is read-only. + BBAASSHHPPIIDD + Expands to the process id of the current bbaasshh process. This + differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. + BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin Ele- + ments added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting + array elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. + BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in + each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number + of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or + script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. + When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed + is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in + extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg + option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) + BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- + rent bbaasshh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter + of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe- + cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The + shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see + the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin + below) + BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh + builtin. Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; + unsetting array elements cause commands to be removed from the + hash table. + BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD + The command currently being executed or about to be executed, + unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, + in which case it is the command executing at the time of the + trap. + BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG + The command argument to the --cc invocation option. + BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files corresponding to each member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE. + $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file where + $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if refer- + enced within another shell function). The corresponding source + file name is $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}}. Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the cur- + rent line number. + BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH + An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary + operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index + 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular + expression. The element with index _n is the portion of the + string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. This vari- + able is read-only. + BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE + An array variable whose members are the source filenames corre- + sponding to the elements in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array variable. + BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL + Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment + is spawned. The initial value is 0. + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO + A readonly array variable whose members hold version information + for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array + members are as follows: + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[2]] The patch level. + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[3]] The build version. + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1). + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. + + BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN + Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of + bbaasshh. + + CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current + cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + + CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY + The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur- + rent completion function. + + CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE + The current command line. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- + grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn + below). + + CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT + The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- + ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is + at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is + equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- + grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn + below). + + CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B, + for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes- + sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple- + tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or + _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- + grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn + below). + + CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + quently reset. + + CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- + ual words in the current command line. The line is split into + words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as + described above. This variable is available only in shell func- + tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see + PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + + DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- + tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack + in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning + to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- + ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must + be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari- + able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is + unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- + quently reset. + + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. + + FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 + is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- + tom-most element is "main". This variable exists only when a + shell function is executing. Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no + effect and return an error status. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, it + loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect + and return an error status. If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + + HHIISSTTCCMMDD + The history number, or index in the history list, of the current + command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + + HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE + Automatically set to the name of the current host. + + HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + dependent. + + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- + ties, even if it is subsequently reset. + + MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. + + OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. + + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + dent. + + PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). + + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + only. + + PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. + + RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between + 0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be + initialized by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + reset. + + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + no arguments are supplied. + + SSEECCOONNDDSS + Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds + since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + is subsequently reset. + + SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + startup files. This variable is read-only. + + SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. + + UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell + startup. This variable is readonly. + + The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh + assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. + + BBAASSHH__EENNVV + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to + initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is + subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name. + PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant file name. + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + list of directories in which the shell looks for destination + directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is + ".:~:/usr". + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is + enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed + when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then + unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. + CCOOLLUUMMNNSS + Used by the sseelleecctt builtin command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon + receipt of a SIGWINCH. + CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + an emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. + FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. + FFIIGGNNOORREE + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". + GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames + to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a + pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in + GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. + HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes + _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of + _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value + of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the + shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value + of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. + HHIISSTTFFIILLEE + The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- + TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, + the command history is not saved when an interactive shell + exits. + HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE + The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain + no more than that number of lines. The default value is 500. + The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it + when an interactive shell exits. + HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is + anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com- + plete line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is + tested against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN-- + TTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern + matching characters, `&&' matches the previous history line. `&&' + may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed + before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a + multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the + history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. + HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). The default value is 500. + HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history + file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses + the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + other history lines. + HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for + the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used + when performing tilde expansion. + HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is + attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. + IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting + after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + builtin command. The default value is ``<space><tab><new- + line>''. + IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF + Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF + character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the + default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the + end of input to the shell. + IINNPPUUTTRRCC + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the + default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + variable specifying a locale category. + LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating + sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. + LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + pattern matching. + LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + quoted strings preceded by a $$. + LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC + This variable determines the locale category used for number + formatting. + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt builtin command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon + receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. + MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file name and the MMAAIILLPPAATTHH vari- + able is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of mail in + the specified file. + MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The + default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH + A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail. + The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file + may be specified by separating the file name from the message + with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to + the name of the current mailfile. Example: + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has + mail!"' + BBaasshh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca- + tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent + (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). + OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + shell script is executed. + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is + ``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin''. + PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the + command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. + PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD + If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each + primary prompt. + PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + ``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''. + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + the secondary prompt string. The default is ``>> ''. + PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt + command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an + execution trace. The first character of PPSS44 is replicated mul- + tiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indi- + rection. The default is ``++ ''. + SSHHEELLLL The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment vari- + able. If it is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to + it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. + TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + as follows; the braces denote optional portions. + %%%% A literal %%. + %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. + %%[[_p]][[ll]]UU The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. + %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. + %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. + + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes + no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places + after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater + than 3 are changed to 3. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is + used. + + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + the fraction is included. + + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss%%33llSS''. If the value is null, no + timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added + when the format string is displayed. + + TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the + default timeout for the rreeaadd builtin. The sseelleecctt command termi- + nates if input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is + coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is + interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after + issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting for + that number of seconds if input does not arrive. + + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, BBaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + BBaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. + + aauuttoo__rreessuummee + This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and + job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- + mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump- + tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; + if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, + the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start + it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match + the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the + string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a + stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- + gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set + to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a + stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the + %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. + + hhiissttcchhaarrss + The two or three characters which control history expansion and + tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). The first character + is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals + the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second + character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as + shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- + tuting one string for another in the command. The default is + `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- + cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as + the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- + ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the + remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the + shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. + + AArrrraayyss + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will + explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including + arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are + referenced using arbitrary strings. + + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned + to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as + an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or + equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa + _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is + also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. + + Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. + + Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and + rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. + + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket + and subscript. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional + brackets and subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; other- + wise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by + the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + + When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. + + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax + introduced above. + + Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. + The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If + _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These + subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If + the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the + value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS + special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep- + arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to + nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the + expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of + the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the + expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss + above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- + ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript + is equivalent to referencing the array with a subscript of 0. + + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + value. The null string is a valid value. + + The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] + destroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t. Care must be taken to + avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname expansion. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, + where _n_a_m_e is an array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** + or @@, removes the entire array. + + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative + array. The rreeaadd builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words + read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins + display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as assign- + ments. + +EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into + words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, + _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- + _t_i_o_n, _a_r_i_t_h_m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, and _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. + + The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame- + ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done + in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname expansion. + + On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. + + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change + the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single + word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions + of "$$@@" and "$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}" as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). + + BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener- + ated. This mechanism is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the file- + names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the + form of an optional _p_r_e_a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-sep- + arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol- + lowed by an optional _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each + string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended + to each resulting string, expanding left to right. + + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string + are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, + a{{d,c,b}}e expands into `ade ace abe'. + + A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y are + either integers or single characters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment, + is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression expands to + each number between _x and _y, inclusive. Supplied integers may be pre- + fixed with _0 to force each term to have the same width. When either _x + or _y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated + terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where neces- + sary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each + character lexicographically between _x and _y, inclusive. Note that both + _x and _y must be of the same type. When the increment is supplied, it + is used as the difference between each term. The default increment is + 1 or -1 as appropriate. + + Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- + acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is + strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to + the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. + + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and + closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence + expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. + A {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered + part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- + sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion. + + This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of + the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: + + mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} + or + chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} + + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in + the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by + bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the + ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett com- + mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- + tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + with the specified login name. + + If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD + replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of + the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- + acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, + optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced + with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be + displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu- + ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- + sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. + + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is + unchanged. + + Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi- + ately following a :: or the first ==. In these cases, tilde expansion is + also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in + assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the + expanded value. + + PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn + The `$$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + could be interpreted as part of the name. + + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not + escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an + embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter + expansion. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} + The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required + when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one + digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not + to be interpreted as part of its name. + + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), a + level of variable indirection is introduced. BBaasshh uses the value of + the variable formed from the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the vari- + able; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest + of the substitution, rather than the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This + is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The exceptions to this are the expan- + sions of ${!_p_r_e_f_i_x*} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation + point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce + indirection. + + In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- + ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + + When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented + below, bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the + colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + is substituted. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the + expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_- + _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special + parameters may not be assigned to in this way. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is + not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if + it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + is substituted. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn.. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. If + _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r start- + ing at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are + arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). + _l_e_n_g_t_h must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + used as an offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters + beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name sub- + scripted by @ or *, the result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the + array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is + taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the + specified array. Substring expansion applied to an associative + array produces undefined results. Note that a negative offset + must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid + being confused with the :- expansion. Substring indexing is + zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which + case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and + the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. + + ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} + ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx.. Expands to the names of variables whose + names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + word. + + ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} + ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss.. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + each key expands to a separate word. + + ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh.. The length in characters of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + tuted is the number of elements in the array. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d} + RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn.. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce + a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches + the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the + expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat- + tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- + ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d} + RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn.. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce + a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches + a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the + result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with + the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest + matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ + or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi- + tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or + **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of + the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} + PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn.. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- + tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and + the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are + replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is + replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at the begin- + ning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with + %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. + If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // fol- + lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the sub- + stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution + operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and + the expansion is the resultant list. + + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} + CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn.. This expansion modifies the case of alpha- + betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro- + duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. The ^^ operator + converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,, + operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The + ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the + expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only + the first character in the expanded value.. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit- + ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied + to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted + with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each + member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. + + CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn + _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows the output of a command to replace the com- + mand name. There are two forms: + + + $$((_c_o_m_m_a_n_d)) + or + ``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d`` + + BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d and replacing the com- + mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any + trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they + may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $$((ccaatt + _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). + + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash + retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The + first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub- + stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the + parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. + + Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted + form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. + + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and + pathname expansion are not performed on the results. + + AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn + Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression + and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- + sion is: + + $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) + + The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a + double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All + tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion, + command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be + nested. + + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under + AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message + indicating failure and no substitution occurs. + + PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn + _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes + (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form + of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out- + put connected to a _F_I_F_O or some file in //ddeevv//ffdd. The name of this file + is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the + expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro- + vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as + an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t. + + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with + parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + expansion. + + WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg + The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes + for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. + + The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the + results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If IIFFSS + is unset, or its value is exactly <<ssppaaccee>><<ttaabb>><<nneewwlliinnee>>, the default, + then sequences of <<ssppaaccee>>, <<ttaabb>>, and <<nneewwlliinnee>> at the beginning and + end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any + sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to + delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then + sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee and ttaabb are ignored at the + beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is + in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in + IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace + characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters + is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word + splitting occurs. + + Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit + null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no + values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within + double quotes, a null argument results and is retained. + + Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. + + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn + After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans + each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters + appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an + alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no + matching file names are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not + enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, + and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell + option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed + and the command is not executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- + betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the + character ````..'''' at the start of a name or immediately following a + slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is + set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be + matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' character is not + treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiill-- + gglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. + + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. The file names ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always + ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGG-- + NNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell + option, so all other file names beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To + get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a ````..'''', + make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is + disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. + + PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg + + Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern + characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not + occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the + escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern + characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. + + The special pattern characters have the following meanings: + + ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the gglloobb-- + ssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a pathname expan- + sion context, two adjacent **s used as a single pattern will + match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. + If followed by a //, two adjacent **s will match only directories + and subdirectories. + ?? Matches any single character. + [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac- + ters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n; any char- + acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using + the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is + matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ + then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order + of characters in range expressions is determined by the current + locale and the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable, if set. + A -- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac- + ter in the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first + character in the set. + + Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the + syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes + defined in the POSIX standard: + aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt + ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt + A character class matches any character belonging to that class. + The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the char- + acter _. + + Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the + syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with the same colla- + tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character + _c. + + Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collating sym- + bol _s_y_m_b_o_l. + + If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several + extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following + description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated + by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol- + lowing sub-patterns: + + ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns + **((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns + ++((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns + @@((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches one of the given patterns + !!((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) + Matches anything except one of the given patterns + + QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall + After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- + ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions + are removed. + +RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN + Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d + using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may + also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution + environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear + anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may follow a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections + are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. + + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may + instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for + each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a + file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If >&- or + <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file + descriptor to close. + + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- + ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- + direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the + first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection + refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). + + The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- + tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde + expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan- + sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it + expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. + + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the + command + + ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 + + directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, + while the command + + ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist + + directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard + error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out- + put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. + + BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- + tions, as described in the following table: + + //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d + If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- + cated. + //ddeevv//ssttddiinn + File descriptor 0 is duplicated. + //ddeevv//ssttddoouutt + File descriptor 1 is duplicated. + //ddeevv//ssttddeerrrr + File descriptor 2 is duplicated. + //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t + If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. + //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t + If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t + is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts + to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. + + A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. + + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with + care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- + nally. + + RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt + Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the + standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. + + The general format for redirecting input is: + + [_n]<<_w_o_r_d + + RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt + Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the + expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the + standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file + does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero + size. + + The general format for redirecting output is: + + [_n]>>_w_o_r_d + + If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett + builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose + name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. + If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and + the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- + direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. + + AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt + Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name + results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file + descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not + specified. If the file does not exist it is created. + + The general format for appending output is: + + [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d + + + RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the + file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. + + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard + error: + + &&>>_w_o_r_d + and + >>&&_w_o_r_d + + Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equiva- + lent to + + >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 + + + AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr + This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and + the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the + file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d. + + The format for appending standard output and standard error is: + + &&>>>>_w_o_r_d + + This is semantically equivalent to + + >>>>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 + + HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss + This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the + current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing + blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used + as the standard input for a command. + + The format of here-documents is: + + <<<<[--]_w_o_r_d + _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t + _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r + + No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or + pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any characters in _w_o_r_d are + quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, and the + lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is unquoted, all + lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com- + mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the + character sequence \\<<nneewwlliinnee>> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote + the characters \\, $$, and ``. + + If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are + stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This + allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural + fashion. + + HHeerree SSttrriinnggss + A variant of here documents, the format is: + + <<<<<<_w_o_r_d + + The _w_o_r_d is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard input. + + DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss + The redirection operator + + [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d + + is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file + descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- + ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the + standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. + + The operator + + [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d + + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d + does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard + error are redirected as described previously. + + MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss + The redirection operator + + [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- + + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after + being duplicated to _n. + + Similarly, the redirection operator + + [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- + + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. + + OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg + The redirection operator + + [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d + + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. + +AALLIIAASSEESS + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. + + Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with + the uunnaalliiaass command. + + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + below). + + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input + before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are + expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, + an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does + not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands + following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new + alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. + Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the + function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- + pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not + available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always + put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com- + pound commands. + + For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. + +FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to + interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + tion while the function is executing. + + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical + between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + option has been enabled. + + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the + function and its caller. + + If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function + completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- + tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed + before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the + positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the + values they had prior to the function's execution. + + Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the + ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- + sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file + and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions + may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with + the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be + deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell + functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden- + tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- + dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. + + Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of + recursive calls. + +AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc + EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check + for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. + The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the + same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped + into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in + order of decreasing precedence. + + _i_d++++ _i_d---- + variable post-increment and post-decrement + ++++_i_d ----_i_d + variable pre-increment and pre-decrement + -- ++ unary minus and plus + !! ~~ logical and bitwise negation + **** exponentiation + ** // %% multiplication, division, remainder + ++ -- addition, subtraction + <<<< >>>> left and right bitwise shifts + <<== >>== << >> + comparison + ==== !!== equality and inequality + && bitwise AND + ^^ bitwise exclusive OR + || bitwise OR + &&&& logical AND + |||| logical OR + _e_x_p_r??_e_x_p_r::_e_x_p_r + conditional operator + == **== //== %%== ++== --== <<<<== >>>>== &&== ^^== ||== + assignment + _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 + comma + + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates + to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on + to be used in an expression. + + Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading + 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form + [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing + the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omit- + ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented + by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that + order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase + letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and + 35. + + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + above. + +CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following + unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- + maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If + the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, + _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, + is checked. + + Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- + bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link + itself. + + When used with [[[[, The << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + the current locale. + + --aa _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists. + --bb _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a block special file. + --cc _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a character special file. + --dd _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a directory. + --ee _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists. + --ff _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a regular file. + --gg _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is set-group-id. + --hh _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. + --kk _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set. + --pp _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). + --rr _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is readable. + --ss _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has a size greater than zero. + --tt _f_d True if file descriptor _f_d is open and refers to a terminal. + --uu _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and its set-user-id bit is set. + --ww _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is writable. + --xx _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is executable. + --OO _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. + --GG _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective group id. + --LL _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. + --SS _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. + --NN _f_i_l_e + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + read. + _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. + _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + does not. + _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + bers. + --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e + True if shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + builtin below. + --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g + True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. + _s_t_r_i_n_g + --nn _s_t_r_i_n_g + True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is non-zero. + + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. + + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + True if the strings are not equal. + + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 << _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts before _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. + + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 >> _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 + True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. + + _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. + +SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following + expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. + + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + for later processing. + + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + are the arguments. + + 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. + + 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + able. + + If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current + shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- + ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- + ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a + readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- + zero status. + + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not + affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + command to exit with a non-zero status. + + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of + zero. + +CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are + taken. + + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + a match is found, that builtin is invoked. + + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to + remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function + named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked + with the original command and the original command's arguments as its + arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of + the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error + message and returns an exit status of 127. + + If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or + more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- + tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- + ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. + + If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, + and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a + file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. + This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new + shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that + the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below + under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child. + + If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first + line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the + specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- + cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of + a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first + line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by + the command arguments, if any. + +CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- + ing: + + + +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin + + +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or + inherited by the shell at invocation + + +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from + the shell's parent + + +o current traps set by ttrraapp + + +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett + or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + + +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + shell's parent in the environment + + +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- + mand-line arguments) or by sseett + + +o options enabled by sshhoopptt + + +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass + + +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the + value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD + + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be + executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- + sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- + ited from the shell. + + + +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + specified by redirections to the command + + +o the current working directory + + +o the file creation mode mask + + +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + variables exported for the command, passed in the environment + + +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from + the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the + shell's execution environment. + + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- + nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate + of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are + reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- + tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also + executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- + ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. + + Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of + the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode, Bash + clears the --ee option in such subshells. + + If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the + default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. + Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the + calling shell as modified by redirections. + +EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the + _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form + _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. + + The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On + invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter + for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- + cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and + ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and + deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- + ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, + replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command + consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- + fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus + any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. + + The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented + temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described + above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- + ronment seen by that command. + + If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l + parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not + just those that precede the command name. + + When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the + full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi- + ronment. + +EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS + The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the + _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between + 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above + 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands + are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell + will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. + + For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status + has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero + exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal + signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. + + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it + returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, + the return status is 126. + + If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, + the exit status is greater than zero. + + Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and + non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins + return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. + + BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, + unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero + value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. + +SSIIGGNNAALLSS + When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores + SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT + is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In + all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh + ignores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. + + Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values + inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in + effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to + these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- + tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT-- + TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. + + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, + an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or + stopped. Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the + SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular + job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin + (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP + using ddiissoowwnn --hh. + + If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a + SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. + + If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for + which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- + mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via + the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been + set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta- + tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. + +JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL + _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the + execution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later + point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive + interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal + driver and bbaasshh. + + The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of + currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. + When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a + line that looks like: + + [1] 25647 + + indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the + last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of + the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh + uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. + + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, + the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s + _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group + ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- + generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in + the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID + differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- + erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, + if the user so specifies with stty tostop, write to the terminal. + Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when stty + tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal + by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the + process. + + If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, + bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- + ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to + be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d + character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped + when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be + returned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, + using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command + to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ + takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing + pending output and typeahead to be discarded. + + There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- + ter %% introduces a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c). Job number _n may be + referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the + name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command + line. For example, %%ccee refers to a stopped ccee job. If a prefix + matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the + other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command + line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an + error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_- + _r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground + or started in the background. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may be referenced using + %%--. If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer + to that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the + jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with a ++, and the pre- + vious job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specifica- + tion) also refers to the current job. + + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is + a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the + foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, + equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''. + + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, + bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes + in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb + option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes + immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that + exits. + + If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the + cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, run- + ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option + is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The jjoobbss command may + then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is + made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another + warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + +PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh allows these prompt + strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped + special characters that are decoded as follows: + \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + 26") + \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} + the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is + inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results + in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are + required + \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) + \\hh the hostname up to the first `.' + \\HH the hostname + \\jj the number of jobs currently managed by the shell + \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name + \\nn newline + \\rr carriage return + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + following the final slash) + \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format + \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format + \\@@ the current time in 12-hour am/pm format + \\AA the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format + \\uu the username of the current user + \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) + \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) + \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated + with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- + able) + \\WW the basename of the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE + abbreviated with a tilde + \\!! the history number of this command + \\## the command number of this command + \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ + \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n + \\\\ a backslash + \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + prompt + \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters + + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY + below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of + commands executed during the current shell session. After the string + is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of + the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command + under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + +RREEAADDLLIINNEE + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. + Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. + By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. A + vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be + enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing + after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the + sseett builtin. + + RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn + In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. + Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- + larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- + boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key + then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x + means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key + while pressing the _x key.) + + Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to + act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments + deviates from this are noted below. + + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a + _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one + unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text + separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. + + RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn + Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, + the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are + set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline + initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a + ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- + structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. + + The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other + programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. + + For example, placing + + M-Control-u: universal-argument + or + C-Meta-u: universal-argument + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. + + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. + + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). + + RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- + fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or + _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. + + When using the form kkeeyynnaammee:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, _k_e_y_n_a_m_e is the name + of a key spelled out in English. For example: + + Control-u: universal-argument + Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word + Control-o: "> output" + + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + text ``> output'' into the line). + + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + the symbolic character names are not recognized. + + "\C-u": universal-argument + "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file + "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" + + In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. + + The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is + \\CC-- control prefix + \\MM-- meta prefix + \\ee an escape character + \\\\ backslash + \\"" literal " + \\'' literal ' + + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + backslash escapes is available: + \\aa alert (bell) + \\bb backspace + \\dd delete + \\ff form feed + \\nn newline + \\rr carriage return + \\tt horizontal tab + \\vv vertical tab + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (one to three digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + + When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used + to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + text, including " and '. + + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + + RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess + Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav- + ior. A variable may be set in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file with a statement of the + form + + sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e + + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent + to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: + + bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. + bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- + line equivalents. + ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode + and to ## in vi command mode. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion + in a case-insensitive fashion. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + ble completions. + ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is + asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are + simply listed on the terminal. + ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). + ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. + eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) + Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- + ilar to _e_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or + vvii. + eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- + ated from the keyboard. + eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- + pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the + arrow keys. + eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn)) + When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier + key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many + terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. + eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) + If set to oonn, tilde expansion is performed when readline + attempts word completion. + hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) + If set to oonn, the history code attempts to place point at the + same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- + ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. + hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((00)) + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history + list. If set to zero, the number of entries in the history list + is not limited. + hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) + When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, + scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it + becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a + new line. + iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it + will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), + regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name + mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. + iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a com- + mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- + ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. + kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) + Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names + is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- + _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the + value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. + mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) + If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. + mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- + played with a preceding asterisk (**). + mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- + tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess). + mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) + This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files + whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing + filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the + user in the filename to be completed. + oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth + bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. + ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) + If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- + play a screenful of possible completions at a time. + pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the + screen. + rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff)) + If set to oonn, readline will undo all changes to history lines + before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his- + tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists + across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee. + sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + If set to oonn, words which have more than one possible completion + cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing + the bell. + sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in + a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to oonn, words + which have more than one possible completion without any possi- + ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a + common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately + instead of ringing the bell. + sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when + inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when + performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, + readline does not insert characters from the completion that + match characters after point in the word being completed, so + portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. + vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) + If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by + _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- + pletions. + + RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss + Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional + compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings + and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There + are four parser directives used. + + $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- + ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; + no characters are required to isolate it. + + mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test + whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for + instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and + _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in + emacs mode. + + tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific + key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by + the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side + of the == is tested against the both full name of the ter- + minal and the portion of the terminal name before the + first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, + for instance. + + aapppplliiccaattiioonn + The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- + specific settings. Each program using the readline + library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + file can test for a particular value. This could be used + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + Bash: + + $$iiff Bash + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + $$eennddiiff + + $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff + command. + + $$eellssee Commands in this branch of the $$iiff directive are executed if the + test fails. + + $$iinncclluuddee + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- + ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: + + $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c + + SSeeaarrcchhiinngg + Readline provides commands for searching through the command history + (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are + two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. + + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the + search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- + line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed + so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as + needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in + the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an + incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the + Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. + Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original + line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the + search string becomes the current line. + + To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or + Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the + history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. + Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the + search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- + nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from + the history list. + + Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- + Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search + string, any remembered search string is used. + + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting + to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed + by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. + + RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess + The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default + key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- + panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- + tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to + a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the + point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. + + CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg + bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--aa)) + Move to the start of the current line. + eenndd--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--ee)) + Move to the end of the line. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--ff)) + Move forward a character. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--bb)) + Move back a character. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--ff)) + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of + alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). + sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited + by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words + are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) + Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the + screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without + clearing the screen. + rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee + Refresh the current line. + + CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy + aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) + Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line + is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state + of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history + line, then restore the history line to its original state. + pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) + Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in + the list. + nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) + Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in + the list. + bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) + Move to the first line in the history. + eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + being entered. + rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + search. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental + search. + nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) + Search backward through the history starting at the current line + using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the + user. + nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) + Search forward through the history using a non-incremental + search for a string supplied by the user. + hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + non-incremental search. + hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + non-incremental search. + yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, + insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument + inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once + the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the + "!_n" history expansion had been specified. + yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) + Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word + of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave + exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg + move back through the history list, inserting the last argument + of each line in turn. The history expansion facilities are used + to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion + had been specified. + sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) + Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his- + tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See + HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. + hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) + Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY + EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. + mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a + space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history + expansion. + aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee + Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above + for a description of alias expansion. + hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee + Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. + iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) + A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. + ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any + argument is ignored. + eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xxCC--ee)) + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, + $$EEDDIITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. + + CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt + ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) + Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of + the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last + character typed was not bound to ddeelleettee--cchhaarr, then return EEOOFF. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. + ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- + sor is deleted. + qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. + ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) + Insert a tab character. + sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) + Insert the character typed. + ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Negative arguments have no effect. + ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + line, this transposes the last two words on the line. + uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. + ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. + ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. + oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive + numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- + ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than + pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- + wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a + space. By default, this command is unbound. + + KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg + kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--kk)) + Kill the text from point to the end of the line. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) + Kill backward to the beginning of the line. + uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The + killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + is. + kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on + the kill-ring. + ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) + Delete all spaces and tabs around point. + kkiillll--rreeggiioonn + Kill the text in the current region. + ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. + ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. + yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) + Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. + yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. + + NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss + ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. + uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the + numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, + if this command is immediately followed by a character that is + neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, + and so on. + + CCoommpplleettiinngg + ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text + begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname + (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and + functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename + completion is attempted. + ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) + List the possible completions of the text before point. + iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. + mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of + bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n + moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by + default.cc + mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--kkrrdd + Identicwwal to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + negative argument. This command is unbound by default. + ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the + line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command + is unbound by default. + ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) + Attempt filename completion on the text before point. + ppoossssiibbllee--ffiilleennaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx //)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a filename. + ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + username. + ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a username. + ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + shell variable. + ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a shell variable. + ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + hostname. + ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a hostname. + ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. + ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a command name. + ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + text against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) + Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). + + KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss + ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + macro. + eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) + Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro + and store the definition. + ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + + MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss + rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + bindings or variable assignments found there. + aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). + ddoo--uuppppeerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--aa,, MM--bb,, MM--_x,, ......)) + If the metafied character _x is lowercase, run the command that + is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. + pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) + Metafy the next character typed. EESSCC ff is equivalent to MMeettaa--ff. + uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) + Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. + rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial + state. + ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) + Perform tilde expansion on the current word. + sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<<ssppaaccee>>)) + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the mark is set to that position. + eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is + set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved + as the mark. + cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) + A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of + that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- + rences. + cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- + rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- + quent occurrences. + sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee (()) + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this + sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. + iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) + Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- + mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current + line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a + toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not + match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- + wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- + ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a + newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn + causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. + If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be + removed, the line will be executed by the shell. + gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern + is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible + completions. + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an + asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. + gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before + pathname expansion. + dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- + line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- + put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess + Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to + the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, + the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part + of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss + Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. + ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) + Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. + + PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn + When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for + which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using + the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the pro- + grammable completion facilities are invoked. + + First, the command name is identified. If the command word is the + empty string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), + any compspec defined with the --EE option to ccoommpplleettee is used. If a + compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to + generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command + word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched + for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt + is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. + If those searches to not result in a compspec, any compspec defined + with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default. + + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of + matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- + tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. + + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches + which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the + --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the + shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. + + Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG + option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not + match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not + used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. + + Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- + ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- + cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is + then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and + variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as + described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules + described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are + prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words + become the possible completions. + + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command + specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or + function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE + variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. + If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD + variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the + first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being + completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the + third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the + current command line. No filtering of the generated completions + against the word being completed is performed; the function or command + has complete freedom in generating the matches. + + Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use + any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described + below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions + in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. + + Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- + ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of + completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be + used to escape a newline, if necessary. + + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- + fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- + tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced + with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped + with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. + Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. + A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- + ing the pattern will be removed. + + Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are + added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned + to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. + + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the + --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was + defined, directory name completion is attempted. + + If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec + was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are + added to the results of the other actions. + + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned + to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The + default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of + filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- + plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- + pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo + ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, + readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, + if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. + + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, + the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash + to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to + the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the + setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. + + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is + most useful when used in combination with a default completion speci- + fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD. It's possible for shell functions executed as + completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by + returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and + changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is + being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is + executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an + attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of com- + pletions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather + than being loaded all at once. + + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept + in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following + default completion function would load completions dynamically: + + _completion_loader() + { + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 + } + complete -D -F _completion_loader + + +HHIISSTTOORRYY + When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell + provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously + typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of + commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- + mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the + history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values + of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. + + On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- + able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value + of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the + number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. When the his- + tory file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character + followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the + preceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed + depending on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When an inter- + active shell exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the his- + tory list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled (see + the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the lines + are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over- + written. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, + the history is not saved. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, time + stamps are written to the history file, marked with the history comment + character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses + the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other his- + tory lines. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to + contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE is not set, + no truncation is performed. + + The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used + to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- + ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and + manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search + commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the + history list. + + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history + list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the + shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell + option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a + multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where + necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option + causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of + semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell + options. + +HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN + The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the + history expansion in ccsshh.. This section describes what syntax features + are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive + shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- + mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not + perform history expansion by default. + + History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input + stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a + previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous + commands quickly. + + History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is + read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two + parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to + use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line + for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history + is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are + _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are available to manipulate the selected + words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read- + ing input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r-separated words surrounded by + quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by + the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by + default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history + expansion character. + + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is + enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. + + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to + tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell + option is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and + rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately + passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded + into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee + is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed + history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer + for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be + used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss + option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of + the history list without actually executing them, so that they are + available for subsequent recall. + + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + tory timestamps when writing the history file. + + EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- + tory list. + + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). + !!_n Refer to command line _n. + !!--_n Refer to the current command line minus _n. + !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. + !!_s_t_r_i_n_g + Refer to the most recent command starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. + !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] + Refer to the most recent command containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trail- + ing ?? may be omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a new- + line. + ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ + Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 + with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' (see MMoodd-- + iiffiieerrss below). + !!## The entire command line typed so far. + + WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: + separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be + omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words + are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being + denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- + rated by single spaces. + + 00 ((zzeerroo)) + The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. + _n The _nth word. + ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. + $$ The last argument. + %% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search. + _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + event; the empty string is returned in that case. + xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. + xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. + + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + previous command is used as the event. + + MMooddiiffiieerrss + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. + + hh Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. + tt Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail. + rr Remove a trailing suffix of the form _._x_x_x, leaving the basename. + ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. + pp Print the new command but do not execute it. + qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + bbllaannkkss and newlines. + ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final + delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event + line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single + backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- + gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to + the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- + tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. + && Repeat the previous substitution. + gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is + used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. + If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. + GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event + line. + +SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section + as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the + options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, bbrreeaakk, ccoonnttiinnuuee, lleett, + and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -- with- + out requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not + specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -- as + invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpretation. + :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is + returned. + + .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell + environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, file + names in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_- + _n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. + When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is + searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option + to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not + searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- + tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the + positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the + status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no + commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or + cannot be read. + + aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass + returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + defined. + + bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + without job control. + + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVV] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e + bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would + appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p + Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent + bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. + --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + way that they can be re-read. + --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + read. + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + that they can be re-read. + --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. + --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + Read key bindings from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. + --qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + Query about which keys invoke the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. + --uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + Unbind all keys bound to the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. + --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q + Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. + --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is + entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the + current location of the insertion point. If the executed + command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the + editing state. + + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + an error occurred. + + bbrreeaakk [_n] + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are + exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + equal to 1. + + bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. + + ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- + tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins. With- + out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + the call stack. + + ccdd [--LL||--PP] [_d_i_r] + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the + default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for + the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in + CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in + CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If + _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not used. The --PP + option says to use the physical directory structure instead of + following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett + builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links to be fol- + lowed. An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non- + empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first + argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute + pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard + output. The return value is true if the directory was success- + fully changed; false otherwise. + + ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv + option causes a single word indicating the command or file name + used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. + + ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion + facilities, while available, will not have useful values. + + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- + grammable completion code had generated them directly from a + completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci- + fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + or no matches were generated. + + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] + [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] + ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the + remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command + for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE + option indicates that the remaining options and actions should + apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion + attempted on a blank line. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- + ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. + --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: + bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt + Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions + if the compspec generates no matches. + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + the compspec generates no matches. + ddiirrnnaammeess + Perform directory name completion if the comp- + spec generates no matches. + ffiilleennaammeess + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + shell functions. + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the + line. + pplluussddiirrss + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the + results of the other actions. + --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + list of possible completions: + aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. + aarrrraayyvvaarr + Array variable names. + bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + specified as --bb. + ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. + ddiirreeccttoorryy + Directory names. May also be specified as --dd. + ddiissaabblleedd + Names of disabled shell builtins. + eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + specified as --ee. + ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. + ffuunnccttiioonn + Names of shell functions. + ggrroouupp Group names. May also be specified as --gg. + hheellppttooppiicc + Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. + hhoossttnnaammee + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + be specified as --jj. + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + --kk. + rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. + sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + builtin. + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + builtin. + ssiiggnnaall Signal names. + ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. + uusseerr User names. May also be specified as --uu. + vvaarriiaabbllee + Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- + ified as --vv. + --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + generate the possible completions. + --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. The possible completions are the members + of the resultant list which match the word being com- + pleted. + --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + output is used as the possible completions. + --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com- + pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + array variable. + --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. + --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + pletion after all other options have been applied. + --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x + _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all + other options have been applied. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs + adding a completion specification. + + ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] + Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-execution completion if no _n_a_m_es + are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion + options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin + described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining + options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the + remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + that is, completion attempted on a blank line. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no comple- + tion specification exists, or an output error occurs. + + ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] + Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of + enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' + loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater + than or equal to 1. + + ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options are ignored. When --pp is + supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes + and values of all variables having the attributes specified by + the additional options. If no other options are supplied with + --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell + variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell + functions. The --FF option inhibits the display of function defi- + nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If + the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source + file name and line number where the function is defined are dis- + played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The following + options can be used to restrict output to variables with the + specified attribute or to give variables attributes: + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + above). + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + above). + --ff Use function names only. + --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + the variable is assigned a value. + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + attribute is disabled. + --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned + values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions + inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling + shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for + variables. + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + attribute is disabled. + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the + environment. + + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- + able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used + in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command. + If a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the vari- + able is set to _v_a_l_u_e. The return value is 0 unless an invalid + option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function + using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a + readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an + array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see + AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable + name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a read- + only variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for + an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis- + tent function with --ff. + + ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccppllvv]] + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered + directories. The default display is on a single line with + directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to + the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes + entries from the list. + ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with + zero. + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting + with zero. + --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the + entries. + --ll Produces a longer listing; the default listing format + uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + fixing each entry with its index in the stack. + + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. + + ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] + Without options, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is removed from the table of + active jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither --aa nor --rr + is supplied, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If + the --hh option is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the ta- + ble, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the + shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is present, and neither + the --aa nor the --rr option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. + If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark + all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c argument restricts + operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_- + _s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. + + eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is always 0. If --nn is specified, the trailing + newline is suppressed. If the --ee option is given, interpreta- + tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. + The --EE option disables the interpretation of these escape char- + acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. + The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used to dynamically determine + whether or not eecchhoo expands these escape characters by default. + eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of options. eecchhoo + interprets the following escape sequences: + \\aa alert (bell) + \\bb backspace + \\cc suppress further output + \\ee an escape character + \\ff form feed + \\nn new line + \\rr carriage return + \\tt horizontal tab + \\vv vertical tab + \\\\ backslash + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + + eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are + enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. + The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. + If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, + a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- + ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn + is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- + plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- + tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the + output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return + value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an + error loading a new builtin from a shared object. + + eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. + + eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what + _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the shell option eexxeeccffaaiill is enabled, in which case it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- + rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status + is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + + eexxiitt [_n] + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on + EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. + + eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... + eexxppoorrtt --pp + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all names that are + exported in this shell is printed. The --nn option causes the + export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable + name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to + _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid + option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell + variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a func- + tion. + + ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] + ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] + Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t + to _l_a_s_t is selected from the history list. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may + be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning + with that string) or as a number (an index into the history + list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur- + rent command number). If _l_a_s_t is not specified it is set to the + current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the + last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not spec- + ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for + listing. + + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. + + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. A useful alias to use with this is + ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command + beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com- + mand. + + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an + invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an + error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + which case ffcc returns failure. + + ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + without job control. + + ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s] + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is + expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it + by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not + be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to + be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an + option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into + the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- + cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to + ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame- + ters is to be used. + + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a + return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of + the first non-option argument, and nnaammee is set to ?. + + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead. + + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. + + If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in + OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. + + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + character found. + + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or + an error occurs. + + hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] + For each _n_a_m_e, the full file name of the command is determined + by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remembered. If the --pp + option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option causes + the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd option + causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _n_a_m_e. + If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each + _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are + supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full + pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for- + mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or + if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is + printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found + or an invalid option is supplied. + + hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + structures is printed. + --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like + format + --ss Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. + + hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] + hhiissttoorryy --cc + hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] + hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] + hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] + With no options, display the command history list with line num- + bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + following meanings: + --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. + --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered + since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the + history file. + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines + appended to the history file since the beginning of the + current bbaasshh session. + --rr Read the contents of the history file and use them as the + current history. + --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit- + ing the history file's contents. + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + quoted to disable normal history expansion. + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before + the _a_r_g_s are added. + + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0 + unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- + plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as + an argument to --pp fails. + + jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ] + jjoobbss --xx _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ _a_r_g_s ... ] + The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- + lowing meanings: + --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + leader. + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + status since the user was last notified of their status. + --rr Restrict output to running jobs. + --ss Restrict output to stopped jobs. + + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. + + If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and + executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. + + kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... + kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true + if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an + error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. + + lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] + Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. + + llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of + local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use + llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless + llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, + or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. + + llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. + + mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] + [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] + [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + supplied, have the following meanings: + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + copied. + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + index is 0. + --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. + --tt Remove a trailing newline from each line read. + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + dard input. + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. + + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next + array element to be assigned as an additional argument. _c_a_l_l_- + _b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array + element is assigned. + + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear + _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it. + + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. + + ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] + Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, + removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to + the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow- + ing meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. + --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + last. + + If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, + and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid + option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis- + tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change + fails. + + pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which + contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are + simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, + which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for- + mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next + successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) for- + mats, %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in + the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output, + backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal escapes + beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits), and %%qq causes + pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can + be reused as shell input. + + The --vv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable + _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. + + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. + + ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] + ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories + and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, + if supplied, have the following meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding + directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + zero) is at the top. + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + zero) is at the top. + _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the + new current working directory. + + If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. + If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r + fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- + tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is + specified, or the directory change to the specified new current + directory fails. + + ppwwdd [--LLPP] + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option + is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an + invalid option is supplied. + + rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp + _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, and the + first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the + second _n_a_m_e, and so on, with leftover words and their interven- + ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer + words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names + are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to + split the line into words. The backslash character (\\) may be + used to remove any special meaning for the next character read + and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol- + lowing meanings: + --aa _a_n_a_m_e + The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array + variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any + new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are + ignored. + --dd _d_e_l_i_m + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the + input line, rather than newline. + --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + not previously active) editing settings. + --ii _t_e_x_t + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. + --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + delimiter. + --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. + --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t + Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- + line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is + displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. + --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + continuation. + --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- + ters are not echoed. + --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input is not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_- + _o_u_t may be a decimal number with a fractional portion + following the decimal point. This option is only effec- + tive if rreeaadd is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or + other special file; it has no effect when reading from + regular files. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd returns success if + input is available on the specified file descriptor, + failure otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 + if the timeout is exceeded. + --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. + + If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- + able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is + encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is + greater than 128), or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as + the argument to --uu. + + rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAppff] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is + supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The --pp + option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be + reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the + value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return status is 0 + unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not + a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that + is not a function. + + rreettuurrnn [_n] + Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _n. + If _n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command + executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but + during execution of a script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it + causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either + _n or the exit status of the last command executed within the + script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a + function and not during execution of a script by .., the return + status is false. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is + executed before execution resumes after the function or script. + + sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...] + sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...] + Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are + displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or + resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- + not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. + The output is sorted according to the current locale. When + options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any + arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- + ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to + $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following + meanings: + --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are + modified or created for export to the environment of + subsequent commands. + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This + is effective only when job control is enabled. + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l command enclosed in + parentheses, or one of the commands executed as part of + a command list enclosed by braces (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not + exit if the command that fails is part of the command + list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, + part of the test following the iiff or eelliiff reserved + words, part of any command executed in a &&&& or |||| list + except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any + command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's + return value is being inverted with !!. A trap on EERRRR, + if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing + all the commands in the subshell. + --ff Disable pathname expansion. + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + for execution. This is enabled by default. + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those + that precede the command name. + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). Background pro- + cesses run in a separate process group and a line con- + taining their exit status is printed upon their comple- + tion. + --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is + ignored by interactive shells. + --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e + The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: + aalllleexxppoorrtt + Same as --aa. + bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd + Same as --BB. + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + face. This is enabled by default when the shell + is interactive, unless the shell is started with + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. + eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. + eerrrrttrraaccee + Same as --EE. + ffuunnccttrraaccee + Same as --TT. + hhaasshhaallll Same as --hh. + hhiisstteexxppaanndd + Same as --HH. + hhiissttoorryy Enable command history, as described above under + HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- + active shells. + iiggnnoorreeeeooff + The effect is as if the shell command + ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll + VVaarriiaabblleess above). + kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. + mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. + nnoocclloobbbbeerr + Same as --CC. + nnooeexxeecc Same as --nn. + nnoogglloobb Same as --ff. + nnoolloogg Currently ignored. + nnoottiiffyy Same as --bb. + nnoouunnsseett Same as --uu. + oonneeccmmdd Same as --tt. + pphhyyssiiccaall + Same as --PP. + ppiippeeffaaiill + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + is disabled by default. + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). + pprriivviilleeggeedd + Same as --pp. + vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + This also affects the editing interface used for + rreeaadd --ee. + xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. + If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard + output. + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and + group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. + --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. + --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- + cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + status. + --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + and its expanded arguments or associated word list. + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + above). This is on by default. + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + overridden when creating output files by using the redi- + rection operator >>|| instead of >>. + --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + ited in such cases. + --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on + by default when the shell is interactive. + --PP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + working directory. It uses the physical directory + structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical + chain of directories when performing commands which + change the current directory. + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands + executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + with a --. + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv + options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- + tional parameters remain unchanged. + + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The + options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of + the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The + return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- + tered. + + sshhiifftt [_n] + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are + unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to + $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, + it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional + parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than + zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. + + sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] + Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav- + ior. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list of all set- + table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not + each is set. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a + form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol- + lowing meanings: + --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. + --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + wise. + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + the --oo option to the sseett builtin. + + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, the dis- + play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec- + tively. Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled + (unset) by default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting + options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + valid shell option. + + The list of sshhoopptt options is: + + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. + ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + whose value is the directory to change to. + ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + shells. + cchheecckkhhaasshh + If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + formed. + cchheecckkjjoobbss + If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a + second exit is attempted without an intervening command + (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones + exiting if any jobs are stopped. + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command + and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- + UUMMNNSS. + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. + ccoommppaatt3311 + If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 + with respect to quoted arguments to the conditional com- + mand's =~ operator. + ccoommppaatt3322 + If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the conditional command's < and > operators. + ccoommppaatt4400 + If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the conditional command's < and > operators and + the effect of interrupting a command list. + ddiirrssppeellll + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- + tially supplied does not exist. + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. + eexxeeccffaaiill + If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + exit if eexxeecc fails. + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- + tive shells. + eexxttddeebbuugg + If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is + enabled: + 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the + source file name and line number corresponding to + each function name supplied as an argument. + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + not executed. + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to + rreettuurrnn is simulated. + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + in their descriptions above. + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with + (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRROORR trap. + eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described + above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. + eexxttqquuoottee + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + quotes. This option is enabled by default. + ffaaiillgglloobb + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + pathname expansion result in an expansion error. + ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- + ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + default. + gglloobbssttaarr + If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- + text will match a files and zero or more directories and + subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only + directories and subdirectories match. + ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt + If set, shell error messages are written in the standard + GNU error message format. + hhiissttaappppeenndd + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + exits, rather than overwriting the file. + hhiissttrreeeeddiitt + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. + hhiissttvveerriiffyy + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- + fication. + hhoossttccoommpplleettee + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + above). This is enabled by default. + hhuuppoonneexxiitt + If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- + active login shell exits. + iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss + If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This + option is enabled by default. + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines + rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + llooggiinn__sshheellll + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + changed. + mmaaiillwwaarrnn + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + played. + nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not + attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when + completion is attempted on an empty line. + nnooccaasseegglloobb + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee + EExxppaannssiioonn above). + nnooccaasseemmaattcchh + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or + [[[[ conditional commands. + nnuullllgglloobb + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + rather than themselves. + pprrooggccoommpp + If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- + ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above) are enabled. This option is + enabled by default. + pprroommppttvvaarrss + If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote + removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + above. This option is enabled by default. + rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll + The shell sets this option if it is started in + restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + cover whether or not a shell is restricted. + sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- + ters. + ssoouurrcceeppaatthh + If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument. This option is enabled by default. + xxppgg__eecchhoo + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape + sequences by default. + ssuussppeenndd [--ff] + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be + used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- + tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- + plied, or if job control is not enabled. + tteesstt _e_x_p_r + [[ _e_x_p_r ]] + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and operand must be + a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries + described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not + accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of + ---- as signifying the end of options. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation + depends on the number of arguments; see below. + !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. + (( _e_x_p_r )) + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + the normal precedence of operators. + _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 + True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. + _e_x_p_r_1 -oo _e_x_p_r_2 + True if either _e_x_p_r_1 or _e_x_p_r_2 is true. + + tteesstt and [[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules + based on the number of arguments. + + 0 arguments + The expression is false. + 1 argument + The expression is true if and only if the argument is not + null. + 2 arguments + If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is + not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is + false. + 3 arguments + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the + result of the expression is the result of the binary test + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + the second and third arguments. If the first argument is + exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + wise, the expression is false. + 4 arguments + If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- + uated according to precedence using the rules listed + above. + 5 or more arguments + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + precedence using the rules listed above. + + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. + + ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. + If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap + commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no + arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the + list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option + causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- + responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name + defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are + case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. + + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell + function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- + ishes executing. + + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a sim- + ple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following + conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command + is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or + uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a + command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return + value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions + obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt option. + + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or + reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to + their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when + one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is + invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. + + ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, + then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is + returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the + name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci- + fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not + return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, + even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is + hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the + file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee + prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. + This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp + option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not + consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func- + tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if + all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. + + uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]] + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t + can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of + the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, + respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the + soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is + given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name + and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter- + preted as follows: + --aa All current limits are reported + --bb The maximum socket buffer size + --cc The maximum size of core files created + --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment + --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + children + --ii The maximum number of pending signals + --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + this limit) + --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems + do not allow this value to be set) + --pp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) + --qq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues + --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority + --ss The maximum stack size + --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + user + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + shell + --xx The maximum number of file locks + --TT The maximum number of threads + + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, it is the new value of the specified resource + (the --aa option is display only). If no option is given, then --ff + is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, + which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks, + and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or + an error occurs while setting a new limit. + + uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] + The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form + that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + and false otherwise. + + uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. + + uunnsseett [-ffvv] [_n_a_m_e ...] + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + If no options are supplied, or the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e + refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari- + able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub- + sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, + LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they + lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently + reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly. + + wwaaiitt [_n _._._.] + Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta- + tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a + job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- + cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n + specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is + 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the + last process or job waited for. + +RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL + If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + disallowed or not performed: + + +o changing directories with ccdd + + +o setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, EENNVV, or BBAASSHH__EENNVV + + +o specifying command names containing // + + +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the .. + builtin command + + +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command + + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + startup + + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + startup + + +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- + ion operators + + +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another + command + + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + to the eennaabbllee builtin command + + +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + builtins + + +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command + + +o turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sseett ++oo rreessttrriicctteedd. + + These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + spawned to execute the script. + +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey + _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey + _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey + _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- + _t_i_e_s, IEEE + _s_h(1), _k_s_h(1), _c_s_h(1) + _e_m_a_c_s(1), _v_i(1) + _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e(3) + +FFIILLEESS + _/_b_i_n_/_b_a_s_h + The bbaasshh executable + _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e + The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e + The personal initialization file, executed for login shells + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c + The individual per-interactive-shell startup file + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + shell exits + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c + Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file + +AAUUTTHHOORRSS + Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation + bfox@gnu.org + + Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University + chet.ramey@case.edu + +BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS + If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_b_a_s_h_/. + + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. + + ALL bug reports should include: + + The version number of bbaasshh + The hardware and operating system + The compiler used to compile + A description of the bug behaviour + A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug + + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + it provides for filing a bug report. + + Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed + to _c_h_e_t_@_p_o_._c_w_r_u_._e_d_u. + +BBUUGGSS + It's too big and too slow. + + There are some subtle differences between bbaasshh and traditional versions + of sshh, mostly because of the PPOOSSIIXX specification. + + Aliases are confusing in some uses. + + Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. + + Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + unit. + + Array variables may not (yet) be exported. + + There may be only one active coprocess at a time. + + + +GNU Bash-4.1 2009 December 29 BASH(1) diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1890b3c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.1 @@ -0,0 +1,9720 @@ +.\" +.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to +.\" +.\" Chet Ramey +.\" Case Western Reserve University +.\" chet@po.cwru.edu +.\" +.\" Last Change: Tue Dec 29 15:36:16 EST 2009 +.\" +.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section +.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ +.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY +.TH BASH 1 "2009 December 29" "GNU Bash-4.1" +.\" +.\" There's some problem with having a `@' +.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. +.\" It has to do with `@' appearing in the }1 macro. +.\" This is a problem on 4.3 BSD and Ultrix, but Sun +.\" appears to have fixed it. +.\" If you're seeing the characters +.\" `@u-3p' appearing before the lines reading +.\" `possible-hostname-completions +.\" and `complete-hostname' down in READLINE, +.\" then uncomment this redefinition. +.\" +.de }1 +.ds ]X \&\\*(]B\\ +.nr )E 0 +.if !"\\$1"" .nr )I \\$1n +.}f +.ll \\n(LLu +.in \\n()Ru+\\n(INu+\\n()Iu +.ti \\n(INu +.ie !\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru-\w\\*(]Xu-3p \{\\*(]X +.br\} +.el \\*(]X\h|\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru\c +.}f +.. +.\" +.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name, +.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much. +.\" +.de FN +\fI\|\\$1\|\fP +.. +.SH NAME +bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B bash +[options] +[file] +.SH COPYRIGHT +.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2009 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2009 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B Bash +is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that +executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. +.B Bash +also incorporates useful features from the \fIKorn\fP and \fIC\fP +shells (\fBksh\fP and \fBcsh\fP). +.PP +.B Bash +is intended to be a conformant implementation of the +Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification +(IEEE Standard 1003.1). +.B Bash +can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. +.SH OPTIONS +In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the +description of the \fBset\fR builtin command, \fBbash\fR +interprets the following options when it is invoked: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 10 +.BI \-c "\| string\^" +If the +.B \-c +option is present, then commands are read from +.IR string . +If there are arguments after the +.IR string , +they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with +.BR $0 . +.TP +.B \-i +If the +.B \-i +option is present, the shell is +.IR interactive . +.TP +.B \-l +Make +.B bash +act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see +.SM +.B INVOCATION +below). +.TP +.B \-r +If the +.B \-r +option is present, the shell becomes +.I restricted +(see +.SM +.B "RESTRICTED SHELL" +below). +.TP +.B \-s +If the +.B \-s +option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +processing, then commands are read from the standard input. +This option allows the positional parameters to be set +when invoking an interactive shell. +.TP +.B \-D +A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by \fB$\fP +is printed on the standard output. +These are the strings that +are subject to language translation when the current locale +is not \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP. +This implies the \fB\-n\fP option; no commands will be executed. +.TP +.B [\-+]O [\fIshopt_option\fP] +\fIshopt_option\fP is one of the shell options accepted by the +\fBshopt\fP builtin (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +If \fIshopt_option\fP is present, \fB\-O\fP sets the value of that option; +\fB+O\fP unsets it. +If \fIshopt_option\fP is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by \fBshopt\fP are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is \fB+O\fP, the output is displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +.TP +.B \-\- +A +.B \-\- +signals the end of options and disables further option processing. +Any arguments after the +.B \-\- +are treated as filenames and arguments. An argument of +.B \- +is equivalent to \fB\-\-\fP. +.PD +.PP +.B Bash +also interprets a number of multi-character options. +These options must appear on the command line before the +single-character options to be recognized. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-\-debugger +Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. +Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the +.B extdebug +option to the +.B shopt +builtin below) +and shell function tracing (see the description of the +\fB\-o functrace\fP option to the +.B set +builtin below). +.TP +.B \-\-dump\-po\-strings +Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP, but the output is in the GNU \fIgettext\fP +\fBpo\fP (portable object) file format. +.TP +.B \-\-dump\-strings +Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP. +.TP +.B \-\-help +Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +\fB\-\-init\-file\fP \fIfile\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP +.PD +Execute commands from +.I file +instead of the standard personal initialization file +.I ~/.bashrc +if the shell is interactive (see +.SM +.B INVOCATION +below). +.TP +.B \-\-login +Equivalent to \fB\-l\fP. +.TP +.B \-\-noediting +Do not use the GNU +.B readline +library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. +.TP +.B \-\-noprofile +Do not read either the system-wide startup file +.FN /etc/profile +or any of the personal initialization files +.IR ~/.bash_profile , +.IR ~/.bash_login , +or +.IR ~/.profile . +By default, +.B bash +reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see +.SM +.B INVOCATION +below). +.TP +.B \-\-norc +Do not read and execute the personal initialization file +.I ~/.bashrc +if the shell is interactive. +This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as +.BR sh . +.TP +.B \-\-posix +Change the behavior of \fBbash\fP where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). +.TP +.B \-\-restricted +The shell becomes restricted (see +.SM +.B "RESTRICTED SHELL" +below). +.TP +.B \-\-verbose +Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP. +.TP +.B \-\-version +Show version information for this instance of +.B bash +on the standard output and exit successfully. +.PD +.SH ARGUMENTS +If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +.B \-c +nor the +.B \-s +option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands. +If +.B bash +is invoked in this fashion, +.B $0 +is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters +are set to the remaining arguments. +.B Bash +reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. +\fBBash\fP's exit status is the exit status of the last command +executed in the script. +If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. +An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and, +if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in +.SM +.B PATH +for the script. +.SH INVOCATION +A \fIlogin shell\fP is one whose first character of argument zero is a +.BR \- , +or one started with the +.B \-\-login +option. +.PP +An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments +and without the +.B \-c +option +whose standard input and error are +both connected to terminals (as determined by +.IR isatty (3)), +or one started with the +.B \-i +option. +.SM +.B PS1 +is set and +.B $\- +includes +.B i +if +.B bash +is interactive, +allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state. +.PP +The following paragraphs describe how +.B bash +executes its startup files. +If any of the files exist but cannot be read, +.B bash +reports an error. +Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under +.B "Tilde Expansion" +in the +.SM +.B EXPANSION +section. +.PP +When +.B bash +is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell +with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file \fI/etc/profile\fP, if that +file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for \fI~/.bash_profile\fP, +\fI~/.bash_login\fP, and \fI~/.profile\fP, in that order, and reads +and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. +The +.B \-\-noprofile +option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. +.PP +When a login shell exits, +.B bash +reads and executes commands from the file \fI~/.bash_logout\fP, if it +exists. +.PP +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, +.B bash +reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the +.B \-\-norc +option. +The \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP option will force +.B bash +to read and execute commands from \fIfile\fP instead of \fI~/.bashrc\fP. +.PP +When +.B bash +is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it +looks for the variable +.SM +.B BASH_ENV +in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +.B Bash +behaves as if the following command were executed: +.sp .5 +.RS +.if t \f(CWif [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi\fP +.if n if [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi +.RE +.sp .5 +but the value of the +.SM +.B PATH +variable is not used to search for the file name. +.PP +If +.B bash +is invoked with the name +.BR sh , +it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of +.B sh +as closely as possible, +while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive +shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to +read and execute commands from +.I /etc/profile +and +.IR ~/.profile , +in that order. +The +.B \-\-noprofile +option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name +.BR sh , +.B bash +looks for the variable +.SM +.BR ENV , +expands its value if it is defined, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Since a shell invoked as +.B sh +does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup +files, the +.B \-\-rcfile +option has no effect. +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name +.B sh +does not attempt to read any other startup files. +When invoked as +.BR sh , +.B bash +enters +.I posix +mode after the startup files are read. +.PP +When +.B bash +is started in +.I posix +mode, as with the +.B \-\-posix +command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. +In this mode, interactive shells expand the +.SM +.B ENV +variable and commands are read and executed from the file +whose name is the expanded value. +No other startup files are read. +.PP +.B Bash +attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell +daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP, or the secure shell daemon \fIsshd\fP. +If +.B bash +determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes +commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists and is readable. +It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP. +The +.B \-\-norc +option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +.B \-\-rcfile +option may be used to force another file to be read, but +\fIrshd\fP does not generally invoke the shell with those options +or allow them to be specified. +.PP +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the +.SM +.BR SHELLOPTS , +.SM +.BR BASHOPTS , +.SM +.BR CDPATH , +and +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, +and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +the same, but the effective user id is not reset. +.SH DEFINITIONS +.PP +The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this +document. +.PD 0 +.TP +.B blank +A space or tab. +.TP +.B word +A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. +Also known as a +.BR token . +.TP +.B name +A +.I word +consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and +beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also +referred to as an +.BR identifier . +.TP +.B metacharacter +A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: +.br +.RS +.PP +.if t \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP +.if n \fB| & ; ( ) < > space tab\fP +.RE +.PP +.TP +.B control operator +A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function. It is one of the following +symbols: +.RS +.PP +.if t \fB\(bv\(bv & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP +.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP +.RE +.PD +.SH "RESERVED WORDS" +\fIReserved words\fP are words that have a special meaning to the shell. +The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either +the first word of a simple command (see +.SM +.B SHELL GRAMMAR +below) or the third word of a +.B case +or +.B for +command: +.if t .RS +.PP +.B +.if n ! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +.if t ! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +.if t .RE +.SH "SHELL GRAMMAR" +.SS Simple Commands +.PP +A \fIsimple command\fP is a sequence of optional variable assignments +followed by \fBblank\fP-separated words and redirections, and +terminated by a \fIcontrol operator\fP. The first word +specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero. +The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. +.PP +The return value of a \fIsimple command\fP is its exit status, or +128+\fIn\^\fP if the command is terminated by signal +.IR n . +.SS Pipelines +.PP +A \fIpipeline\fP is a sequence of one or more commands separated by +one of the control operators +.B | +or \fB|&\fP. +The format for a pipeline is: +.RS +.PP +[\fBtime\fP [\fB\-p\fP]] [ ! ] \fIcommand\fP [ [\fB|\fP\(bv\fB|&\fP] \fIcommand2\fP ... ] +.RE +.PP +The standard output of +.I command +is connected via a pipe to the standard input of +.IR command2 . +This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the +command (see +.SM +.B REDIRECTION +below). +If \fB|&\fP is used, the standard error of \fIcommand\fP is connected to +\fIcommand2\fP's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for +\fB2>&1 |\fP. +This implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after any +redirections specified by the command. +.PP +The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last +command, unless the \fBpipefail\fP option is enabled. +If \fBpipefail\fP is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the +value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, +or zero if all commands exit successfully. +If the reserved word +.B ! +precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical +negation of the exit status as described above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to +terminate before returning a value. +.PP +If the +.B time +reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and +system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline +terminates. +The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. +The +.SM +.B TIMEFORMAT +variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing +information should be displayed; see the description of +.SM +.B TIMEFORMAT +under +.B "Shell Variables" +below. +.PP +Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a +subshell). +.SS Lists +.PP +A \fIlist\fP is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators +.BR ; , +.BR & , +.BR && , +or +.BR \(bv\(bv , +and optionally terminated by one of +.BR ; , +.BR & , +or +.BR <newline> . +.PP +Of these list operators, +.B && +and +.B \(bv\(bv +have equal precedence, followed by +.B ; +and +.BR & , +which have equal precedence. +.PP +A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a \fIlist\fP instead +of a semicolon to delimit commands. +.PP +If a command is terminated by the control operator +.BR & , +the shell executes the command in the \fIbackground\fP +in a subshell. The shell does not wait for the command to +finish, and the return status is 0. Commands separated by a +.B ; +are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each +command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. +.PP +AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by the +\fB&&\fP and \fB\(bv\(bv\fP control operators, respectively. +AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. +An AND list has the form +.RS +.PP +\fIcommand1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIcommand2\fP +.RE +.PP +.I command2 +is executed if, and only if, +.I command1 +returns an exit status of zero. +.PP +An OR list has the form +.RS +.PP +\fIcommand1\fP \fB\(bv\(bv\fP \fIcommand2\fP +.PP +.RE +.PP +.I command2 +is executed if and only if +.I command1 +returns a non-zero exit status. +The return status of +AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command +executed in the list. +.SS Compound Commands +.PP +A \fIcompound command\fP is one of the following: +.TP +(\fIlist\fP) +\fIlist\fP is executed in a subshell environment (see +.SM +\fBCOMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT\fP +below). +Variable assignments and builtin +commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect +after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of +\fIlist\fP. +.TP +{ \fIlist\fP; } +\fIlist\fP is simply executed in the current shell environment. +\fIlist\fP must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. +This is known as a \fIgroup command\fP. +The return status is the exit status of +\fIlist\fP. +Note that unlike the metacharacters \fB(\fP and \fB)\fP, \fB{\fP and +\fB}\fP are \fIreserved words\fP and must occur where a reserved +word is permitted to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word +break, they must be separated from \fIlist\fP by whitespace or another +shell metacharacter. +.TP +((\fIexpression\fP)) +The \fIexpression\fP is evaluated according to the rules described +below under +.SM +.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . +If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; +otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to +\fBlet "\fIexpression\fP"\fR. +.TP +\fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP +Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression \fIexpression\fP. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under +.SM +.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" . +Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words +between the \fB[[\fP and \fB]]\fP; tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +substitution, and quote removal are performed. +Conditional operators such as \fB\-f\fP must be unquoted to be recognized +as primaries. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +When used with \fB[[\fP, The \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +When the \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP operators are used, the string to the +right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according +to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP. +If the shell option +.B nocasematch +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (\fB==\fP) or does not match +(\fB!=\fP) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a +string. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +An additional binary operator, \fB=~\fP, is available, with the same +precedence as \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP. +When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered +an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in \fIregex\fP(3)). +The return value is 0 if the string matches +the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional +expression's return value is 2. +If the shell option +.B nocasematch +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a +string. +Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular +expression are saved in the array variable +.SM +.BR BASH_REMATCH . +The element of +.SM +.B BASH_REMATCH +with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element of +.SM +.B BASH_REMATCH +with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the +string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence: +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B ( \fIexpression\fP ) +Returns the value of \fIexpression\fP. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +.TP +.B ! \fIexpression\fP +True if +.I expression +is false. +.TP +\fIexpression1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIexpression2\fP +True if both +.I expression1 +and +.I expression2 +are true. +.TP +.if t \fIexpression1\fP \fB\(bv\(bv\fP \fIexpression2\fP +.if n \fIexpression1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexpression2\fP +True if either +.I expression1 +or +.I expression2 +is true. +.PD +.LP +The \fB&&\fP and +.if t \fB\(bv\(bv\fP +.if n \fB||\fP +operators do not evaluate \fIexpression2\fP if the value of +\fIexpression1\fP is sufficient to determine the return value of +the entire conditional expression. +.RE +.TP +\fBfor\fP \fIname\fP [ [ \fBin\fP [ \fIword ...\fP ] ] ; ] \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP +The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list +of items. +The variable \fIname\fP is set to each element of this list +in turn, and \fIlist\fP is executed each time. +If the \fBin\fP \fIword\fP is omitted, the \fBfor\fP command executes +\fIlist\fP once for each positional parameter that is set (see +.SM +.B PARAMETERS +below). +The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +If the expansion of the items following \fBin\fP results in an empty +list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. +.TP +\fBfor\fP (( \fIexpr1\fP ; \fIexpr2\fP ; \fIexpr3\fP )) ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP +First, the arithmetic expression \fIexpr1\fP is evaluated according +to the rules described below under +.SM +.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . +The arithmetic expression \fIexpr2\fP is then evaluated repeatedly +until it evaluates to zero. +Each time \fIexpr2\fP evaluates to a non-zero value, \fIlist\fP is +executed and the arithmetic expression \fIexpr3\fP is evaluated. +If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. +The return value is the exit status of the last command in \fIlist\fP +that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. +.TP +\fBselect\fP \fIname\fP [ \fBin\fP \fIword\fP ] ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP +The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list +of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard +error, each preceded by a number. If the \fBin\fP +\fIword\fP is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see +.SM +.B PARAMETERS +below). The +.SM +.B PS3 +prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input. +If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of +the displayed words, then the value of +.I name +is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt +are displayed again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any +other value read causes +.I name +to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable +.SM +.BR REPLY . +The +.I list +is executed after each selection until a +.B break +command is executed. +The exit status of +.B select +is the exit status of the last command executed in +.IR list , +or zero if no commands were executed. +.TP +\fBcase\fP \fIword\fP \fBin\fP [ [(] \fIpattern\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIpattern\fP ] \ +... ) \fIlist\fP ;; ] ... \fBesac\fP +A \fBcase\fP command first expands \fIword\fP, and tries to match +it against each \fIpattern\fP in turn, using the same matching rules +as for pathname expansion (see +.B Pathname Expansion +below). +The \fIword\fP is expanded using tilde +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution, +command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. +Each \fIpattern\fP examined is expanded using tilde +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution, +command substitution, and process substitution. +If the shell option +.B nocasematch +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +When a match is found, the corresponding \fIlist\fP is executed. +If the \fB;;\fP operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +the first pattern match. +Using \fB;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes execution to continue with +the \fIlist\fP associated with the next set of patterns. +Using \fB;;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes the shell to test the next +pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated \fIlist\fP +on a successful match. +The exit status is zero if no +pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the +last command executed in \fIlist\fP. +.TP +\fBif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist;\fP \ +[ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \ +[ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP +The +.B if +.I list +is executed. If its exit status is zero, the +\fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed. Otherwise, each \fBelif\fP +\fIlist\fP is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, +the corresponding \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed and the +command completes. Otherwise, the \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP is +executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the +last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. +.TP +\fBwhile\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdone\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBuntil\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdone\fP +.PD +The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the \fBdo\fP +\fIlist\fP as long as the last command in \fIlist\fP returns +an exit status of zero. The \fBuntil\fP command is identical +to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated; +the +.B do +.I list +is executed as long as the last command in +.I list +returns a non-zero exit status. +The exit status of the \fBwhile\fP and \fBuntil\fP commands +is the exit status +of the last \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP command executed, or zero if +none was executed. +.SS Coprocesses +.PP +A \fIcoprocess\fP is a shell command preceded by the \fBcoproc\fP reserved +word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the \fB&\fP control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. +.PP +The format for a coprocess is: +.RS +.PP +\fBcoproc\fP [\fINAME\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIredirections\fP] +.RE +.PP +This creates a coprocess named \fINAME\fP. +If \fINAME\fP is not supplied, the default name is \fICOPROC\fP. +\fINAME\fP must not be supplied if \fIcommand\fP is a \fIsimple +command\fP (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word +of the simple command. +When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see +.B Arrays +below) named \fINAME\fP in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of +.I command +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to \fINAME\fP[0]. +The standard input of +.I command +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to \fINAME\fP[1]. +This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the +command (see +.SM +.B REDIRECTION +below). +The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands +and redirections using standard word expansions. +The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable \fINAME\fP_PID. +The \fBwait\fP +builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. +.PP +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of \fIcommand\fP. +.SS Shell Function Definitions +.PP +A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and +executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. +Shell functions are declared as follows: +.TP +[ \fBfunction\fP ] \fIname\fP () \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP] +This defines a function named \fIname\fP. +The reserved word \fBfunction\fP is optional. +If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. +The \fIbody\fP of the function is the compound command +.I compound\-command +(see \fBCompound Commands\fP above). +That command is usually a \fIlist\fP of commands between { and }, but +may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above. +\fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIname\fP is specified as the +name of a simple command. +Any redirections (see +.SM +.B REDIRECTION +below) specified when a function is defined are performed +when the function is executed. +The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. (See +.SM +.B FUNCTIONS +below.) +.SH COMMENTS +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +.B interactive_comments +option to the +.B shopt +builtin is enabled (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below), a word beginning with +.B # +causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to +be ignored. An interactive shell without the +.B interactive_comments +option enabled does not allow comments. The +.B interactive_comments +option is on by default in interactive shells. +.SH QUOTING +\fIQuoting\fP is used to remove the special meaning of certain +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent +reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent +parameter expansion. +.PP +Each of the \fImetacharacters\fP listed above under +.SM +.B DEFINITIONS +has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to +represent itself. +.PP +When the command history expansion facilities are being used +(see +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below), the +\fIhistory expansion\fP character, usually \fB!\fP, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. +.PP +There are three quoting mechanisms: the +.IR "escape character" , +single quotes, and double quotes. +.PP +A non-quoted backslash (\fB\e\fP) is the +.IR "escape character" . +It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, +with the exception of <newline>. If a \fB\e\fP<newline> pair +appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \fB\e\fP<newline> +is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the +input stream and effectively ignored). +.PP +Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. +.PP +Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of +.BR $ , +.BR \` , +.BR \e , +and, when history expansion is enabled, +.BR ! . +The characters +.B $ +and +.B \` +retain their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash +retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following +characters: +.BR $ , +.BR \` , +\^\fB"\fP\^, +.BR \e , +or +.BR <newline> . +A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with +a backslash. +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an +.B ! +appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. +The backslash preceding the +.B ! +is not removed. +.PP +The special parameters +.B * +and +.B @ +have special meaning when in double +quotes (see +.SM +.B PARAMETERS +below). +.PP +Words of the form \fB$\fP\(aq\fIstring\fP\(aq are treated specially. The +word expands to \fIstring\fP, with backslash-escaped characters replaced +as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if +present, are decoded as follows: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \ea +alert (bell) +.TP +.B \eb +backspace +.TP +.B \ee +.TP +.B \eE +an escape character +.TP +.B \ef +form feed +.TP +.B \en +new line +.TP +.B \er +carriage return +.TP +.B \et +horizontal tab +.TP +.B \ev +vertical tab +.TP +.B \e\e +backslash +.TP +.B \e\(aq +single quote +.TP +.B \e\(dq +double quote +.TP +.B \e\fInnn\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(one to three digits) +.TP +.B \ex\fIHH\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits) +.TP +.B \ec\fIx\fP +a control-\fIx\fP character +.PD +.RE +.LP +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had +not been present. +.PP +A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (\fB$\fP\(dq\fIstring\fP\(dq) +will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. +If the current locale is \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP, the dollar sign +is ignored. +If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is +double-quoted. +.SH PARAMETERS +A +.I parameter +is an entity that stores values. +It can be a +.IR name , +a number, or one of the special characters listed below under +.BR "Special Parameters" . +A +.I variable +is a parameter denoted by a +.IR name . +A variable has a \fIvalue\fP and zero or more \fIattributes\fP. +Attributes are assigned using the +.B declare +builtin command (see +.B declare +below in +.SM +.BR "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" ). +.PP +A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the +.B unset +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.PP +A +.I variable +may be assigned to by a statement of the form +.RS +.PP +\fIname\fP=[\fIvalue\fP] +.RE +.PP +If +.I value +is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +.I values +undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote +removal (see +.SM +.B EXPANSION +below). If the variable has its +.B integer +attribute set, then +.I value +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is +not used (see +.B "Arithmetic Expansion" +below). +Word splitting is not performed, with the exception +of \fB"$@"\fP as explained below under +.BR "Special Parameters" . +Pathname expansion is not performed. +Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the +.BR alias , +.BR declare , +.BR typeset , +.BR export , +.BR readonly , +and +.B local +builtin commands. +.PP +In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to +append to or add to the variable's previous value. +When += is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been +set, \fIvalue\fP is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the +variable's current value, which is also evaluated. +When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see +.B Arrays +below), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are +appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index +(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key\-value pairs in an +associative array. +When applied to a string-valued variable, \fIvalue\fP is expanded and +appended to the variable's value. +.SS Positional Parameters +.PP +A +.I positional parameter +is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the +.B set +builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to +with assignment statements. The positional parameters are +temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see +.SM +.B FUNCTIONS +below). +.PP +When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see +.SM +.B EXPANSION +below). +.SS Special Parameters +.PP +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. +.PD 0 +.TP +.B * +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character +of the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable. That is, "\fB$*\fP" is equivalent +to "\fB$1\fP\fIc\fP\fB$2\fP\fIc\fP\fB...\fP", where +.I c +is the first character of the value of the +.SM +.B IFS +variable. If +.SM +.B IFS +is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If +.SM +.B IFS +is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. +.TP +.B @ +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a +separate word. That is, "\fB$@\fP" is equivalent to +"\fB$1\fP" "\fB$2\fP" ... +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and +.B $@ +expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). +.TP +.B # +Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +.TP +.B ? +Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +pipeline. +.TP +.B \- +Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, +by the +.B set +builtin command, or those set by the shell itself +(such as the +.B \-i +option). +.TP +.B $ +Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it +expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the +subshell. +.TP +.B ! +Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background +(asynchronous) command. +.TP +.B 0 +Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +shell initialization. If +.B bash +is invoked with a file of commands, +.B $0 +is set to the name of that file. If +.B bash +is started with the +.B \-c +option, then +.B $0 +is set to the first argument after the string to be +executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set +to the file name used to invoke +.BR bash , +as given by argument zero. +.TP +.B _ +At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the +shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment +or argument list. +Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command, +after expansion. +Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed +and placed in the environment exported to that command. +When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file +currently being checked. +.PD +.SS Shell Variables +.PP +The following variables are set by the shell: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B BASH +Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of +.BR bash . +.TP +.B BASHOPTS +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the +.B \-s +option to the +.B shopt +builtin command (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). The options appearing in +.SM +.B BASHOPTS +are those reported as +.I on +by \fBshopt\fP. +If this variable is in the environment when +.B bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. +This variable is read-only. +.TP +.B BASHPID +Expands to the process id of the current \fBbash\fP process. +This differs from \fB$$\fP under certain circumstances, such as subshells +that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized. +.TP +.B BASH_ALIASES +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array +elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. +.TP +.B BASH_ARGC +An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +frame of the current \fBbash\fP execution call stack. +The number of +parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed +with \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP) is at the top of the stack. +When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto +.SM +.BR BASH_ARGC . +The shell sets +.SM +.B BASH_ARGC +only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the +.B extdebug +option to the +.B shopt +builtin below) +.TP +.B BASH_ARGV +An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current \fBbash\fP +execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call +is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is +at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied +are pushed onto +.SM +.BR BASH_ARGV . +The shell sets +.SM +.B BASH_ARGV +only when in extended debugging mode +(see the description of the +.B extdebug +option to the +.B shopt +builtin below) +.TP +.B BASH_CMDS +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the \fBhash\fP builtin. +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array +elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table. +.TP +.B BASH_COMMAND +The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, +in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +.TP +.B BASH_EXECUTION_STRING +The command argument to the \fB\-c\fP invocation option. +.TP +.B BASH_LINENO +An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +corresponding to each member of +.SM +.BR FUNCNAME . +\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source +file where \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called +(or \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i-1\fP\fB]}\fP if referenced within another +shell function). +The corresponding source file name is \fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP. +Use +.SM +.B LINENO +to obtain the current line number. +.TP +.B BASH_REMATCH +An array variable whose members are assigned by the \fB=~\fP binary +operator to the \fB[[\fP conditional command. +The element with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the +string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression. +This variable is read-only. +.TP +.B BASH_SOURCE +An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding +to the elements in the +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +array variable. +.TP +.B BASH_SUBSHELL +Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. +The initial value is 0. +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO +A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for +this instance of +.BR bash . +The values assigned to the array members are as follows: +.sp .5 +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP 24 +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR0\fP] +The major version number (the \fIrelease\fP). +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR1\fP] +The minor version number (the \fIversion\fP). +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR2\fP] +The patch level. +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR3\fP] +The build version. +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR4\fP] +The release status (e.g., \fIbeta1\fP). +.TP +.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR5\fP] +The value of +.SM +.BR MACHTYPE . +.PD +.RE +.TP +.B BASH_VERSION +Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of +.BR bash . +.TP +.B COMP_CWORD +An index into \fB${COMP_WORDS}\fP of the word containing the current +cursor position. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COMP_KEY +The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +completion function. +.TP +.B COMP_LINE +The current command line. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COMP_POINT +The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +the current command. +If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, +the value of this variable is equal to \fB${#COMP_LINE}\fP. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COMP_TYPE +Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +that caused a completion function to be called: +\fITAB\fP, for normal completion, +\fI?\fP, for listing completions after successive tabs, +\fI!\fP, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +\fI@\fP, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +or +\fI%\fP, for menu completion. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B COMP_WORDBREAKS +The set of characters that the \fBreadline\fP library treats as word +separators when performing word completion. +If +.SM +.B COMP_WORDBREAKS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B COMP_WORDS +An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) consisting of the individual +words in the current command line. +The line is split into words as \fBreadline\fP would split it, using +.SM +.B COMP_WORDBREAKS +as described above. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP +below). +.TP +.B DIRSTACK +An array variable (see +.B Arrays +below) containing the current contents of the directory stack. +Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the +.B dirs +builtin. +Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify +directories already in the stack, but the +.B pushd +and +.B popd +builtins must be used to add and remove directories. +Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. +If +.SM +.B DIRSTACK +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B EUID +Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at +shell startup. This variable is readonly. +.TP +.B FUNCNAME +An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +currently in the execution call stack. +The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing +shell function. +The bottom-most element is +.if t \f(CW"main"\fP. +.if n "main". +This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. +Assignments to +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +have no effect and return an error status. +If +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B GROUPS +An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +user is a member. +Assignments to +.SM +.B GROUPS +have no effect and return an error status. +If +.SM +.B GROUPS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B HISTCMD +The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. +If +.SM +.B HISTCMD +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B HOSTNAME +Automatically set to the name of the current host. +.TP +.B HOSTTYPE +Automatically set to a string that uniquely +describes the type of machine on which +.B bash +is executing. +The default is system-dependent. +.TP +.B LINENO +Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes +a decimal number representing the current sequential line number +(starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a +script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to +be meaningful. +If +.SM +.B LINENO +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B MACHTYPE +Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system +type on which +.B bash +is executing, in the standard GNU \fIcpu-company-system\fP format. +The default is system-dependent. +.TP +.B OLDPWD +The previous working directory as set by the +.B cd +command. +.TP +.B OPTARG +The value of the last option argument processed by the +.B getopts +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.TP +.B OPTIND +The index of the next argument to be processed by the +.B getopts +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.TP +.B OSTYPE +Automatically set to a string that +describes the operating system on which +.B bash +is executing. +The default is system-dependent. +.TP +.B PIPESTATUS +An array variable (see +.B Arrays +below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes +in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may +contain only a single command). +.TP +.B PPID +The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is readonly. +.TP +.B PWD +The current working directory as set by the +.B cd +command. +.TP +.B RANDOM +Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between +0 and 32767 is +generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning +a value to +.SM +.BR RANDOM . +If +.SM +.B RANDOM +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B REPLY +Set to the line of input read by the +.B read +builtin command when no arguments are supplied. +.TP +.B SECONDS +Each time this parameter is +referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a +value is assigned to +.SM +.BR SECONDS , +the value returned upon subsequent +references is +the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. +If +.SM +.B SECONDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B SHELLOPTS +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the +.B \-o +option to the +.B set +builtin command (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). The options appearing in +.SM +.B SHELLOPTS +are those reported as +.I on +by \fBset \-o\fP. +If this variable is in the environment when +.B bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. +This variable is read-only. +.TP +.B SHLVL +Incremented by one each time an instance of +.B bash +is started. +.TP +.B UID +Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. +This variable is readonly. +.PD +.PP +The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, +.B bash +assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted +below. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B BASH_ENV +If this parameter is set when \fBbash\fP is executing a shell script, +its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to +initialize the shell, as in +.IR ~/.bashrc . +The value of +.SM +.B BASH_ENV +is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion before being interpreted as a file name. +.SM +.B PATH +is not used to search for the resultant file name. +.TP +.B CDPATH +The search path for the +.B cd +command. +This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks +for destination directories specified by the +.B cd +command. +A sample value is +.if t \f(CW".:~:/usr"\fP. +.if n ".:~:/usr". +.TP +.B BASH_XTRACEFD +If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, \fBbash\fP +will write the trace output generated when +.if t \f(CWset -x\fP +.if n \fIset -x\fP +is enabled to that file descriptor. +The file descriptor is closed when +.SM +.B BASH_XTRACEFD +is unset or assigned a new value. +Unsetting +.SM +.B BASH_XTRACEFD +or assigning it the empty string causes the +trace output to be sent to the standard error. +Note that setting +.SM +.B BASH_XTRACEFD +to 2 (the standard error file +descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error +being closed. +.TP +.B COLUMNS +Used by the \fBselect\fP builtin command to determine the terminal width +when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH. +.TP +.B COMPREPLY +An array variable from which \fBbash\fP reads the possible completions +generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion +facility (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below). +.TP +.B EMACS +If \fBbash\fP finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts +with value +.if t \f(CWt\fP, +.if n "t", +it assumes that the shell is running in an emacs shell buffer and disables +line editing. +.TP +.B FCEDIT +The default editor for the +.B fc +builtin command. +.TP +.B FIGNORE +A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +filename completion (see +.SM +.B READLINE +below). +A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in +.SM +.B FIGNORE +is excluded from the list of matched filenames. +A sample value is +.if t \f(CW".o:~"\fP. +.if n ".o:~". +.TP +.B GLOBIGNORE +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +be ignored by pathname expansion. +If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one +of the patterns in +.SM +.BR GLOBIGNORE , +it is removed from the list of matches. +.TP +.B HISTCONTROL +A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +the history list. +If the list of values includes +.IR ignorespace , +lines which begin with a +.B space +character are not saved in the history list. +A value of +.I ignoredups +causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. +A value of +.I ignoreboth +is shorthand for \fIignorespace\fP and \fIignoredups\fP. +A value of +.IR erasedups +causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from +the history list before that line is saved. +Any value not in the above list is ignored. +If +.SM +.B HISTCONTROL +is unset, or does not include a valid value, +all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, +subject to the value of +.SM +.BR HISTIGNORE . +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +.SM +.BR HISTCONTROL . +.TP +.B HISTFILE +The name of the file in which command history is saved (see +.SM +.B HISTORY +below). The default value is \fI~/.bash_history\fP. If unset, the +command history is not saved when an interactive shell exits. +.TP +.B HISTFILESIZE +The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this +variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if +necessary, by removing the oldest entries, +to contain no more than that number of lines. The default +value is 500. The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when an interactive shell exits. +.TP +.B HISTIGNORE +A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines +should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the +beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit +`\fB*\fP' is appended). Each pattern is tested against the line +after the checks specified by +.SM +.B HISTCONTROL +are applied. +In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `\fB&\fP' +matches the previous history line. `\fB&\fP' may be escaped using a +backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +.SM +.BR HISTIGNORE . +.TP +.B HISTSIZE +The number of commands to remember in the command history (see +.SM +.B HISTORY +below). The default value is 500. +.TP +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for \fIstrftime\fP(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the \fBhistory\fP builtin. +If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +.TP +.B HOME +The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the +\fBcd\fP builtin command. +The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. +.TP +.B HOSTFILE +Contains the name of a file in the same format as +.FN /etc/hosts +that should be read when the shell needs to complete a +hostname. +The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the +shell is running; +the next time hostname completion is attempted after the +value is changed, +.B bash +adds the contents of the new file to the existing list. +If +.SM +.B HOSTFILE +is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +\fBbash\fP attempts to read +.FN /etc/hosts +to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When +.SM +.B HOSTFILE +is unset, the hostname list is cleared. +.TP +.B IFS +The +.I Internal Field Separator +that is used +for word splitting after expansion and to +split lines into words with the +.B read +builtin command. The default value is +``<space><tab><newline>''. +.TP +.B IGNOREEOF +Controls the +action of an interactive shell on receipt of an +.SM +.B EOF +character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of +consecutive +.SM +.B EOF +characters which must be +typed as the first characters on an input line before +.B bash +exits. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or +has no value, the default value is 10. If it does not exist, +.SM +.B EOF +signifies the end of input to the shell. +.TP +.B INPUTRC +The filename for the +.B readline +startup file, overriding the default of +.FN ~/.inputrc +(see +.SM +.B READLINE +below). +.TP +.B LANG +Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with \fBLC_\fP. +.TP +.B LC_ALL +This variable overrides the value of +.SM +.B LANG +and any other +\fBLC_\fP variable specifying a locale category. +.TP +.B LC_COLLATE +This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range +expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within +pathname expansion and pattern matching. +.TP +.B LC_CTYPE +This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern +matching. +.TP +.B LC_MESSAGES +This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a \fB$\fP. +.TP +.B LC_NUMERIC +This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. +.TP +.B LINES +Used by the \fBselect\fP builtin command to determine the column length +for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +.SM +.BR SIGWINCH . +.TP +.B MAIL +If this parameter is set to a file name and the +.SM +.B MAILPATH +variable is not set, +.B bash +informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file. +.TP +.B MAILCHECK +Specifies how +often (in seconds) +.B bash +checks for mail. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check +for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. +If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number +greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. +.TP +.B MAILPATH +A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail. +The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file +may be specified by separating the file name from the message with a `?'. +When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of +the current mailfile. +Example: +.RS +.PP +\fBMAILPATH\fP=\(aq/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell\-mail?"$_ has mail!"\(aq +.PP +.B Bash +supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user +mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/\fB$USER\fP). +.RE +.TP +.B OPTERR +If set to the value 1, +.B bash +displays error messages generated by the +.B getopts +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.SM +.B OPTERR +is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell +script is executed. +.TP +.B PATH +The search path for commands. It +is a colon-separated list of directories in which +the shell looks for commands (see +.SM +.B COMMAND EXECUTION +below). +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of +.SM +.B PATH +indicates the current directory. +A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial +or trailing colon. +The default path is system-dependent, +and is set by the administrator who installs +.BR bash . +A common value is +.if t \f(CW/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin\fP. +.if n ``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin''. +.TP +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell +enters \fIposix mode\fP before reading the startup files, as if the +.B \-\-posix +invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is +running, \fBbash\fP enables \fIposix mode\fP, as if the command +.if t \f(CWset -o posix\fP +.if n \fIset -o posix\fP +had been executed. +.TP +.B PROMPT_COMMAND +If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary +prompt. +.TP +.B PROMPT_DIRTRIM +If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \fB\ew\fP and +\fB\eW\fP prompt string escapes (see +.SM +.B PROMPTING +below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. +.TP +.B PS1 +The value of this parameter is expanded (see +.SM +.B PROMPTING +below) and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is +``\fB\es\-\ev\e$ \fP''. +.TP +.B PS2 +The value of this parameter is expanded as with +.SM +.B PS1 +and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is +``\fB> \fP''. +.TP +.B PS3 +The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the +.B select +command (see +.SM +.B SHELL GRAMMAR +above). +.TP +.B PS4 +The value of this parameter is expanded as with +.SM +.B PS1 +and the value is printed before each command +.B bash +displays during an execution trace. The first character of +.SM +.B PS4 +is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple +levels of indirection. The default is ``\fB+ \fP''. +.TP +.B SHELL +The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable. +If it is not set when the shell starts, +.B bash +assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. +.TP +.B TIMEFORMAT +The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the +.B time +reserved word should be displayed. +The \fB%\fP character introduces an escape sequence that is +expanded to a time value or other information. +The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the +braces denote optional portions. +.sp .5 +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP 10 +.B %% +A literal \fB%\fP. +.TP +.B %[\fIp\fP][l]R +The elapsed time in seconds. +.TP +.B %[\fIp\fP][l]U +The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. +.TP +.B %[\fIp\fP][l]S +The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. +.TP +.B %P +The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. +.PD +.RE +.IP +The optional \fIp\fP is a digit specifying the \fIprecision\fP, +the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. +A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. +At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; +values of \fIp\fP greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If \fIp\fP is not specified, the value 3 is used. +.IP +The optional \fBl\fP specifies a longer format, including +minutes, of the form \fIMM\fPm\fISS\fP.\fIFF\fPs. +The value of \fIp\fP determines whether or not the fraction is +included. +.IP +If this variable is not set, \fBbash\fP acts as if it had the +value \fB$\(aq\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\t%3lS\(aq\fP. +If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. +.TP +.B TMOUT +If set to a value greater than zero, +.SM +.B TMOUT +is treated as the +default timeout for the \fBread\fP builtin. +The \fBselect\fP command terminates if input does not arrive +after +.SM +.B TMOUT +seconds when input is coming from a terminal. +In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the +number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt. +.B Bash +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does +not arrive. +.TP +.B TMPDIR +If set, \fBBash\fP uses its value as the name of a directory in which +\fBBash\fP creates temporary files for the shell's use. +.TP +.B auto_resume +This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +job control. If this variable is set, single word simple +commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption +of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is +more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently +accessed is selected. The +.I name +of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to +start it. +If set to the value +.IR exact , +the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; +if set to +.IR substring , +the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a +stopped job. The +.I substring +value provides functionality analogous to the +.B %? +job identifier (see +.SM +.B JOB CONTROL +below). If set to any other value, the supplied string must +be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality +analogous to the \fB%\fP\fIstring\fP job identifier. +.TP +.B histchars +The two or three characters which control history expansion +and tokenization (see +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below). The first character is the \fIhistory expansion\fP character, +the character which signals the start of a history +expansion, normally `\fB!\fP'. +The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP +character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous +command entered, substituting one string for another in the command. +The default is `\fB^\fP'. +The optional third character is the character +which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found +as the first character of a word, normally `\fB#\fP'. The history +comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell +parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. +.PD +.SS Arrays +.B Bash +provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the +.B declare +builtin will explicitly declare an array. +There is no maximum +limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members +be indexed or assigned contiguously. +Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic +expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced +using arbitrary strings. +.PP +An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +using the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP. The +.I subscript +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number +greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, +use +.B declare \-a \fIname\fP +(see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.B declare \-a \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] +is also accepted; the \fIsubscript\fP is ignored. +.PP +Associative arrays are created using +.BR "declare \-A \fIname\fP" . +.PP +Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the +.B declare +and +.B readonly +builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. +.PP +Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +\fIname\fP=\fB(\fPvalue\fI1\fP ... value\fIn\fP\fB)\fP, where each +\fIvalue\fP is of the form [\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIstring\fP. +Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. +When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript +are supplied, that index is assigned to; +otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned +to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. +.PP +When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. +.PP +This syntax is also accepted by the +.B declare +builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the +\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP syntax introduced above. +.PP +Any element of an array may be referenced using +${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. The braces are required to avoid +conflicts with pathname expansion. If +\fIsubscript\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, the word expands to +all members of \fIname\fP. These subscripts differ only when the +word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, +${\fIname\fP[*]} expands to a single +word with the value of each array member separated by the first +character of the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable, and ${\fIname\fP[@]} expands each element of +\fIname\fP to a separate word. When there are no array members, +${\fIname\fP[@]} expands to nothing. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +This is analogous to the expansion +of the special parameters \fB*\fP and \fB@\fP (see +.B Special Parameters +above). ${#\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]} expands to the length of +${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}. If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or +\fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing the array with a subscript of 0. +.PP +An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +value. The null string is a valid value. +.PP +The +.B unset +builtin is used to destroy arrays. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] +destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP. +Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname +expansion. +\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP, where \fIname\fP is an array, or +\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP], where +\fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, removes the entire array. +.PP +The +.BR declare , +.BR local , +and +.B readonly +builtins each accept a +.B \-a +option to specify an indexed array and a +.B \-A +option to specify an associative array. +The +.B read +builtin accepts a +.B \-a +option to assign a list of words read from the standard input +to an array. The +.B set +and +.B declare +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be +reused as assignments. +.SH EXPANSION +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +.IR "brace expansion" , +.IR "tilde expansion" , +.IR "parameter and variable expansion" , +.IR "command substitution" , +.IR "arithmetic expansion" , +.IR "word splitting" , +and +.IR "pathname expansion" . +.PP +The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, +parameter, variable and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution +(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname +expansion. +.PP +On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: \fIprocess substitution\fP. +.PP +Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion +can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +expand a single word to a single word. +The only exceptions to this are the expansions of +"\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP" +as explained above (see +.SM +.BR PARAMETERS ). +.SS Brace Expansion +.PP +.I "Brace expansion" +is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings +may be generated. This mechanism is similar to +\fIpathname expansion\fP, but the filenames generated +need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take +the form of an optional +.IR preamble , +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or +a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by +an optional +.IR postscript . +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained +within the braces, and the postscript is then appended +to each resulting string, expanding left to right. +.PP +Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded +string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. +For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into `ade ace abe'. +.PP +A sequence expression takes the form +\fB{\fP\fIx\fP\fB..\fP\fIy\fP\fB[..\fP\fIincr\fP\fB]}\fP, +where \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are either integers or single characters, +and \fIincr\fP, an optional increment, is an integer. +When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between +\fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with \fI0\fP to force each term to have the +same width. When either \fIx\fP or \fPy\fP begins with a zero, the shell +attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, +zero-padding where necessary. +When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive. Note that +both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type. +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. +.PP +Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +and any characters special to other expansions are preserved +in the result. It is strictly textual. +.B Bash +does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the +expansion or the text between the braces. +.PP +A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid +sequence expression. +Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. +A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +being considered part of a brace expression. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP +is not considered eligible for brace expansion. +.PP +This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the +above example: +.RS +.PP +mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} +.RE +or +.RS +chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} +.RE +.PP +Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with +historical versions of +.BR sh . +.B sh +does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they +appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. +.B Bash +removes braces from words as a consequence of brace +expansion. For example, a word entered to +.B sh +as \fIfile{1,2}\fP +appears identically in the output. The same word is +output as +.I file1 file2 +after expansion by +.BR bash . +If strict compatibility with +.B sh +is desired, start +.B bash +with the +.B +B +option or disable brace expansion with the +.B +B +option to the +.B set +command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.SS Tilde Expansion +.PP +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`\fB~\fP'), all of +the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a \fItilde-prefix\fP. +If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the +characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a +possible \fIlogin name\fP. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the shell parameter +.SM +.BR HOME . +If +.SM +.B HOME +is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is +substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. +.PP +If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable +.SM +.B PWD +replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is a `~\-', the value of the shell variable +.SM +.BR OLDPWD , +if it is set, is substituted. +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist +of a number \fIN\fP, optionally prefixed +by a `+' or a `\-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding +element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the +.B dirs +builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument. +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number without a leading `+' or `\-', `+' is assumed. +.PP +If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word +is unchanged. +.PP +Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a +.B : +or the first +.BR = . +In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. +Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to +.SM +.BR PATH , +.SM +.BR MAILPATH , +and +.SM +.BR CDPATH , +and the shell assigns the expanded value. +.SS Parameter Expansion +.PP +The `\fB$\fP' character introduces parameter expansion, +command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name +or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which +are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from +characters immediately following it which could be +interpreted as part of the name. +.PP +When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `\fB}\fP' +not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP} +The value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted. The braces are required +when +.I parameter +is a positional parameter with more than one digit, +or when +.I parameter +is followed by a character which is not to be +interpreted as part of its name. +.PD +.PP +If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point (\fB!\fP), +a level of variable indirection is introduced. +\fBBash\fP uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of +\fIparameter\fP as the name of the variable; this variable is then +expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather +than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself. +This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!\fIprefix\fP*} and +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} described below. +The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. +.PP +In each of the cases below, \fIword\fP is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +.PP +When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below, +\fBbash\fP tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon +results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP} +\fBUse Default Values\fP. If +.I parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of +.I word +is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +.I parameter +is substituted. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:=\fP\fIword\fP} +\fBAssign Default Values\fP. +If +.I parameter +is unset or null, the expansion of +.I word +is assigned to +.IR parameter . +The value of +.I parameter +is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may +not be assigned to in this way. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:?\fP\fIword\fP} +\fBDisplay Error if Null or Unset\fP. +If +.I parameter +is null or unset, the expansion of \fIword\fP (or a message to that effect +if +.I word +is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of \fIparameter\fP is +substituted. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:+\fP\fIword\fP} +\fBUse Alternate Value\fP. +If +.I parameter +is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of +.I word +is substituted. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP} +.PD +\fBSubstring Expansion.\fP +Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of \fIparameter\fP +starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. +If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of +\fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP. +\fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see +.SM +.B +ARITHMETIC EVALUATION +below). +\fIlength\fP must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. +If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +is used as an offset from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP. +If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional +parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP. +If \fIparameter\fP is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, +the result is the \fIlength\fP +members of the array beginning with ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]}. +A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the maximum +index of the specified array. +Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined +results. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion. +Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. +If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is +prefixed to the list. +.TP +${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB@\fP} +.PD +\fBNames matching prefix.\fP +Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with \fIprefix\fP, +separated by the first character of the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable. +When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +variable name expands to a separate word. +.TP +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]} +.PD +\fBList of array keys.\fP +If \fIname\fP is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in \fIname\fP. +If \fIname\fP is not an array, expands to 0 if \fIname\fP is set and null +otherwise. +When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +key expands to a separate word. +.TP +${\fB#\fP\fIparameter\fP} +\fBParameter length.\fP +The length in characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted. +If +.I parameter +is +.B * +or +.BR @ , +the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. +If +.I parameter +is an array name subscripted by +.B * +or +.BR @ , +the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP} +.PD +\fBRemove matching prefix pattern.\fP +The +.I word +is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname +expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of +the value of +.IR parameter , +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of +.I parameter +with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB#\fP'' case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ``\fB##\fP'' case) deleted. +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP} +.PD +\fBRemove matching suffix pattern.\fP +The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of +.IR parameter , +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of +.I parameter +with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB%\fP'' case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ``\fB%%\fP'' case) deleted. +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} +\fBPattern substitution.\fP +The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +\fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP +against its value is replaced with \fIstring\fP. +If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB/\fP, all matches of \fIpattern\fP are +replaced with \fIstring\fP. Normally only the first match is replaced. +If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB#\fP, it must match at the beginning +of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP. +If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB%\fP, it must match at the end +of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP. +If \fIstring\fP is null, matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted +and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted. +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the substitution operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the substitution operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB^\fP\fIpattern\fP} +.PD 0 +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB^^\fP\fIpattern\fP} +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB,\fP\fIpattern\fP} +.TP +${\fIparameter\fP\fB,,\fP\fIpattern\fP} +.PD +\fBCase modification.\fP +This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in \fIparameter\fP. +The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +The \fB^\fP operator converts lowercase letters matching \fIpattern\fP +to uppercase; the \fB,\fP operator converts matching uppercase letters +to lowercase. +The \fB^^\fP and \fB,,\fP expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the \fB^\fP and \fB,\fP expansions match and convert only +the first character in the expanded value.. +If \fIpattern\fP is omitted, it is treated like a \fB?\fP, which matches +every character. +If +.I parameter +is +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the case modification operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +.I parameter +is an array variable subscripted with +.B @ +or +.BR * , +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +.SS Command Substitution +.PP +\fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace +the command name. There are two forms: +.PP +.RS +.PP +\fB$(\fP\fIcommand\fP\|\fB)\fP +.RE +or +.RS +\fB\`\fP\fIcommand\fP\fB\`\fP +.RE +.PP +.B Bash +performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP and +replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +command, with any trailing newlines deleted. +Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during +word splitting. +The command substitution \fB$(cat \fIfile\fP)\fR can be replaced by +the equivalent but faster \fB$(< \fIfile\fP)\fR. +.PP +When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by +.BR $ , +.BR \` , +or +.BR \e . +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the +command substitution. +When using the $(\^\fIcommand\fP\|) form, all characters between the +parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. +.PP +Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, +escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. +.PP +If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +pathname expansion are not performed on the results. +.SS Arithmetic Expansion +.PP +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: +.RS +.PP +\fB$((\fP\fIexpression\fP\fB))\fP +.RE +.PP +The +.I expression +is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote +inside the parentheses is not treated specially. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string +expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. +Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +.PP +The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under +.SM +.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" . +If +.I expression +is invalid, +.B bash +prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. +.SS Process Substitution +.PP +\fIProcess substitution\fP is supported on systems that support named +pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files. +It takes the form of +\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP +or +\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP. +The process \fIlist\fP is run with its input or output connected to a +\fIFIFO\fP or some file in \fB/dev/fd\fP. The name of this file is +passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the +expansion. If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP. If the +\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP. +.PP +When available, process substitution is performed +simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, +and arithmetic expansion. +.SS Word Splitting +.PP +The shell scans the results of +parameter expansion, +command substitution, +and +arithmetic expansion +that did not occur within double quotes for +.IR "word splitting" . +.PP +The shell treats each character of +.SM +.B IFS +as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other +expansions into words on these characters. If +.SM +.B IFS +is unset, or its +value is exactly +.BR <space><tab><newline> , +the default, then +sequences of +.BR <space> , +.BR <tab> , +and +.B <newline> +at the beginning and end of the results of the previous +expansions are ignored, and +any sequence of +.SM +.B IFS +characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. +If +.SM +.B IFS +has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters +.B space +and +.B tab +are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the +value of +.SM +.BR IFS +(an +.SM +.B IFS +whitespace character). +Any character in +.SM +.B IFS +that is not +.SM +.B IFS +whitespace, along with any adjacent +.SM +.B IFS +whitespace characters, delimits a field. +A sequence of +.SM +.B IFS +whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of +.SM +.B IFS +is null, no word splitting occurs. +.PP +Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained. +Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of +parameters that have no values, are removed. +If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a +null argument results and is retained. +.PP +Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +is performed. +.SS Pathname Expansion +.PP +After word splitting, +unless the +.B \-f +option has been set, +.B bash +scans each word for the characters +.BR * , +.BR ? , +and +.BR [ . +If one of these characters appears, then the word is +regarded as a +.IR pattern , +and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of +file names matching the pattern. +If no matching file names are found, +and the shell option +.B nullglob +is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. +If the +.B nullglob +option is set, and no matches are found, +the word is removed. +If the +.B failglob +shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message +is printed and the command is not executed. +If the shell option +.B nocaseglob +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, +the character +.B ``.'' +at the start of a name or immediately following a slash +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option +.B dotglob +is set. +When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly. +In other cases, the +.B ``.'' +character is not treated specially. +See the description of +.B shopt +below under +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +for a description of the +.BR nocaseglob , +.BR nullglob , +.BR failglob , +and +.B dotglob +shell options. +.PP +The +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a +.IR pattern . +If +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is removed from the list of matches. +The file names +.B ``.'' +and +.B ``..'' +are always ignored when +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is set and not null. However, setting +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the +.B dotglob +shell option, so all other file names beginning with a +.B ``.'' +will match. +To get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a +.BR ``.'' , +make +.B ``.*'' +one of the patterns in +.SM +.BR GLOBIGNORE . +The +.B dotglob +option is disabled when +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +is unset. +.PP +\fBPattern Matching\fP +.PP +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not +occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. +The special pattern characters must be quoted if +they are to be matched literally. +.PP +The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B * +Matches any string, including the null string. +When the \fBglobstar\fP shell option is enabled, and \fB*\fP is used in +a pathname expansion context, two adjacent \fB*\fPs used as a single +pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and +subdirectories. +If followed by a \fB/\fP, two adjacent \fB*\fPs will match only directories +and subdirectories. +.TP +.B ? +Matches any single character. +.TP +.B [...] +Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a +\fIrange expression\fP; +any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, +using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, +is matched. If the first character following the +.B [ +is a +.B ! +or a +.B ^ +then any character not enclosed is matched. +The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by +the current locale and the value of the +.SM +.B LC_COLLATE +shell variable, +if set. +A +.B \- +may be matched by including it as the first or last character +in the set. +A +.B ] +may be matched by including it as the first character +in the set. +.br +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Within +.B [ +and +.BR ] , +\fIcharacter classes\fP can be specified using the syntax +\fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP, where \fIclass\fP is one of the +following classes defined in the POSIX standard: +.PP +.RS +.B +.if n alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit +.if t alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit +.br +A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The \fBword\fP character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. +.br +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Within +.B [ +and +.BR ] , +an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax +\fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the +same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as +the character \fIc\fP. +.br +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Within +.B [ +and +.BR ] , +the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol +\fIsymbol\fP. +.RE +.PD +.PP +If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP +builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. +In the following description, a \fIpattern-list\fP is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a \fB|\fP. +Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following +sub-patterns: +.sp 1 +.PD 0 +.RS +.TP +\fB?(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns +.TP +\fB*(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns +.TP +\fB+(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns +.TP +\fB@(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches one of the given patterns +.TP +\fB!(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP +Matches anything except one of the given patterns +.RE +.PD +.SS Quote Removal +.PP +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters +.BR \e , +.BR \(aq , +and \^\f3"\fP\^ that did not result from one of the above +expansions are removed. +.SH REDIRECTION +Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be +.I redirected +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. +Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a +.I simple command +or may follow a +.IR command . +Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from +left to right. +.PP +Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form {\fIvarname\fP}. +In this case, for each redirection operator except +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than 10 and assign it to \fIvarname\fP. If >&- or <&- is preceded +by {\fIvarname\fP}, the value of \fIvarname\fP defines the file +descriptor to close. +.PP +In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is +.BR < , +the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor +0). If the first character of the redirection operator is +.BR > , +the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor +1). +.PP +The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. +If it expands to more than one word, +.B bash +reports an error. +.PP +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command +.RS +.PP +ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1 +.RE +.PP +directs both standard output and standard error to the file +.IR dirlist , +while the command +.RS +.PP +ls 2\fB>&\fP1 \fB>\fP dirlist +.RE +.PP +directs only the standard output to file +.IR dirlist , +because the standard error was duplicated from the standard output +before the standard output was redirected to +.IR dirlist . +.PP +\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table: +.RS +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B /dev/fd/\fIfd\fP +If \fIfd\fP is a valid integer, file descriptor \fIfd\fP is duplicated. +.TP +.B /dev/stdin +File descriptor 0 is duplicated. +.TP +.B /dev/stdout +File descriptor 1 is duplicated. +.TP +.B /dev/stderr +File descriptor 2 is duplicated. +.TP +.B /dev/tcp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP +If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP +is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open +a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. +.TP +.B /dev/udp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP +If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP +is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open +a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. +.PD +.RE +.PP +A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. +.PP +Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. +.SS Redirecting Input +.PP +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +.I word +to be opened for reading on file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if +.I n +is not specified. +.PP +The general format for redirecting input is: +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.SS Redirecting Output +.PP +Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +.I word +to be opened for writing on file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if +.I n +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; +if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. +.PP +The general format for redirecting output is: +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +If the redirection operator is +.BR > , +and the +.B noclobber +option to the +.B set +builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file +whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is +a regular file. +If the redirection operator is +.BR >| , +or the redirection operator is +.B > +and the +.B noclobber +option to the +.B set +builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even +if the file named by \fIword\fP exists. +.SS Appending Redirected Output +.PP +Redirection of output in this fashion +causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +.I word +to be opened for appending on file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if +.I n +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. +.PP +The general format for appending output is: +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +.SS Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error +.PP +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be redirected to the file whose name is the +expansion of +.IR word . +.PP +There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +standard error: +.RS +.PP +\fB&>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +and +.RS +\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +This is semantically equivalent to +.RS +.PP +\fB>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1 +.RE +.PP +.SS Appending Standard Output and Standard Error +.PP +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be appended to the file whose name is the +expansion of +.IR word . +.PP +The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +.RS +.PP +\fB&>>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +This is semantically equivalent to +.RS +.PP +\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1 +.RE +.SS Here Documents +.PP +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only +.I delimiter +(with no trailing blanks) +is seen. All of +the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard +input for a command. +.PP +The format of here-documents is: +.RS +.PP +.nf +\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP + \fIhere-document\fP +\fIdelimiter\fP +.fi +.RE +.PP +No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +or pathname expansion is performed on +.IR word . +If any characters in +.I word +are quoted, the +.I delimiter +is the result of quote removal on +.IR word , +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If \fIword\fP is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter +case, the character sequence +.B \e<newline> +is ignored, and +.B \e +must be used to quote the characters +.BR \e , +.BR $ , +and +.BR \` . +.PP +If the redirection operator is +.BR <<\- , +then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the +line containing +.IR delimiter . +This allows +here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a +natural fashion. +.SS "Here Strings" +A variant of here documents, the format is: +.RS +.PP +.nf +\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP +.fi +.RE +.PP +The \fIword\fP is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard +input. +.SS "Duplicating File Descriptors" +.PP +The redirection operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If +.I word +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by +.I n +is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. +If the digits in +.I word +do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. +If +.I word +evaluates to +.BR \- , +file descriptor +.I n +is closed. If +.I n +is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +.PP +The operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +.I n +is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in +.I word +do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. +As a special case, if \fIn\fP is omitted, and \fIword\fP does not +expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. +.SS "Moving File Descriptors" +.PP +The redirection operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP +.RE +.PP +moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if \fIn\fP is not specified. +\fIdigit\fP is closed after being duplicated to \fIn\fP. +.PP +Similarly, the redirection operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP +.RE +.PP +moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor +.IR n , +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if \fIn\fP is not specified. +.SS "Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing" +.PP +The redirection operator +.RS +.PP +[\fIn\fP]\fB<>\fP\fIword\fP +.RE +.PP +causes the file whose name is the expansion of +.I word +to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor +.IR n , +or on file descriptor 0 if +.I n +is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. +.SH ALIASES +\fIAliases\fP allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +as the first word of a simple command. +The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the +.B alias +and +.B unalias +builtin commands (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, +is checked to see if it has an +alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. +The characters \fB/\fP, \fB$\fP, \fB\`\fP, and \fB=\fP and +any of the shell \fImetacharacters\fP or quoting characters +listed above may not appear in an alias name. +The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, +including shell metacharacters. +The first word of the replacement text is tested +for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded +is not expanded a second time. +This means that one may alias +.B ls +to +.BR "ls \-F" , +for instance, and +.B bash +does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. +If the last character of the alias value is a +.IR blank , +then the next command +word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. +.PP +Aliases are created and listed with the +.B alias +command, and removed with the +.B unalias +command. +.PP +There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. +If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see +.SM +.B FUNCTIONS +below). +.PP +Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless +the +.B expand_aliases +shell option is set using +.B shopt +(see the description of +.B shopt +under +.SM +\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP +below). +.PP +The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +somewhat confusing. +.B Bash +always reads at least one complete line +of input before executing any +of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another +command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. +The commands following the alias definition +on that line are not affected by the new alias. +This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, +not when the function is executed, because a function definition +is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases +defined in a function are not available until after that +function is executed. To be safe, always put +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use +.B alias +in compound commands. +.PP +For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by +shell functions. +.SH FUNCTIONS +A shell function, defined as described above under +.SM +.BR "SHELL GRAMMAR" , +stores a series of commands for later execution. +When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, +the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. +Functions are executed in the context of the +current shell; no new process is created to interpret +them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). +When a function is executed, the arguments to the +function become the positional parameters +during its execution. +The special parameter +.B # +is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 +is unchanged. +The first element of the +.SM +.B FUNCNAME +variable is set to the name of the function while the function +is executing. +.PP +All other aspects of the shell execution +environment are identical between a function and its caller +with these exceptions: the +.SM +.B DEBUG +and +.B RETURN +traps (see the description of the +.B trap +builtin under +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below) are not inherited unless the function has been given the +\fBtrace\fP attribute (see the description of the +.SM +.B declare +builtin below) or the +\fB\-o functrace\fP shell option has been enabled with +the \fBset\fP builtin +(in which case all functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps), +and the +.SM +.B ERR +trap is not inherited unless the \fB\-o errtrace\fP shell option has +been enabled. +.PP +Variables local to the function may be declared with the +.B local +builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values +are shared between the function and its caller. +.PP +If the builtin command +.B return +is executed in a function, the function completes and +execution resumes with the next command after the function +call. +Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed +before execution resumes. +When a function completes, the values of the +positional parameters and the special parameter +.B # +are restored to the values they had prior to the function's +execution. +.PP +Function names and definitions may be listed with the +.B \-f +option to the +.B declare +or +.B typeset +builtin commands. The +.B \-F +option to +.B declare +or +.B typeset +will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the \fBextdebug\fP +shell option is enabled). +Functions may be exported so that subshells +automatically have them defined with the +.B \-f +option to the +.B export +builtin. +A function definition may be deleted using the \fB\-f\fP option to +the +.B unset +builtin. +Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result +in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the +shell's children. +Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. +.PP +Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number +of recursive calls. +.SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under +certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin +commands and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP). +Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. +The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values +are the same as in the C language. +The following list of operators is grouped into levels of +equal-precedence operators. +The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \fIid\fP++ \fIid\fP\-\- +variable post-increment and post-decrement +.TP +.B ++\fIid\fP \-\-\fIid\fP +variable pre-increment and pre-decrement +.TP +.B \- + +unary minus and plus +.TP +.B ! ~ +logical and bitwise negation +.TP +.B ** +exponentiation +.TP +.B * / % +multiplication, division, remainder +.TP +.B + \- +addition, subtraction +.TP +.B << >> +left and right bitwise shifts +.TP +.B <= >= < > +comparison +.TP +.B == != +equality and inequality +.TP +.B & +bitwise AND +.TP +.B ^ +bitwise exclusive OR +.TP +.B | +bitwise OR +.TP +.B && +logical AND +.TP +.B || +logical OR +.TP +.B \fIexpr\fP?\fIexpr\fP:\fIexpr\fP +conditional operator +.TP +.B = *= /= %= += \-= <<= >>= &= ^= |= +assignment +.TP +.B \fIexpr1\fP , \fIexpr2\fP +comma +.PD +.PP +Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. +Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name +without using the parameter expansion syntax. +A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced +by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. +The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression +when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the +\fIinteger\fP attribute using \fBdeclare -i\fP is assigned a value. +A null value evaluates to 0. +A shell variable need not have its integer attribute +turned on to be used in an expression. +.PP +Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. +Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where \fIbase\fP +is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic +base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base. +If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used. +The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. +If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 +and 35. +.PP +Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence +rules above. +.SH "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" +Conditional expressions are used by the \fB[[\fP compound command and +the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP builtin commands to test file attributes +and perform string and arithmetic comparisons. +Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. +If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form +\fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked. +If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of +\fI/dev/stdin\fP, \fI/dev/stdout\fP, or \fI/dev/stderr\fP, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +.PP +Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +When used with \fB[[\fP, The \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +.sp 1 +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-a \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists. +.TP +.B \-b \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a block special file. +.TP +.B \-c \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a character special file. +.TP +.B \-d \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a directory. +.TP +.B \-e \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists. +.TP +.B \-f \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a regular file. +.TP +.B \-g \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is set-group-id. +.TP +.B \-h \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link. +.TP +.B \-k \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set. +.TP +.B \-p \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). +.TP +.B \-r \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is readable. +.TP +.B \-s \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and has a size greater than zero. +.TP +.B \-t \fIfd\fP +True if file descriptor +.I fd +is open and refers to a terminal. +.TP +.B \-u \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and its set-user-id bit is set. +.TP +.B \-w \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is writable. +.TP +.B \-x \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is executable. +.TP +.B \-O \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective user id. +.TP +.B \-G \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective group id. +.TP +.B \-L \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link. +.TP +.B \-S \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a socket. +.TP +.B \-N \fIfile\fP +True if \fIfile\fP exists and has been modified since it was last read. +.TP +\fIfile1\fP \-\fBnt\fP \fIfile2\fP +True if \fIfile1\fP is newer (according to modification date) than \fIfile2\fP, +or if \fIfile1\fP exists and \fPfile2\fP does not. +.TP +\fIfile1\fP \-\fBot\fP \fIfile2\fP +True if \fIfile1\fP is older than \fIfile2\fP, or if \fIfile2\fP exists +and \fIfile1\fP does not. +.TP +\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP +True if \fIfile1\fP and \fIfile2\fP refer to the same device and +inode numbers. +.TP +.B \-o \fIoptname\fP +True if shell option +.I optname +is enabled. +See the list of options under the description of the +.B \-o +option to the +.B set +builtin below. +.TP +.B \-z \fIstring\fP +True if the length of \fIstring\fP is zero. +.TP +\fIstring\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-n \fIstring\fP +.PD +True if the length of +.I string +is non-zero. +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB==\fP \fIstring2\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB=\fP \fIstring2\fP +.PD +True if the strings are equal. \fB=\fP should be used +with the \fBtest\fP command for POSIX conformance. +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB!=\fP \fIstring2\fP +True if the strings are not equal. +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB<\fP \fIstring2\fP +True if \fIstring1\fP sorts before \fIstring2\fP lexicographically. +.TP +\fIstring1\fP \fB>\fP \fIstring2\fP +True if \fIstring1\fP sorts after \fIstring2\fP lexicographically. +.TP +.I \fIarg1\fP \fBOP\fP \fIarg2\fP +.SM +.B OP +is one of +.BR \-eq , +.BR \-ne , +.BR \-lt , +.BR \-le , +.BR \-gt , +or +.BR \-ge . +These arithmetic binary operators return true if \fIarg1\fP +is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, +greater than, or greater than or equal to \fIarg2\fP, respectively. +.I Arg1 +and +.I arg2 +may be positive or negative integers. +.PD +.SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION" +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. +.IP 1. +The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later +processing. +.IP 2. +The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word +is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are +the arguments. +.IP 3. +Redirections are performed as described above under +.SM +.BR REDIRECTION . +.IP 4. +The text after the \fB=\fP in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. +.PP +If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment +of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. +If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. +.PP +If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. +.PP +If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions +contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is +the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there +were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. +.SH "COMMAND EXECUTION" +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following +actions are taken. +.PP +If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that +function is invoked as described above in +.SM +.BR FUNCTIONS . +If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that +builtin is invoked. +.PP +If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +and contains no slashes, +.B bash +searches each element of the +.SM +.B PATH +for a directory containing an executable file by that name. +.B Bash +uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable +files (see +.B hash +under +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). +A full search of the directories in +.SM +.B PATH +is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. +If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell +function named \fBcommand_not_found_handle\fP. +If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and +the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's +exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. +If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error +message and returns an exit status of 127. +.PP +If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a +separate execution environment. +Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments +to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. +.PP +If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be +a \fIshell script\fP, a file +containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute +it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so +that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked +to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of +commands remembered by the parent (see +.B hash +below under +.SM +\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP) +are retained by the child. +.PP +If the program is a file beginning with +.BR #! , +the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter +for the program. The shell executes the +specified interpreter on operating systems that do not +handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the +interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the +interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed +by the name of the program, followed by the command +arguments, if any. +.SH COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT +The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the +following: +.if n .sp 1 +.IP \(bu +open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin +.IP \(bu +the current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or +\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation +.IP \(bu +the file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from +the shell's parent +.IP \(bu +current traps set by \fBtrap\fP +.IP \(bu +shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +.IP \(bu +shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment +.IP \(bu +options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by \fBset\fP +.IP \(bu +options enabled by \fBshopt\fP +.IP \(bu +shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP +.IP \(bu +various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value +of \fB$$\fP, and the value of +.SM +.B PPID +.PP +When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +is to be executed, it +is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of +the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited +from the shell. +.if n .sp 1 +.IP \(bu +the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command +.IP \(bu +the current working directory +.IP \(bu +the file creation mode mask +.IP \(bu +shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment +.IP \(bu +traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored +.PP +A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. +.PP +Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +and asynchronous commands are invoked in a +subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, +except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values +that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin +commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a +subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment +cannot affect the shell's execution environment. +.PP +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the \fB\-e\fP option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode, +Bash clears the \fB\-e\fP option in such subshells. +.PP +If a command is followed by a \fB&\fP and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file \fI/dev/null\fP. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling +shell as modified by redirections. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the +.IR environment . +This is a list of +\fIname\fP\-\fIvalue\fP pairs, of the form +.IR "name\fR=\fPvalue" . +.PP +The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and +creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking +it for +.I export +to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. +The +.B export +and +.B declare \-x +commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter +in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part +of the environment, replacing the old. The environment +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's +initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, +less any pairs removed by the +.B unset +command, plus any additions via the +.B export +and +.B declare \-x +commands. +.PP +The environment for any +.I simple command +or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with +parameter assignments, as described above in +.SM +.BR PARAMETERS . +These assignment statements affect only the environment seen +by that command. +.PP +If the +.B \-k +option is set (see the +.B set +builtin command below), then +.I all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, +not just those that precede the command name. +.PP +When +.B bash +invokes an external command, the variable +.B _ +is set to the full file name of the command and passed to that +command in its environment. +.SH "EXIT STATUS" +.PP +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +\fIwaitpid\fP system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may +use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific +failure modes. +.PP +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero +indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. +When a command terminates on a fatal signal \fIN\fP, \fBbash\fP uses +the value of 128+\fIN\fP as the exit status. +.PP +If a command is not found, the child process created to +execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found +but is not executable, the return status is 126. +.PP +If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +the exit status is greater than zero. +.PP +Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (\fItrue\fP) if +successful, and non-zero (\fIfalse\fP) if an error occurs +while they execute. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. +.PP +\fBBash\fP itself returns the exit status of the last command +executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits +with a non-zero value. See also the \fBexit\fP builtin +command below. +.SH SIGNALS +When \fBbash\fP is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +.SM +.B SIGTERM +(so that \fBkill 0\fP does not kill an interactive shell), +and +.SM +.B SIGINT +is caught and handled (so that the \fBwait\fP builtin is interruptible). +In all cases, \fBbash\fP ignores +.SM +.BR SIGQUIT . +If job control is in effect, +.B bash +ignores +.SM +.BR SIGTTIN , +.SM +.BR SIGTTOU , +and +.SM +.BR SIGTSTP . +.PP +Non-builtin commands run by \fBbash\fP have signal handlers +set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. +When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands +ignore +.SM +.B SIGINT +and +.SM +.B SIGQUIT +in addition to these inherited handlers. +Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the +keyboard-generated job control signals +.SM +.BR SIGTTIN , +.SM +.BR SIGTTOU , +and +.SM +.BR SIGTSTP . +.PP +The shell exits by default upon receipt of a +.SM +.BR SIGHUP . +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the +.SM +.B SIGHUP +to all jobs, running or stopped. +Stopped jobs are sent +.SM +.B SIGCONT +to ensure that they receive the +.SM +.BR SIGHUP . +To prevent the shell from +sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the +jobs table with the +.B disown +builtin (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below) or marked +to not receive +.SM +.B SIGHUP +using +.BR "disown \-h" . +.PP +If the +.B huponexit +shell option has been set with +.BR shopt , +.B bash +sends a +.SM +.B SIGHUP +to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +.PP +If \fBbash\fP is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until +the command completes. +When \fBbash\fP is waiting for an asynchronous command via the \fBwait\fP +builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will +cause the \fBwait\fP builtin to return immediately with an exit status +greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. +.SH "JOB CONTROL" +.I Job control +refers to the ability to selectively stop (\fIsuspend\fP) +the execution of processes and continue (\fIresume\fP) +their execution at a later point. A user typically employs +this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly +by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and +.BR bash . +.PP +The shell associates a +.I job +with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing +jobs, which may be listed with the +.B jobs +command. When +.B bash +starts a job asynchronously (in the +.IR background ), +it prints a line that looks like: +.RS +.PP +[1] 25647 +.RE +.PP +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID +of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. +All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. +.B Bash +uses the +.I job +abstraction as the basis for job control. +.PP +To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal +process group ID\fP. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) +receive keyboard-generated signals such as +.SM +.BR SIGINT . +These processes are said to be in the +.IR foreground . +.I Background +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; +such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the +user so specifies with \f(CWstty tostop\fP, write to the +terminal. +Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when +\f(CWstty tostop\fP is in effect) the +terminal are sent a +.SM +.B SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU) +signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +which, unless caught, suspends the process. +.PP +If the operating system on which +.B bash +is running supports +job control, +.B bash +contains facilities to use it. +Typing the +.I suspend +character (typically +.BR ^Z , +Control-Z) while a process is running +causes that process to be stopped and returns control to +.BR bash . +Typing the +.I "delayed suspend" +character (typically +.BR ^Y , +Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it +attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to +be returned to +.BR bash . +The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the +.B bg +command to continue it in the background, the +.B fg +command to continue it in the foreground, or +the +.B kill +command to kill it. A \fB^Z\fP takes effect immediately, +and has the additional side effect of causing pending output +and typeahead to be discarded. +.PP +There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. +The character +.B % +introduces a job specification (\fIjobspec\fP). Job number +.I n +may be referred to as +.BR %n . +A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to +start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. +For example, +.B %ce +refers to a stopped +.B ce +job. If a prefix matches more than one job, +.B bash +reports an error. Using +.BR %?ce , +on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string +.B ce +in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, +.B bash +reports an error. The symbols +.B %% +and +.B %+ +refer to the shell's notion of the +.IR "current job" , +which is the last job stopped while it was in +the foreground or started in the background. +The +.I "previous job" +may be referenced using +.BR %\- . +If there is only a single job, \fB%+\fP and \fB%\-\fP can both be used +to refer to that job. +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the +.B jobs +command), the current job is always flagged with a +.BR + , +and the previous job with a +.BR \- . +A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the +current job. +.PP +Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the +foreground: +.B %1 +is a synonym for +\fB``fg %1''\fP, +bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. +Similarly, +.B ``%1 &'' +resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to +\fB``bg %1''\fP. +.PP +The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, +.B bash +waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting +changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt +any other output. If the +.B \-b +option to the +.B set +builtin command +is enabled, +.B bash +reports such changes immediately. +Any trap on +.SM +.B SIGCHLD +is executed for each child that exits. +.PP +If an attempt to exit +.B bash +is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP shell option has +been enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin, running), the shell prints a +warning message, and, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP option is enabled, lists the +jobs and their statuses. +The +.B jobs +command may then be used to inspect their status. +If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, +the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped +jobs are terminated. +.SH PROMPTING +When executing interactively, +.B bash +displays the primary prompt +.SM +.B PS1 +when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt +.SM +.B PS2 +when it needs more input to complete a command. +.B Bash +allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of +backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \ea +an ASCII bell character (07) +.TP +.B \ed +the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") +.TP +.B \eD{\fIformat\fP} +the \fIformat\fP is passed to \fIstrftime\fP(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty \fIformat\fP results in a locale-specific +time representation. The braces are required +.TP +.B \ee +an ASCII escape character (033) +.TP +.B \eh +the hostname up to the first `.' +.TP +.B \eH +the hostname +.TP +.B \ej +the number of jobs currently managed by the shell +.TP +.B \el +the basename of the shell's terminal device name +.TP +.B \en +newline +.TP +.B \er +carriage return +.TP +.B \es +the name of the shell, the basename of +.B $0 +(the portion following the final slash) +.TP +.B \et +the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format +.TP +.B \eT +the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format +.TP +.B \e@ +the current time in 12-hour am/pm format +.TP +.B \eA +the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format +.TP +.B \eu +the username of the current user +.TP +.B \ev +the version of \fBbash\fP (e.g., 2.00) +.TP +.B \eV +the release of \fBbash\fP, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) +.TP +.B \ew +the current working directory, with +.SM +.B $HOME +abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the value of the +.SM +.B PROMPT_DIRTRIM +variable) +.TP +.B \eW +the basename of the current working directory, with +.SM +.B $HOME +abbreviated with a tilde +.TP +.B \e! +the history number of this command +.TP +.B \e# +the command number of this command +.TP +.B \e$ +if the effective UID is 0, a +.BR # , +otherwise a +.B $ +.TP +.B \e\fInnn\fP +the character corresponding to the octal number \fInnn\fP +.TP +.B \e\e +a backslash +.TP +.B \e[ +begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to +embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt +.TP +.B \e] +end a sequence of non-printing characters +.PD +.RE +.PP +The command number and the history number are usually different: +the history number of a command is its position in the history +list, which may include commands restored from the history file +(see +.SM +.B HISTORY +below), while the command number is the position in the sequence +of commands executed during the current shell session. +After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the +.B promptvars +shell option (see the description of the +.B shopt +command under +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below). +.SH READLINE +This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive +shell, unless the +.B \-\-noediting +option is given at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the \fB\-e\fP option to the +\fBread\fP builtin. +By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. +A vi-style line editing interface is also available. +Line editing can be enabled at any time using the +.B \-o emacs +or +.B \-o vi +options to the +.B set +builtin (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the +.B +o emacs +or +.B +o vi +options to the +.B set +builtin. +.SS "Readline Notation" +.PP +In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote +keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n +means Control\-N. Similarly, +.I meta +keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X. (On keyboards +without a +.I meta +key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key +then the +.I x +key. This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP. +The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP, +or press the Escape key +then hold the Control key while pressing the +.I x +key.) +.PP +Readline commands may be given numeric +.IR arguments , +which normally act as a repeat count. +Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. +Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward +direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a +backward direction. +Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted +below. +.PP +When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text +deleted is saved for possible future retrieval +(\fIyanking\fP). The killed text is saved in a +\fIkill ring\fP. Consecutive kills cause the text to be +accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. +Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text +on the kill ring. +.SS "Readline Initialization" +.PP +Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization +file (the \fIinputrc\fP file). +The name of this file is taken from the value of the +.SM +.B INPUTRC +variable. If that variable is unset, the default is +.IR ~/.inputrc . +When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the +initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables +are set. +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the +readline initialization file. +Blank lines are ignored. +Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments. +Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs. +Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. +.PP +The default key-bindings may be changed with an +.I inputrc +file. +Other programs that use this library may add their own commands +and bindings. +.PP +For example, placing +.RS +.PP +M\-Control\-u: universal\-argument +.RE +or +.RS +C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument +.RE +into the +.I inputrc +would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command +.IR universal\-argument . +.PP +The following symbolic character names are recognized: +.IR RUBOUT , +.IR DEL , +.IR ESC , +.IR LFD , +.IR NEWLINE , +.IR RET , +.IR RETURN , +.IR SPC , +.IR SPACE , +and +.IR TAB . +.PP +In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound +to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP). +.SS "Readline Key Bindings" +.PP +The syntax for controlling key bindings in the +.I inputrc +file is simple. All that is required is the name of the +command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which +it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: +as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP +prefixes, or as a key sequence. +.PP +When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP, +.I keyname +is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: +.sp +.RS +Control-u: universal\-argument +.br +Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word +.br +Control-o: "> output" +.RE +.LP +In the above example, +.I C\-u +is bound to the function +.BR universal\-argument , +.I M\-DEL +is bound to the function +.BR backward\-kill\-word , +and +.I C\-o +is bound to run the macro +expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text +.if t \f(CW> output\fP +.if n ``> output'' +into the line). +.PP +In the second form, \fB"keyseq"\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP, +.B keyseq +differs from +.B keyname +above in that strings denoting +an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence +within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be +used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names +are not recognized. +.sp +.RS +"\eC\-u": universal\-argument +.br +"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file +.br +"\ee[11~": "Function Key 1" +.RE +.PP +In this example, +.I C\-u +is again bound to the function +.BR universal\-argument . +.I "C\-x C\-r" +is bound to the function +.BR re\-read\-init\-file , +and +.I "ESC [ 1 1 ~" +is bound to insert the text +.if t \f(CWFunction Key 1\fP. +.if n ``Function Key 1''. +.PP +The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \eC\- +control prefix +.TP +.B \eM\- +meta prefix +.TP +.B \ee +an escape character +.TP +.B \e\e +backslash +.TP +.B \e" +literal " +.TP +.B \e\(aq +literal \(aq +.RE +.PD +.PP +In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second +set of backslash escapes is available: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \ea +alert (bell) +.TP +.B \eb +backspace +.TP +.B \ed +delete +.TP +.B \ef +form feed +.TP +.B \en +newline +.TP +.B \er +carriage return +.TP +.B \et +horizontal tab +.TP +.B \ev +vertical tab +.TP +.B \e\fInnn\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(one to three digits) +.TP +.B \ex\fIHH\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits) +.RE +.PD +.PP +When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must +be used to indicate a macro definition. +Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. +In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, +including " and \(aq. +.PP +.B Bash +allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified +with the +.B bind +builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive +use by using the +.B \-o +option to the +.B set +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). +.SS "Readline Variables" +.PP +Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its +behavior. A variable may be set in the +.I inputrc +file with a statement of the form +.RS +.PP +\fBset\fP \fIvariable\-name\fP \fIvalue\fP +.RE +.PP +Except where noted, readline variables can take the values +.B On +or +.B Off +(without regard to case). +Unrecognized variable names are ignored. +When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insensitive), +and "1" are equivalent to \fBOn\fP. All other values are equivalent to +\fBOff\fP. +The variables and their default values are: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B bell\-style (audible) +Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell. If set to +\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. +.TP +.B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind the control characters +treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline +equivalents. +.TP +.B comment\-begin (``#'') +The string that is inserted when the readline +.B insert\-comment +command is executed. +This command is bound to +.B M\-# +in emacs mode and to +.B # +in vi command mode. +.TP +.B completion\-ignore\-case (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion +in a case\-insensitive fashion. +.TP +.B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0) +The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a +value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are +replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +.TP +.B completion\-query\-items (100) +This determines when the user is queried about viewing +the number of possible completions +generated by the \fBpossible\-completions\fP command. +It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to +zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than +or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether +or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed +on the terminal. +.TP +.B convert\-meta (On) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the +eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence +by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an +escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP). +.TP +.B disable\-completion (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion +characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been +mapped to \fBself-insert\fP. +.TP +.B editing\-mode (emacs) +Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar +to \fIemacs\fP or \fIvi\fP. +.B editing\-mode +can be set to either +.B emacs +or +.BR vi . +.TP +.B echo\-control\-characters (On) +When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard. +.TP +.B enable\-keypad (Off) +When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application +keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the +arrow keys. +.TP +.B enable\-meta\-key (On) +When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier +key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, +the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. +.TP +.B expand\-tilde (Off) +If set to \fBon\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline +attempts word completion. +.TP +.B history\-preserve\-point (Off) +If set to \fBon\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the +same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP +or \fBnext-history\fP. +.TP +.B history\-size (0) +Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If +set to zero, the number of entries in the history list is not limited. +.TP +.B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off) +When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display, +scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it +becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. +.TP +.B input\-meta (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, +it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), +regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name +.B meta\-flag +is a synonym for this variable. +.TP +.B isearch\-terminators (``C\-[C\-J'') +The string of characters that should terminate an incremental +search without subsequently executing the character as a command. +If this variable has not been given a value, the characters +\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search. +.TP +.B keymap (emacs) +Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is +\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, +vi\-command\fP, and +.IR vi\-insert . +\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is +equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. The default value is +.IR emacs ; +the value of +.B editing\-mode +also affects the default keymap. +.TP +.B mark\-directories (On) +If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash +appended. +.TP +.B mark\-modified\-lines (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed +with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP). +.TP +.B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories +have a slash appended (subject to the value of +\fBmark\-directories\fP). +.TP +.B match\-hidden\-files (On) +This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, causes readline to match files whose +names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename +completion, unless the leading `.' is +supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. +.TP +.B output\-meta (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the +eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape +sequence. +.TP +.B page\-completions (On) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager +to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. +.TP +.B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches +sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. +.TP +.B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off) +If set to \fBon\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines +before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed. By default, +history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across +calls to \fBreadline\fP. +.TP +.B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off) +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If +set to +.BR on , +words which have more than one possible completion cause the +matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. +.TP +.B show\-all\-if\-unmodified (Off) +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in +a fashion similar to \fBshow\-all\-if\-ambiguous\fP. +If set to +.BR on , +words which have more than one possible completion without any +possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share +a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead +of ringing the bell. +.TP +.B skip\-completed\-text (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when +inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when +performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline +does not insert characters from the completion that match characters +after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word +following the cursor are not duplicated. +.TP +.B visible\-stats (Off) +If set to \fBOn\fP, a character denoting a file's type as reported +by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible +completions. +.PD +.SS "Readline Conditional Constructs" +.PP +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key +bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result +of tests. There are four parser directives used. +.IP \fB$if\fP +The +.B $if +construct allows bindings to be made based on the +editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using +readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; +no characters are required to isolate it. +.RS +.IP \fBmode\fP +The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test +whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. +This may be used in conjunction +with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in +the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if +readline is starting out in emacs mode. +.IP \fBterm\fP +The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific +key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the +terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the +.B = +is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion +of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP. This allows +.I sun +to match both +.I sun +and +.IR sun\-cmd , +for instance. +.IP \fBapplication\fP +The \fBapplication\fP construct is used to include +application-specific settings. Each program using the readline +library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization +file can test for a particular value. +This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for +a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: +.sp 1 +.RS +.nf +\fB$if\fP Bash +# Quote the current or previous word +"\eC\-xq": "\eeb\e"\eef\e"" +\fB$endif\fP +.fi +.RE +.RE +.IP \fB$endif\fP +This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +\fB$if\fP command. +.IP \fB$else\fP +Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if +the test fails. +.IP \fB$include\fP +This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands +and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive +would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP: +.sp 1 +.RS +.nf +\fB$include\fP \^ \fI/etc/inputrc\fP +.fi +.RE +.SS Searching +.PP +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(see +.SM +.B HISTORY +below) for lines containing a specified string. +There are two search modes: +.I incremental +and +.IR non-incremental . +.PP +Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. +As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays +the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. +An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to +find the desired history entry. +The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP +variable are used to terminate an incremental search. +If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and +Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. +Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original +line. +When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the +search string becomes the current line. +.PP +To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or +Control-R as appropriate. +This will search backward or forward in the history for the next +entry matching the search string typed so far. +Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate +the search and execute that command. +For instance, a \fInewline\fP will terminate the search and accept +the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. +.PP +Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two +Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a +new search string, any remembered search string is used. +.PP +Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting +to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. +.SS "Readline Command Names" +.PP +The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default +key sequences to which they are bound. +Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. +In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor +position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the +\fBset\-mark\fP command. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP. +.SS Commands for Moving +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B beginning\-of\-line (C\-a) +Move to the start of the current line. +.TP +.B end\-of\-line (C\-e) +Move to the end of the line. +.TP +.B forward\-char (C\-f) +Move forward a character. +.TP +.B backward\-char (C\-b) +Move back a character. +.TP +.B forward\-word (M\-f) +Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of +alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +.TP +.B backward\-word (M\-b) +Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +.TP +.B shell\-forward\-word +Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +.TP +.B shell\-backward\-word +Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +.TP +.B clear\-screen (C\-l) +Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the +screen. +.TP +.B redraw\-current\-line +Refresh the current line. +.PD +.SS Commands for Manipulating the History +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B accept\-line (Newline, Return) +Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is +non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the +.SM +.B HISTCONTROL +variable. If the line is a modified history +line, then restore the history line to its original state. +.TP +.B previous\-history (C\-p) +Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in +the list. +.TP +.B next\-history (C\-n) +Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the +list. +.TP +.B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<) +Move to the first line in the history. +.TP +.B end\-of\-history (M\->) +Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being +entered. +.TP +.B reverse\-search\-history (C\-r) +Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +.TP +.B forward\-search\-history (C\-s) +Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +.TP +.B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p) +Search backward through the history starting at the current line +using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. +.TP +.B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n) +Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for +a string supplied by the user. +.TP +.B history\-search\-forward +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +.TP +.B history\-search\-backward +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +.TP +.B yank\-nth\-arg (M\-C\-y) +Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually +the second word on the previous line) at point. +With an argument +.IR n , +insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words +in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument +inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command. +Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, the argument is extracted +as if the "!\fIn\fP" history expansion had been specified. +.TP +.B +yank\-last\-arg (M\-.\^, M\-_\^) +Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of +the previous history entry). With an argument, +behave exactly like \fByank\-nth\-arg\fP. +Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history +list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn. +The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, +as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. +.TP +.B shell\-expand\-line (M\-C\-e) +Expand the line as the shell does. This +performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell +word expansions. See +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below for a description of history expansion. +.TP +.B history\-expand\-line (M\-^) +Perform history expansion on the current line. +See +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below for a description of history expansion. +.TP +.B magic\-space +Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. +See +.SM +.B HISTORY EXPANSION +below for a description of history expansion. +.TP +.B alias\-expand\-line +Perform alias expansion on the current line. +See +.SM +.B ALIASES +above for a description of alias expansion. +.TP +.B history\-and\-alias\-expand\-line +Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. +.TP +.B insert\-last\-argument (M\-.\^, M\-_\^) +A synonym for \fByank\-last\-arg\fP. +.TP +.B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o) +Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line +relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any +argument is ignored. +.TP +.B edit\-and\-execute\-command (C\-xC\-e) +Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell +commands. +\fBBash\fP attempts to invoke +.SM +.BR $VISUAL , +.SM +.BR $EDITOR , +and \fIemacs\fP as the editor, in that order. +.PD +.SS Commands for Changing Text +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B delete\-char (C\-d) +Delete the character at point. If point is at the +beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and +the last character typed was not bound to \fBdelete\-char\fP, +then return +.SM +.BR EOF . +.TP +.B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout) +Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, +save the deleted text on the kill ring. +.TP +.B forward\-backward\-delete\-char +Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the +end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is +deleted. +.TP +.B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v) +Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is +how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example. +.TP +.B tab\-insert (C\-v TAB) +Insert a tab character. +.TP +.B self\-insert (a,\ b,\ A,\ 1,\ !,\ ...) +Insert the character typed. +.TP +.B transpose\-chars (C\-t) +Drag the character before point forward over the character at point, +moving point forward as well. +If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes +the two characters before point. +Negative arguments have no effect. +.TP +.B transpose\-words (M\-t) +Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point over that word as well. +If point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +.TP +.B upcase\-word (M\-u) +Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. +.TP +.B downcase\-word (M\-l) +Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. +.TP +.B capitalize\-word (M\-c) +Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. +.TP +.B overwrite\-mode +Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, +switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric +argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only +\fBemacs\fP mode; \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently. +Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode. +In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace +the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. +Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character +before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. +.PD +.SS Killing and Yanking +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B kill\-line (C\-k) +Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +.TP +.B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout) +Kill backward to the beginning of the line. +.TP +.B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u) +Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +.\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line +.TP +.B kill\-whole\-line +Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. +.TP +.B kill\-word (M\-d) +Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout) +Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B shell\-kill\-word (M\-d) +Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B shell\-backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout) +Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-backward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w) +Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +.TP +.B unix\-filename\-rubout +Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character +as the word boundaries. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +.TP +.B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e) +Delete all spaces and tabs around point. +.TP +.B kill\-region +Kill the text in the current region. +.TP +.B copy\-region\-as\-kill +Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. +.TP +.B copy\-backward\-word +Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as \fBbackward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B copy\-forward\-word +Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP. +.TP +.B yank (C\-y) +Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. +.TP +.B yank\-pop (M\-y) +Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following +.B yank +or +.BR yank\-pop . +.PD +.SS Numeric Arguments +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, ..., M\-\-) +Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new +argument. M\-\- starts a negative argument. +.TP +.B universal\-argument +This is another way to specify an argument. +If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a +leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. +If the command is followed by digits, executing +.B universal\-argument +again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. +As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a +character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count +for the next command is multiplied by four. +The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the +first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the +argument count sixteen, and so on. +.PD +.SS Completing +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B complete (TAB) +Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. +.B Bash +attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the +text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with +\fB~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or +command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none +of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +.TP +.B possible\-completions (M\-?) +List the possible completions of the text before point. +.TP +.B insert\-completions (M\-*) +Insert all completions of the text before point +that would have been generated by +\fBpossible\-completions\fP. +.TP +.B menu\-complete +Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed +with a single match from the list of possible completions. +Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list +of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. +At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +(subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP) +and the original text is restored. +An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list +of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward +through the list. +This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound +by default. +.TP +.B menu\-complete-\backward +Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list +of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a +negative argument. This command is unbound by default. +.TP +.B delete\-char\-or\-list +Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or +end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP). +If at the end of the line, behaves identically to +\fBpossible\-completions\fP. +This command is unbound by default. +.TP +.B complete\-filename (M\-/) +Attempt filename completion on the text before point. +.TP +.B possible\-filename\-completions (C\-x /) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a filename. +.TP +.B complete\-username (M\-~) +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a username. +.TP +.B possible\-username\-completions (C\-x ~) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a username. +.TP +.B complete\-variable (M\-$) +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a shell variable. +.TP +.B possible\-variable\-completions (C\-x $) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a shell variable. +.TP +.B complete\-hostname (M\-@) +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a hostname. +.TP +.B possible\-hostname\-completions (C\-x @) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a hostname. +.TP +.B complete\-command (M\-!) +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell +functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, +in that order. +.TP +.B possible\-command\-completions (C\-x !) +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a command name. +.TP +.B dynamic\-complete\-history (M\-TAB) +Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +.TP +.B dabbrev\-expand +Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +.TP +.B complete\-into\-braces (M\-{) +Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions +enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see +.B Brace Expansion +above). +.PD +.SS Keyboard Macros +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B start\-kbd\-macro (C\-x (\^) +Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. +.TP +.B end\-kbd\-macro (C\-x )\^) +Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro +and store the definition. +.TP +.B call\-last\-kbd\-macro (C\-x e) +Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters +in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. +.PD +.SS Miscellaneous +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B re\-read\-init\-file (C\-x C\-r) +Read in the contents of the \fIinputrc\fP file, and incorporate +any bindings or variable assignments found there. +.TP +.B abort (C\-g) +Abort the current editing command and +ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of +.BR bell\-style ). +.TP +.B do\-uppercase\-version (M\-a, M\-b, M\-\fIx\fP, ...) +If the metafied character \fIx\fP is lowercase, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. +.TP +.B prefix\-meta (ESC) +Metafy the next character typed. +.SM +.B ESC +.B f +is equivalent to +.BR Meta\-f . +.TP +.B undo (C\-_, C\-x C\-u) +Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. +.TP +.B revert\-line (M\-r) +Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the +.B undo +command enough times to return the line to its initial state. +.TP +.B tilde\-expand (M\-&) +Perform tilde expansion on the current word. +.TP +.B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-<space>) +Set the mark to the point. If a +numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +.TP +.B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x) +Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to +the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +.TP +.B character\-search (C\-]) +A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that +character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences. +.TP +.B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-]) +A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that +character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences. +.TP +.B skip\-csi\-sequence () +Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those +defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a +Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[. If this sequence is +bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect +unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting +stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, +but usually bound to ESC\-[. +.TP +.B insert\-comment (M\-#) +Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline +.B comment\-begin +variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if +the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value +of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise +the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of +the line. +In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. +The default value of +\fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line +a shell comment. +If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line +will be executed by the shell. +.TP +.B glob\-complete\-word (M\-g) +The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to +generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. +.TP +.B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *) +The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +pathname expansion. +.TP +.B glob\-list\-expansions (C\-x g) +The list of expansions that would have been generated by +.B glob\-expand\-word +is displayed, and the line is redrawn. +If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +pathname expansion. +.TP +.B dump\-functions +Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the +readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an \fIinputrc\fP file. +.TP +.B dump\-variables +Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the +readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an \fIinputrc\fP file. +.TP +.B dump\-macros +Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the +strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an \fIinputrc\fP file. +.TP +.B display\-shell\-version (C\-x C\-v) +Display version information about the current instance of +.BR bash . +.PD +.SS Programmable Completion +.PP +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined +using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked. +.PP +First, the command name is identified. +If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the +beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with +the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used. +If a compspec has been defined for that command, the +compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. +If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full +pathname is searched for first. +If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to +find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. +If those searches to not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with +the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used as the default. +.PP +Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. +If a compspec is not found, the default \fBbash\fP completion as +described above under \fBCompleting\fP is performed. +.PP +First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are +returned. +When the +.B \-f +or +.B \-d +option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell +variable +.SM +.B FIGNORE +is used to filter the matches. +.PP +Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the +\fB\-G\fP option are generated next. +The words generated by the pattern need not match the word +being completed. +The +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the +.SM +.B FIGNORE +variable is used. +.PP +Next, the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option +is considered. +The string is first split using the characters in the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable as delimiters. +Shell quoting is honored. +Each word is then expanded using +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +as described above under +.SM +.BR EXPANSION . +The results are split using the rules described above under +\fBWord Splitting\fP. +The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being +completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +.PP +After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command +specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options is invoked. +When the command or function is invoked, the +.SM +.BR COMP_LINE , +.SM +.BR COMP_POINT , +.SM +.BR COMP_KEY , +and +.SM +.B COMP_TYPE +variables are assigned values as described above under +\fBShell Variables\fP. +If a shell function is being invoked, the +.SM +.B COMP_WORDS +and +.SM +.B COMP_CWORD +variables are also set. +When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the +name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the +second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument +is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. +No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. +.PP +Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first. +The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the +\fBcompgen\fP builtin described below, to generate the matches. +It must put the possible completions in the +.SM +.B COMPREPLY +array variable. +.PP +Next, any command specified with the \fB\-C\fP option is invoked +in an environment equivalent to command substitution. +It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the +standard output. +Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. +.PP +After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the \fB\-X\fP option is applied to the list. +The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a \fB&\fP +in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. +A literal \fB&\fP may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash +is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion +not matching the pattern will be removed. +.PP +Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is +returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. +.PP +If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the +\fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +.PP +If the \fB\-o plusdirs\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +.PP +By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned +to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. +The default \fBbash\fP completions are not attempted, and the readline +default of filename completion is disabled. +If the \fB\-o bashdefault\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when +the compspec was defined, the \fBbash\fP default completions are attempted +if the compspec generates no matches. +If the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the +compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed +if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions) +generate no matches. +.PP +When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP readline variable, regardless +of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable. +.PP +There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with \fBcomplete -D\fP. +It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes +the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), +programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than +being loaded all at once. +.PP +For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a +file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default +completion function would load completions dynamically: +.PP +\f(CW_completion_loader() +.br +{ +.br + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 +.br +} +.br +complete -D -F _completion_loader +.br +\fP +.SH HISTORY +When the +.B \-o history +option to the +.B set +builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the +\fIcommand history\fP, +the list of commands previously typed. +The value of the +.SM +.B HISTSIZE +variable is used as the +number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last +.SM +.B HISTSIZE +commands (default 500) is saved. The shell +stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable expansion (see +.SM +.B EXPANSION +above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the +values of the shell variables +.SM +.B HISTIGNORE +and +.SM +.BR HISTCONTROL . +.PP +On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by +the variable +.SM +.B HISTFILE +(default \fI~/.bash_history\fP). +The file named by the value of +.SM +.B HISTFILE +is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than +the number of lines specified by the value of +.SM +.BR HISTFILESIZE . +When the history file is read, +lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately +by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the preceding history line. +These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the +.SM +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +variable. +When an interactive shell exits, the last +.SM +.B $HISTSIZE +lines are copied from the history list to +.SM +.BR $HISTFILE . +If the +.B histappend +shell option is enabled +(see the description of +.B shopt +under +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +below), the lines are appended to the history file, +otherwise the history file is overwritten. +If +.SM +.B HISTFILE +is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is +not saved. +If the +.SM +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked +with the history comment character, so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +After saving the history, the history file is truncated +to contain no more than +.SM +.B HISTFILESIZE +lines. If +.SM +.B HISTFILESIZE +is not set, no truncation is performed. +.PP +The builtin command +.B fc +(see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of +the history list. +The +.B history +builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and +manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands +are available in each editing mode that provide access to the +history list. +.PP +The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The +.SM +.B HISTCONTROL +and +.SM +.B HISTIGNORE +variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the +commands entered. +The +.B cmdhist +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding +semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. +The +.B lithist +shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. See the description of the +.B shopt +builtin below under +.SM +.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +for information on setting and unsetting shell options. +.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION" +.PP +The shell supports a history expansion feature that +is similar to the history expansion in +.BR csh. +This section describes what syntax features are available. This +feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be +disabled using the +.B \+H +option to the +.B set +builtin command (see +.SM +.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS +below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion +by default. +.PP +History expansions introduce words from the history list into +the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the +arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or +fix errors in previous commands quickly. +.PP +History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line +is read, before the shell breaks it into words. +It takes place in two parts. +The first is to determine which line from the history list +to use during substitution. +The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into +the current one. +The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP, +and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP. +Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words. +The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input, +so that several \fImetacharacter\fP-separated words surrounded by +quotes are considered one word. +History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default. +Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote +the history expansion character. +.PP +Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately +following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: +space, tab, newline, carriage return, and \fB=\fP. +If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled, \fB(\fP will also +inhibit expansion. +.PP +Several shell options settable with the +.B shopt +builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. +If the +.B histverify +shell option is enabled (see the description of the +.B shopt +builtin below), and +.B readline +is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to +the shell parser. +Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the +.B readline +editing buffer for further modification. +If +.B readline +is being used, and the +.B histreedit +shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded +into the +.B readline +editing buffer for correction. +The +.B \-p +option to the +.B history +builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will +do before using it. +The +.B \-s +option to the +.B history +builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list +without actually executing them, so that they are available for +subsequent recall. +.PP +The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism (see the description of +.B histchars +above under +.BR "Shell Variables" ). +The shell uses +the history comment character to mark history timestamps when +writing the history file. +.SS Event Designators +.PP +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B ! +Start a history substitution, except when followed by a +.BR blank , +newline, carriage return, = +or ( (when the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using +the \fBshopt\fP builtin). +.TP +.B !\fIn\fR +Refer to command line +.IR n . +.TP +.B !\-\fIn\fR +Refer to the current command line minus +.IR n . +.TP +.B !! +Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!\-1'. +.TP +.B !\fIstring\fR +Refer to the most recent command starting with +.IR string . +.TP +.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR +Refer to the most recent command containing +.IR string . +The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if +.I string +is followed immediately by a newline. +.TP +.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u +Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing +.I string1 +with +.IR string2 . +Equivalent to +``!!:s/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/'' +(see \fBModifiers\fP below). +.TP +.B !# +The entire command line typed so far. +.PD +.SS Word Designators +.PP +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. +A +.B : +separates the event specification from the word designator. +It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a +.BR ^ , +.BR $ , +.BR * , +.BR \- , +or +.BR % . +Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, +with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). +Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP +.B 0 (zero) +The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command +word. +.TP +.I n +The \fIn\fRth word. +.TP +.B ^ +The first argument. That is, word 1. +.TP +.B $ +The last argument. +.TP +.B % +The word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search. +.TP +.I x\fB\-\fPy +A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'. +.TP +.B * +All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym +for `\fI1\-$\fP'. It is not an error to use +.B * +if there is just one +word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. +.TP +.B x* +Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP. +.TP +.B x\- +Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word. +.PD +.PP +If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. +.SS Modifiers +.PP +After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of +one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. +.PP +.PD 0 +.PP +.TP +.B h +Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. +.TP +.B t +Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail. +.TP +.B r +Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the +basename. +.TP +.B e +Remove all but the trailing suffix. +.TP +.B p +Print the new command but do not execute it. +.TP +.B q +Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. +.TP +.B x +Quote the substituted words as with +.BR q , +but break into words at +.B blanks +and newlines. +.TP +.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/ +Substitute +.I new +for the first occurrence of +.I old +in the event line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The +final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the +event line. The delimiter may be quoted in +.I old +and +.I new +with a single backslash. If & appears in +.IR new , +it is replaced by +.IR old . +A single backslash will quote the &. If +.I old +is null, it is set to the last +.I old +substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, +the last +.I string +in a +.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR +search. +.TP +.B & +Repeat the previous substitution. +.TP +.B g +Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is +used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR') +or `\fB:&\fP'. If used with +`\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used +in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional +if it is the last character of the event line. +An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP. +.TP +.B G +Apply the following `\fBs\fP' modifier once to each word in the event line. +.PD +.SH "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" +.\" start of bash_builtins +.zZ +.PP +Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this +section as accepting options preceded by +.B \- +accepts +.B \-\- +to signify the end of the options. +The \fB:\fP, \fBtrue\fP, \fBfalse\fP, and \fBtest\fP builtins +do not accept options and do not treat \fB\-\-\fP specially. +The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP, +and \fBshift\fP builtins accept and process arguments beginning with +\fB\-\fP without requiring \fB\-\-\fP. +Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting +options interpret arguments beginning with \fB\-\fP as invalid options and +require \fB\-\-\fP to prevent this interpretation. +.sp .5 +.PD 0 +.TP +\fB:\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +.PD +No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding +.I arguments +and performing any specified +redirections. A zero exit code is returned. +.TP +\fB .\| \fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBsource\fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +.PD +Read and execute commands from +.I filename +in the current +shell environment and return the exit status of the last command +executed from +.IR filename . +If +.I filename +does not contain a slash, file names in +.SM +.B PATH +are used to find the directory containing +.IR filename . +The file searched for in +.SM +.B PATH +need not be executable. +When \fBbash\fP is not in \fIposix mode\fP, the current directory is +searched if no file is found in +.SM +.BR PATH . +If the +.B sourcepath +option to the +.B shopt +builtin command is turned off, the +.SM +.B PATH +is not searched. +If any \fIarguments\fP are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when \fIfilename\fP is executed. Otherwise the positional +parameters are unchanged. +The return status is the status of the last command exited within +the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if +.I filename +is not found or cannot be read. +.TP +\fBalias\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +\fBAlias\fP with no arguments or with the +.B \-p +option prints the list of aliases in the form +\fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output. +When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for +each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given. +A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be +checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. +For each \fIname\fP in the argument list for which no \fIvalue\fP +is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. +\fBAlias\fP returns true unless a \fIname\fP is given for which +no alias has been defined. +.TP +\fBbg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP ...] +Resume each suspended job \fIjobspec\fP in the background, as if it +had been started with +.BR & . +If +.I jobspec +is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. +.B bg +.I jobspec +returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, any specified \fIjobspec\fP was not found +or was started without job control. +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-lpsvPSV\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-q\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIkeyseq\fP] +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-x\fP \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP +.TP +\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP +.TP +\fBbind\fP \fIreadline\-command\fP +.PD +Display current +.B readline +key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a +.B readline +function or macro, or set a +.B readline +variable. +Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in +.IR .inputrc , +but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; +e.g., '"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file'. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-m \fIkeymap\fP +Use +.I keymap +as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. +Acceptable +.I keymap +names are +\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi, +vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and +.IR vi\-insert . +\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is +equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP. +.TP +.B \-l +List the names of all \fBreadline\fP functions. +.TP +.B \-p +Display \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings in such a way +that they can be re-read. +.TP +.B \-P +List current \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings. +.TP +.B \-s +Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings +they output in such a way that they can be re-read. +.TP +.B \-S +Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings +they output. +.TP +.B \-v +Display \fBreadline\fP variable names and values in such a way that they +can be re-read. +.TP +.B \-V +List current \fBreadline\fP variable names and values. +.TP +.B \-f \fIfilename\fP +Read key bindings from \fIfilename\fP. +.TP +.B \-q \fIfunction\fP +Query about which keys invoke the named \fIfunction\fP. +.TP +.B \-u \fIfunction\fP +Unbind all keys bound to the named \fIfunction\fP. +.TP +.B \-r \fIkeyseq\fP +Remove any current binding for \fIkeyseq\fP. +.TP +.B \-x \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP +Cause \fIshell\-command\fP to be executed whenever \fIkeyseq\fP is +entered. +When \fIshell\-command\fP is executed, the shell sets the +.SM +.B READLINE_LINE +variable to the contents of the \fBreadline\fP line buffer and the +.SM +.B READLINE_POINT +variable to the current location of the insertion point. +If the executed command changes the value of +.SM +.B READLINE_LINE +or +.SM +.BR READLINE_POINT , +those new values will be reflected in the editing state. +.PD +.PP +The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an +error occurred. +.RE +.TP +\fBbreak\fP [\fIn\fP] +Exit from within a +.BR for , +.BR while , +.BR until , +or +.B select +loop. If \fIn\fP is specified, break \fIn\fP levels. +.I n +must be \(>= 1. If +.I n +is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops +are exited. +The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1. +.TP +\fBbuiltin\fP \fIshell\-builtin\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it +.IR arguments , +and return its exit status. +This is useful when defining a +function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, +retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. +The \fBcd\fP builtin is commonly redefined this way. +The return status is false if +.I shell\-builtin +is not a shell builtin command. +.TP +\fBcaller\fP [\fIexpr\fP] +Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins. +Without \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number and source +filename of the current subroutine call. +If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP +displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding +to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra +information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The +current frame is frame 0. +The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or \fIexpr\fP does not correspond to a valid position in the +call stack. +.TP +\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L|-P\fP] [\fIdir\fP] +Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP. The variable +.SM +.B HOME +is the +default +.IR dir . +The variable +.SM +.B CDPATH +defines the search path for the directory containing +.IR dir . +Alternative directory names in +.SM +.B CDPATH +are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in +.SM +.B CDPATH +is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``\fB.\fP''. If +.I dir +begins with a slash (/), +then +.SM +.B CDPATH +is not used. The +.B \-P +option says to use the physical directory structure instead of +following symbolic links (see also the +.B \-P +option to the +.B set +builtin command); the +.B \-L +option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of +.B \- +is equivalent to +.SM +.BR $OLDPWD . +If a non-empty directory name from +.SM +.B CDPATH +is used, or if +\fB\-\fP is the first argument, and the directory change is +successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is +written to the standard output. +The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; +false otherwise. +.TP +\fBcommand\fP [\fB\-pVv\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] +Run +.I command +with +.I args +suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin +commands or commands found in the +.SM +.B PATH +are executed. If the +.B \-p +option is given, the search for +.I command +is performed using a default value for +.SM +.B PATH +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +If either the +.B \-V +or +.B \-v +option is supplied, a description of +.I command +is printed. The +.B \-v +option causes a single word indicating the command or file name +used to invoke +.I command +to be displayed; the +.B \-V +option produces a more verbose description. +If the +.B \-V +or +.B \-v +option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if +.I command +was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and +an error occurred or +.I command +cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the +.B command +builtin is the exit status of +.IR command . +.TP +\fBcompgen\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIword\fP] +Generate possible completion matches for \fIword\fP according to +the \fIoption\fPs, which may be any option accepted by the +.B complete +builtin with the exception of \fB\-p\fP and \fB\-r\fP, and write +the matches to the standard output. +When using the \fB\-F\fP or \fB\-C\fP options, the various shell variables +set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not +have useful values. +.sp 1 +The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable +completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification +with the same flags. +If \fIword\fP is specified, only those completions matching \fIword\fP +will be displayed. +.sp 1 +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no +matches were generated. +.TP +\fBcomplete\fP [\fB\-abcdefgjksuv\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP] [\fB\-DE\fP] [\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP] [\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP] [\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP] [\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP] +.br +[\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP] [\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP] [\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname ...\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBcomplete\fP \fB\-pr\fP [\fB\-DE\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +.PD +Specify how arguments to each \fIname\fP should be completed. +If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, +existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows +them to be reused as input. +The \fB\-r\fP option removes a completion specification for +each \fIname\fP, or, if no \fIname\fPs are supplied, all +completion specifications. +The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +.sp 1 +The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion +is attempted is described above under \fBProgrammable Completion\fP. +.sp 1 +Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. +The arguments to the \fB\-G\fP, \fB\-W\fP, and \fB\-X\fP options +(and, if necessary, the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP options) +should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the +.B complete +builtin is invoked. +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP 8 +\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP +The \fIcomp-option\fP controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior +beyond the simple generation of completions. +\fIcomp-option\fP may be one of: +.RS +.TP 8 +.B bashdefault +Perform the rest of the default \fBbash\fP completions if the compspec +generates no matches. +.TP 8 +.B default +Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates +no matches. +.TP 8 +.B dirnames +Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. +.TP 8 +.B filenames +Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any +filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, +quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). +Intended to be used with shell functions. +.TP 8 +.B nospace +Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at +the end of the line. +.TP 8 +.B plusdirs +After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +.RE +.TP 8 +\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP +The \fIaction\fP may be one of the following to generate a list of possible +completions: +.RS +.TP 8 +.B alias +Alias names. May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP. +.TP 8 +.B arrayvar +Array variable names. +.TP 8 +.B binding +\fBReadline\fP key binding names. +.TP 8 +.B builtin +Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP. +.TP 8 +.B command +Command names. May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP. +.TP 8 +.B directory +Directory names. May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP. +.TP 8 +.B disabled +Names of disabled shell builtins. +.TP 8 +.B enabled +Names of enabled shell builtins. +.TP 8 +.B export +Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP. +.TP 8 +.B file +File names. May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP. +.TP 8 +.B function +Names of shell functions. +.TP 8 +.B group +Group names. May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP. +.TP 8 +.B helptopic +Help topics as accepted by the \fBhelp\fP builtin. +.TP 8 +.B hostname +Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the +.SM +.B HOSTFILE +shell variable. +.TP 8 +.B job +Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP. +.TP 8 +.B keyword +Shell reserved words. May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP. +.TP 8 +.B running +Names of running jobs, if job control is active. +.TP 8 +.B service +Service names. May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP. +.TP 8 +.B setopt +Valid arguments for the \fB\-o\fP option to the \fBset\fP builtin. +.TP 8 +.B shopt +Shell option names as accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin. +.TP 8 +.B signal +Signal names. +.TP 8 +.B stopped +Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. +.TP 8 +.B user +User names. May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP. +.TP 8 +.B variable +Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP. +.RE +.TP 8 +\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP +The pathname expansion pattern \fIglobpat\fP is expanded to generate +the possible completions. +.TP 8 +\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP +The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the +.SM +.B IFS +special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. +The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which +match the word being completed. +.TP 8 +\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP +\fIcommand\fP is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is +used as the possible completions. +.TP 8 +\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP +The shell function \fIfunction\fP is executed in the current shell +environment. +When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value +of the +.SM +.B COMPREPLY +array variable. +.TP 8 +\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP +\fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. +It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the +preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching +\fIfilterpat\fP is removed from the list. +A leading \fB!\fP in \fIfilterpat\fP negates the pattern; in this +case, any completion not matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed. +.TP 8 +\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP +\fIprefix\fP is added at the beginning of each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +.TP 8 +\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP +\fIsuffix\fP is appended to each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +.PD +.PP +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option +other than \fB\-p\fP or \fB\-r\fP is supplied without a \fIname\fP +argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for +a \fIname\fP for which no specification exists, or +an error occurs adding a completion specification. +.RE +.TP +\fBcompopt\fP [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fB\-DE\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP] +Modify completion options for each \fIname\fP according to the +\fIoption\fPs, or for the +currently-execution completion if no \fIname\fPs are supplied. +If no \fIoption\fPs are given, display the completion options for each +\fIname\fP or the current completion. +The possible values of \fIoption\fP are those valid for the \fBcomplete\fP +builtin described above. +The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that the remaining options should +apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that the remaining options should +apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +.PP +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt +is made to modify the options for a \fIname\fP for which no completion +specification exists, or an output error occurs. +.TP +\fBcontinue\fP [\fIn\fP] +Resume the next iteration of the enclosing +.BR for , +.BR while , +.BR until , +or +.B select +loop. +If +.I n +is specified, resume at the \fIn\fPth enclosing loop. +.I n +must be \(>= 1. If +.I n +is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop +(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. +The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1. +.TP +\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-aAfFilrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-aAfFilrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +.PD +Declare variables and/or give them attributes. +If no \fIname\fPs are given then display the values of variables. +The +.B \-p +option will display the attributes and values of each +.IR name . +When +.B \-p +is used with \fIname\fP arguments, additional options are ignored. +When +.B \-p +is supplied without \fIname\fP arguments, it will display the attributes +and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the +additional options. +If no other options are supplied with \fB\-p\fP, \fBdeclare\fP will display +the attributes and values of all shell variables. The \fB\-f\fP option +will restrict the display to shell functions. +The +.B \-F +option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the +function name and attributes are printed. +If the \fBextdebug\fP shell option is enabled using \fBshopt\fP, +the source file name and line number where the function is defined +are displayed as well. The +.B \-F +option implies +.BR \-f . +The following options can +be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or +to give variables attributes: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-a +Each \fIname\fP is an indexed array variable (see +.B Arrays +above). +.TP +.B \-A +Each \fIname\fP is an associative array variable (see +.B Arrays +above). +.TP +.B \-f +Use function names only. +.TP +.B \-i +The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see +.SM +.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" +above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. +.TP +.B \-l +When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +converted to lower-case. +The upper-case attribute is disabled. +.TP +.B \-r +Make \fIname\fPs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +by subsequent assignment statements or unset. +.TP +.B \-t +Give each \fIname\fP the \fItrace\fP attribute. +Traced functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps from +the calling shell. +The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. +.TP +.B \-u +When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +converted to upper-case. +The lower-case attribute is disabled. +.TP +.B \-x +Mark \fIname\fPs for export to subsequent commands via the environment. +.PD +.PP +Using `+' instead of `\-' +turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that \fB+a\fP +may not be used to destroy an array variable and \fB+r\fP will not +remove the readonly attribute. +When used in a function, +makes each +\fIname\fP local, as with the +.B local +command. +If a variable name is followed by =\fIvalue\fP, the value of +the variable is set to \fIvalue\fP. +The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using +.if n ``\-f foo=bar'', +.if t \f(CW\-f foo=bar\fP, +an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without +using the compound assignment syntax (see +.B Arrays +above), one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, +an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP. +.RE +.TP +.B dirs [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] [\fB\-cplv\fP] +Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. +The default display is on a single line with directory names separated +by spaces. +Directories are added to the list with the +.B pushd +command; the +.B popd +command removes entries from the list. +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +\fB+\fP\fIn\fP +Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +.B dirs +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +.TP +\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP +Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +.B dirs +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +.TP +.B \-c +Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. +.TP +.B \-l +Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a +tilde to denote the home directory. +.TP +.B \-p +Print the directory stack with one entry per line. +.TP +.B \-v +Print the directory stack with one entry per line, +prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +.PD +.PP +The return value is 0 unless an +invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end +of the directory stack. +.RE +.TP +\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ...] +Without options, each +.I jobspec +is removed from the table of active jobs. +If +.I jobspec +is not present, and neither \fB\-a\fP nor \fB\-r\fP is supplied, +the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. +If the \fB\-h\fP option is given, each +.I jobspec +is not removed from the table, but is marked so that +.SM +.B SIGHUP +is not sent to the job if the shell receives a +.SM +.BR SIGHUP . +If no +.I jobspec +is present, and neither the +.B \-a +nor the +.B \-r +option is supplied, the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. +If no +.I jobspec +is supplied, the +.B \-a +option means to remove or mark all jobs; the +.B \-r +option without a +.I jobspec +argument restricts operation to running jobs. +The return value is 0 unless a +.I jobspec +does not specify a valid job. +.TP +\fBecho\fP [\fB\-neE\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] +Output the \fIarg\fPs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. +The return status is always 0. +If \fB\-n\fP is specified, the trailing newline is +suppressed. If the \fB\-e\fP option is given, interpretation of +the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The +.B \-E +option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +even on systems where they are interpreted by default. +The \fBxpg_echo\fP shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not \fBecho\fP expands these +escape characters by default. +.B echo +does not interpret \fB\-\-\fP to mean the end of options. +.B echo +interprets the following escape sequences: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \ea +alert (bell) +.TP +.B \eb +backspace +.TP +.B \ec +suppress further output +.TP +.B \ee +an escape character +.TP +.B \ef +form feed +.TP +.B \en +new line +.TP +.B \er +carriage return +.TP +.B \et +horizontal tab +.TP +.B \ev +vertical tab +.TP +.B \e\e +backslash +.TP +.B \e0\fInnn\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP +(zero to three octal digits) +.TP +.B \ex\fIHH\fP +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP +(one or two hex digits) +.PD +.RE +.TP +\fBenable\fP [\fB\-a\fP] [\fB\-dnps\fP] [\fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name +as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, +even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. +If \fB\-n\fP is used, each \fIname\fP +is disabled; otherwise, +\fInames\fP are enabled. For example, to use the +.B test +binary found via the +.SM +.B PATH +instead of the shell builtin version, run +.if t \f(CWenable -n test\fP. +.if n ``enable -n test''. +The +.B \-f +option means to load the new builtin command +.I name +from shared object +.IR filename , +on systems that support dynamic loading. The +.B \-d +option will delete a builtin previously loaded with +.BR \-f . +If no \fIname\fP arguments are given, or if the +.B \-p +option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. +With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled +shell builtins. +If \fB\-n\fP is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. +If \fB\-a\fP is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an +indication of whether or not each is enabled. +If \fB\-s\fP is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX +\fIspecial\fP builtins. +The return value is 0 unless a +.I name +is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin +from a shared object. +.TP +\fBeval\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] +The \fIarg\fPs are read and concatenated together into a single +command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and +its exit status is returned as the value of +.BR eval . +If there are no +.IR args , +or only null arguments, +.B eval +returns 0. +.TP +\fBexec\fP [\fB\-cl\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIname\fP] [\fIcommand\fP [\fIarguments\fP]] +If +.I command +is specified, it replaces the shell. +No new process is created. The +.I arguments +become the arguments to \fIcommand\fP. +If the +.B \-l +option is supplied, +the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to +.IR command . +This is what +.IR login (1) +does. The +.B \-c +option causes +.I command +to be executed with an empty environment. If +.B \-a +is supplied, the shell passes +.I name +as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If +.I command +cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, +unless the shell option +.B execfail +is enabled, in which case it returns failure. +An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +If +.I command +is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, +and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the +return status is 1. +.TP +\fBexit\fP [\fIn\fP] +Cause the shell to exit +with a status of \fIn\fP. If +.I n +is omitted, the exit status +is that of the last command executed. +A trap on +.SM +.B EXIT +is executed before the shell terminates. +.TP +\fBexport\fP [\fB\-fn\fP\^] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP]] ... +.PD 0 +.TP +.B export \-p +.PD +The supplied +.I names +are marked for automatic export to the environment of +subsequently executed commands. If the +.B \-f +option is given, +the +.I names +refer to functions. +If no +.I names +are given, or if the +.B \-p +option is supplied, a list +of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. +The +.B \-n +option causes the export property to be removed from each +\fIname\fP. +If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of +the variable is set to \fIword\fP. +.B export +returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is +encountered, +one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, or +.B \-f +is supplied with a +.I name +that is not a function. +.TP +\fBfc\fP [\fB\-e\fP \fIename\fP] [\fB\-lnr\fP] [\fIfirst\fP] [\fIlast\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBfc\fP \fB\-s\fP [\fIpat\fP=\fIrep\fP] [\fIcmd\fP] +.PD +Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from +.I first +to +.I last +is selected from the history list. +.I First +and +.I last +may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning +with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, +where a negative number is used as an offset from the current +command number). If +.I last +is not specified it is set to +the current command for listing (so that +.if n ``fc \-l \-10'' +.if t \f(CWfc \-l \-10\fP +prints the last 10 commands) and to +.I first +otherwise. +If +.I first +is not specified it is set to the previous +command for editing and \-16 for listing. +.sp 1 +The +.B \-n +option suppresses +the command numbers when listing. The +.B \-r +option reverses the order of +the commands. If the +.B \-l +option is given, +the commands are listed on +standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by +.I ename +is invoked +on a file containing those commands. If +.I ename +is not given, the +value of the +.SM +.B FCEDIT +variable is used, and +the value of +.SM +.B EDITOR +if +.SM +.B FCEDIT +is not set. If neither variable is set, +.FN vi +is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are +echoed and executed. +.sp 1 +In the second form, \fIcommand\fP is re-executed after each instance +of \fIpat\fP is replaced by \fIrep\fP. +A useful alias to use with this is +.if n ``r="fc -s"'', +.if t \f(CWr='fc \-s'\fP, +so that typing +.if n ``r cc'' +.if t \f(CWr cc\fP +runs the last command beginning with +.if n ``cc'' +.if t \f(CWcc\fP +and typing +.if n ``r'' +.if t \f(CWr\fP +re-executes the last command. +.sp 1 +If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid +option is encountered or +.I first +or +.I last +specify history lines out of range. +If the +.B \-e +option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last +command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary +file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status +is that of the command re-executed, unless +.I cmd +does not specify a valid history line, in which case +.B fc +returns failure. +.TP +\fBfg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP] +Resume +.I jobspec +in the foreground, and make it the current job. +If +.I jobspec +is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used. +The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, +or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, if +.I jobspec +does not specify a valid job or +.I jobspec +specifies a job that was started without job control. +.TP +\fBgetopts\fP \fIoptstring\fP \fIname\fP [\fIargs\fP] +.B getopts +is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. +.I optstring +contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character +is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an +argument, which should be separated from it by white space. +The colon and question mark characters may not be used as +option characters. +Each time it is invoked, +.B getopts +places the next option in the shell variable +.IR name , +initializing +.I name +if it does not exist, +and the index of the next argument to be processed into the +variable +.SM +.BR OPTIND . +.SM +.B OPTIND +is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +is invoked. When an option requires an argument, +.B getopts +places that argument into the variable +.SM +.BR OPTARG . +The shell does not reset +.SM +.B OPTIND +automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple +calls to +.B getopts +within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters +is to be used. +.sp 1 +When the end of options is encountered, \fBgetopts\fP exits with a +return value greater than zero. +.SM +.B OPTIND +is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and \fBname\fP is set to ?. +.sp 1 +.B getopts +normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are +given in +.IR args , +.B getopts +parses those instead. +.sp 1 +.B getopts +can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +.I optstring +is a colon, +.I silent +error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages +are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are +encountered. +If the variable +.SM +.B OPTERR +is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first +character of +.I optstring +is not a colon. +.sp 1 +If an invalid option is seen, +.B getopts +places ? into +.I name +and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets +.SM +.BR OPTARG . +If +.B getopts +is silent, +the option character found is placed in +.SM +.B OPTARG +and no diagnostic message is printed. +.sp 1 +If a required argument is not found, and +.B getopts +is not silent, +a question mark (\^\fB?\fP\^) is placed in +.IR name , +.SM +.B OPTARG +is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If +.B getopts +is silent, then a colon (\^\fB:\fP\^) is placed in +.I name +and +.SM +.B OPTARG +is set to the option character found. +.sp 1 +.B getopts +returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. +It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an +error occurs. +.TP +\fBhash\fP [\fB\-lr\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fB\-dt\fP] [\fIname\fP] +For each +.IR name , +the full file name of the command is determined by searching +the directories in +.B $PATH +and remembered. +If the +.B \-p +option is supplied, no path search is performed, and +.I filename +is used as the full file name of the command. +The +.B \-r +option causes the shell to forget all +remembered locations. +The +.B \-d +option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each \fIname\fP. +If the +.B \-t +option is supplied, the full pathname to which each \fIname\fP corresponds +is printed. If multiple \fIname\fP arguments are supplied with \fB\-t\fP, +the \fIname\fP is printed before the hashed full pathname. +The +.B \-l +option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. +If no arguments are given, or if only \fB\-l\fP is supplied, +information about remembered commands is printed. +The return status is true unless a +.I name +is not found or an invalid option is supplied. +.TP +\fBhelp\fP [\fB\-dms\fP] [\fIpattern\fP] +Display helpful information about builtin commands. If +.I pattern +is specified, +.B help +gives detailed help on all commands matching +.IR pattern ; +otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures +is printed. +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-d +Display a short description of each \fIpattern\fP +.TP +.B \-m +Display the description of each \fIpattern\fP in a manpage-like format +.TP +.B \-s +Display only a short usage synopsis for each \fIpattern\fP +.PD +.RE +The return status is 0 unless no command matches +.IR pattern . +.TP +\fBhistory [\fIn\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBhistory\fP \fB\-c\fP +.TP +\fBhistory \-d\fP \fIoffset\fP +.TP +\fBhistory\fP \fB\-anrw\fP [\fIfilename\fP] +.TP +\fBhistory\fP \fB\-p\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP] +.TP +\fBhistory\fP \fB\-s\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP] +.PD +With no options, display the command +history list with line numbers. Lines listed +with a +.B * +have been modified. An argument of +.I n +lists only the last +.I n +lines. +If the shell variable +.SM +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +is set and not null, +it is used as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3) to display +the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. +No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp +and the history line. +If \fIfilename\fP is supplied, it is used as the +name of the history file; if not, the value of +.SM +.B HISTFILE +is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-c +Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. +.TP +\fB\-d\fP \fIoffset\fP +Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP. +.TP +.B \-a +Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the +beginning of the current \fBbash\fP session) to the history file. +.TP +.B \-n +Read the history lines not already read from the history +file into the current history list. These are lines +appended to the history file since the beginning of the +current \fBbash\fP session. +.TP +.B \-r +Read the contents of the history file +and use them as the current history. +.TP +.B \-w +Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the +history file's contents. +.TP +.B \-p +Perform history substitution on the following \fIargs\fP and display +the result on the standard output. +Does not store the results in the history list. +Each \fIarg\fP must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. +.TP +.B \-s +Store the +.I args +in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the +history list is removed before the +.I args +are added. +.PD +.PP +If the +.SM +.B HISTTIMEFORMAT +variable is set, the time stamp information +associated with each history entry is written to the history file, +marked with the history comment character. +When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history +comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted +as timestamps for the previous history line. +The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an +error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid +\fIoffset\fP is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the +history expansion supplied as an argument to \fB\-p\fP fails. +.RE +.TP +\fBjobs\fP [\fB\-lnprs\fP] [ \fIjobspec\fP ... ] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBjobs\fP \fB\-x\fP \fIcommand\fP [ \fIargs\fP ... ] +.PD +The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following +meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-l +List process IDs +in addition to the normal information. +.TP +.B \-p +List only the process ID of the job's process group +leader. +.TP +.B \-n +Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +the user was last notified of their status. +.TP +.B \-r +Restrict output to running jobs. +.TP +.B \-s +Restrict output to stopped jobs. +.PD +.PP +If +.I jobspec +is given, output is restricted to information about that job. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered +or an invalid +.I jobspec +is supplied. +.PP +If the +.B \-x +option is supplied, +.B jobs +replaces any +.I jobspec +found in +.I command +or +.I args +with the corresponding process group ID, and executes +.I command +passing it +.IR args , +returning its exit status. +.RE +.TP +\fBkill\fP [\fB\-s\fP \fIsigspec\fP | \fB\-n\fP \fIsignum\fP | \fB\-\fP\fIsigspec\fP] [\fIpid\fP | \fIjobspec\fP] ... +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP] +.PD +Send the signal named by +.I sigspec +or +.I signum +to the processes named by +.I pid +or +.IR jobspec . +.I sigspec +is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +.SM +.B SIGKILL +(with or without the +.SM +.B SIG +prefix) or a signal number; +.I signum +is a signal number. +If +.I sigspec +is not present, then +.SM +.B SIGTERM +is assumed. +An argument of +.B \-l +lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when +.B \-l +is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are +listed, and the return status is 0. +The \fIexit_status\fP argument to +.B \-l +is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of +a process terminated by a signal. +.B kill +returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false +if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. +.TP +\fBlet\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg\fP ...] +Each +.I arg +is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see +.SM +.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" +above). +If the last +.I arg +evaluates to 0, +.B let +returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. +.TP +\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...] +For each argument, a local variable named +.I name +is created, and assigned +.IR value . +The \fIoption\fP can be any of the options accepted by \fBdeclare\fP. +When +.B local +is used within a function, it causes the variable +.I name +to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. +With no operands, +.B local +writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is +an error to use +.B local +when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless +.B local +is used outside a function, an invalid +.I name +is supplied, or +\fIname\fP is a readonly variable. +.TP +.B logout +Exit a login shell. +.TP +\fBmapfile\fP [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBreadarray\fP [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP] +.PD +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable +.IR array , +or from file descriptor +.IR fd +if the +.B \-u +option is supplied. +The variable +.SM +.B MAPFILE +is the default \fIarray\fP. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-n +Copy at most +.I count +lines. If \fIcount\fP is 0, all lines are copied. +.TP +.B \-O +Begin assigning to +.I array +at index +.IR origin . +The default index is 0. +.TP +.B \-s +Discard the first \fIcount\fP lines read. +.TP +.B \-t +Remove a trailing newline from each line read. +.TP +.B \-u +Read lines from file descriptor \fIfd\fP instead of the standard input. +.TP +.B \-C +Evaluate +.I callback +each time \fIquantum\fP lines are read. The \fB\-c\fP option specifies +.IR quantum . +.TP +.B \-c +Specify the number of lines read between each call to +.IR callback . +.PD +.PP +If +.B \-C +is specified without +.BR \-c , +the default quantum is 5000. +When \fIcallback\fP is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +array element to be assigned as an additional argument. +\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the +array element is assigned. +.PP +If not supplied with an explicit origin, \fBmapfile\fP will clear \fIarray\fP +before assigning to it. +.PP +\fBmapfile\fP returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, \fIarray\fP is invalid or unassignable, or if +\fIarray\fP is not an indexed array. +.RE +.TP +\fBpopd\fP [\-\fBn\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] +Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, +removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a +.B cd +to the new top directory. +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +.TP +\fB+\fP\fIn\fP +Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +.BR dirs , +starting with zero. For example: +.if n ``popd +0'' +.if t \f(CWpopd +0\fP +removes the first directory, +.if n ``popd +1'' +.if t \f(CWpopd +1\fP +the second. +.TP +\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP +Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +.BR dirs , +starting with zero. For example: +.if n ``popd -0'' +.if t \f(CWpopd -0\fP +removes the last directory, +.if n ``popd -1'' +.if t \f(CWpopd -1\fP +the next to last. +.PD +.PP +If the +.B popd +command is successful, a +.B dirs +is performed as well, and the return status is 0. +.B popd +returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack +is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the +directory change fails. +.RE +.TP +\fBprintf\fP [\fB\-v\fP \fIvar\fP] \fIformat\fP [\fIarguments\fP] +Write the formatted \fIarguments\fP to the standard output under the +control of the \fIformat\fP. +The \fIformat\fP is a character string which contains three types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character +escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and +format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive +\fIargument\fP. +In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) formats, \fB%b\fP causes +\fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding +\fIargument\fP (except that \fB\ec\fP terminates output, backslashes in +\fB\e\(aq\fP, \fB\e"\fP, and \fB\e?\fP are not removed, and octal escapes +beginning with \fB\e0\fP may contain up to four digits), +and \fB%q\fP causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding +\fIargument\fP in a format that can be reused as shell input. +.sp 1 +The \fB\-v\fP option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +\fIvar\fP rather than being printed to the standard output. +.sp 1 +The \fIformat\fP is reused as necessary to consume all of the \fIarguments\fP. +If the \fIformat\fP requires more \fIarguments\fP than are supplied, the +extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as +appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, +non-zero on failure. +.TP +\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIdir\fP] +.PD +Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates +the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working +directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories +and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories +to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +.TP +\fB+\fP\fIn\fP +Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory +(counting from the left of the list shown by +.BR dirs , +starting with zero) +is at the top. +.TP +\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP +Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory +(counting from the right of the list shown by +.BR dirs , +starting with zero) is at the top. +.TP +.I dir +Adds +.I dir +to the directory stack at the top, making it the +new current working directory. +.PD +.PP +If the +.B pushd +command is successful, a +.B dirs +is performed as well. +If the first form is used, +.B pushd +returns 0 unless the cd to +.I dir +fails. With the second form, +.B pushd +returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty, +a non-existent directory stack element is specified, +or the directory change to the specified new current directory +fails. +.RE +.TP +\fBpwd\fP [\fB\-LP\fP] +Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the +.B \-P +option is supplied or the +.B \-o physical +option to the +.B set +builtin command is enabled. +If the +.B \-L +option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. +The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while +reading the name of the current directory or an +invalid option is supplied. +.TP +\fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-i\fP \fItext\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-N\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option, and the first word +is assigned to the first +.IR name , +the second word to the second +.IR name , +and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned +to the last +.IR name . +If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, +the remaining names are assigned empty values. +The characters in +.SM +.B IFS +are used to split the line into words. +The backslash character (\fB\e\fP) may be used to remove any special +meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-a \fIaname\fP +The words are assigned to sequential indices +of the array variable +.IR aname , +starting at 0. +.I aname +is unset before any new values are assigned. +Other \fIname\fP arguments are ignored. +.TP +.B \-d \fIdelim\fP +The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate the input line, +rather than newline. +.TP +.B \-e +If the standard input +is coming from a terminal, +.B readline +(see +.SM +.B READLINE +above) is used to obtain the line. +Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +active) editing settings. +.TP +.B \-i \fItext\fP +If +.B readline +is being used to read the line, \fItext\fP is placed into the editing +buffer before editing begins. +.TP +.B \-n \fInchars\fP +\fBread\fP returns after reading \fInchars\fP characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer +than \fInchars\fP characters are read before the delimiter. +.TP +.B \-N \fInchars\fP +\fBread\fP returns after reading exactly \fInchars\fP characters rather +than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or +\fBread\fP times out. +Delimiter characters encountered in the input are +not treated specially and do not cause \fBread\fP to return until +\fInchars\fP characters are read. +.TP +.B \-p \fIprompt\fP +Display \fIprompt\fP on standard error, without a +trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt +is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. +.TP +.B \-r +Backslash does not act as an escape character. +The backslash is considered to be part of the line. +In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line +continuation. +.TP +.B \-s +Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +not echoed. +.TP +.B \-t \fItimeout\fP +Cause \fBread\fP to time out and return failure if a complete line of +input is not read within \fItimeout\fP seconds. +\fItimeout\fP may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +the decimal point. +This option is only effective if \fBread\fP is reading input from a +terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading +from regular files. +If \fItimeout\fP is 0, \fBread\fP returns success if input is available on +the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. +The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. +.TP +.B \-u \fIfd\fP +Read input from file descriptor \fIfd\fP. +.PD +.PP +If no +.I names +are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable +.SM +.BR REPLY . +The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP +times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an +invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP. +.RE +.TP +\fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-aApf\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP] ...] +.PD +The given +\fInames\fP are marked readonly; the values of these +.I names +may not be changed by subsequent assignment. +If the +.B \-f +option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the +\fInames\fP are so +marked. +The +.B \-a +option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the +.B \-A +option restricts the variables to associative arrays. +If no +.I name +arguments are given, or if the +.B \-p +option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The +.B \-p +option causes output to be displayed in a format that +may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of +the variable is set to \fIword\fP. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, +one of the +.I names +is not a valid shell variable name, or +.B \-f +is supplied with a +.I name +that is not a function. +.TP +\fBreturn\fP [\fIn\fP] +Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by +.IR n . +If +.I n +is omitted, the return status is that of the last command +executed in the function body. If used outside a function, +but during execution of a script by the +.B . +(\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing +that script and return either +.I n +or the exit status of the last command executed within the +script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a +function and not during execution of a script by \fB.\fP\^, +the return status is false. +Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed +before execution resumes after the function or script. +.TP +\fBset\fP [\fB\-\-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] +.PD 0 +.TP +\fBset\fP [\fB+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...] +.PD +Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed +in a format that can be reused as input +for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. +Read-only variables cannot be reset. +In \fIposix mode\fP, only shell variables are listed. +The output is sorted according to the current locale. +When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. +Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated +as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to +.BR $1 , +.BR $2 , +.B ... +.BR $\fIn\fP . +Options, if specified, have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP 8 +.B \-a +Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or +created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. +.TP 8 +.B \-b +Report the status of terminated background jobs +immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is +effective only when job control is enabled. +.TP 8 +.B \-e +Exit immediately if a \fIpipeline\fP (which may consist of a single +\fIsimple command\fP), a \fIsubshell\fP command enclosed in parentheses, +or one of the commands executed as part of a command list enclosed +by braces (see +.SM +.B SHELL GRAMMAR +above) exits with a non-zero status. +The shell does not exit if the +command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a +.B while +or +.B until +keyword, +part of the test following the +.B if +or +.B elif +reserved words, part of any command executed in a +.B && +or +.B \(bv\(bv +list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB\(bv\(bv\fP, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return value is +being inverted with +.BR ! . +A trap on \fBERR\fP, if set, is executed before the shell exits. +This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (see +.SM +.B "COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT" +above), and may cause +subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +.TP 8 +.B \-f +Disable pathname expansion. +.TP 8 +.B \-h +Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. +This is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B \-k +All arguments in the form of assignment statements +are placed in the environment for a command, not just +those that precede the command name. +.TP 8 +.B \-m +Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on +by default for interactive shells on systems that support +it (see +.SM +.B JOB CONTROL +above). Background processes run in a separate process +group and a line containing their exit status is printed +upon their completion. +.TP 8 +.B \-n +Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to +check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by +interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B \-o \fIoption\-name\fP +The \fIoption\-name\fP can be one of the following: +.RS +.TP 8 +.B allexport +Same as +.BR \-a . +.TP 8 +.B braceexpand +Same as +.BR \-B . +.TP 8 +.B emacs +Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled +by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started +with the +.B \-\-noediting +option. +This also affects the editing interface used for \fBread \-e\fP. +.TP 8 +.B errexit +Same as +.BR \-e . +.TP 8 +.B errtrace +Same as +.BR \-E . +.TP 8 +.B functrace +Same as +.BR \-T . +.TP 8 +.B hashall +Same as +.BR \-h . +.TP 8 +.B histexpand +Same as +.BR \-H . +.TP 8 +.B history +Enable command history, as described above under +.SM +.BR HISTORY . +This option is on by default in interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B ignoreeof +The effect is as if the shell command +.if t \f(CWIGNOREEOF=10\fP +.if n ``IGNOREEOF=10'' +had been executed +(see +.B Shell Variables +above). +.TP 8 +.B keyword +Same as +.BR \-k . +.TP 8 +.B monitor +Same as +.BR \-m . +.TP 8 +.B noclobber +Same as +.BR \-C . +.TP 8 +.B noexec +Same as +.BR \-n . +.TP 8 +.B noglob +Same as +.BR \-f . +.TP 8 +.B nolog +Currently ignored. +.TP 8 +.B notify +Same as +.BR \-b . +.TP 8 +.B nounset +Same as +.BR \-u . +.TP 8 +.B onecmd +Same as +.BR \-t . +.TP 8 +.B physical +Same as +.BR \-P . +.TP 8 +.B pipefail +If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all +commands in the pipeline exit successfully. +This option is disabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B posix +Change the behavior of +.B bash +where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP). +.TP 8 +.B privileged +Same as +.BR \-p . +.TP 8 +.B verbose +Same as +.BR \-v . +.TP 8 +.B vi +Use a vi-style command line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for \fBread \-e\fP. +.TP 8 +.B xtrace +Same as +.BR \-x . +.sp .5 +.PP +If +.B \-o +is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, the values of the current options are +printed. +If +.B +o +is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, a series of +.B set +commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on +the standard output. +.RE +.TP 8 +.B \-p +Turn on +.I privileged +mode. In this mode, the +.SM +.B $ENV +and +.SM +.B $BASH_ENV +files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the +environment, and the +.SM +.BR SHELLOPTS , +.SM +.BR BASHOPTS , +.SM +.BR CDPATH , +and +.SM +.B GLOBIGNORE +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, these actions +are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +not reset. +Turning this option off causes the effective user +and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. +.TP 8 +.B \-t +Exit after reading and executing one command. +.TP 8 +.B \-u +Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special +parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing +parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an +unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error message, and, +if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. +.TP 8 +.B \-v +Print shell input lines as they are read. +.TP 8 +.B \-x +After expanding each \fIsimple command\fP, +\fBfor\fP command, \fBcase\fP command, \fBselect\fP command, or +arithmetic \fBfor\fP command, display the expanded value of +.SM +.BR PS4 , +followed by the command and its expanded arguments +or associated word list. +.TP 8 +.B \-B +The shell performs brace expansion (see +.B Brace Expansion +above). This is on by default. +.TP 8 +.B \-C +If set, +.B bash +does not overwrite an existing file with the +.BR > , +.BR >& , +and +.B <> +redirection operators. This may be overridden when +creating output files by using the redirection operator +.B >| +instead of +.BR > . +.TP 8 +.B \-E +If set, any trap on \fBERR\fP is inherited by shell functions, command +substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. +The \fBERR\fP trap is normally not inherited in such cases. +.TP 8 +.B \-H +Enable +.B ! +style history substitution. This option is on by +default when the shell is interactive. +.TP 8 +.B \-P +If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when executing +commands such as +.B cd +that change the current working directory. It uses the +physical directory structure instead. By default, +.B bash +follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands +which change the current directory. +.TP 8 +.B \-T +If set, any traps on \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP are inherited by shell +functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a +subshell environment. +The \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps are normally not inherited +in such cases. +.TP 8 +.B \-\- +If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the +\fIarg\fPs, even if some of them begin with a +.BR \- . +.TP 8 +.B \- +Signal the end of options, cause all remaining \fIarg\fPs to be +assigned to the positional parameters. The +.B \-x +and +.B \-v +options are turned off. +If there are no \fIarg\fPs, +the positional parameters remain unchanged. +.PD +.PP +The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. +Using + rather than \- causes these options to be turned off. +The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of +the shell. +The current set of options may be found in +.BR $\- . +The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered. +.RE +.TP +\fBshift\fP [\fIn\fP] +The positional parameters from \fIn\fP+1 ... are renamed to +.B $1 +.B .... +Parameters represented by the numbers \fB$#\fP +down to \fB$#\fP\-\fIn\fP+1 are unset. +.I n +must be a non-negative number less than or equal to \fB$#\fP. +If +.I n +is 0, no parameters are changed. +If +.I n +is not given, it is assumed to be 1. +If +.I n +is greater than \fB$#\fP, the positional parameters are not changed. +The return status is greater than zero if +.I n +is greater than +.B $# +or less than zero; otherwise 0. +.TP +\fBshopt\fP [\fB\-pqsu\fP] [\fB\-o\fP] [\fIoptname\fP ...] +Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. +With no options, or with the +.B \-p +option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with +an indication of whether or not each is set. +The \fB\-p\fP option causes output to be displayed in a form that +may be reused as input. +Other options have the following meanings: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-s +Enable (set) each \fIoptname\fP. +.TP +.B \-u +Disable (unset) each \fIoptname\fP. +.TP +.B \-q +Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates +whether the \fIoptname\fP is set or unset. +If multiple \fIoptname\fP arguments are given with +.BR \-q , +the return status is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP are enabled; non-zero +otherwise. +.TP +.B \-o +Restricts the values of \fIoptname\fP to be those defined for the +.B \-o +option to the +.B set +builtin. +.PD +.PP +If either +.B \-s +or +.B \-u +is used with no \fIoptname\fP arguments, the display is limited to +those options which are set or unset, respectively. +Unless otherwise noted, the \fBshopt\fP options are disabled (unset) +by default. +.PP +The return status when listing options is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, +the return status is zero unless an \fIoptname\fP is not a valid shell +option. +.PP +The list of \fBshopt\fP options is: +.if t .sp .5v +.if n .sp 1v +.PD 0 +.TP 8 +.B autocd +If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the \fBcd\fP command. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B cdable_vars +If set, an argument to the +.B cd +builtin command that +is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose +value is the directory to change to. +.TP 8 +.B cdspell +If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +.B cd +command will be corrected. +The errors checked for are transposed characters, +a missing character, and one character too many. +If a correction is found, the corrected file name is printed, +and the command proceeds. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B checkhash +If set, \fBbash\fP checks that a command found in the hash +table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no +longer exists, a normal path search is performed. +.TP 8 +.B checkjobs +If set, \fBbash\fP lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes +the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an +intervening command (see +.SM +.B "JOB CONTROL" +above). The shell always +postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. +.TP 8 +.B checkwinsize +If set, \fBbash\fP checks the window size after each command +and, if necessary, updates the values of +.SM +.B LINES +and +.SM +.BR COLUMNS . +.TP 8 +.B cmdhist +If set, +.B bash +attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line +command in the same history entry. This allows +easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +.TP 8 +.B compat31 +If set, +.B bash +changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted +arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator. +.TP 8 +.B compat32 +If set, +.B bash +changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific +string comparison when using the conditional command's < and > operators. +.TP 8 +.B compat40 +If set, +.B bash +changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific +string comparison when using the conditional command's < and > operators +and the effect of interrupting a command list. +.TP 8 +.B dirspell +If set, +.B bash +attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion +if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. +.TP 8 +.B dotglob +If set, +.B bash +includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname +expansion. +.TP 8 +.B execfail +If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the +.B exec +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if +.B exec +fails. +.TP 8 +.B expand_aliases +If set, aliases are expanded as described above under +.SM +.BR ALIASES . +This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. +.TP 8 +.B extdebug +If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +.RS +.TP +.B 1. +The \fB\-F\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP builtin displays the source +file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied +as an argument. +.TP +.B 2. +If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a non-zero value, the +next command is skipped and not executed. +.TP +.B 3. +If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a value of 2, and the +shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script +executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), a call to +\fBreturn\fP is simulated. +.TP +.B 4. +.SM +.B BASH_ARGC +and +.SM +.B BASH_ARGV +are updated as described in their descriptions above. +.TP +.B 5. +Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the +\fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps. +.TP +.B 6. +Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the +\fBERROR\fP trap. +.RE +.TP 8 +.B extglob +If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under +\fBPathname Expansion\fP are enabled. +.TP 8 +.B extquote +If set, \fB$\fP\(aq\fIstring\fP\(aq and \fB$\fP"\fIstring\fP" quoting is +performed within \fB${\fP\fIparameter\fP\fB}\fP expansions +enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B failglob +If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion +result in an expansion error. +.TP 8 +.B force_fignore +If set, the suffixes specified by the +.SM +.B FIGNORE +shell variable +cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if +the ignored words are the only possible completions. +See +.SM +\fBSHELL VARIABLES\fP +above for a description of +.SM +.BR FIGNORE . +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B globstar +If set, the pattern \fB**\fP used in a pathname expansion context will +match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +If the pattern is followed by a \fB/\fP, only directories and +subdirectories match. +.TP 8 +.B gnu_errfmt +If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error +message format. +.TP 8 +.B histappend +If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the +.SM +.B HISTFILE +variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. +.TP 8 +.B histreedit +If set, and +.B readline +is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a +failed history substitution. +.TP 8 +.B histverify +If set, and +.B readline +is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately +passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into +the \fBreadline\fP editing buffer, allowing further modification. +.TP 8 +.B hostcomplete +If set, and +.B readline +is being used, \fBbash\fP will attempt to perform hostname completion when a +word containing a \fB@\fP is being completed (see +.B Completing +under +.SM +.B READLINE +above). +This is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B huponexit +If set, \fBbash\fP will send +.SM +.B SIGHUP +to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +.TP 8 +.B interactive_comments +If set, allow a word beginning with +.B # +to cause that word and all remaining characters on that +line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see +.SM +.B COMMENTS +above). This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B lithist +If set, and the +.B cmdhist +option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with +embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. +.TP 8 +.B login_shell +The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see +.SM +.B "INVOCATION" +above). +The value may not be changed. +.TP 8 +.B mailwarn +If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been +accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in +\fImailfile\fP has been read'' is displayed. +.TP 8 +.B no_empty_cmd_completion +If set, and +.B readline +is being used, +.B bash +will not attempt to search the +.SM +.B PATH +for possible completions when +completion is attempted on an empty line. +.TP 8 +.B nocaseglob +If set, +.B bash +matches filenames in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing pathname +expansion (see +.B Pathname Expansion +above). +.TP 8 +.B nocasematch +If set, +.B bash +matches patterns in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing matching +while executing \fBcase\fP or \fB[[\fP conditional commands. +.TP 8 +.B nullglob +If set, +.B bash +allows patterns which match no +files (see +.B Pathname Expansion +above) +to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. +.TP 8 +.B progcomp +If set, the programmable completion facilities (see +\fBProgrammable Completion\fP above) are enabled. +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B promptvars +If set, prompt strings undergo +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in +.SM +.B PROMPTING +above. This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B restricted_shell +The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see +.SM +.B "RESTRICTED SHELL" +below). +The value may not be changed. +This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing +the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. +.TP 8 +.B shift_verbose +If set, the +.B shift +builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the +number of positional parameters. +.TP 8 +.B sourcepath +If set, the +\fBsource\fP (\fB.\fP) builtin uses the value of +.SM +.B PATH +to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. +This option is enabled by default. +.TP 8 +.B xpg_echo +If set, the \fBecho\fP builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +by default. +.RE +.TP +\fBsuspend\fP [\fB\-f\fP] +Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +.SM +.B SIGCONT +signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the +.B \-f +option can be used to override this and force the suspension. +The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and +.B \-f +is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled. +.TP +\fBtest\fP \fIexpr\fP +.PD 0 +.TP +\fB[\fP \fIexpr\fP \fB]\fP +Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on +the evaluation of the conditional expression +.IR expr . +Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described above under +.SM +.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" . +\fBtest\fP does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of \fB\-\-\fP as signifying the end of options. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence. +The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B ! \fIexpr\fP +True if +.I expr +is false. +.TP +.B ( \fIexpr\fP ) +Returns the value of \fIexpr\fP. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +.TP +\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBa\fP \fIexpr2\fP +True if both +.I expr1 +and +.I expr2 +are true. +.TP +\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBo\fP \fIexpr2\fP +True if either +.I expr1 +or +.I expr2 +is true. +.PD +.PP +\fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP evaluate conditional +expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +.PD 0 +.TP +0 arguments +The expression is false. +.TP +1 argument +The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. +.TP +2 arguments +If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the expression is true if and +only if the second argument is null. +If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed above +under +.SM +.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" , +the expression is true if the unary test is true. +If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression +is false. +.TP +3 arguments +If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above +under +.SM +.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" , +the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using +the first and third arguments as operands. +The \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP operators are considered binary operators +when there are three arguments. +If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the value is the negation of +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the third argument is +exactly \fB)\fP, the result is the one-argument test of the second +argument. +Otherwise, the expression is false. +.TP +4 arguments +If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the result is the negation of +the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +precedence using the rules listed above. +.TP +5 or more arguments +The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +using the rules listed above. +.RE +.PD +.TP +.B times +Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and +for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. +.TP +\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-lp\fP] [[\fIarg\fP] \fIsigspec\fP ...] +The command +.I arg +is to be read and executed when the shell receives +signal(s) +.IR sigspec . +If +.I arg +is absent (and there is a single \fIsigspec\fP) or +.BR \- , +each specified signal is +reset to its original disposition (the value it had +upon entrance to the shell). +If +.I arg +is the null string the signal specified by each +.I sigspec +is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. +If +.I arg +is not present and +.B \-p +has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each +.I sigspec +are displayed. +If no arguments are supplied or if only +.B \-p +is given, +.B trap +prints the list of commands associated with each signal. +The +.B \-l +option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and +their corresponding numbers. +Each +.I sigspec +is either +a signal name defined in <\fIsignal.h\fP>, or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +If a +.I sigspec +is +.SM +.B EXIT +(0) the command +.I arg +is executed on exit from the shell. +If a +.I sigspec +is +.SM +.BR DEBUG , +the command +.I arg +is executed before every \fIsimple command\fP, \fIfor\fP command, +\fIcase\fP command, \fIselect\fP command, every arithmetic \fIfor\fP +command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see +.SM +.B SHELL GRAMMAR +above). +Refer to the description of the \fBextdebug\fP option to the +\fBshopt\fP builtin for details of its effect on the \fBDEBUG\fP trap. +If a +.I sigspec +is +.SM +.BR RETURN , +the command +.I arg +is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the +\fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins finishes executing. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +If a +.I sigspec +is +.SM +.BR ERR , +the command +.I arg +is executed whenever a simple command has a non\-zero exit status, +subject to the following conditions. +The +.SM +.B ERR +trap is not executed if the failed +command is part of the command list immediately following a +.B while +or +.B until +keyword, +part of the test in an +.I if +statement, part of a command executed in a +.B && +or +.B \(bv\(bv +list, or if the command's return value is +being inverted via +.BR ! . +These are the same conditions obeyed by the \fBerrexit\fP option. +.if t .sp 0.5 +.if n .sp 1 +Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original +values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. +The return status is false if any +.I sigspec +is invalid; otherwise +.B trap +returns true. +.TP +\fBtype\fP [\fB\-aftpP\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname\fP ...] +With no options, +indicate how each +.I name +would be interpreted if used as a command name. +If the +.B \-t +option is used, +.B type +prints a string which is one of +.IR alias , +.IR keyword , +.IR function , +.IR builtin , +or +.I file +if +.I name +is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, +respectively. +If the +.I name +is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false +is returned. +If the +.B \-p +option is used, +.B type +either returns the name of the disk file +that would be executed if +.I name +were specified as a command name, +or nothing if +.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP +.if n ``type -t name'' +would not return +.IR file . +The +.B \-P +option forces a +.SM +.B PATH +search for each \fIname\fP, even if +.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP +.if n ``type -t name'' +would not return +.IR file . +If a command is hashed, +.B \-p +and +.B \-P +print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that appears +first in +.SM +.BR PATH . +If the +.B \-a +option is used, +.B type +prints all of the places that contain +an executable named +.IR name . +This includes aliases and functions, +if and only if the +.B \-p +option is not also used. +The table of hashed commands is not consulted +when using +.BR \-a . +The +.B \-f +option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the \fBcommand\fP builtin. +.B type +returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if +any are not found. +.TP +\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx\fP [\fIlimit\fP]] +Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to +processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. +The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is +set for the given resource. +A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; +a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. +If neither \fB\-H\fP nor \fB\-S\fP is specified, both the soft and hard +limits are set. +The value of +.I limit +can be a number in the unit specified for the resource +or one of the special values +.BR hard , +.BR soft , +or +.BR unlimited , +which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and +no limit, respectively. +If +.I limit +is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is +printed, unless the \fB\-H\fP option is given. When more than one +resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value. +Other options are interpreted as follows: +.RS +.PD 0 +.TP +.B \-a +All current limits are reported +.TP +.B \-b +The maximum socket buffer size +.TP +.B \-c +The maximum size of core files created +.TP +.B \-d +The maximum size of a process's data segment +.TP +.B \-e +The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") +.TP +.B \-f +The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children +.TP +.B \-i +The maximum number of pending signals +.TP +.B \-l +The maximum size that may be locked into memory +.TP +.B \-m +The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) +.TP +.B \-n +The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +allow this value to be set) +.TP +.B \-p +The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) +.TP +.B \-q +The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues +.TP +.B \-r +The maximum real-time scheduling priority +.TP +.B \-s +The maximum stack size +.TP +.B \-t +The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds +.TP +.B \-u +The maximum number of processes available to a single user +.TP +.B \-v +The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell +.TP +.B \-x +The maximum number of file locks +.TP +.B \-T +The maximum number of threads +.PD +.PP +If +.I limit +is given, it is the new value of the specified resource (the +.B \-a +option is display only). +If no option is given, then +.B \-f +is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for +.BR \-t , +which is in seconds, +.BR \-p , +which is in units of 512-byte blocks, +and +.BR \-T , +.BR \-b , +.BR \-n , +and +.BR \-u , +which are unscaled values. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +or an error occurs while setting a new limit. +.RE +.TP +\fBumask\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fImode\fP] +The user file-creation mask is set to +.IR mode . +If +.I mode +begins with a digit, it +is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise +it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar +to that accepted by +.IR chmod (1). +If +.I mode +is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. +The +.B \-S +option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the +default output is an octal number. +If the +.B \-p +option is supplied, and +.I mode +is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. +The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if +no \fImode\fP argument was supplied, and false otherwise. +.TP +\fBunalias\fP [\-\fBa\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +Remove each \fIname\fP from the list of defined aliases. If +.B \-a +is supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return +value is true unless a supplied +.I name +is not a defined alias. +.TP +\fBunset\fP [\-\fBfv\fP] [\fIname\fP ...] +For each +.IR name , +remove the corresponding variable or function. +If no options are supplied, or the +.B \-v +option is given, each +.I name +refers to a shell variable. +Read-only variables may not be unset. +If +.B \-f +is specified, each +.I name +refers to a shell function, and the function definition +is removed. +Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment +passed to subsequent commands. +If any of +.SM +.BR COMP_WORDBREAKS , +.SM +.BR RANDOM , +.SM +.BR SECONDS , +.SM +.BR LINENO , +.SM +.BR HISTCMD , +.SM +.BR FUNCNAME , +.SM +.BR GROUPS , +or +.SM +.B DIRSTACK +are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are +subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a +.I name +is readonly. +.TP +\fBwait\fP [\fIn ...\fP] +Wait for each specified process and return its termination status. +Each +.I n +may be a process +ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes +in that job's pipeline are waited for. If +.I n +is not given, all currently active child processes +are waited for, and the return status is zero. If +.I n +specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is +127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last +process or job waited for. +.\" bash_builtins +.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ +.SH "RESTRICTED SHELL" +.\" rbash.1 +.zY +.PP +If +.B bash +is started with the name +.BR rbash , +or the +.B \-r +option is supplied at invocation, +the shell becomes restricted. +A restricted shell is used to +set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. +It behaves identically to +.B bash +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +.IP \(bu +changing directories with \fBcd\fP +.IP \(bu +setting or unsetting the values of +.SM +.BR SHELL , +.SM +.BR PATH , +.SM +.BR ENV , +or +.SM +.B BASH_ENV +.IP \(bu +specifying command names containing +.B / +.IP \(bu +specifying a file name containing a +.B / +as an argument to the +.B . +builtin command +.IP \(bu +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the +.B \-p +option to the +.B hash +builtin command +.IP \(bu +importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup +.IP \(bu +parsing the value of +.SM +.B SHELLOPTS +from the shell environment at startup +.IP \(bu +redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators +.IP \(bu +using the +.B exec +builtin command to replace the shell with another command +.IP \(bu +adding or deleting builtin commands with the +.B \-f +and +.B \-d +options to the +.B enable +builtin command +.IP \(bu +Using the \fBenable\fP builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +.IP \(bu +specifying the +.B \-p +option to the +.B command +builtin command +.IP \(bu +turning off restricted mode with +\fBset +r\fP or \fBset +o restricted\fP. +.PP +These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. +.PP +.ie \n(zY=1 When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, +.el \{ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(see +.SM +.B "COMMAND EXECUTION" +above), +\} +.B rbash +turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the +script. +.\" end of rbash.1 +.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.PD 0 +.TP +\fIBash Reference Manual\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey +.TP +\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey +.TP +\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey +.TP +\fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE +.TP +\fIsh\fP(1), \fIksh\fP(1), \fIcsh\fP(1) +.TP +\fIemacs\fP(1), \fIvi\fP(1) +.TP +\fIreadline\fP(3) +.PD +.SH FILES +.PD 0 +.TP +.FN /bin/bash +The \fBbash\fP executable +.TP +.FN /etc/profile +The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells +.TP +.FN ~/.bash_profile +The personal initialization file, executed for login shells +.TP +.FN ~/.bashrc +The individual per-interactive-shell startup file +.TP +.FN ~/.bash_logout +The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits +.TP +.FN ~/.inputrc +Individual \fIreadline\fP initialization file +.PD +.SH AUTHORS +Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation +.br +bfox@gnu.org +.PP +Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University +.br +chet.ramey@case.edu +.SH BUG REPORTS +If you find a bug in +.B bash, +you should report it. But first, you should +make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest +version of +.BR bash . +The latest version is always available from +\fIftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/\fP. +.PP +Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +.I bashbug +command to submit a bug report. +If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! +Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed +to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup +.BR gnu.bash.bug . +.PP +ALL bug reports should include: +.PP +.PD 0 +.TP 20 +The version number of \fBbash\fR +.TP +The hardware and operating system +.TP +The compiler used to compile +.TP +A description of the bug behaviour +.TP +A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug +.PD +.PP +.I bashbug +inserts the first three items automatically into the template +it provides for filing a bug report. +.PP +Comments and bug reports concerning +this manual page should be directed to +.IR chet@po.cwru.edu . +.SH BUGS +.PP +It's too big and too slow. +.PP +There are some subtle differences between +.B bash +and traditional versions of +.BR sh , +mostly because of the +.SM +.B POSIX +specification. +.PP +Aliases are confusing in some uses. +.PP +Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. +.PP +Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' +are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. +When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next +command in the sequence. +It suffices to place the sequence of commands between +parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as +a unit. +.PP +Array variables may not (yet) be exported. +.PP +There may be only one active coprocess at a time. +.zZ +.zY diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2aa2825 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -0,0 +1,12571 @@ +<HTML><HEAD> +<TITLE>BASH(1) Manual Page</TITLE> +</HEAD> +<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%> +<TR> +<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2009 December 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) +</TR> +</TABLE> +<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A> +<HR> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +<A NAME="lbAB"> </A> +<H3>NAME</H3> + +bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell +<A NAME="lbAC"> </A> +<H3>SYNOPSIS</H3> + +<B>bash</B> + +[options] +[file] +<A NAME="lbAD"> </A> +<H3>COPYRIGHT</H3> + + +Bash is Copyright © 1989-2009 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +<A NAME="lbAE"> </A> +<H3>DESCRIPTION</H3> + +<B>Bash</B> + +is an <B>sh</B>-compatible command language interpreter that +executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. +<B>Bash</B> + +also incorporates useful features from the <I>Korn</I> and <I>C</I> +shells (<B>ksh</B> and <B>csh</B>). +<P> + +<B>Bash</B> + +is intended to be a conformant implementation of the +Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification +(IEEE Standard 1003.1). +<B>Bash</B> + +can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. +<A NAME="lbAF"> </A> +<H3>OPTIONS</H3> + +In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the +description of the <B>set</B> builtin command, <B>bash</B> +interprets the following options when it is invoked: +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-c</B><I> string</I> + +<DD> +If the +<B>-c</B> + +option is present, then commands are read from +<I>string</I>. + +If there are arguments after the +<I>string</I>, + +they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with +<B>$0</B>. + +<DT><B>-i</B> + +<DD> +If the +<B>-i</B> + +option is present, the shell is +<I>interactive</I>. + +<DT><B>-l</B> + +<DD> +Make +<B>bash</B> + +act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<DT><B>-r</B> + +<DD> +If the +<B>-r</B> + +option is present, the shell becomes +<I>restricted</I> + +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RESTRICTED SHELL</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +If the +<B>-s</B> + +option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +processing, then commands are read from the standard input. +This option allows the positional parameters to be set +when invoking an interactive shell. +<DT><B>-D</B> + +<DD> +A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by <B>$</B> +is printed on the standard output. +These are the strings that +are subject to language translation when the current locale +is not <B>C</B> or <B>POSIX</B>. +This implies the <B>-n</B> option; no commands will be executed. +<DT><B>[-+]O [</B><I>shopt_option</I>] + +<DD> +<I>shopt_option</I> is one of the shell options accepted by the +<B>shopt</B> builtin (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +If <I>shopt_option</I> is present, <B>-O</B> sets the value of that option; +<B>+O</B> unsets it. +If <I>shopt_option</I> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by <B>shopt</B> are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is <B>+O</B>, the output is displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +<DT><B>--</B> + +<DD> +A +<B>--</B> + +signals the end of options and disables further option processing. +Any arguments after the +<B>--</B> + +are treated as filenames and arguments. An argument of +<B>-</B> + +is equivalent to <B>--</B>. + +</DL> +<P> + +<B>Bash</B> + +also interprets a number of multi-character options. +These options must appear on the command line before the +single-character options to be recognized. +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>--debugger</B> + +<DD> +Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. +Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the +<B>extdebug</B> + +option to the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin below) +and shell function tracing (see the description of the +<B>-o functrace</B> option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin below). +<DT><B>--dump-po-strings</B> + +<DD> +Equivalent to <B>-D</B>, but the output is in the GNU <I>gettext</I> +<B>po</B> (portable object) file format. +<DT><B>--dump-strings</B> + +<DD> +Equivalent to <B>-D</B>. +<DT><B>--help</B> + +<DD> +Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +<DT><B>--init-file</B> <I>file</I><DD> + +<DT><B>--rcfile</B> <I>file</I><DD> + +Execute commands from +<I>file</I> + +instead of the standard personal initialization file +<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A> + +if the shell is interactive (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<DT><B>--login</B> + +<DD> +Equivalent to <B>-l</B>. +<DT><B>--noediting</B> + +<DD> +Do not use the GNU +<B>readline</B> + +library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. +<DT><B>--noprofile</B> + +<DD> +Do not read either the system-wide startup file + +<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A> + +or any of the personal initialization files +<A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><I>~/.bash_profile</I></A>, + +<A HREF="file:~/.bash_login"><I>~/.bash_login</I></A>, + +or +<A HREF="file:~/.profile"><I>~/.profile</I></A>. + +By default, +<B>bash</B> + +reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<DT><B>--norc</B> + +<DD> +Do not read and execute the personal initialization file +<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A> + +if the shell is interactive. +This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as +<B>sh</B>. + +<DT><B>--posix</B> + +<DD> +Change the behavior of <B>bash</B> where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard (<I>posix mode</I>). +<DT><B>--restricted</B> + +<DD> +The shell becomes restricted (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RESTRICTED SHELL</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<DT><B>--verbose</B> + +<DD> +Equivalent to <B>-v</B>. +<DT><B>--version</B> + +<DD> +Show version information for this instance of +<B>bash</B> + +on the standard output and exit successfully. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbAG"> </A> +<H3>ARGUMENTS</H3> + +If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +<B>-c</B> + +nor the +<B>-s</B> + +option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands. +If +<B>bash</B> + +is invoked in this fashion, +<B>$0</B> + +is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters +are set to the remaining arguments. +<B>Bash</B> + +reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. +<B>Bash</B>'s exit status is the exit status of the last command +executed in the script. +If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. +An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and, +if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +for the script. +<A NAME="lbAH"> </A> +<H3>INVOCATION</H3> + +A <I>login shell</I> is one whose first character of argument zero is a +<B>-</B>, + +or one started with the +<B>--login</B> + +option. +<P> + +An <I>interactive</I> shell is one started without non-option arguments +and without the +<B>-c</B> + +option +whose standard input and error are +both connected to terminals (as determined by +<I>isatty</I>(3)), + +or one started with the +<B>-i</B> + +option. +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS1</B> + +</FONT> +is set and +<B>$-</B> + +includes +<B>i</B> + +if +<B>bash</B> + +is interactive, +allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state. +<P> + +The following paragraphs describe how +<B>bash</B> + +executes its startup files. +If any of the files exist but cannot be read, +<B>bash</B> + +reports an error. +Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under +<B>Tilde Expansion</B> + +in the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +section. +<P> + +When +<B>bash</B> + +is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell +with the <B>--login</B> option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file <A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A>, if that +file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for <A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><I>~/.bash_profile</I></A>, +<A HREF="file:~/.bash_login"><I>~/.bash_login</I></A>, and <A HREF="file:~/.profile"><I>~/.profile</I></A>, in that order, and reads +and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. +The +<B>--noprofile</B> + +option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. +<P> + +When a login shell exits, +<B>bash</B> + +reads and executes commands from the file <A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><I>~/.bash_logout</I></A>, if it +exists. +<P> + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, +<B>bash</B> + +reads and executes commands from <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the +<B>--norc</B> + +option. +The <B>--rcfile</B> <I>file</I> option will force +<B>bash</B> + +to read and execute commands from <I>file</I> instead of <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>. +<P> + +When +<B>bash</B> + +is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it +looks for the variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B> + +</FONT> +in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +<B>Bash</B> + +behaves as if the following command were executed: +<P> +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<TT>if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi</TT> + +</DL> + +<P> +but the value of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +variable is not used to search for the file name. +<P> + +If +<B>bash</B> + +is invoked with the name +<B>sh</B>, + +it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of +<B>sh</B> + +as closely as possible, +while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive +shell with the <B>--login</B> option, it first attempts to +read and execute commands from +<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A> + +and +<A HREF="file:~/.profile"><I>~/.profile</I></A>, + +in that order. +The +<B>--noprofile</B> + +option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name +<B>sh</B>, + +<B>bash</B> + +looks for the variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ENV</B>, + +</FONT> +expands its value if it is defined, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Since a shell invoked as +<B>sh</B> + +does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup +files, the +<B>--rcfile</B> + +option has no effect. +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name +<B>sh</B> + +does not attempt to read any other startup files. +When invoked as +<B>sh</B>, + +<B>bash</B> + +enters +<I>posix</I> + +mode after the startup files are read. +<P> + +When +<B>bash</B> + +is started in +<I>posix</I> + +mode, as with the +<B>--posix</B> + +command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. +In this mode, interactive shells expand the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ENV</B> + +</FONT> +variable and commands are read and executed from the file +whose name is the expanded value. +No other startup files are read. +<P> + +<B>Bash</B> + +attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell +daemon, usually <I>rshd</I>, or the secure shell daemon <I>sshd</I>. +If +<B>bash</B> + +determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes +commands from <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>, if that file exists and is readable. +It will not do this if invoked as <B>sh</B>. +The +<B>--norc</B> + +option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +<B>--rcfile</B> + +option may be used to force another file to be read, but +<I>rshd</I> does not generally invoke the shell with those options +or allow them to be specified. +<P> + +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the <B>-p</B> option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELLOPTS</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHOPTS</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>, + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, +and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the <B>-p</B> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +the same, but the effective user id is not reset. +<A NAME="lbAI"> </A> +<H3>DEFINITIONS</H3> + +<P> + +The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this +document. + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>blank </B> + +<DD> +A space or tab. +<DT><B>word</B> + +<DD> +A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. +Also known as a +<B>token</B>. + +<DT><B>name</B> + +<DD> +A +<I>word</I> + +consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and +beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore. Also +referred to as an +<B>identifier</B>. + +<DT><B>metacharacter</B> + +<DD> +A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: +<BR> + +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>| & ; ( ) < > space tab</B> + +</DL> + +</DL> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>control operator</B> + +<DD> +A <I>token</I> that performs a control function. It is one of the following +symbols: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline></B> + +</DL> + + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbAJ"> </A> +<H3>RESERVED WORDS</H3> + +<I>Reserved words</I> are words that have a special meaning to the shell. +The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either +the first word of a simple command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B> + +</FONT> +below) or the third word of a +<B>case </B> + +or +<B>for</B> + +command: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<P> + +<B> +</B> + +! case do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]] +</DL> + + +<A NAME="lbAK"> </A> +<H3>SHELL GRAMMAR</H3> + +<A NAME="lbAL"> </A> +<H4>Simple Commands</H4> + +<P> + +A <I>simple command</I> is a sequence of optional variable assignments +followed by <B>blank</B>-separated words and redirections, and +terminated by a <I>control operator</I>. The first word +specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero. +The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. +<P> + +The return value of a <I>simple command</I> is its exit status, or +128+<I>n</I> if the command is terminated by signal +<I>n</I>. + +<A NAME="lbAM"> </A> +<H4>Pipelines</H4> + +<P> + +A <I>pipeline</I> is a sequence of one or more commands separated by +one of the control operators +<B>|</B> + +or <B>|&</B>. +The format for a pipeline is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<B>time</B> [<B>-p</B>]] [ ! ] <I>command</I> [ [<B>|</B>|<B>|&</B>] <I>command2</I> ... ] +</DL> + +<P> + +The standard output of +<I>command</I> + +is connected via a pipe to the standard input of +<I>command2</I>. + +This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the +command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B> + +</FONT> +below). +If <B>|&</B> is used, the standard error of <I>command</I> is connected to +<I>command2</I>'s standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for +<B>2>&1 |</B>. +This implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after any +redirections specified by the command. +<P> + +The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last +command, unless the <B>pipefail</B> option is enabled. +If <B>pipefail</B> is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the +value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, +or zero if all commands exit successfully. +If the reserved word +<B>!</B> + +precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical +negation of the exit status as described above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to +terminate before returning a value. +<P> + +If the +<B>time</B> + +reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and +system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline +terminates. +The <B>-p</B> option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. +The +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TIMEFORMAT</B> + +</FONT> +variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing +information should be displayed; see the description of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TIMEFORMAT</B> + +</FONT> +under +<B>Shell Variables</B> + +below. +<P> + +Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a +subshell). +<A NAME="lbAN"> </A> +<H4>Lists</H4> + +<P> + +A <I>list</I> is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators +<B>;</B>, + +<B>&</B>, + +<B>&&</B>, + +or +<B>||</B>, + +and optionally terminated by one of +<B>;</B>, + +<B>&</B>, + +or +<B><newline></B>. + +<P> + +Of these list operators, +<B>&&</B> + +and +<B>||</B> + +have equal precedence, followed by +<B>;</B> + +and +<B>&</B>, + +which have equal precedence. +<P> + +A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a <I>list</I> instead +of a semicolon to delimit commands. +<P> + +If a command is terminated by the control operator +<B>&</B>, + +the shell executes the command in the <I>background</I> +in a subshell. The shell does not wait for the command to +finish, and the return status is 0. Commands separated by a +<B>;</B> + +are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each +command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. +<P> + +AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by the +<B>&&</B> and <B>||</B> control operators, respectively. +AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity. +An AND list has the form +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<I>command1</I> <B>&&</B> <I>command2</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +<I>command2</I> + +is executed if, and only if, +<I>command1</I> + +returns an exit status of zero. +<P> + +An OR list has the form +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<I>command1</I> <B>||</B> <I>command2</I> +<P> + +</DL> + +<P> + +<I>command2</I> + +is executed if and only if +<I>command1</I> + +returns a non-zero exit status. +The return status of +AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command +executed in the list. +<A NAME="lbAO"> </A> +<H4>Compound Commands</H4> + +<P> + +A <I>compound command</I> is one of the following: +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>(<I>list</I>)<DD> +<I>list</I> is executed in a subshell environment (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</B></FONT> +below). +Variable assignments and builtin +commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect +after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of +<I>list</I>. +<DT>{ <I>list</I>; }<DD> +<I>list</I> is simply executed in the current shell environment. +<I>list</I> must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. +This is known as a <I>group command</I>. +The return status is the exit status of +<I>list</I>. +Note that unlike the metacharacters <B>(</B> and <B>)</B>, <B>{</B> and +<B>}</B> are <I>reserved words</I> and must occur where a reserved +word is permitted to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word +break, they must be separated from <I>list</I> by whitespace or another +shell metacharacter. +<DT>((<I>expression</I>))<DD> +The <I>expression</I> is evaluated according to the rules described +below under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>. + +</FONT> +If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; +otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to +<B>let "</B><I>expression</I>". +<DT><B>[[</B> <I>expression</I> <B>]]</B><DD> +Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression <I>expression</I>. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>. + +</FONT> +Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words +between the <B>[[</B> and <B>]]</B>; tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +substitution, and quote removal are performed. +Conditional operators such as <B>-f</B> must be unquoted to be recognized +as primaries. +<P> + + +When used with <B>[[</B>, The <B><</B> and <B>></B> operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +<P> + + +When the <B>==</B> and <B>!=</B> operators are used, the string to the +right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according +to the rules described below under <B>Pattern Matching</B>. +If the shell option +<B>nocasematch</B> + +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (<B>==</B>) or does not match +(<B>!=</B>) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a +string. +<P> + + +An additional binary operator, <B>=~</B>, is available, with the same +precedence as <B>==</B> and <B>!=</B>. +When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered +an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in <I>regex</I>(3)). +The return value is 0 if the string matches +the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional +expression's return value is 2. +If the shell option +<B>nocasematch</B> + +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a +string. +Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular +expression are saved in the array variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>. + +</FONT> +The element of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_REMATCH</B> + +</FONT> +with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_REMATCH</B> + +</FONT> +with index <I>n</I> is the portion of the +string matching the <I>n</I>th parenthesized subexpression. +<P> + + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence: +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>( </B><I>expression</I> ) + +<DD> +Returns the value of <I>expression</I>. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +<DT><B>! </B><I>expression</I> + +<DD> +True if +<I>expression</I> + +is false. +<DT><I>expression1</I> <B>&&</B> <I>expression2</I><DD> +True if both +<I>expression1</I> + +and +<I>expression2</I> + +are true. +<DT><I>expression1</I> <B>||</B> <I>expression2</I> +<DD> + +True if either +<I>expression1</I> + +or +<I>expression2</I> + +is true. + +</DL> +<P> + +The <B>&&</B> and +<B>||</B> + +operators do not evaluate <I>expression2</I> if the value of +<I>expression1</I> is sufficient to determine the return value of +the entire conditional expression. +</DL> + +<DT><B>for</B> <I>name</I> [ [ <B>in</B> [ <I>word ...</I> ] ] ; ] <B>do</B> <I>list</I> ; <B>done</B><DD> +The list of words following <B>in</B> is expanded, generating a list +of items. +The variable <I>name</I> is set to each element of this list +in turn, and <I>list</I> is executed each time. +If the <B>in</B> <I>word</I> is omitted, the <B>for</B> command executes +<I>list</I> once for each positional parameter that is set (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +If the expansion of the items following <B>in</B> results in an empty +list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. +<DT><B>for</B> (( <I>expr1</I> ; <I>expr2</I> ; <I>expr3</I> )) ; <B>do</B> <I>list</I> ; <B>done</B><DD> +First, the arithmetic expression <I>expr1</I> is evaluated according +to the rules described below under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>. + +</FONT> +The arithmetic expression <I>expr2</I> is then evaluated repeatedly +until it evaluates to zero. +Each time <I>expr2</I> evaluates to a non-zero value, <I>list</I> is +executed and the arithmetic expression <I>expr3</I> is evaluated. +If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. +The return value is the exit status of the last command in <I>list</I> +that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. +<DT><B>select</B> <I>name</I> [ <B>in</B> <I>word</I> ] ; <B>do</B> <I>list</I> ; <B>done</B><DD> +The list of words following <B>in</B> is expanded, generating a list +of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard +error, each preceded by a number. If the <B>in</B> +<I>word</I> is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B> + +</FONT> +below). The +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS3</B> + +</FONT> +prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input. +If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of +the displayed words, then the value of +<I>name</I> + +is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt +are displayed again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any +other value read causes +<I>name</I> + +to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REPLY</B>. + +</FONT> +The +<I>list</I> + +is executed after each selection until a +<B>break</B> + +command is executed. +The exit status of +<B>select</B> + +is the exit status of the last command executed in +<I>list</I>, + +or zero if no commands were executed. +<DT><B>case</B> <I>word</I> <B>in</B> [ [(] <I>pattern</I> [ <B>|</B> <I>pattern</I> ] +<DD> +A <B>case</B> command first expands <I>word</I>, and tries to match +it against each <I>pattern</I> in turn, using the same matching rules +as for pathname expansion (see +<B>Pathname Expansion</B> + +below). +The <I>word</I> is expanded using tilde +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution, +command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. +Each <I>pattern</I> examined is expanded using tilde +expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic substitution, +command substitution, and process substitution. +If the shell option +<B>nocasematch</B> + +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +When a match is found, the corresponding <I>list</I> is executed. +If the <B>;;</B> operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +the first pattern match. +Using <B>;&</B> in place of <B>;;</B> causes execution to continue with +the <I>list</I> associated with the next set of patterns. +Using <B>;;&</B> in place of <B>;;</B> causes the shell to test the next +pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated <I>list</I> +on a successful match. +The exit status is zero if no +pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the +last command executed in <I>list</I>. +<DT><B>if</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list;</I> [ <B>elif</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list</I>; ] ... [ <B>else</B> <I>list</I>; ] <B>fi</B><DD> +The +<B>if </B> + +<I>list</I> + +is executed. If its exit status is zero, the +<B>then</B> <I>list</I> is executed. Otherwise, each <B>elif</B> +<I>list</I> is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, +the corresponding <B>then</B> <I>list</I> is executed and the +command completes. Otherwise, the <B>else</B> <I>list</I> is +executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the +last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. +<DT><B>while</B> <I>list</I>; <B>do</B> <I>list</I>; <B>done</B><DD> + +<DT><B>until</B> <I>list</I>; <B>do</B> <I>list</I>; <B>done</B><DD> + +The <B>while</B> command continuously executes the <B>do</B> +<I>list</I> as long as the last command in <I>list</I> returns +an exit status of zero. The <B>until</B> command is identical +to the <B>while</B> command, except that the test is negated; +the +<B>do</B> + +<I>list</I> + +is executed as long as the last command in +<I>list</I> + +returns a non-zero exit status. +The exit status of the <B>while</B> and <B>until</B> commands +is the exit status +of the last <B>do</B> <I>list</I> command executed, or zero if +none was executed. +</DL> +<A NAME="lbAP"> </A> +<H4>Coprocesses</H4> + +<P> + +A <I>coprocess</I> is a shell command preceded by the <B>coproc</B> reserved +word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the <B>&</B> control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. +<P> + +The format for a coprocess is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>coproc</B> [<I>NAME</I>] <I>command</I> [<I>redirections</I>] +</DL> + +<P> + +This creates a coprocess named <I>NAME</I>. +If <I>NAME</I> is not supplied, the default name is <I>COPROC</I>. +<I>NAME</I> must not be supplied if <I>command</I> is a <I>simple +command</I> (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word +of the simple command. +When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see +<B>Arrays</B> + +below) named <I>NAME</I> in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of +<I>command</I> + +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to <I>NAME</I>[0]. +The standard input of +<I>command</I> + +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to <I>NAME</I>[1]. +This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the +command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B> + +</FONT> +below). +The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands +and redirections using standard word expansions. +The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable <I>NAME</I>_PID. +The <B>wait</B> +builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. +<P> + +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <I>command</I>. +<A NAME="lbAQ"> </A> +<H4>Shell Function Definitions</H4> + +<P> + +A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and +executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. +Shell functions are declared as follows: +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>[ <B>function</B> ] <I>name</I> () <I>compound-command</I> [<I>redirection</I>]<DD> +This defines a function named <I>name</I>. +The reserved word <B>function</B> is optional. +If the <B>function</B> reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. +The <I>body</I> of the function is the compound command +<I>compound-command </I> + +(see <B>Compound Commands</B> above). +That command is usually a <I>list</I> of commands between { and }, but +may be any command listed under <B>Compound Commands</B> above. +<I>compound-command</I> is executed whenever <I>name</I> is specified as the +name of a simple command. +Any redirections (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B> + +</FONT> +below) specified when a function is defined are performed +when the function is executed. +The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. (See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B> + +</FONT> +below.) +</DL> +<A NAME="lbAR"> </A> +<H3>COMMENTS</H3> + +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +<B>interactive_comments</B> + +option to the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin is enabled (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below), a word beginning with +<B>#</B> + +causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to +be ignored. An interactive shell without the +<B>interactive_comments</B> + +option enabled does not allow comments. The +<B>interactive_comments</B> + +option is on by default in interactive shells. +<A NAME="lbAS"> </A> +<H3>QUOTING</H3> + +<I>Quoting</I> is used to remove the special meaning of certain +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent +reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent +parameter expansion. +<P> + +Each of the <I>metacharacters</I> listed above under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DEFINITIONS</B> + +</FONT> +has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to +represent itself. +<P> + +When the command history expansion facilities are being used +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +below), the +<I>history expansion</I> character, usually <B>!</B>, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. +<P> + +There are three quoting mechanisms: the +<I>escape character</I>, + +single quotes, and double quotes. +<P> + +A non-quoted backslash (<B>\</B>) is the +<I>escape character</I>. + +It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, +with the exception of <newline>. If a <B>\</B><newline> pair +appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the <B>\</B><newline> +is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the +input stream and effectively ignored). +<P> + +Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. +<P> + +Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of +<B>$</B>, + +<B>`</B>, + +<B>\</B>, + +and, when history expansion is enabled, +<B>!</B>. + +The characters +<B>$</B> + +and +<B>`</B> + +retain their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash +retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following +characters: +<B>$</B>, + +<B>`</B>, + +<B>"</B>, +<B>\</B>, + +or +<B><newline></B>. + +A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with +a backslash. +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an +<B>!</B> + +appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. +The backslash preceding the +<B>!</B> + +is not removed. +<P> + +The special parameters +<B>*</B> + +and +<B>@</B> + +have special meaning when in double +quotes (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<P> + +Words of the form <B>$</B>aq<I>string</I>aq are treated specially. The +word expands to <I>string</I>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced +as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if +present, are decoded as follows: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>\a</B> + +<DD> +alert (bell) +<DT><B>\b</B> + +<DD> +backspace +<DT><B>\e</B> + +<DD> +<DT><B>\E</B> + +<DD> +an escape character +<DT><B>\f</B> + +<DD> +form feed +<DT><B>\n</B> + +<DD> +new line +<DT><B>\r</B> + +<DD> +carriage return +<DT><B>\t</B> + +<DD> +horizontal tab +<DT><B>\v</B> + +<DD> +vertical tab +<DT><B>\\</B> + +<DD> +backslash +<DT><B>\aq</B> + +<DD> +single quote +<DT><B>\dq</B> + +<DD> +double quote +<DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I> + +<DD> +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I> +(one to three digits) +<DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I> + +<DD> +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I> +(one or two hex digits) +<DT><B>\c</B><I>x</I> + +<DD> +a control-<I>x</I> character + +</DL></DL> + +<P> + +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had +not been present. +<P> + +A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (<B>$</B>dq<I>string</I>dq) +will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. +If the current locale is <B>C</B> or <B>POSIX</B>, the dollar sign +is ignored. +If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is +double-quoted. +<A NAME="lbAT"> </A> +<H3>PARAMETERS</H3> + +A +<I>parameter</I> + +is an entity that stores values. +It can be a +<I>name</I>, + +a number, or one of the special characters listed below under +<B>Special Parameters</B>. + +A +<I>variable</I> + +is a parameter denoted by a +<I>name</I>. + +A variable has a <I>value</I> and zero or more <I>attributes</I>. +Attributes are assigned using the +<B>declare</B> + +builtin command (see +<B>declare</B> + +below in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>). + +</FONT> +<P> + +A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the +<B>unset</B> + +builtin command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<P> + +A +<I>variable</I> + +may be assigned to by a statement of the form +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<I>name</I>=[<I>value</I>] +</DL> + +<P> + +If +<I>value</I> + +is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +<I>values</I> + +undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote +removal (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +below). If the variable has its +<B>integer</B> + +attribute set, then +<I>value</I> + +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is +not used (see +<B>Arithmetic Expansion</B> + +below). +Word splitting is not performed, with the exception +of <B>"$@"</B> as explained below under +<B>Special Parameters</B>. + +Pathname expansion is not performed. +Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the +<B>alias</B>, + +<B>declare</B>, + +<B>typeset</B>, + +<B>export</B>, + +<B>readonly</B>, + +and +<B>local</B> + +builtin commands. +<P> + +In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to +append to or add to the variable's previous value. +When += is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been +set, <I>value</I> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the +variable's current value, which is also evaluated. +When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see +<B>Arrays</B> + +below), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are +appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index +(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an +associative array. +When applied to a string-valued variable, <I>value</I> is expanded and +appended to the variable's value. +<A NAME="lbAU"> </A> +<H4>Positional Parameters</H4> + +<P> + +A +<I>positional parameter</I> + +is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to +with assignment statements. The positional parameters are +temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<P> + +When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<A NAME="lbAV"> </A> +<H4>Special Parameters</H4> + +<P> + +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>*</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character +of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +special variable. That is, "<B>$*</B>" is equivalent +to "<B>$1</B><I>c</I><B>$2</B><I>c</I><B>...</B>", where +<I>c</I> + +is the first character of the value of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +variable. If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. +<DT><B>@</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a +separate word. That is, "<B>$@</B>" is equivalent to +"<B>$1</B>" "<B>$2</B>" ... +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +When there are no positional parameters, "<B>$@</B>" and +<B>$@</B> + +expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). +<DT><B>#</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +<DT><B>?</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +pipeline. +<DT><B>-</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, +by the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command, or those set by the shell itself +(such as the +<B>-i</B> + +option). +<DT><B>$</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it +expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the +subshell. +<DT><B>!</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background +(asynchronous) command. +<DT><B>0</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +shell initialization. If +<B>bash</B> + +is invoked with a file of commands, +<B>$0</B> + +is set to the name of that file. If +<B>bash</B> + +is started with the +<B>-c</B> + +option, then +<B>$0</B> + +is set to the first argument after the string to be +executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set +to the file name used to invoke +<B>bash</B>, + +as given by argument zero. +<DT><B>_</B> + +<DD> +At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the +shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment +or argument list. +Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command, +after expansion. +Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed +and placed in the environment exported to that command. +When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file +currently being checked. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbAW"> </A> +<H4>Shell Variables</H4> + +<P> + +The following variables are set by the shell: +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>BASH</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of +<B>bash</B>. + +<DT><B>BASHOPTS</B> + +<DD> +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the +<B>-s</B> + +option to the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). The options appearing in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHOPTS</B> + +</FONT> +are those reported as +<I>on</I> + +by <B>shopt</B>. +If this variable is in the environment when +<B>bash</B> + +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. +This variable is read-only. +<DT><B>BASHPID</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the process id of the current <B>bash</B> process. +This differs from <B>$$</B> under certain circumstances, such as subshells +that do not require <B>bash</B> to be re-initialized. +<DT><B>BASH_ALIASES</B> + +<DD> +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the <B>alias</B> builtin +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array +elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. +<DT><B>BASH_ARGC</B> + +<DD> +An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +frame of the current <B>bash</B> execution call stack. +The number of +parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed +with <B>.</B> or <B>source</B>) is at the top of the stack. +When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGC</B>. + +</FONT> +The shell sets +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGC</B> + +</FONT> +only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the +<B>extdebug</B> + +option to the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin below) +<DT><B>BASH_ARGV</B> + +<DD> +An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current <B>bash</B> +execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call +is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is +at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied +are pushed onto +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGV</B>. + +</FONT> +The shell sets +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGV</B> + +</FONT> +only when in extended debugging mode +(see the description of the +<B>extdebug</B> + +option to the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin below) +<DT><B>BASH_CMDS</B> + +<DD> +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the <B>hash</B> builtin. +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array +elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table. +<DT><B>BASH_COMMAND</B> + +<DD> +The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, +in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +<DT><B>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</B> + +<DD> +The command argument to the <B>-c</B> invocation option. +<DT><B>BASH_LINENO</B> + +<DD> +An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +corresponding to each member of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>. + +</FONT> +<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> is the line number in the source +file where <B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called +(or <B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i-1</I><B>]}</B> if referenced within another +shell function). +The corresponding source file name is <B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B>. +Use +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINENO</B> + +</FONT> +to obtain the current line number. +<DT><B>BASH_REMATCH</B> + +<DD> +An array variable whose members are assigned by the <B>=~</B> binary +operator to the <B>[[</B> conditional command. +The element with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element with index <I>n</I> is the portion of the +string matching the <I>n</I>th parenthesized subexpression. +This variable is read-only. +<DT><B>BASH_SOURCE</B> + +<DD> +An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding +to the elements in the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B> + +</FONT> +array variable. +<DT><B>BASH_SUBSHELL</B> + +<DD> +Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. +The initial value is 0. +<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO</B> + +<DD> +A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for +this instance of +<B>bash</B>. + +The values assigned to the array members are as follows: +<P> +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>0] + +<DD> +The major version number (the <I>release</I>). +<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>1] + +<DD> +The minor version number (the <I>version</I>). +<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>2] + +<DD> +The patch level. +<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>3] + +<DD> +The build version. +<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>4] + +<DD> +The release status (e.g., <I>beta1</I>). +<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>5] + +<DD> +The value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MACHTYPE</B>. + +</FONT> + +</DL></DL> + +<DT><B>BASH_VERSION</B> + +<DD> +Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of +<B>bash</B>. + +<DT><B>COMP_CWORD</B> + +<DD> +An index into <B>${COMP_WORDS}</B> of the word containing the current +cursor position. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> +below). +<DT><B>COMP_KEY</B> + +<DD> +The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +completion function. +<DT><B>COMP_LINE</B> + +<DD> +The current command line. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> +below). +<DT><B>COMP_POINT</B> + +<DD> +The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +the current command. +If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, +the value of this variable is equal to <B>${#COMP_LINE}</B>. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> +below). +<DT><B>COMP_TYPE</B> + +<DD> +Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +that caused a completion function to be called: +<I>TAB</I>, for normal completion, +<I>?</I>, for listing completions after successive tabs, +<I>!</I>, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +<I>@</I>, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +or +<I>%</I>, for menu completion. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> +below). +<DT><B>COMP_WORDBREAKS</B> + +<DD> +The set of characters that the <B>readline</B> library treats as word +separators when performing word completion. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDBREAKS</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>COMP_WORDS</B> + +<DD> +An array variable (see <B>Arrays</B> below) consisting of the individual +words in the current command line. +The line is split into words as <B>readline</B> would split it, using +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDBREAKS</B> + +</FONT> +as described above. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> +below). +<DT><B>DIRSTACK</B> + +<DD> +An array variable (see +<B>Arrays</B> + +below) containing the current contents of the directory stack. +Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the +<B>dirs</B> + +builtin. +Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify +directories already in the stack, but the +<B>pushd</B> + +and +<B>popd</B> + +builtins must be used to add and remove directories. +Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DIRSTACK</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>EUID</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at +shell startup. This variable is readonly. +<DT><B>FUNCNAME</B> + +<DD> +An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +currently in the execution call stack. +The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing +shell function. +The bottom-most element is +<TT>"main"</TT>. + +This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. +Assignments to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B> + +</FONT> +have no effect and return an error status. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>GROUPS</B> + +<DD> +An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +user is a member. +Assignments to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GROUPS</B> + +</FONT> +have no effect and return an error status. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GROUPS</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>HISTCMD</B> + +<DD> +The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCMD</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>HOSTNAME</B> + +<DD> +Automatically set to the name of the current host. +<DT><B>HOSTTYPE</B> + +<DD> +Automatically set to a string that uniquely +describes the type of machine on which +<B>bash</B> + +is executing. +The default is system-dependent. +<DT><B>LINENO</B> + +<DD> +Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes +a decimal number representing the current sequential line number +(starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a +script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to +be meaningful. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINENO</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>MACHTYPE</B> + +<DD> +Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system +type on which +<B>bash</B> + +is executing, in the standard GNU <I>cpu-company-system</I> format. +The default is system-dependent. +<DT><B>OLDPWD</B> + +<DD> +The previous working directory as set by the +<B>cd</B> + +command. +<DT><B>OPTARG</B> + +<DD> +The value of the last option argument processed by the +<B>getopts</B> + +builtin command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<DT><B>OPTIND</B> + +<DD> +The index of the next argument to be processed by the +<B>getopts</B> + +builtin command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<DT><B>OSTYPE</B> + +<DD> +Automatically set to a string that +describes the operating system on which +<B>bash</B> + +is executing. +The default is system-dependent. +<DT><B>PIPESTATUS</B> + +<DD> +An array variable (see +<B>Arrays</B> + +below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes +in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may +contain only a single command). +<DT><B>PPID</B> + +<DD> +The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is readonly. +<DT><B>PWD</B> + +<DD> +The current working directory as set by the +<B>cd</B> + +command. +<DT><B>RANDOM</B> + +<DD> +Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between +0 and 32767 is +generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning +a value to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RANDOM</B>. + +</FONT> +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RANDOM</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>REPLY</B> + +<DD> +Set to the line of input read by the +<B>read</B> + +builtin command when no arguments are supplied. +<DT><B>SECONDS</B> + +<DD> +Each time this parameter is +referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a +value is assigned to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SECONDS</B>, + +</FONT> +the value returned upon subsequent +references is +the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SECONDS</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>SHELLOPTS</B> + +<DD> +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the +<B>-o</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). The options appearing in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELLOPTS</B> + +</FONT> +are those reported as +<I>on</I> + +by <B>set -o</B>. +If this variable is in the environment when +<B>bash</B> + +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. +This variable is read-only. +<DT><B>SHLVL</B> + +<DD> +Incremented by one each time an instance of +<B>bash</B> + +is started. +<DT><B>UID</B> + +<DD> +Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. +This variable is readonly. + +</DL> +<P> + +The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, +<B>bash</B> + +assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted +below. +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>BASH_ENV</B> + +<DD> +If this parameter is set when <B>bash</B> is executing a shell script, +its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to +initialize the shell, as in +<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>. + +The value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B> + +</FONT> +is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion before being interpreted as a file name. +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +is not used to search for the resultant file name. +<DT><B>CDPATH</B> + +<DD> +The search path for the +<B>cd</B> + +command. +This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks +for destination directories specified by the +<B>cd</B> + +command. +A sample value is +<TT>".:~:/usr"</TT>. + +<DT><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B> + +<DD> +If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, <B>bash</B> +will write the trace output generated when +<TT>set -x</TT> + +is enabled to that file descriptor. +The file descriptor is closed when +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B> + +</FONT> +is unset or assigned a new value. +Unsetting +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B> + +</FONT> +or assigning it the empty string causes the +trace output to be sent to the standard error. +Note that setting +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B> + +</FONT> +to 2 (the standard error file +descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error +being closed. +<DT><B>COLUMNS</B> + +<DD> +Used by the <B>select</B> builtin command to determine the terminal width +when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH. +<DT><B>COMPREPLY</B> + +<DD> +An array variable from which <B>bash</B> reads the possible completions +generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion +facility (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> below). +<DT><B>EMACS</B> + +<DD> +If <B>bash</B> finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts +with value +<TT>t</TT>, + +it assumes that the shell is running in an emacs shell buffer and disables +line editing. +<DT><B>FCEDIT</B> + +<DD> +The default editor for the +<B>fc</B> + +builtin command. +<DT><B>FIGNORE</B> + +<DD> +A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +filename completion (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE</B> + +</FONT> +below). +A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +is excluded from the list of matched filenames. +A sample value is +<TT>".o:~"</TT>. + +<DT><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +<DD> +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +be ignored by pathname expansion. +If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one +of the patterns in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>, + +</FONT> +it is removed from the list of matches. +<DT><B>HISTCONTROL</B> + +<DD> +A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +the history list. +If the list of values includes +<I>ignorespace</I>, + +lines which begin with a +<B>space</B> + +character are not saved in the history list. +A value of +<I>ignoredups</I> + +causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. +A value of +<I>ignoreboth</I> + +is shorthand for <I>ignorespace</I> and <I>ignoredups</I>. +A value of +<I>erasedups</I> + +causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from +the history list before that line is saved. +Any value not in the above list is ignored. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, or does not include a valid value, +all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, +subject to the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>. + +</FONT> +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>. + +</FONT> +<DT><B>HISTFILE</B> + +<DD> +The name of the file in which command history is saved (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B> + +</FONT> +below). The default value is <A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>. If unset, the +command history is not saved when an interactive shell exits. +<DT><B>HISTFILESIZE</B> + +<DD> +The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this +variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if +necessary, by removing the oldest entries, +to contain no more than that number of lines. The default +value is 500. The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when an interactive shell exits. +<DT><B>HISTIGNORE</B> + +<DD> +A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines +should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the +beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit +`<B>*</B>' is appended). Each pattern is tested against the line +after the checks specified by +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B> + +</FONT> +are applied. +In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `<B>&</B>' +matches the previous history line. `<B>&</B>' may be escaped using a +backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>. + +</FONT> +<DT><B>HISTSIZE</B> + +<DD> +The number of commands to remember in the command history (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B> + +</FONT> +below). The default value is 500. +<DT><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B> + +<DD> +If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for <I>strftime</I>(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the <B>history</B> builtin. +If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +<DT><B>HOME</B> + +<DD> +The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the +<B>cd</B> builtin command. +The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. +<DT><B>HOSTFILE</B> + +<DD> +Contains the name of a file in the same format as + +<I>/etc/hosts</I> + +that should be read when the shell needs to complete a +hostname. +The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the +shell is running; +the next time hostname completion is attempted after the +value is changed, +<B>bash</B> + +adds the contents of the new file to the existing list. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOSTFILE</B> + +</FONT> +is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +<B>bash</B> attempts to read + +<I>/etc/hosts</I> + +to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOSTFILE</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, the hostname list is cleared. +<DT><B>IFS</B> + +<DD> +The +<I>Internal Field Separator</I> + +that is used +for word splitting after expansion and to +split lines into words with the +<B>read</B> + +builtin command. The default value is +``<space><tab><newline>''. +<DT><B>IGNOREEOF</B> + +<DD> +Controls the +action of an interactive shell on receipt of an +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B> + +</FONT> +character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of +consecutive +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B> + +</FONT> +characters which must be +typed as the first characters on an input line before +<B>bash</B> + +exits. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or +has no value, the default value is 10. If it does not exist, +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B> + +</FONT> +signifies the end of input to the shell. +<DT><B>INPUTRC</B> + +<DD> +The filename for the +<B>readline</B> + +startup file, overriding the default of + +<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A> + +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<DT><B>LANG</B> + +<DD> +Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with <B>LC_</B>. +<DT><B>LC_ALL</B> + +<DD> +This variable overrides the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LANG</B> + +</FONT> +and any other +<B>LC_</B> variable specifying a locale category. +<DT><B>LC_COLLATE</B> + +<DD> +This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range +expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within +pathname expansion and pattern matching. +<DT><B>LC_CTYPE</B> + +<DD> +This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern +matching. +<DT><B>LC_MESSAGES</B> + +<DD> +This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a <B>$</B>. +<DT><B>LC_NUMERIC</B> + +<DD> +This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. +<DT><B>LINES</B> + +<DD> +Used by the <B>select</B> builtin command to determine the column length +for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGWINCH</B>. + +</FONT> +<DT><B>MAIL</B> + +<DD> +If this parameter is set to a file name and the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MAILPATH</B> + +</FONT> +variable is not set, +<B>bash</B> + +informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file. +<DT><B>MAILCHECK</B> + +<DD> +Specifies how +often (in seconds) +<B>bash</B> + +checks for mail. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check +for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. +If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number +greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. +<DT><B>MAILPATH</B> + +<DD> +A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail. +The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file +may be specified by separating the file name from the message with a `?'. +When used in the text of the message, <B>$_</B> expands to the name of +the current mailfile. +Example: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>MAILPATH</B>=aq/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"aq +<P> + +<B>Bash</B> + +supplies a default value for this variable, but the location of the user +mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/<B>$USER</B>). +</DL> + +<DT><B>OPTERR</B> + +<DD> +If set to the value 1, +<B>bash</B> + +displays error messages generated by the +<B>getopts</B> + +builtin command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTERR</B> + +</FONT> +is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell +script is executed. +<DT><B>PATH</B> + +<DD> +The search path for commands. It +is a colon-separated list of directories in which +the shell looks for commands (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION</B> + +</FONT> +below). +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +indicates the current directory. +A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial +or trailing colon. +The default path is system-dependent, +and is set by the administrator who installs +<B>bash</B>. + +A common value is +<TT>/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin</TT>. + +<DT><B>POSIXLY_CORRECT</B> + +<DD> +If this variable is in the environment when <B>bash</B> starts, the shell +enters <I>posix mode</I> before reading the startup files, as if the +<B>--posix</B> + +invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is +running, <B>bash</B> enables <I>posix mode</I>, as if the command +<TT>set -o posix</TT> + +had been executed. +<DT><B>PROMPT_COMMAND</B> + +<DD> +If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary +prompt. +<DT><B>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</B> + +<DD> +If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <B>\w</B> and +<B>\W</B> prompt string escapes (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B> + +</FONT> +below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. +<DT><B>PS1</B> + +<DD> +The value of this parameter is expanded (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B> + +</FONT> +below) and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is +``<B>\s-\v\$ </B>''. +<DT><B>PS2</B> + +<DD> +The value of this parameter is expanded as with +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS1</B> + +</FONT> +and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is +``<B>> </B>''. +<DT><B>PS3</B> + +<DD> +The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the +<B>select</B> + +command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B> + +</FONT> +above). +<DT><B>PS4</B> + +<DD> +The value of this parameter is expanded as with +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS1</B> + +</FONT> +and the value is printed before each command +<B>bash</B> + +displays during an execution trace. The first character of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS4</B> + +</FONT> +is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple +levels of indirection. The default is ``<B>+ </B>''. +<DT><B>SHELL</B> + +<DD> +The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable. +If it is not set when the shell starts, +<B>bash</B> + +assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. +<DT><B>TIMEFORMAT</B> + +<DD> +The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the +<B>time</B> + +reserved word should be displayed. +The <B>%</B> character introduces an escape sequence that is +expanded to a time value or other information. +The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the +braces denote optional portions. +<P> +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>%%</B> + +<DD> +A literal <B>%</B>. +<DT><B>%[</B><I>p</I>][l]R + +<DD> +The elapsed time in seconds. +<DT><B>%[</B><I>p</I>][l]U + +<DD> +The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. +<DT><B>%[</B><I>p</I>][l]S + +<DD> +The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. +<DT><B>%P</B> + +<DD> +The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. + +</DL></DL> + +<DT><DD> +The optional <I>p</I> is a digit specifying the <I>precision</I>, +the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. +A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. +At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; +values of <I>p</I> greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If <I>p</I> is not specified, the value 3 is used. +<DT><DD> +The optional <B>l</B> specifies a longer format, including +minutes, of the form <I>MM</I>m<I>SS</I>.<I>FF</I>s. +The value of <I>p</I> determines whether or not the fraction is +included. +<DT><DD> +If this variable is not set, <B>bash</B> acts as if it had the +value <B>$aq\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys %3lSaq</B>. +If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. +<DT><B>TMOUT</B> + +<DD> +If set to a value greater than zero, +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TMOUT</B> + +</FONT> +is treated as the +default timeout for the <B>read</B> builtin. +The <B>select</B> command terminates if input does not arrive +after +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TMOUT</B> + +</FONT> +seconds when input is coming from a terminal. +In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the +number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt. +<B>Bash</B> + +terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does +not arrive. +<DT><B>TMPDIR</B> + +<DD> +If set, <B>Bash</B> uses its value as the name of a directory in which +<B>Bash</B> creates temporary files for the shell's use. +<DT><B>auto_resume</B> + +<DD> +This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +job control. If this variable is set, single word simple +commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption +of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is +more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently +accessed is selected. The +<I>name</I> + +of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to +start it. +If set to the value +<I>exact</I>, + +the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; +if set to +<I>substring</I>, + +the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a +stopped job. The +<I>substring</I> + +value provides functionality analogous to the +<B>%?</B> + +job identifier (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B> + +</FONT> +below). If set to any other value, the supplied string must +be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality +analogous to the <B>%</B><I>string</I> job identifier. +<DT><B>histchars</B> + +<DD> +The two or three characters which control history expansion +and tokenization (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +below). The first character is the <I>history expansion</I> character, +the character which signals the start of a history +expansion, normally `<B>!</B>'. +The second character is the <I>quick substitution</I> +character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous +command entered, substituting one string for another in the command. +The default is `<B>^</B>'. +The optional third character is the character +which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found +as the first character of a word, normally `<B>#</B>'. The history +comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell +parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbAX"> </A> +<H4>Arrays</H4> + +<B>Bash</B> + +provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the +<B>declare</B> + +builtin will explicitly declare an array. +There is no maximum +limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members +be indexed or assigned contiguously. +Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic +expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced +using arbitrary strings. +<P> + +An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +using the syntax <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I>. The +<I>subscript</I> + +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number +greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, +use +<B>declare -a </B><I>name</I> + +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<B>declare -a </B><I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>] + +is also accepted; the <I>subscript</I> is ignored. +<P> + +Associative arrays are created using +<B>declare -A </B><I>name</I>. + +<P> + +Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the +<B>declare</B> + +and +<B>readonly</B> + +builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. +<P> + +Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +<I>name</I>=<B>(</B>value<I>1</I> ... value<I>n</I><B>)</B>, where each +<I>value</I> is of the form [<I>subscript</I>]=<I>string</I>. +Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. +When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript +are supplied, that index is assigned to; +otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned +to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. +<P> + +When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. +<P> + +This syntax is also accepted by the +<B>declare</B> + +builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the +<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I> syntax introduced above. +<P> + +Any element of an array may be referenced using +${<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]}. The braces are required to avoid +conflicts with pathname expansion. If +<I>subscript</I> is <B>@</B> or <B>*</B>, the word expands to +all members of <I>name</I>. These subscripts differ only when the +word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, +${<I>name</I>[*]} expands to a single +word with the value of each array member separated by the first +character of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +special variable, and ${<I>name</I>[@]} expands each element of +<I>name</I> to a separate word. When there are no array members, +${<I>name</I>[@]} expands to nothing. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +This is analogous to the expansion +of the special parameters <B>*</B> and <B>@</B> (see +<B>Special Parameters</B> + +above). ${#<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]} expands to the length of +${<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]}. If <I>subscript</I> is <B>*</B> or +<B>@</B>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing the array with a subscript of 0. +<P> + +An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +value. The null string is a valid value. +<P> + +The +<B>unset</B> + +builtin is used to destroy arrays. <B>unset</B> <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>] +destroys the array element at index <I>subscript</I>. +Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname +expansion. +<B>unset</B> <I>name</I>, where <I>name</I> is an array, or +<B>unset</B> <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>], where +<I>subscript</I> is <B>*</B> or <B>@</B>, removes the entire array. +<P> + +The +<B>declare</B>, + +<B>local</B>, + +and +<B>readonly</B> + +builtins each accept a +<B>-a</B> + +option to specify an indexed array and a +<B>-A</B> + +option to specify an associative array. +The +<B>read</B> + +builtin accepts a +<B>-a</B> + +option to assign a list of words read from the standard input +to an array. The +<B>set</B> + +and +<B>declare</B> + +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be +reused as assignments. +<A NAME="lbAY"> </A> +<H3>EXPANSION</H3> + +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +<I>brace expansion</I>, + +<I>tilde expansion</I>, + +<I>parameter and variable expansion</I>, + +<I>command substitution</I>, + +<I>arithmetic expansion</I>, + +<I>word splitting</I>, + +and +<I>pathname expansion</I>. + +<P> + +The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, +parameter, variable and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution +(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname +expansion. +<P> + +On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: <I>process substitution</I>. +<P> + +Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion +can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +expand a single word to a single word. +The only exceptions to this are the expansions of +"<B>$@</B>" and "<B>${</B><I>name</I><B>[@]}</B>" +as explained above (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>). + +</FONT> +<A NAME="lbAZ"> </A> +<H4>Brace Expansion</H4> + +<P> + +<I>Brace expansion</I> + +is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings +may be generated. This mechanism is similar to +<I>pathname expansion</I>, but the filenames generated +need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take +the form of an optional +<I>preamble</I>, + +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or +a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by +an optional +<I>postscript</I>. + +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained +within the braces, and the postscript is then appended +to each resulting string, expanding left to right. +<P> + +Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded +string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. +For example, a<B>{</B>d,c,b<B>}</B>e expands into `ade ace abe'. +<P> + +A sequence expression takes the form +<B>{</B><I>x</I><B>..</B><I>y</I><B>[..</B><I>incr</I><B>]}</B>, +where <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> are either integers or single characters, +and <I>incr</I>, an optional increment, is an integer. +When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between +<I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with <I>0</I> to force each term to have the +same width. When either <I>x</I> or y begins with a zero, the shell +attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, +zero-padding where necessary. +When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between <I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive. Note that +both <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> must be of the same type. +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. +<P> + +Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +and any characters special to other expansions are preserved +in the result. It is strictly textual. +<B>Bash</B> + +does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the +expansion or the text between the braces. +<P> + +A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid +sequence expression. +Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. +A <B>{</B> or <B>,</B> may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +being considered part of a brace expression. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string <B>${</B> +is not considered eligible for brace expansion. +<P> + +This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the +above example: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} +</DL> + +or +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} +</DL> + +<P> + +Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with +historical versions of +<B>sh</B>. + +<B>sh</B> + +does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they +appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. +<B>Bash</B> + +removes braces from words as a consequence of brace +expansion. For example, a word entered to +<B>sh</B> + +as <I>file{1,2}</I> +appears identically in the output. The same word is +output as +<I>file1 file2</I> + +after expansion by +<B>bash</B>. + +If strict compatibility with +<B>sh</B> + +is desired, start +<B>bash</B> + +with the +<B>+B </B> + +option or disable brace expansion with the +<B>+B</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<A NAME="lbBA"> </A> +<H4>Tilde Expansion</H4> + +<P> + +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`<B>~</B>'), all of +the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <I>tilde-prefix</I>. +If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the +characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a +possible <I>login name</I>. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the shell parameter +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOME</B>. + +</FONT> +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOME</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is +substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. +<P> + +If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PWD</B> + +</FONT> +replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of the shell variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OLDPWD</B>, + +</FONT> +if it is set, is substituted. +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist +of a number <I>N</I>, optionally prefixed +by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding +element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the +<B>dirs</B> + +builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument. +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. +<P> + +If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word +is unchanged. +<P> + +Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a +<B>:</B> + +or the first +<B>=</B>. + +In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. +Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MAILPATH</B>, + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>, + +</FONT> +and the shell assigns the expanded value. +<A NAME="lbBB"> </A> +<H4>Parameter Expansion</H4> + +<P> + +The `<B>$</B>' character introduces parameter expansion, +command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name +or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which +are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from +characters immediately following it which could be +interpreted as part of the name. +<P> + +When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `<B>}</B>' +not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>${<I>parameter</I>}<DD> +The value of <I>parameter</I> is substituted. The braces are required +when +<I>parameter</I> + +is a positional parameter with more than one digit, +or when +<I>parameter</I> + +is followed by a character which is not to be +interpreted as part of its name. + +</DL> +<P> + +If the first character of <I>parameter</I> is an exclamation point (<B>!</B>), +a level of variable indirection is introduced. +<B>Bash</B> uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of +<I>parameter</I> as the name of the variable; this variable is then +expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather +than the value of <I>parameter</I> itself. +This is known as <I>indirect expansion</I>. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<I>prefix</I>*} and +${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]} described below. +The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. +<P> + +In each of the cases below, <I>word</I> is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +<P> + +When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below, +<B>bash</B> tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the colon +results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:-</B><I>word</I>}<DD> +<B>Use Default Values</B>. If +<I>parameter</I> + +is unset or null, the expansion of +<I>word</I> + +is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +<I>parameter</I> + +is substituted. +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:=</B><I>word</I>}<DD> +<B>Assign Default Values</B>. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is unset or null, the expansion of +<I>word</I> + +is assigned to +<I>parameter</I>. + +The value of +<I>parameter</I> + +is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may +not be assigned to in this way. +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:?</B><I>word</I>}<DD> +<B>Display Error if Null or Unset</B>. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is null or unset, the expansion of <I>word</I> (or a message to that effect +if +<I>word</I> + +is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of <I>parameter</I> is +substituted. +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:+</B><I>word</I>}<DD> +<B>Use Alternate Value</B>. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of +<I>word</I> + +is substituted. +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I>}<DD> + +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I><B>:</B><I>length</I>}<DD> + +<B>Substring Expansion.</B> +Expands to up to <I>length</I> characters of <I>parameter</I> +starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>. +If <I>length</I> is omitted, expands to the substring of +<I>parameter</I> starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>. +<I>length</I> and <I>offset</I> are arithmetic expressions (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<I>length</I> must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. +If <I>offset</I> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +is used as an offset from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I>. +If <I>parameter</I> is <B>@</B>, the result is <I>length</I> positional +parameters beginning at <I>offset</I>. +If <I>parameter</I> is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, +the result is the <I>length</I> +members of the array beginning with ${<I>parameter</I>[<I>offset</I>]}. +A negative <I>offset</I> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum +index of the specified array. +Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined +results. +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion. +Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. +If <I>offset</I> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <B>$0</B> is +prefixed to the list. +<DT>${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>*</B>}<DD> + +<DT>${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>@</B>}<DD> + +<B>Names matching prefix.</B> +Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <I>prefix</I>, +separated by the first character of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +special variable. +When <I>@</I> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +variable name expands to a separate word. +<DT>${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]}<DD> + +<DT>${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>*</I>]}<DD> + +<B>List of array keys.</B> +If <I>name</I> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in <I>name</I>. +If <I>name</I> is not an array, expands to 0 if <I>name</I> is set and null +otherwise. +When <I>@</I> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +key expands to a separate word. +<DT>${<B>#</B><I>parameter</I>}<DD> +<B>Parameter length.</B> +The length in characters of the value of <I>parameter</I> is substituted. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is +<B>*</B> + +or +<B>@</B>, + +the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is an array name subscripted by +<B>*</B> + +or +<B>@</B>, + +the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>#</B><I>word</I>}<DD> + +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>##</B><I>word</I>}<DD> + +<B>Remove matching prefix pattern.</B> +The +<I>word</I> + +is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname +expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of +the value of +<I>parameter</I>, + +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of +<I>parameter</I> + +with the shortest matching pattern (the ``<B>#</B>'' case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ``<B>##</B>'' case) deleted. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is +<B>@</B> + +or +<B>*</B>, + +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is an array variable subscripted with +<B>@</B> + +or +<B>*</B>, + +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>%</B><I>word</I>}<DD> + +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>%%</B><I>word</I>}<DD> + +<B>Remove matching suffix pattern.</B> +The <I>word</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of +<I>parameter</I>, + +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of +<I>parameter</I> + +with the shortest matching pattern (the ``<B>%</B>'' case) or the +longest matching pattern (the ``<B>%%</B>'' case) deleted. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is +<B>@</B> + +or +<B>*</B>, + +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is an array variable subscripted with +<B>@</B> + +or +<B>*</B>, + +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD> +<B>Pattern substitution.</B> +The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +<I>Parameter</I> is expanded and the longest match of <I>pattern</I> +against its value is replaced with <I>string</I>. +If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>/</B>, all matches of <I>pattern</I> are +replaced with <I>string</I>. Normally only the first match is replaced. +If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>#</B>, it must match at the beginning +of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>. +If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>%</B>, it must match at the end +of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>. +If <I>string</I> is null, matches of <I>pattern</I> are deleted +and the <B>/</B> following <I>pattern</I> may be omitted. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is +<B>@</B> + +or +<B>*</B>, + +the substitution operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is an array variable subscripted with +<B>@</B> + +or +<B>*</B>, + +the substitution operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>^</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD> + +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>^^</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD> +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>,</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD> +<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>,,</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD> + +<B>Case modification.</B> +This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <I>parameter</I>. +The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +pathname expansion. +The <B>^</B> operator converts lowercase letters matching <I>pattern</I> +to uppercase; the <B>,</B> operator converts matching uppercase letters +to lowercase. +The <B>^^</B> and <B>,,</B> expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the <B>^</B> and <B>,</B> expansions match and convert only +the first character in the expanded value.. +If <I>pattern</I> is omitted, it is treated like a <B>?</B>, which matches +every character. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is +<B>@</B> + +or +<B>*</B>, + +the case modification operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If +<I>parameter</I> + +is an array variable subscripted with +<B>@</B> + +or +<B>*</B>, + +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +</DL> +<A NAME="lbBC"> </A> +<H4>Command Substitution</H4> + +<P> + +<I>Command substitution</I> allows the output of a command to replace +the command name. There are two forms: +<P> + +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>$(</B><I>command</I><B>)</B> +</DL> + +or +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<B>`</B><I>command</I><B>`</B> +</DL> + +<P> + +<B>Bash</B> + +performs the expansion by executing <I>command</I> and +replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +command, with any trailing newlines deleted. +Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during +word splitting. +The command substitution <B>$(cat </B><I>file</I>) can be replaced by +the equivalent but faster <B>$(< </B><I>file</I>). +<P> + +When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by +<B>$</B>, + +<B>`</B>, + +or +<B>\</B>. + +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the +command substitution. +When using the $(<I>command</I>) form, all characters between the +parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. +<P> + +Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, +escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. +<P> + +If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +pathname expansion are not performed on the results. +<A NAME="lbBD"> </A> +<H4>Arithmetic Expansion</H4> + +<P> + +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>$((</B><I>expression</I><B>))</B> +</DL> + +<P> + +The +<I>expression</I> + +is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote +inside the parentheses is not treated specially. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string +expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. +Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +<P> + +The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>. + +</FONT> +If +<I>expression</I> + +is invalid, +<B>bash</B> + +prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. +<A NAME="lbBE"> </A> +<H4>Process Substitution</H4> + +<P> + +<I>Process substitution</I> is supported on systems that support named +pipes (<I>FIFOs</I>) or the <B>/dev/fd</B> method of naming open files. +It takes the form of +<B><(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> +or +<B>>(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B>. +The process <I>list</I> is run with its input or output connected to a +<I>FIFO</I> or some file in <B>/dev/fd</B>. The name of this file is +passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the +expansion. If the <B>>(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for <I>list</I>. If the +<B><(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of <I>list</I>. +<P> + +When available, process substitution is performed +simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, +and arithmetic expansion. +<A NAME="lbBF"> </A> +<H4>Word Splitting</H4> + +<P> + +The shell scans the results of +parameter expansion, +command substitution, +and +arithmetic expansion +that did not occur within double quotes for +<I>word splitting</I>. + +<P> + +The shell treats each character of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other +expansions into words on these characters. If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, or its +value is exactly +<B><space><tab><newline></B>, + +the default, then +sequences of +<B><space></B>, + +<B><tab></B>, + +and +<B><newline></B> + +at the beginning and end of the results of the previous +expansions are ignored, and +any sequence of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters +<B>space</B> + +and +<B>tab</B> + +are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the +value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +(an +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +whitespace character). +Any character in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +that is not +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +whitespace, along with any adjacent +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +whitespace characters, delimits a field. +A sequence of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +is null, no word splitting occurs. +<P> + +Explicit null arguments (<B>""</B> or <B>aqaq</B>) are retained. +Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of +parameters that have no values, are removed. +If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a +null argument results and is retained. +<P> + +Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +is performed. +<A NAME="lbBG"> </A> +<H4>Pathname Expansion</H4> + +<P> + +After word splitting, +unless the +<B>-f</B> + +option has been set, +<B>bash</B> + +scans each word for the characters +<B>*</B>, + +<B>?</B>, + +and +<B>[</B>. + +If one of these characters appears, then the word is +regarded as a +<I>pattern</I>, + +and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of +file names matching the pattern. +If no matching file names are found, +and the shell option +<B>nullglob</B> + +is not enabled, the word is left unchanged. +If the +<B>nullglob</B> + +option is set, and no matches are found, +the word is removed. +If the +<B>failglob</B> + +shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message +is printed and the command is not executed. +If the shell option +<B>nocaseglob</B> + +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, +the character +<B>``.''</B> + +at the start of a name or immediately following a slash +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option +<B>dotglob</B> + +is set. +When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly. +In other cases, the +<B>``.''</B> + +character is not treated specially. +See the description of +<B>shopt</B> + +below under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +for a description of the +<B>nocaseglob</B>, + +<B>nullglob</B>, + +<B>failglob</B>, + +and +<B>dotglob</B> + +shell options. +<P> + +The +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a +<I>pattern</I>. + +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +is removed from the list of matches. +The file names +<B>``.''</B> + +and +<B>``..''</B> + +are always ignored when +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +is set and not null. However, setting +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the +<B>dotglob</B> + +shell option, so all other file names beginning with a +<B>``.''</B> + +will match. +To get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a +<B>``.''</B>, + +make +<B>``.*''</B> + +one of the patterns in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>. + +</FONT> +The +<B>dotglob</B> + +option is disabled when +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +is unset. +<P> + +<B>Pattern Matching</B> +<P> + +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not +occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. +The special pattern characters must be quoted if +they are to be matched literally. +<P> + +The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>*</B> + +<DD> +Matches any string, including the null string. +When the <B>globstar</B> shell option is enabled, and <B>*</B> is used in +a pathname expansion context, two adjacent <B>*</B>s used as a single +pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and +subdirectories. +If followed by a <B>/</B>, two adjacent <B>*</B>s will match only directories +and subdirectories. +<DT><B>?</B> + +<DD> +Matches any single character. +<DT><B>[...]</B> + +<DD> +Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a +<I>range expression</I>; +any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, +using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, +is matched. If the first character following the +<B>[</B> + +is a +<B>!</B> + +or a +<B>^</B> + +then any character not enclosed is matched. +The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by +the current locale and the value of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LC_COLLATE</B> + +</FONT> +shell variable, +if set. +A +<B>-</B> + +may be matched by including it as the first or last character +in the set. +A +<B>]</B> + +may be matched by including it as the first character +in the set. +<BR> + +<P> + + +Within +<B>[</B> + +and +<B>]</B>, + +<I>character classes</I> can be specified using the syntax +<B>[:</B><I>class</I><B>:]</B>, where <I>class</I> is one of the +following classes defined in the POSIX standard: +</DL> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<B> +</B> + +alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit +<BR> + +A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The <B>word</B> character class matches letters, digits, and the character _. +<BR> + +<P> + + +Within +<B>[</B> + +and +<B>]</B>, + +an <I>equivalence class</I> can be specified using the syntax +<B>[=</B><I>c</I><B>=]</B>, which matches all characters with the +same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as +the character <I>c</I>. +<BR> + +<P> + + +Within +<B>[</B> + +and +<B>]</B>, + +the syntax <B>[.</B><I>symbol</I><B>.]</B> matches the collating symbol +<I>symbol</I>. +</DL> + + +<P> + +If the <B>extglob</B> shell option is enabled using the <B>shopt</B> +builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. +In the following description, a <I>pattern-list</I> is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a <B>|</B>. +Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following +sub-patterns: +<P> + +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>?(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD> +Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns +<DT><B>*(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD> +Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns +<DT><B>+(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD> +Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns +<DT><B>@(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD> +Matches one of the given patterns +<DT><B>!(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD> +Matches anything except one of the given patterns +</DL></DL> + + +<A NAME="lbBH"> </A> +<H4>Quote Removal</H4> + +<P> + +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters +<B>\</B>, + +<B>aq</B>, + +and <B>"</B> that did not result from one of the above +expansions are removed. +<A NAME="lbBI"> </A> +<H3>REDIRECTION</H3> + +Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be +<I>redirected</I> + +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. +Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a +<I>simple command</I> + +or may follow a +<I>command</I>. + +Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from +left to right. +<P> + +Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<I>varname</I>}. +In this case, for each redirection operator except +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than 10 and assign it to <I>varname</I>. If >&- or <&- is preceded +by {<I>varname</I>}, the value of <I>varname</I> defines the file +descriptor to close. +<P> + +In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is +<B><</B>, + +the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor +0). If the first character of the redirection operator is +<B>></B>, + +the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor +1). +<P> + +The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. +If it expands to more than one word, +<B>bash</B> + +reports an error. +<P> + +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +ls <B>></B> dirlist 2<B>>&</B>1 +</DL> + +<P> + +directs both standard output and standard error to the file +<I>dirlist</I>, + +while the command +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +ls 2<B>>&</B>1 <B>></B> dirlist +</DL> + +<P> + +directs only the standard output to file +<I>dirlist</I>, + +because the standard error was duplicated from the standard output +before the standard output was redirected to +<I>dirlist</I>. + +<P> + +<B>Bash</B> handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>/dev/fd/</B><I>fd</I> + +<DD> +If <I>fd</I> is a valid integer, file descriptor <I>fd</I> is duplicated. +<DT><B>/dev/stdin</B> + +<DD> +File descriptor 0 is duplicated. +<DT><B>/dev/stdout</B> + +<DD> +File descriptor 1 is duplicated. +<DT><B>/dev/stderr</B> + +<DD> +File descriptor 2 is duplicated. +<DT><B>/dev/tcp/</B><I>host</I>/<I>port</I> + +<DD> +If <I>host</I> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <I>port</I> +is an integer port number or service name, <B>bash</B> attempts to open +a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. +<DT><B>/dev/udp/</B><I>host</I>/<I>port</I> + +<DD> +If <I>host</I> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <I>port</I> +is an integer port number or service name, <B>bash</B> attempts to open +a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. + +</DL></DL> + +<P> + +A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. +<P> + +Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. +<A NAME="lbBJ"> </A> +<H4>Redirecting Input</H4> + +<P> + +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +<I>word</I> + +to be opened for reading on file descriptor +<I>n</I>, + +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if +<I>n</I> + +is not specified. +<P> + +The general format for redirecting input is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<I>n</I>]<B><</B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +<A NAME="lbBK"> </A> +<H4>Redirecting Output</H4> + +<P> + +Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +<I>word</I> + +to be opened for writing on file descriptor +<I>n</I>, + +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if +<I>n</I> + +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; +if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. +<P> + +The general format for redirecting output is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<I>n</I>]<B>></B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +If the redirection operator is +<B>></B>, + +and the +<B>noclobber</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file +whose name results from the expansion of <I>word</I> exists and is +a regular file. +If the redirection operator is +<B>>|</B>, + +or the redirection operator is +<B>></B> + +and the +<B>noclobber</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even +if the file named by <I>word</I> exists. +<A NAME="lbBL"> </A> +<H4>Appending Redirected Output</H4> + +<P> + +Redirection of output in this fashion +causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of +<I>word</I> + +to be opened for appending on file descriptor +<I>n</I>, + +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if +<I>n</I> + +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. +<P> + +The general format for appending output is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<I>n</I>]<B>>></B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +<A NAME="lbBM"> </A> +<H4>Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</H4> + +<P> + +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be redirected to the file whose name is the +expansion of +<I>word</I>. + +<P> + +There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +standard error: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>&></B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +and +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<B>>&</B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +This is semantically equivalent to +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>></B><I>word</I> 2<B>>&</B>1 +</DL> + +<P> + +<A NAME="lbBN"> </A> +<H4>Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</H4> + +<P> + +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be appended to the file whose name is the +expansion of +<I>word</I>. + +<P> + +The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>&>></B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +This is semantically equivalent to +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>>></B><I>word</I> 2<B>>&</B>1 +</DL> + +<A NAME="lbBO"> </A> +<H4>Here Documents</H4> + +<P> + +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only +<I>delimiter</I> + +(with no trailing blanks) +is seen. All of +the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard +input for a command. +<P> + +The format of here-documents is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<PRE> +<B><<</B>[<B>-</B>]<I>word</I> + <I>here-document</I> +<I>delimiter</I> +</PRE> + +</DL> + +<P> + +No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +or pathname expansion is performed on +<I>word</I>. + +If any characters in +<I>word</I> + +are quoted, the +<I>delimiter</I> + +is the result of quote removal on +<I>word</I>, + +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If <I>word</I> is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter +case, the character sequence +<B>\<newline></B> + +is ignored, and +<B>\</B> + +must be used to quote the characters +<B>\</B>, + +<B>$</B>, + +and +<B>`</B>. + +<P> + +If the redirection operator is +<B><<-</B>, + +then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the +line containing +<I>delimiter</I>. + +This allows +here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a +natural fashion. +<A NAME="lbBP"> </A> +<H4>Here Strings</H4> + +A variant of here documents, the format is: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<PRE> +<B><<<</B><I>word</I> +</PRE> + +</DL> + +<P> + +The <I>word</I> is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard +input. +<A NAME="lbBQ"> </A> +<H4>Duplicating File Descriptors</H4> + +<P> + +The redirection operator +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<I>n</I>]<B><&</B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If +<I>word</I> + +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by +<I>n</I> + +is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. +If the digits in +<I>word</I> + +do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. +If +<I>word</I> + +evaluates to +<B>-</B>, + +file descriptor +<I>n</I> + +is closed. If +<I>n</I> + +is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +<P> + +The operator +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<I>n</I>]<B>>&</B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +<I>n</I> + +is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in +<I>word</I> + +do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs. +As a special case, if <I>n</I> is omitted, and <I>word</I> does not +expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. +<A NAME="lbBR"> </A> +<H4>Moving File Descriptors</H4> + +<P> + +The redirection operator +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<I>n</I>]<B><&</B><I>digit</I><B>-</B> +</DL> + +<P> + +moves the file descriptor <I>digit</I> to file descriptor +<I>n</I>, + +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <I>n</I> is not specified. +<I>digit</I> is closed after being duplicated to <I>n</I>. +<P> + +Similarly, the redirection operator +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<I>n</I>]<B>>&</B><I>digit</I><B>-</B> +</DL> + +<P> + +moves the file descriptor <I>digit</I> to file descriptor +<I>n</I>, + +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <I>n</I> is not specified. +<A NAME="lbBS"> </A> +<H4>Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</H4> + +<P> + +The redirection operator +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[<I>n</I>]<B><></B><I>word</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +causes the file whose name is the expansion of +<I>word</I> + +to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor +<I>n</I>, + +or on file descriptor 0 if +<I>n</I> + +is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. +<A NAME="lbBT"> </A> +<H3>ALIASES</H3> + +<I>Aliases</I> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +as the first word of a simple command. +The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the +<B>alias</B> + +and +<B>unalias</B> + +builtin commands (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, +is checked to see if it has an +alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. +The characters <B>/</B>, <B>$</B>, <B>`</B>, and <B>=</B> and +any of the shell <I>metacharacters</I> or quoting characters +listed above may not appear in an alias name. +The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, +including shell metacharacters. +The first word of the replacement text is tested +for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded +is not expanded a second time. +This means that one may alias +<B>ls</B> + +to +<B>ls -F</B>, + +for instance, and +<B>bash</B> + +does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. +If the last character of the alias value is a +<I>blank</I>, + +then the next command +word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. +<P> + +Aliases are created and listed with the +<B>alias</B> + +command, and removed with the +<B>unalias</B> + +command. +<P> + +There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. +If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<P> + +Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless +the +<B>expand_aliases</B> + +shell option is set using +<B>shopt</B> + +(see the description of +<B>shopt</B> + +under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B></FONT> +below). +<P> + +The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +somewhat confusing. +<B>Bash</B> + +always reads at least one complete line +of input before executing any +of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another +command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. +The commands following the alias definition +on that line are not affected by the new alias. +This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, +not when the function is executed, because a function definition +is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases +defined in a function are not available until after that +function is executed. To be safe, always put +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use +<B>alias</B> + +in compound commands. +<P> + +For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by +shell functions. +<A NAME="lbBU"> </A> +<H3>FUNCTIONS</H3> + +A shell function, defined as described above under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>, + +</FONT> +stores a series of commands for later execution. +When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, +the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. +Functions are executed in the context of the +current shell; no new process is created to interpret +them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). +When a function is executed, the arguments to the +function become the positional parameters +during its execution. +The special parameter +<B>#</B> + +is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 +is unchanged. +The first element of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B> + +</FONT> +variable is set to the name of the function while the function +is executing. +<P> + +All other aspects of the shell execution +environment are identical between a function and its caller +with these exceptions: the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DEBUG</B> + +</FONT> +and +<B>RETURN</B> + +traps (see the description of the +<B>trap</B> + +builtin under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below) are not inherited unless the function has been given the +<B>trace</B> attribute (see the description of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>declare</B> + +</FONT> +builtin below) or the +<B>-o functrace</B> shell option has been enabled with +the <B>set</B> builtin +(in which case all functions inherit the <B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps), +and the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ERR</B> + +</FONT> +trap is not inherited unless the <B>-o errtrace</B> shell option has +been enabled. +<P> + +Variables local to the function may be declared with the +<B>local</B> + +builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values +are shared between the function and its caller. +<P> + +If the builtin command +<B>return</B> + +is executed in a function, the function completes and +execution resumes with the next command after the function +call. +Any command associated with the <B>RETURN</B> trap is executed +before execution resumes. +When a function completes, the values of the +positional parameters and the special parameter +<B>#</B> + +are restored to the values they had prior to the function's +execution. +<P> + +Function names and definitions may be listed with the +<B>-f</B> + +option to the +<B>declare</B> + +or +<B>typeset</B> + +builtin commands. The +<B>-F</B> + +option to +<B>declare</B> + +or +<B>typeset</B> + +will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <B>extdebug</B> +shell option is enabled). +Functions may be exported so that subshells +automatically have them defined with the +<B>-f</B> + +option to the +<B>export</B> + +builtin. +A function definition may be deleted using the <B>-f</B> option to +the +<B>unset</B> + +builtin. +Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result +in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the +shell's children. +Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. +<P> + +Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number +of recursive calls. +<A NAME="lbBV"> </A> +<H3>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</H3> + +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under +certain circumstances (see the <B>let</B> and <B>declare</B> builtin +commands and <B>Arithmetic Expansion</B>). +Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. +The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values +are the same as in the C language. +The following list of operators is grouped into levels of +equal-precedence operators. +The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B></B><I>id</I>++ <I>id</I>-- + +<DD> +variable post-increment and post-decrement +<DT><B>++</B><I>id</I> --<I>id</I> + +<DD> +variable pre-increment and pre-decrement +<DT><B>- +</B> + +<DD> +unary minus and plus +<DT><B>! ~</B> + +<DD> +logical and bitwise negation +<DT><B>**</B> + +<DD> +exponentiation +<DT><B>* / %</B> + +<DD> +multiplication, division, remainder +<DT><B>+ -</B> + +<DD> +addition, subtraction +<DT><B><< >></B> + +<DD> +left and right bitwise shifts +<DT><B><= >= < ></B> + +<DD> +comparison +<DT><B>== !=</B> + +<DD> +equality and inequality +<DT><B>&</B> + +<DD> +bitwise AND +<DT><B>^</B> + +<DD> +bitwise exclusive OR +<DT><B>|</B> + +<DD> +bitwise OR +<DT><B>&&</B> + +<DD> +logical AND +<DT><B>||</B> + +<DD> +logical OR +<DT><B></B><I>expr</I>?<I>expr</I>:<I>expr</I> + +<DD> +conditional operator +<DT><B>= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=</B> + +<DD> +assignment +<DT><B></B><I>expr1</I> , <I>expr2</I> + +<DD> +comma + +</DL> +<P> + +Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. +Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name +without using the parameter expansion syntax. +A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced +by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. +The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression +when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the +<I>integer</I> attribute using <B>declare -i</B> is assigned a value. +A null value evaluates to 0. +A shell variable need not have its integer attribute +turned on to be used in an expression. +<P> + +Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. +Otherwise, numbers take the form [<I>base#</I>]n, where <I>base</I> +is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic +base, and <I>n</I> is a number in that base. +If <I>base#</I> is omitted, then base 10 is used. +The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. +If <I>base</I> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 +and 35. +<P> + +Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence +rules above. +<A NAME="lbBW"> </A> +<H3>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</H3> + +Conditional expressions are used by the <B>[[</B> compound command and +the <B>test</B> and <B>[</B> builtin commands to test file attributes +and perform string and arithmetic comparisons. +Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. +If any <I>file</I> argument to one of the primaries is of the form +<I>/dev/fd/n</I>, then file descriptor <I>n</I> is checked. +If the <I>file</I> argument to one of the primaries is one of +<I>/dev/stdin</I>, <I>/dev/stdout</I>, or <I>/dev/stderr</I>, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +<P> + +Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. +<P> + + +When used with <B>[[</B>, The <B><</B> and <B>></B> operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-a </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists. +<DT><B>-b </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is a block special file. +<DT><B>-c </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is a character special file. +<DT><B>-d </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is a directory. +<DT><B>-e </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists. +<DT><B>-f </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is a regular file. +<DT><B>-g </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is set-group-id. +<DT><B>-h </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is a symbolic link. +<DT><B>-k </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set. +<DT><B>-p </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). +<DT><B>-r </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is readable. +<DT><B>-s </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and has a size greater than zero. +<DT><B>-t </B><I>fd</I> + +<DD> +True if file descriptor +<I>fd</I> + +is open and refers to a terminal. +<DT><B>-u </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and its set-user-id bit is set. +<DT><B>-w </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is writable. +<DT><B>-x </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is executable. +<DT><B>-O </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is owned by the effective user id. +<DT><B>-G </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is owned by the effective group id. +<DT><B>-L </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is a symbolic link. +<DT><B>-S </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and is a socket. +<DT><B>-N </B><I>file</I> + +<DD> +True if <I>file</I> exists and has been modified since it was last read. +<DT><I>file1</I> -<B>nt</B> <I>file2</I><DD> +True if <I>file1</I> is newer (according to modification date) than <I>file2</I>, +or if <I>file1</I> exists and file2 does not. +<DT><I>file1</I> -<B>ot</B> <I>file2</I><DD> +True if <I>file1</I> is older than <I>file2</I>, or if <I>file2</I> exists +and <I>file1</I> does not. +<DT><I>file1</I> <B>-ef</B> <I>file2</I><DD> +True if <I>file1</I> and <I>file2</I> refer to the same device and +inode numbers. +<DT><B>-o </B><I>optname</I> + +<DD> +True if shell option +<I>optname</I> + +is enabled. +See the list of options under the description of the +<B>-o</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin below. +<DT><B>-z </B><I>string</I> + +<DD> +True if the length of <I>string</I> is zero. +<DT><I>string</I><DD> + +<DT><B>-n </B><I>string</I> + +<DD> + +True if the length of +<I>string</I> + +is non-zero. +<DT><I>string1</I> <B>==</B> <I>string2</I><DD> + +<DT><I>string1</I> <B>=</B> <I>string2</I><DD> + +True if the strings are equal. <B>=</B> should be used +with the <B>test</B> command for POSIX conformance. +<DT><I>string1</I> <B>!=</B> <I>string2</I><DD> +True if the strings are not equal. +<DT><I>string1</I> <B><</B> <I>string2</I><DD> +True if <I>string1</I> sorts before <I>string2</I> lexicographically. +<DT><I>string1</I> <B>></B> <I>string2</I><DD> +True if <I>string1</I> sorts after <I>string2</I> lexicographically. +<DT><I>arg1</I> <B>OP</B> <I>arg2</I> + +<DD> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OP</B> + +</FONT> +is one of +<B>-eq</B>, + +<B>-ne</B>, + +<B>-lt</B>, + +<B>-le</B>, + +<B>-gt</B>, + +or +<B>-ge</B>. + +These arithmetic binary operators return true if <I>arg1</I> +is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, +greater than, or greater than or equal to <I>arg2</I>, respectively. +<I>Arg1</I> + +and +<I>arg2</I> + +may be positive or negative integers. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbBX"> </A> +<H3>SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION</H3> + +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>1.<DD> +The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later +processing. +<DT>2.<DD> +The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word +is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are +the arguments. +<DT>3.<DD> +Redirections are performed as described above under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B>. + +</FONT> +<DT>4.<DD> +The text after the <B>=</B> in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. +</DL> +<P> + +If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment +of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. +If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. +<P> + +If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. +<P> + +If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions +contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is +the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there +were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. +<A NAME="lbBY"> </A> +<H3>COMMAND EXECUTION</H3> + +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following +actions are taken. +<P> + +If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that +function is invoked as described above in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B>. + +</FONT> +If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that +builtin is invoked. +<P> + +If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +and contains no slashes, +<B>bash</B> + +searches each element of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +for a directory containing an executable file by that name. +<B>Bash</B> + +uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable +files (see +<B>hash</B> + +under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +A full search of the directories in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. +If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell +function named <B>command_not_found_handle</B>. +If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and +the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's +exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. +If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error +message and returns an exit status of 127. +<P> + +If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a +separate execution environment. +Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments +to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. +<P> + +If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be +a <I>shell script</I>, a file +containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute +it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so +that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked +to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of +commands remembered by the parent (see +<B>hash</B> + +below under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>)</FONT> +are retained by the child. +<P> + +If the program is a file beginning with +<B>#!</B>, + +the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter +for the program. The shell executes the +specified interpreter on operating systems that do not +handle this executable format themselves. The arguments to the +interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the +interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed +by the name of the program, followed by the command +arguments, if any. +<A NAME="lbBZ"> </A> +<H3>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</H3> + +The shell has an <I>execution environment</I>, which consists of the +following: + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>*<DD> +open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the <B>exec</B> builtin +<DT>*<DD> +the current working directory as set by <B>cd</B>, <B>pushd</B>, or +<B>popd</B>, or inherited by the shell at invocation +<DT>*<DD> +the file creation mode mask as set by <B>umask</B> or inherited from +the shell's parent +<DT>*<DD> +current traps set by <B>trap</B> +<DT>*<DD> +shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <B>set</B> +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +<DT>*<DD> +shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment +<DT>*<DD> +options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by <B>set</B> +<DT>*<DD> +options enabled by <B>shopt</B> +<DT>*<DD> +shell aliases defined with <B>alias</B> +<DT>*<DD> +various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value +of <B>$$</B>, and the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PPID</B> + +</FONT> +</DL> +<P> + +When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +is to be executed, it +is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of +the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited +from the shell. + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>*<DD> +the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command +<DT>*<DD> +the current working directory +<DT>*<DD> +the file creation mode mask +<DT>*<DD> +shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment +<DT>*<DD> +traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored +</DL> +<P> + +A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. +<P> + +Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +and asynchronous commands are invoked in a +subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, +except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values +that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin +commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a +subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment +cannot affect the shell's execution environment. +<P> + +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the <B>-e</B> option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode, +Bash clears the <B>-e</B> option in such subshells. +<P> + +If a command is followed by a <B>&</B> and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file <I>/dev/null</I>. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling +shell as modified by redirections. +<A NAME="lbCA"> </A> +<H3>ENVIRONMENT</H3> + +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the +<I>environment</I>. + +This is a list of +<I>name</I>-<I>value</I> pairs, of the form +<I>name</I>=value. + +<P> + +The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and +creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking +it for +<I>export</I> + +to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. +The +<B>export</B> + +and +<B>declare -x</B> + +commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter +in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part +of the environment, replacing the old. The environment +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's +initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, +less any pairs removed by the +<B>unset</B> + +command, plus any additions via the +<B>export</B> + +and +<B>declare -x</B> + +commands. +<P> + +The environment for any +<I>simple command</I> + +or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with +parameter assignments, as described above in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>. + +</FONT> +These assignment statements affect only the environment seen +by that command. +<P> + +If the +<B>-k</B> + +option is set (see the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command below), then +<I>all</I> + +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, +not just those that precede the command name. +<P> + +When +<B>bash</B> + +invokes an external command, the variable +<B>_</B> + +is set to the full file name of the command and passed to that +command in its environment. +<A NAME="lbCB"> </A> +<H3>EXIT STATUS</H3> + +<P> + +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +<I>waitpid</I> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may +use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific +failure modes. +<P> + +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero +indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. +When a command terminates on a fatal signal <I>N</I>, <B>bash</B> uses +the value of 128+<I>N</I> as the exit status. +<P> + +If a command is not found, the child process created to +execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found +but is not executable, the return status is 126. +<P> + +If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +the exit status is greater than zero. +<P> + +Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (<I>true</I>) if +successful, and non-zero (<I>false</I>) if an error occurs +while they execute. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. +<P> + +<B>Bash</B> itself returns the exit status of the last command +executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits +with a non-zero value. See also the <B>exit</B> builtin +command below. +<A NAME="lbCC"> </A> +<H3>SIGNALS</H3> + +When <B>bash</B> is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTERM</B> + +</FONT> +(so that <B>kill 0</B> does not kill an interactive shell), +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B> + +</FONT> +is caught and handled (so that the <B>wait</B> builtin is interruptible). +In all cases, <B>bash</B> ignores +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGQUIT</B>. + +</FONT> +If job control is in effect, +<B>bash</B> + +ignores +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTIN</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTOU</B>, + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTSTP</B>. + +</FONT> +<P> + +Non-builtin commands run by <B>bash</B> have signal handlers +set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. +When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands +ignore +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B> + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGQUIT</B> + +</FONT> +in addition to these inherited handlers. +Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the +keyboard-generated job control signals +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTIN</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTOU</B>, + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTSTP</B>. + +</FONT> +<P> + +The shell exits by default upon receipt of a +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>. + +</FONT> +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B> + +</FONT> +to all jobs, running or stopped. +Stopped jobs are sent +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGCONT</B> + +</FONT> +to ensure that they receive the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>. + +</FONT> +To prevent the shell from +sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the +jobs table with the +<B>disown</B> + +builtin (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below) or marked +to not receive +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B> + +</FONT> +using +<B>disown -h</B>. + +<P> + +If the +<B>huponexit</B> + +shell option has been set with +<B>shopt</B>, + +<B>bash</B> + +sends a +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B> + +</FONT> +to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +<P> + +If <B>bash</B> is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until +the command completes. +When <B>bash</B> is waiting for an asynchronous command via the <B>wait</B> +builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will +cause the <B>wait</B> builtin to return immediately with an exit status +greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. +<A NAME="lbCD"> </A> +<H3>JOB CONTROL</H3> + +<I>Job control</I> + +refers to the ability to selectively stop (<I>suspend</I>) +the execution of processes and continue (<I>resume</I>) +their execution at a later point. A user typically employs +this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly +by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and +<B>bash</B>. + +<P> + +The shell associates a +<I>job</I> + +with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing +jobs, which may be listed with the +<B>jobs</B> + +command. When +<B>bash</B> + +starts a job asynchronously (in the +<I>background</I>), + +it prints a line that looks like: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +[1] 25647 +</DL> + +<P> + +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID +of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. +All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. +<B>Bash</B> + +uses the +<I>job</I> + +abstraction as the basis for job control. +<P> + +To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a <I>current terminal +process group ID</I>. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) +receive keyboard-generated signals such as +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>. + +</FONT> +These processes are said to be in the +<I>foreground</I>. + +<I>Background</I> + +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; +such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals. +Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the +user so specifies with <TT>stty tostop</TT>, write to the +terminal. +Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when +<TT>stty tostop</TT> is in effect) the +terminal are sent a +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)</B> + +</FONT> +signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +which, unless caught, suspends the process. +<P> + +If the operating system on which +<B>bash</B> + +is running supports +job control, +<B>bash</B> + +contains facilities to use it. +Typing the +<I>suspend</I> + +character (typically +<B>^Z</B>, + +Control-Z) while a process is running +causes that process to be stopped and returns control to +<B>bash</B>. + +Typing the +<I>delayed suspend</I> + +character (typically +<B>^Y</B>, + +Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it +attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to +be returned to +<B>bash</B>. + +The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the +<B>bg</B> + +command to continue it in the background, the +<B>fg</B> + +command to continue it in the foreground, or +the +<B>kill</B> + +command to kill it. A <B>^Z</B> takes effect immediately, +and has the additional side effect of causing pending output +and typeahead to be discarded. +<P> + +There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. +The character +<B>%</B> + +introduces a job specification (<I>jobspec</I>). Job number +<I>n</I> + +may be referred to as +<B>%n</B>. + +A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to +start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. +For example, +<B>%ce</B> + +refers to a stopped +<B>ce</B> + +job. If a prefix matches more than one job, +<B>bash</B> + +reports an error. Using +<B>%?ce</B>, + +on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string +<B>ce</B> + +in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, +<B>bash</B> + +reports an error. The symbols +<B>%%</B> + +and +<B>%+</B> + +refer to the shell's notion of the +<I>current job</I>, + +which is the last job stopped while it was in +the foreground or started in the background. +The +<I>previous job</I> + +may be referenced using +<B>%-</B>. + +If there is only a single job, <B>%+</B> and <B>%-</B> can both be used +to refer to that job. +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the +<B>jobs</B> + +command), the current job is always flagged with a +<B>+</B>, + +and the previous job with a +<B>-</B>. + +A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the +current job. +<P> + +Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the +foreground: +<B>%1</B> + +is a synonym for +<B>``fg %1''</B>, +bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. +Similarly, +<B>``%1 &''</B> + +resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to +<B>``bg %1''</B>. +<P> + +The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, +<B>bash</B> + +waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting +changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt +any other output. If the +<B>-b</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command +is enabled, +<B>bash</B> + +reports such changes immediately. +Any trap on +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGCHLD</B> + +</FONT> +is executed for each child that exits. +<P> + +If an attempt to exit +<B>bash</B> + +is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the <B>checkjobs</B> shell option has +been enabled using the <B>shopt</B> builtin, running), the shell prints a +warning message, and, if the <B>checkjobs</B> option is enabled, lists the +jobs and their statuses. +The +<B>jobs</B> + +command may then be used to inspect their status. +If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, +the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped +jobs are terminated. +<A NAME="lbCE"> </A> +<H3>PROMPTING</H3> + +When executing interactively, +<B>bash</B> + +displays the primary prompt +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS1</B> + +</FONT> +when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS2</B> + +</FONT> +when it needs more input to complete a command. +<B>Bash</B> + +allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of +backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>\a</B> + +<DD> +an ASCII bell character (07) +<DT><B>\d</B> + +<DD> +the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") +<DT><B>\D{</B><I>format</I>} + +<DD> +the <I>format</I> is passed to <I>strftime</I>(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty <I>format</I> results in a locale-specific +time representation. The braces are required +<DT><B>\e</B> + +<DD> +an ASCII escape character (033) +<DT><B>\h</B> + +<DD> +the hostname up to the first `.' +<DT><B>\H</B> + +<DD> +the hostname +<DT><B>\j</B> + +<DD> +the number of jobs currently managed by the shell +<DT><B>\l</B> + +<DD> +the basename of the shell's terminal device name +<DT><B>\n</B> + +<DD> +newline +<DT><B>\r</B> + +<DD> +carriage return +<DT><B>\s</B> + +<DD> +the name of the shell, the basename of +<B>$0</B> + +(the portion following the final slash) +<DT><B>\t</B> + +<DD> +the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format +<DT><B>\T</B> + +<DD> +the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format +<DT><B>\@</B> + +<DD> +the current time in 12-hour am/pm format +<DT><B>\A</B> + +<DD> +the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format +<DT><B>\u</B> + +<DD> +the username of the current user +<DT><B>\v</B> + +<DD> +the version of <B>bash</B> (e.g., 2.00) +<DT><B>\V</B> + +<DD> +the release of <B>bash</B>, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) +<DT><B>\w</B> + +<DD> +the current working directory, with +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HOME</B> + +</FONT> +abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the value of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</B> + +</FONT> +variable) +<DT><B>\W</B> + +<DD> +the basename of the current working directory, with +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HOME</B> + +</FONT> +abbreviated with a tilde +<DT><B>\!</B> + +<DD> +the history number of this command +<DT><B>\#</B> + +<DD> +the command number of this command +<DT><B>\$</B> + +<DD> +if the effective UID is 0, a +<B>#</B>, + +otherwise a +<B>$</B> + +<DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I> + +<DD> +the character corresponding to the octal number <I>nnn</I> +<DT><B>\\</B> + +<DD> +a backslash +<DT><B>\[</B> + +<DD> +begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to +embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt +<DT><B>\]</B> + +<DD> +end a sequence of non-printing characters + +</DL></DL> + +<P> + +The command number and the history number are usually different: +the history number of a command is its position in the history +list, which may include commands restored from the history file +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B> + +</FONT> +below), while the command number is the position in the sequence +of commands executed during the current shell session. +After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the +<B>promptvars</B> + +shell option (see the description of the +<B>shopt</B> + +command under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<A NAME="lbCF"> </A> +<H3>READLINE</H3> + +This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive +shell, unless the +<B>--noediting</B> + +option is given at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the <B>-e</B> option to the +<B>read</B> builtin. +By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. +A vi-style line editing interface is also available. +Line editing can be enabled at any time using the +<B>-o emacs</B> + +or +<B>-o vi</B> + +options to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the +<B>+o emacs</B> + +or +<B>+o vi</B> + +options to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin. +<A NAME="lbCG"> </A> +<H4>Readline Notation</H4> + +<P> + +In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote +keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-<I>key</I>, e.g., C-n +means Control-N. Similarly, +<I>meta</I> + +keys are denoted by M-<I>key</I>, so M-x means Meta-X. (On keyboards +without a +<I>meta</I> + +key, M-<I>x</I> means ESC <I>x</I>, i.e., press the Escape key +then the +<I>x</I> + +key. This makes ESC the <I>meta prefix</I>. +The combination M-C-<I>x</I> means ESC-Control-<I>x</I>, +or press the Escape key +then hold the Control key while pressing the +<I>x</I> + +key.) +<P> + +Readline commands may be given numeric +<I>arguments</I>, + +which normally act as a repeat count. +Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. +Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward +direction (e.g., <B>kill-line</B>) causes that command to act in a +backward direction. +Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted +below. +<P> + +When a command is described as <I>killing</I> text, the text +deleted is saved for possible future retrieval +(<I>yanking</I>). The killed text is saved in a +<I>kill ring</I>. Consecutive kills cause the text to be +accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. +Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text +on the kill ring. +<A NAME="lbCH"> </A> +<H4>Readline Initialization</H4> + +<P> + +Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization +file (the <I>inputrc</I> file). +The name of this file is taken from the value of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INPUTRC</B> + +</FONT> +variable. If that variable is unset, the default is +<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A>. + +When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the +initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables +are set. +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the +readline initialization file. +Blank lines are ignored. +Lines beginning with a <B>#</B> are comments. +Lines beginning with a <B>$</B> indicate conditional constructs. +Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. +<P> + +The default key-bindings may be changed with an +<I>inputrc </I> + +file. +Other programs that use this library may add their own commands +and bindings. +<P> + +For example, placing +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +M-Control-u: universal-argument +</DL> + +or +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +C-Meta-u: universal-argument +</DL> + +into the +<I>inputrc</I> + +would make M-C-u execute the readline command +<I>universal-argument</I>. + +<P> + +The following symbolic character names are recognized: +<I>RUBOUT</I>, + +<I>DEL</I>, + +<I>ESC</I>, + +<I>LFD</I>, + +<I>NEWLINE</I>, + +<I>RET</I>, + +<I>RETURN</I>, + +<I>SPC</I>, + +<I>SPACE</I>, + +and +<I>TAB</I>. + +<P> + +In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound +to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <I>macro</I>). +<A NAME="lbCI"> </A> +<H4>Readline Key Bindings</H4> + +<P> + +The syntax for controlling key bindings in the +<I>inputrc</I> + +file is simple. All that is required is the name of the +command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which +it should be bound. The name may be specified in one of two ways: +as a symbolic key name, possibly with <I>Meta-</I> or <I>Control-</I> +prefixes, or as a key sequence. +<P> + +When using the form <B>keyname</B>:<I>function-name</I> or <I>macro</I>, +<I>keyname</I> + +is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: +<P> +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +Control-u: universal-argument +<BR> + +Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word +<BR> + +Control-o: "> output" +</DL> + +<P> + +In the above example, +<I>C-u</I> + +is bound to the function +<B>universal-argument</B>, + +<I>M-DEL</I> + +is bound to the function +<B>backward-kill-word</B>, + +and +<I>C-o</I> + +is bound to run the macro +expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text +<TT>> output</TT> + +into the line). +<P> + +In the second form, <B>"keyseq"</B>:<I>function-name</I> or <I>macro</I>, +<B>keyseq</B> + +differs from +<B>keyname</B> + +above in that strings denoting +an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence +within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be +used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names +are not recognized. +<P> +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +"\C-u": universal-argument +<BR> + +"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file +<BR> + +"\e[11~": "Function Key 1" +</DL> + +<P> + +In this example, +<I>C-u</I> + +is again bound to the function +<B>universal-argument</B>. + +<I>C-x C-r</I> + +is bound to the function +<B>re-read-init-file</B>, + +and +<I>ESC [ 1 1 ~</I> + +is bound to insert the text +<TT>Function Key 1</TT>. + +<P> + +The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>\C-</B> + +<DD> +control prefix +<DT><B>\M-</B> + +<DD> +meta prefix +<DT><B>\e</B> + +<DD> +an escape character +<DT><B>\\</B> + +<DD> +backslash +<DT><B>\</B> + +<DD> +literal " +<DT><B>\aq</B> + +<DD> +literal aq +</DL></DL> + + +<P> + +In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second +set of backslash escapes is available: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>\a</B> + +<DD> +alert (bell) +<DT><B>\b</B> + +<DD> +backspace +<DT><B>\d</B> + +<DD> +delete +<DT><B>\f</B> + +<DD> +form feed +<DT><B>\n</B> + +<DD> +newline +<DT><B>\r</B> + +<DD> +carriage return +<DT><B>\t</B> + +<DD> +horizontal tab +<DT><B>\v</B> + +<DD> +vertical tab +<DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I> + +<DD> +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I> +(one to three digits) +<DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I> + +<DD> +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I> +(one or two hex digits) +</DL></DL> + + +<P> + +When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must +be used to indicate a macro definition. +Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. +In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, +including " and aq. +<P> + +<B>Bash</B> + +allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified +with the +<B>bind</B> + +builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive +use by using the +<B>-o</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). +<A NAME="lbCJ"> </A> +<H4>Readline Variables</H4> + +<P> + +Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its +behavior. A variable may be set in the +<I>inputrc</I> + +file with a statement of the form +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<P> + +<B>set</B> <I>variable-name</I> <I>value</I> +</DL> + +<P> + +Except where noted, readline variables can take the values +<B>On</B> + +or +<B>Off</B> + +(without regard to case). +Unrecognized variable names are ignored. +When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insensitive), +and "1" are equivalent to <B>On</B>. All other values are equivalent to +<B>Off</B>. +The variables and their default values are: +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>bell-style (audible)</B> + +<DD> +Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to <B>none</B>, readline never rings the bell. If set to +<B>visible</B>, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to <B>audible</B>, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. +<DT><B>bind-tty-special-chars (On)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline attempts to bind the control characters +treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline +equivalents. +<DT><B>comment-begin (``#'')</B> + +<DD> +The string that is inserted when the readline +<B>insert-comment</B> + +command is executed. +This command is bound to +<B>M-#</B> + +in emacs mode and to +<B>#</B> + +in vi command mode. +<DT><B>completion-ignore-case (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline performs filename matching and completion +in a case-insensitive fashion. +<DT><B>completion-prefix-display-length (0)</B> + +<DD> +The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a +value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are +replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +<DT><B>completion-query-items (100)</B> + +<DD> +This determines when the user is queried about viewing +the number of possible completions +generated by the <B>possible-completions</B> command. +It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to +zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than +or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether +or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed +on the terminal. +<DT><B>convert-meta (On)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline will convert characters with the +eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence +by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an +escape character (in effect, using escape as the <I>meta prefix</I>). +<DT><B>disable-completion (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion +characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been +mapped to <B>self-insert</B>. +<DT><B>editing-mode (emacs)</B> + +<DD> +Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar +to <I>emacs</I> or <I>vi</I>. +<B>editing-mode</B> + +can be set to either +<B>emacs</B> + +or +<B>vi</B>. + +<DT><B>echo-control-characters (On)</B> + +<DD> +When set to <B>On</B>, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard. +<DT><B>enable-keypad (Off)</B> + +<DD> +When set to <B>On</B>, readline will try to enable the application +keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the +arrow keys. +<DT><B>enable-meta-key (On)</B> + +<DD> +When set to <B>On</B>, readline will try to enable any meta modifier +key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, +the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. +<DT><B>expand-tilde (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>on</B>, tilde expansion is performed when readline +attempts word completion. +<DT><B>history-preserve-point (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>on</B>, the history code attempts to place point at the +same location on each history line retrieved with <B>previous-history</B> +or <B>next-history</B>. +<DT><B>history-size (0)</B> + +<DD> +Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If +set to zero, the number of entries in the history list is not limited. +<DT><B>horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)</B> + +<DD> +When set to <B>On</B>, makes readline use a single line for display, +scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it +becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. +<DT><B>input-meta (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, +it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), +regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name +<B>meta-flag</B> + +is a synonym for this variable. +<DT><B>isearch-terminators (``C-[C-J'')</B> + +<DD> +The string of characters that should terminate an incremental +search without subsequently executing the character as a command. +If this variable has not been given a value, the characters +<I>ESC</I> and <I>C-J</I> will terminate an incremental search. +<DT><B>keymap (emacs)</B> + +<DD> +Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is +<I>emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, +vi-command</I>, and +<I>vi-insert</I>. + +<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I>; <I>emacs</I> is +equivalent to <I>emacs-standard</I>. The default value is +<I>emacs</I>; + +the value of +<B>editing-mode</B> + +also affects the default keymap. +<DT><B>mark-directories (On)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, completed directory names have a slash +appended. +<DT><B>mark-modified-lines (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, history lines that have been modified are displayed +with a preceding asterisk (<B>*</B>). +<DT><B>mark-symlinked-directories (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, completed names which are symbolic links to directories +have a slash appended (subject to the value of +<B>mark-directories</B>). +<DT><B>match-hidden-files (On)</B> + +<DD> +This variable, when set to <B>On</B>, causes readline to match files whose +names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename +completion, unless the leading `.' is +supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. +<DT><B>output-meta (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline will display characters with the +eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape +sequence. +<DT><B>page-completions (On)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline uses an internal <I>more</I>-like pager +to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. +<DT><B>print-completions-horizontally (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, readline will display completions with matches +sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. +<DT><B>revert-all-at-newline (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>on</B>, readline will undo all changes to history lines +before returning when <B>accept-line</B> is executed. By default, +history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across +calls to <B>readline</B>. +<DT><B>show-all-if-ambiguous (Off)</B> + +<DD> +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If +set to +<B>on</B>, + +words which have more than one possible completion cause the +matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. +<DT><B>show-all-if-unmodified (Off)</B> + +<DD> +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in +a fashion similar to <B>show-all-if-ambiguous</B>. +If set to +<B>on</B>, + +words which have more than one possible completion without any +possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share +a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead +of ringing the bell. +<DT><B>skip-completed-text (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, this alters the default completion behavior when +inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when +performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline +does not insert characters from the completion that match characters +after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word +following the cursor are not duplicated. +<DT><B>visible-stats (Off)</B> + +<DD> +If set to <B>On</B>, a character denoting a file's type as reported +by <I>stat</I>(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible +completions. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCK"> </A> +<H4>Readline Conditional Constructs</H4> + +<P> + +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key +bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result +of tests. There are four parser directives used. +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>$if</B><DD> +The +<B>$if</B> + +construct allows bindings to be made based on the +editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using +readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; +no characters are required to isolate it. +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>mode</B><DD> +The <B>mode=</B> form of the <B>$if</B> directive is used to test +whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. +This may be used in conjunction +with the <B>set keymap</B> command, for instance, to set bindings in +the <I>emacs-standard</I> and <I>emacs-ctlx</I> keymaps only if +readline is starting out in emacs mode. +<DT><B>term</B><DD> +The <B>term=</B> form may be used to include terminal-specific +key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the +terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the +<B>=</B> + +is tested against the both full name of the terminal and the portion +of the terminal name before the first <B>-</B>. This allows +<I>sun</I> + +to match both +<I>sun</I> + +and +<I>sun-cmd</I>, + +for instance. +<DT><B>application</B><DD> +The <B>application</B> construct is used to include +application-specific settings. Each program using the readline +library sets the <I>application name</I>, and an initialization +file can test for a particular value. +This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for +a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: +<P> +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<PRE> +<B>$if</B> Bash +# Quote the current or previous word +"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" +<B>$endif</B> +</PRE> + +</DL> + +</DL></DL> + +<DT><B>$endif</B><DD> +This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +<B>$if</B> command. +<DT><B>$else</B><DD> +Commands in this branch of the <B>$if</B> directive are executed if +the test fails. +<DT><B>$include</B><DD> +This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands +and bindings from that file. For example, the following directive +would read <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A>: +<P> +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<PRE> +<B>$include</B> <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A> +</PRE> + +</DL> + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCL"> </A> +<H4>Searching</H4> + +<P> + +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B> + +</FONT> +below) for lines containing a specified string. +There are two search modes: +<I>incremental</I> + +and +<I>non-incremental</I>. + +<P> + +Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. +As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays +the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. +An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to +find the desired history entry. +The characters present in the value of the <B>isearch-terminators</B> +variable are used to terminate an incremental search. +If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and +Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. +Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original +line. +When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the +search string becomes the current line. +<P> + +To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or +Control-R as appropriate. +This will search backward or forward in the history for the next +entry matching the search string typed so far. +Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate +the search and execute that command. +For instance, a <I>newline</I> will terminate the search and accept +the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. +<P> + +Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two +Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a +new search string, any remembered search string is used. +<P> + +Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting +to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. +<A NAME="lbCM"> </A> +<H4>Readline Command Names</H4> + +<P> + +The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default +key sequences to which they are bound. +Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. +In the following descriptions, <I>point</I> refers to the current cursor +position, and <I>mark</I> refers to a cursor position saved by the +<B>set-mark</B> command. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <I>region</I>. +<A NAME="lbCN"> </A> +<H4>Commands for Moving</H4> + +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>beginning-of-line (C-a)</B> + +<DD> +Move to the start of the current line. +<DT><B>end-of-line (C-e)</B> + +<DD> +Move to the end of the line. +<DT><B>forward-char (C-f)</B> + +<DD> +Move forward a character. +<DT><B>backward-char (C-b)</B> + +<DD> +Move back a character. +<DT><B>forward-word (M-f)</B> + +<DD> +Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of +alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +<DT><B>backward-word (M-b)</B> + +<DD> +Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). +<DT><B>shell-forward-word</B> + +<DD> +Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +<DT><B>shell-backward-word</B> + +<DD> +Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +<DT><B>clear-screen (C-l)</B> + +<DD> +Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the +screen. +<DT><B>redraw-current-line</B> + +<DD> +Refresh the current line. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCO"> </A> +<H4>Commands for Manipulating the History</H4> + +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>accept-line (Newline, Return)</B> + +<DD> +Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is +non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B> + +</FONT> +variable. If the line is a modified history +line, then restore the history line to its original state. +<DT><B>previous-history (C-p)</B> + +<DD> +Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in +the list. +<DT><B>next-history (C-n)</B> + +<DD> +Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the +list. +<DT><B>beginning-of-history (M-<)</B> + +<DD> +Move to the first line in the history. +<DT><B>end-of-history (M->)</B> + +<DD> +Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being +entered. +<DT><B>reverse-search-history (C-r)</B> + +<DD> +Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +<DT><B>forward-search-history (C-s)</B> + +<DD> +Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +<DT><B>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</B> + +<DD> +Search backward through the history starting at the current line +using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. +<DT><B>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</B> + +<DD> +Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for +a string supplied by the user. +<DT><B>history-search-forward</B> + +<DD> +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +<DT><B>history-search-backward</B> + +<DD> +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +<DT><B>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</B> + +<DD> +Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually +the second word on the previous line) at point. +With an argument +<I>n</I>, + +insert the <I>n</I>th word from the previous command (the words +in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument +inserts the <I>n</I>th word from the end of the previous command. +Once the argument <I>n</I> is computed, the argument is extracted +as if the "!<I>n</I>" history expansion had been specified. +<DT><B>yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)</B> + +<DD> +Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of +the previous history entry). With an argument, +behave exactly like <B>yank-nth-arg</B>. +Successive calls to <B>yank-last-arg</B> move back through the history +list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn. +The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, +as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. +<DT><B>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</B> + +<DD> +Expand the line as the shell does. This +performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell +word expansions. See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +below for a description of history expansion. +<DT><B>history-expand-line (M-^)</B> + +<DD> +Perform history expansion on the current line. +See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +below for a description of history expansion. +<DT><B>magic-space</B> + +<DD> +Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. +See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +below for a description of history expansion. +<DT><B>alias-expand-line</B> + +<DD> +Perform alias expansion on the current line. +See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ALIASES</B> + +</FONT> +above for a description of alias expansion. +<DT><B>history-and-alias-expand-line</B> + +<DD> +Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. +<DT><B>insert-last-argument (M-., M-_)</B> + +<DD> +A synonym for <B>yank-last-arg</B>. +<DT><B>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</B> + +<DD> +Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line +relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any +argument is ignored. +<DT><B>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</B> + +<DD> +Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell +commands. +<B>Bash</B> attempts to invoke +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$VISUAL</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$EDITOR</B>, + +</FONT> +and <I>emacs</I> as the editor, in that order. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCP"> </A> +<H4>Commands for Changing Text</H4> + +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>delete-char (C-d)</B> + +<DD> +Delete the character at point. If point is at the +beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and +the last character typed was not bound to <B>delete-char</B>, +then return +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B>. + +</FONT> +<DT><B>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</B> + +<DD> +Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, +save the deleted text on the kill ring. +<DT><B>forward-backward-delete-char</B> + +<DD> +Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the +end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is +deleted. +<DT><B>quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)</B> + +<DD> +Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is +how to insert characters like <B>C-q</B>, for example. +<DT><B>tab-insert (C-v TAB)</B> + +<DD> +Insert a tab character. +<DT><B>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)</B> + +<DD> +Insert the character typed. +<DT><B>transpose-chars (C-t)</B> + +<DD> +Drag the character before point forward over the character at point, +moving point forward as well. +If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes +the two characters before point. +Negative arguments have no effect. +<DT><B>transpose-words (M-t)</B> + +<DD> +Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point over that word as well. +If point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +<DT><B>upcase-word (M-u)</B> + +<DD> +Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. +<DT><B>downcase-word (M-l)</B> + +<DD> +Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. +<DT><B>capitalize-word (M-c)</B> + +<DD> +Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. +<DT><B>overwrite-mode</B> + +<DD> +Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, +switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric +argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only +<B>emacs</B> mode; <B>vi</B> mode does overwrite differently. +Each call to <I>readline()</I> starts in insert mode. +In overwrite mode, characters bound to <B>self-insert</B> replace +the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. +Characters bound to <B>backward-delete-char</B> replace the character +before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCQ"> </A> +<H4>Killing and Yanking</H4> + +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>kill-line (C-k)</B> + +<DD> +Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +<DT><B>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</B> + +<DD> +Kill backward to the beginning of the line. +<DT><B>unix-line-discard (C-u)</B> + +<DD> +Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +<DT><B>kill-whole-line</B> + +<DD> +Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. +<DT><B>kill-word (M-d)</B> + +<DD> +Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>forward-word</B>. +<DT><B>backward-kill-word (M-Rubout)</B> + +<DD> +Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>backward-word</B>. +<DT><B>shell-kill-word (M-d)</B> + +<DD> +Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>shell-forward-word</B>. +<DT><B>shell-backward-kill-word (M-Rubout)</B> + +<DD> +Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>shell-backward-word</B>. +<DT><B>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</B> + +<DD> +Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +<DT><B>unix-filename-rubout</B> + +<DD> +Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character +as the word boundaries. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +<DT><B>delete-horizontal-space (M-\)</B> + +<DD> +Delete all spaces and tabs around point. +<DT><B>kill-region</B> + +<DD> +Kill the text in the current region. +<DT><B>copy-region-as-kill</B> + +<DD> +Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. +<DT><B>copy-backward-word</B> + +<DD> +Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as <B>backward-word</B>. +<DT><B>copy-forward-word</B> + +<DD> +Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as <B>forward-word</B>. +<DT><B>yank (C-y)</B> + +<DD> +Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. +<DT><B>yank-pop (M-y)</B> + +<DD> +Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works following +<B>yank</B> + +or +<B>yank-pop</B>. + + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCR"> </A> +<H4>Numeric Arguments</H4> + +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ..., M--)</B> + +<DD> +Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new +argument. M-- starts a negative argument. +<DT><B>universal-argument</B> + +<DD> +This is another way to specify an argument. +If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a +leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. +If the command is followed by digits, executing +<B>universal-argument</B> + +again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. +As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a +character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count +for the next command is multiplied by four. +The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the +first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the +argument count sixteen, and so on. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCS"> </A> +<H4>Completing</H4> + +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>complete (TAB)</B> + +<DD> +Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. +<B>Bash</B> + +attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the +text begins with <B>$</B>), username (if the text begins with +<B>~</B>), hostname (if the text begins with <B>@</B>), or +command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none +of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +<DT><B>possible-completions (M-?)</B> + +<DD> +List the possible completions of the text before point. +<DT><B>insert-completions (M-*)</B> + +<DD> +Insert all completions of the text before point +that would have been generated by +<B>possible-completions</B>. +<DT><B>menu-complete</B> + +<DD> +Similar to <B>complete</B>, but replaces the word to be completed +with a single match from the list of possible completions. +Repeated execution of <B>menu-complete</B> steps through the list +of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. +At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +(subject to the setting of <B>bell-style</B>) +and the original text is restored. +An argument of <I>n</I> moves <I>n</I> positions forward in the list +of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward +through the list. +This command is intended to be bound to <B>TAB</B>, but is unbound +by default. +<DT><B>menu-complete-rd</B> + +<DD> +Identical to <B>menu-complete</B>, but moves backward through the list +of possible completions, as if <B>menu-complete</B> had been given a +negative argument. This command is unbound by default. +<DT><B>delete-char-or-list</B> + +<DD> +Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or +end of the line (like <B>delete-char</B>). +If at the end of the line, behaves identically to +<B>possible-completions</B>. +This command is unbound by default. +<DT><B>complete-filename (M-/)</B> + +<DD> +Attempt filename completion on the text before point. +<DT><B>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</B> + +<DD> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a filename. +<DT><B>complete-username (M-~)</B> + +<DD> +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a username. +<DT><B>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</B> + +<DD> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a username. +<DT><B>complete-variable (M-$)</B> + +<DD> +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a shell variable. +<DT><B>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</B> + +<DD> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a shell variable. +<DT><B>complete-hostname (M-@)</B> + +<DD> +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a hostname. +<DT><B>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</B> + +<DD> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a hostname. +<DT><B>complete-command (M-!)</B> + +<DD> +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell +functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, +in that order. +<DT><B>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</B> + +<DD> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a command name. +<DT><B>dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)</B> + +<DD> +Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +<DT><B>dabbrev-expand</B> + +<DD> +Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +<DT><B>complete-into-braces (M-{)</B> + +<DD> +Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions +enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see +<B>Brace Expansion</B> + +above). + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCT"> </A> +<H4>Keyboard Macros</H4> + +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</B> + +<DD> +Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. +<DT><B>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</B> + +<DD> +Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro +and store the definition. +<DT><B>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</B> + +<DD> +Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters +in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCU"> </A> +<H4>Miscellaneous</H4> + +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</B> + +<DD> +Read in the contents of the <I>inputrc</I> file, and incorporate +any bindings or variable assignments found there. +<DT><B>abort (C-g)</B> + +<DD> +Abort the current editing command and +ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of +<B>bell-style</B>). + +<DT><B>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-</B><I>x</I>, ...) + +<DD> +If the metafied character <I>x</I> is lowercase, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. +<DT><B>prefix-meta (ESC)</B> + +<DD> +Metafy the next character typed. +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ESC</B> + +</FONT> +<B>f</B> + +is equivalent to +<B>Meta-f</B>. + +<DT><B>undo (C-_, C-x C-u)</B> + +<DD> +Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. +<DT><B>revert-line (M-r)</B> + +<DD> +Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the +<B>undo</B> + +command enough times to return the line to its initial state. +<DT><B>tilde-expand (M-&)</B> + +<DD> +Perform tilde expansion on the current word. +<DT><B>set-mark (C-@, M-<space>)</B> + +<DD> +Set the mark to the point. If a +numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +<DT><B>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</B> + +<DD> +Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to +the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +<DT><B>character-search (C-])</B> + +<DD> +A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that +character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences. +<DT><B>character-search-backward (M-C-])</B> + +<DD> +A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that +character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences. +<DT><B>skip-csi-sequence ()</B> + +<DD> +Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those +defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a +Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is +bound to "\[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect +unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting +stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, +but usually bound to ESC-[. +<DT><B>insert-comment (M-#)</B> + +<DD> +Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline +<B>comment-begin</B> + +variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if +the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value +of <B>comment-begin</B>, the value is inserted, otherwise +the characters in <B>comment-begin</B> are deleted from the beginning of +the line. +In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. +The default value of +<B>comment-begin</B> causes this command to make the current line +a shell comment. +If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line +will be executed by the shell. +<DT><B>glob-complete-word (M-g)</B> + +<DD> +The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to +generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. +<DT><B>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</B> + +<DD> +The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +pathname expansion. +<DT><B>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</B> + +<DD> +The list of expansions that would have been generated by +<B>glob-expand-word</B> + +is displayed, and the line is redrawn. +If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before +pathname expansion. +<DT><B>dump-functions</B> + +<DD> +Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the +readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <I>inputrc</I> file. +<DT><B>dump-variables</B> + +<DD> +Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the +readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <I>inputrc</I> file. +<DT><B>dump-macros</B> + +<DD> +Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the +strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <I>inputrc</I> file. +<DT><B>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</B> + +<DD> +Display version information about the current instance of +<B>bash</B>. + + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCV"> </A> +<H4>Programmable Completion</H4> + +<P> + +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a <I>compspec</I>) has been defined +using the <B>complete</B> builtin (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked. +<P> + +First, the command name is identified. +If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the +beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with +the <B>-E</B> option to <B>complete</B> is used. +If a compspec has been defined for that command, the +compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. +If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full +pathname is searched for first. +If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to +find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. +If those searches to not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with +the <B>-D</B> option to <B>complete</B> is used as the default. +<P> + +Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. +If a compspec is not found, the default <B>bash</B> completion as +described above under <B>Completing</B> is performed. +<P> + +First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are +returned. +When the +<B>-f</B> + +or +<B>-d</B> + +option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell +variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +is used to filter the matches. +<P> + +Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the +<B>-G</B> option are generated next. +The words generated by the pattern need not match the word +being completed. +The +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +variable is used. +<P> + +Next, the string specified as the argument to the <B>-W</B> option +is considered. +The string is first split using the characters in the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +special variable as delimiters. +Shell quoting is honored. +Each word is then expanded using +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +as described above under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B>. + +</FONT> +The results are split using the rules described above under +<B>Word Splitting</B>. +The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being +completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +<P> + +After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command +specified with the <B>-F</B> and <B>-C</B> options is invoked. +When the command or function is invoked, the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_LINE</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_POINT</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_KEY</B>, + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_TYPE</B> + +</FONT> +variables are assigned values as described above under +<B>Shell Variables</B>. +If a shell function is being invoked, the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDS</B> + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_CWORD</B> + +</FONT> +variables are also set. +When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the +name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the +second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument +is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. +No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. +<P> + +Any function specified with <B>-F</B> is invoked first. +The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the +<B>compgen</B> builtin described below, to generate the matches. +It must put the possible completions in the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMPREPLY</B> + +</FONT> +array variable. +<P> + +Next, any command specified with the <B>-C</B> option is invoked +in an environment equivalent to command substitution. +It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the +standard output. +Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. +<P> + +After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the <B>-X</B> option is applied to the list. +The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a <B>&</B> +in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. +A literal <B>&</B> may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash +is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading <B>!</B> negates the pattern; in this case any completion +not matching the pattern will be removed. +<P> + +Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <B>-P</B> and <B>-S</B> +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is +returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. +<P> + +If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the +<B>-o dirnames</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +<P> + +If the <B>-o plusdirs</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +<P> + +By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned +to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. +The default <B>bash</B> completions are not attempted, and the readline +default of filename completion is disabled. +If the <B>-o bashdefault</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when +the compspec was defined, the <B>bash</B> default completions are attempted +if the compspec generates no matches. +If the <B>-o default</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the +compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed +if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default <B>bash</B> completions) +generate no matches. +<P> + +When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the <B>mark-directories</B> readline variable, regardless +of the setting of the <B>mark-symlinked-directories</B> readline variable. +<P> + +There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with <B>complete -D</B>. +It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes +the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), +programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than +being loaded all at once. +<P> + +For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a +file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default +completion function would load completions dynamically: +<P> + +<TT>_completion_loader() +<BR> + +{ +<BR> + +<TT> </TT>. "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124<BR> +<BR> + +} +<BR> + +complete -D -F _completion_loader +<BR> + +</TT> +<A NAME="lbCW"> </A> +<H3>HISTORY</H3> + +When the +<B>-o history</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the +<I>command history</I>, +the list of commands previously typed. +The value of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTSIZE</B> + +</FONT> +variable is used as the +number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTSIZE</B> + +</FONT> +commands (default 500) is saved. The shell +stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable expansion (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B> + +</FONT> +above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the +values of the shell variables +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>. + +</FONT> +<P> + +On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by +the variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B> + +</FONT> +(default <A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>). +The file named by the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B> + +</FONT> +is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than +the number of lines specified by the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>. + +</FONT> +When the history file is read, +lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately +by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the preceding history line. +These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B> + +</FONT> +variable. +When an interactive shell exits, the last +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HISTSIZE</B> + +</FONT> +lines are copied from the history list to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HISTFILE</B>. + +</FONT> +If the +<B>histappend</B> + +shell option is enabled +(see the description of +<B>shopt</B> + +under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below), the lines are appended to the history file, +otherwise the history file is overwritten. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is +not saved. +If the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B> + +</FONT> +variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked +with the history comment character, so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +After saving the history, the history file is truncated +to contain no more than +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B> + +</FONT> +lines. If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B> + +</FONT> +is not set, no truncation is performed. +<P> + +The builtin command +<B>fc</B> + +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of +the history list. +The +<B>history</B> + +builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and +manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands +are available in each editing mode that provide access to the +history list. +<P> + +The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B> + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the +commands entered. +The +<B>cmdhist</B> + +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding +semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. +The +<B>lithist</B> + +shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. See the description of the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin below under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +for information on setting and unsetting shell options. +<A NAME="lbCX"> </A> +<H3>HISTORY EXPANSION</H3> + +<P> + +The shell supports a history expansion feature that +is similar to the history expansion in +<B>csh.</B> + +This section describes what syntax features are available. This +feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be +disabled using the +<B>+H</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B> + +</FONT> +below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion +by default. +<P> + +History expansions introduce words from the history list into +the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the +arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or +fix errors in previous commands quickly. +<P> + +History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line +is read, before the shell breaks it into words. +It takes place in two parts. +The first is to determine which line from the history list +to use during substitution. +The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into +the current one. +The line selected from the history is the <I>event</I>, +and the portions of that line that are acted upon are <I>words</I>. +Various <I>modifiers</I> are available to manipulate the selected words. +The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input, +so that several <I>metacharacter</I>-separated words surrounded by +quotes are considered one word. +History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is <B>!</B> by default. +Only backslash (<B>\</B>) and single quotes can quote +the history expansion character. +<P> + +Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately +following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: +space, tab, newline, carriage return, and <B>=</B>. +If the <B>extglob</B> shell option is enabled, <B>(</B> will also +inhibit expansion. +<P> + +Several shell options settable with the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. +If the +<B>histverify</B> + +shell option is enabled (see the description of the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin below), and +<B>readline</B> + +is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to +the shell parser. +Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the +<B>readline</B> + +editing buffer for further modification. +If +<B>readline</B> + +is being used, and the +<B>histreedit</B> + +shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded +into the +<B>readline</B> + +editing buffer for correction. +The +<B>-p</B> + +option to the +<B>history</B> + +builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will +do before using it. +The +<B>-s</B> + +option to the +<B>history</B> + +builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list +without actually executing them, so that they are available for +subsequent recall. +<P> + +The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism (see the description of +<B>histchars</B> + +above under +<B>Shell Variables</B>). + +The shell uses +the history comment character to mark history timestamps when +writing the history file. +<A NAME="lbCY"> </A> +<H4>Event Designators</H4> + +<P> + +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>!</B> + +<DD> +Start a history substitution, except when followed by a +<B>blank</B>, + +newline, carriage return, = +or ( (when the <B>extglob</B> shell option is enabled using +the <B>shopt</B> builtin). +<DT><B>!</B><I>n</I> + +<DD> +Refer to command line +<I>n</I>. + +<DT><B>!-</B><I>n</I> + +<DD> +Refer to the current command line minus +<I>n</I>. + +<DT><B>!!</B> + +<DD> +Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. +<DT><B>!</B><I>string</I> + +<DD> +Refer to the most recent command starting with +<I>string</I>. + +<DT><B>!?</B><I>string</I><B>[?]</B> + +<DD> +Refer to the most recent command containing +<I>string</I>. + +The trailing <B>?</B> may be omitted if +<I>string</I> + +is followed immediately by a newline. +<DT><B></B><FONT SIZE=+2><B>^</B></FONT><B></B><I>string1</I><FONT SIZE=+2>^</FONT><I>string2</I><FONT SIZE=+2>^</FONT> + +<DD> +Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing +<I>string1</I> + +with +<I>string2</I>. + +Equivalent to +``!!:s/<I>string1</I>/<I>string2</I>/'' +(see <B>Modifiers</B> below). +<DT><B>!#</B> + +<DD> +The entire command line typed so far. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbCZ"> </A> +<H4>Word Designators</H4> + +<P> + +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. +A +<B>:</B> + +separates the event specification from the word designator. +It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a +<B>^</B>, + +<B>$</B>, + +<B>*</B>, + +<B>-</B>, + +or +<B>%</B>. + +Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, +with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). +Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>0 (zero)</B> + +<DD> +The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command +word. +<DT><I>n</I> + +<DD> +The <I>n</I>th word. +<DT><B>^</B> + +<DD> +The first argument. That is, word 1. +<DT><B>$</B> + +<DD> +The last argument. +<DT><B>%</B> + +<DD> +The word matched by the most recent `?<I>string</I>?' search. +<DT><I>x</I><B>-</B>y + +<DD> +A range of words; `-<I>y</I>' abbreviates `0-<I>y</I>'. +<DT><B>*</B> + +<DD> +All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym +for `<I>1-$</I>'. It is not an error to use +<B>*</B> + +if there is just one +word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. +<DT><B>x*</B> + +<DD> +Abbreviates <I>x-$</I>. +<DT><B>x-</B> + +<DD> +Abbreviates <I>x-$</I> like <B>x*</B>, but omits the last word. + +</DL> +<P> + +If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. +<A NAME="lbDA"> </A> +<H4>Modifiers</H4> + +<P> + +After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of +one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. +<P> + + +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>h</B> + +<DD> +Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. +<DT><B>t</B> + +<DD> +Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail. +<DT><B>r</B> + +<DD> +Remove a trailing suffix of the form <I>.xxx</I>, leaving the +basename. +<DT><B>e</B> + +<DD> +Remove all but the trailing suffix. +<DT><B>p</B> + +<DD> +Print the new command but do not execute it. +<DT><B>q</B> + +<DD> +Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. +<DT><B>x</B> + +<DD> +Quote the substituted words as with +<B>q</B>, + +but break into words at +<B>blanks</B> + +and newlines. +<DT><B>s/</B><I>old</I>/<I>new</I>/ + +<DD> +Substitute +<I>new</I> + +for the first occurrence of +<I>old</I> + +in the event line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The +final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the +event line. The delimiter may be quoted in +<I>old</I> + +and +<I>new</I> + +with a single backslash. If & appears in +<I>new</I>, + +it is replaced by +<I>old</I>. + +A single backslash will quote the &. If +<I>old</I> + +is null, it is set to the last +<I>old</I> + +substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place, +the last +<I>string</I> + +in a +<B>!?</B><I>string</I><B>[?]</B> + +search. +<DT><B>&</B> + +<DD> +Repeat the previous substitution. +<DT><B>g</B> + +<DD> +Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is +used in conjunction with `<B>:s</B>' (e.g., `<B>:gs/</B><I>old</I>/<I>new</I>/') +or `<B>:&</B>'. If used with +`<B>:s</B>', any delimiter can be used +in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional +if it is the last character of the event line. +An <B>a</B> may be used as a synonym for <B>g</B>. +<DT><B>G</B> + +<DD> +Apply the following `<B>s</B>' modifier once to each word in the event line. + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbDB"> </A> +<H3>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</H3> + + + +<P> + +Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this +section as accepting options preceded by +<B>-</B> + +accepts +<B>--</B> + +to signify the end of the options. +The <B>:</B>, <B>true</B>, <B>false</B>, and <B>test</B> builtins +do not accept options and do not treat <B>--</B> specially. +The <B>exit</B>, <B>logout</B>, <B>break</B>, <B>continue</B>, <B>let</B>, +and <B>shift</B> builtins accept and process arguments beginning with +<B>-</B> without requiring <B>--</B>. +Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting +options interpret arguments beginning with <B>-</B> as invalid options and +require <B>--</B> to prevent this interpretation. +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>:</B> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD> + +No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding +<I>arguments</I> + +and performing any specified +redirections. A zero exit code is returned. +<DT><B> . </B> <I>filename</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD> + +<DT><B>source</B> <I>filename</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD> + +Read and execute commands from +<I>filename</I> + +in the current +shell environment and return the exit status of the last command +executed from +<I>filename</I>. + +If +<I>filename</I> + +does not contain a slash, file names in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +are used to find the directory containing +<I>filename</I>. + +The file searched for in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +need not be executable. +When <B>bash</B> is not in <I>posix mode</I>, the current directory is +searched if no file is found in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>. + +</FONT> +If the +<B>sourcepath</B> + +option to the +<B>shopt</B> + +builtin command is turned off, the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +is not searched. +If any <I>arguments</I> are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when <I>filename</I> is executed. Otherwise the positional +parameters are unchanged. +The return status is the status of the last command exited within +the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if +<I>filename</I> + +is not found or cannot be read. +<DT><B>alias</B> [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD> +<B>Alias</B> with no arguments or with the +<B>-p</B> + +option prints the list of aliases in the form +<B>alias</B> <I>name</I>=<I>value</I> on standard output. +When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for +each <I>name</I> whose <I>value</I> is given. +A trailing space in <I>value</I> causes the next word to be +checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. +For each <I>name</I> in the argument list for which no <I>value</I> +is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. +<B>Alias</B> returns true unless a <I>name</I> is given for which +no alias has been defined. +<DT><B>bg</B> [<I>jobspec</I> ...]<DD> +Resume each suspended job <I>jobspec</I> in the background, as if it +had been started with +<B>&</B>. + +If +<I>jobspec</I> + +is not present, the shell's notion of the <I>current job</I> is used. +<B>bg</B> + +<I>jobspec</I> + +returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, any specified <I>jobspec</I> was not found +or was started without job control. +<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] [<B>-lpsvPSV</B>]<DD> + +<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] [<B>-q</B> <I>function</I>] [<B>-u</B> <I>function</I>] [<B>-r</B> <I>keyseq</I>]<DD> +<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <B>-f</B> <I>filename</I><DD> +<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <B>-x</B> <I>keyseq</I>:<I>shell-command</I><DD> +<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <I>keyseq</I>:<I>function-name</I><DD> +<DT><B>bind</B> <I>readline-command</I><DD> + +Display current +<B>readline</B> + +key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a +<B>readline</B> + +function or macro, or set a +<B>readline</B> + +variable. +Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in +<I>.inputrc</I>, + +but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; +e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-m </B><I>keymap</I> + +<DD> +Use +<I>keymap</I> + +as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. +Acceptable +<I>keymap</I> + +names are +<I>emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, +vi-move, vi-command</I>, and +<I>vi-insert</I>. + +<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I>; <I>emacs</I> is +equivalent to <I>emacs-standard</I>. +<DT><B>-l</B> + +<DD> +List the names of all <B>readline</B> functions. +<DT><B>-p</B> + +<DD> +Display <B>readline</B> function names and bindings in such a way +that they can be re-read. +<DT><B>-P</B> + +<DD> +List current <B>readline</B> function names and bindings. +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +Display <B>readline</B> key sequences bound to macros and the strings +they output in such a way that they can be re-read. +<DT><B>-S</B> + +<DD> +Display <B>readline</B> key sequences bound to macros and the strings +they output. +<DT><B>-v</B> + +<DD> +Display <B>readline</B> variable names and values in such a way that they +can be re-read. +<DT><B>-V</B> + +<DD> +List current <B>readline</B> variable names and values. +<DT><B>-f </B><I>filename</I> + +<DD> +Read key bindings from <I>filename</I>. +<DT><B>-q </B><I>function</I> + +<DD> +Query about which keys invoke the named <I>function</I>. +<DT><B>-u </B><I>function</I> + +<DD> +Unbind all keys bound to the named <I>function</I>. +<DT><B>-r </B><I>keyseq</I> + +<DD> +Remove any current binding for <I>keyseq</I>. +<DT><B>-x </B><I>keyseq</I>:<I>shell-command</I> + +<DD> +Cause <I>shell-command</I> to be executed whenever <I>keyseq</I> is +entered. +When <I>shell-command</I> is executed, the shell sets the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_LINE</B> + +</FONT> +variable to the contents of the <B>readline</B> line buffer and the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_POINT</B> + +</FONT> +variable to the current location of the insertion point. +If the executed command changes the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_LINE</B> + +</FONT> +or +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_POINT</B>, + +</FONT> +those new values will be reflected in the editing state. + +</DL> +<P> + +The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an +error occurred. +</DL> + +<DT><B>break</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD> +Exit from within a +<B>for</B>, + +<B>while</B>, + +<B>until</B>, + +or +<B>select</B> + +loop. If <I>n</I> is specified, break <I>n</I> levels. +<I>n</I> + +must be >= 1. If +<I>n</I> + +is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops +are exited. +The return value is 0 unless <I>n</I> is not greater than or equal to 1. +<DT><B>builtin</B> <I>shell-builtin</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD> +Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it +<I>arguments</I>, + +and return its exit status. +This is useful when defining a +function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, +retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. +The <B>cd</B> builtin is commonly redefined this way. +The return status is false if +<I>shell-builtin</I> + +is not a shell builtin command. +<DT><B>caller</B> [<I>expr</I>]<DD> +Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins. +Without <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B> displays the line number and source +filename of the current subroutine call. +If a non-negative integer is supplied as <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B> +displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding +to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra +information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The +current frame is frame 0. +The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or <I>expr</I> does not correspond to a valid position in the +call stack. +<DT><B>cd</B> [<B>-L|-P</B>] [<I>dir</I>]<DD> +Change the current directory to <I>dir</I>. The variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOME</B> + +</FONT> +is the +default +<I>dir</I>. + +The variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> + +</FONT> +defines the search path for the directory containing +<I>dir</I>. + +Alternative directory names in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> + +</FONT> +are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> + +</FONT> +is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``<B>.</B>''. If +<I>dir</I> + +begins with a slash (/), +then +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> + +</FONT> +is not used. The +<B>-P</B> + +option says to use the physical directory structure instead of +following symbolic links (see also the +<B>-P</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command); the +<B>-L</B> + +option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of +<B>-</B> + +is equivalent to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$OLDPWD</B>. + +</FONT> +If a non-empty directory name from +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B> + +</FONT> +is used, or if +<B>-</B> is the first argument, and the directory change is +successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is +written to the standard output. +The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; +false otherwise. +<DT><B>command</B> [<B>-pVv</B>] <I>command</I> [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD> +Run +<I>command</I> + +with +<I>args</I> + +suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin +commands or commands found in the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +are executed. If the +<B>-p</B> + +option is given, the search for +<I>command</I> + +is performed using a default value for +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +If either the +<B>-V</B> + +or +<B>-v</B> + +option is supplied, a description of +<I>command</I> + +is printed. The +<B>-v</B> + +option causes a single word indicating the command or file name +used to invoke +<I>command</I> + +to be displayed; the +<B>-V</B> + +option produces a more verbose description. +If the +<B>-V</B> + +or +<B>-v</B> + +option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if +<I>command</I> + +was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and +an error occurred or +<I>command</I> + +cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the +<B>command</B> + +builtin is the exit status of +<I>command</I>. + +<DT><B>compgen</B> [<I>option</I>] [<I>word</I>]<DD> +Generate possible completion matches for <I>word</I> according to +the <I>option</I>s, which may be any option accepted by the +<B>complete</B> + +builtin with the exception of <B>-p</B> and <B>-r</B>, and write +the matches to the standard output. +When using the <B>-F</B> or <B>-C</B> options, the various shell variables +set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not +have useful values. +<P> +The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable +completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification +with the same flags. +If <I>word</I> is specified, only those completions matching <I>word</I> +will be displayed. +<P> +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no +matches were generated. +<DT><B>complete</B> [<B>-abcdefgjksuv</B>] [<B>-o</B> <I>comp-option</I>] [<B>-DE</B>] [<B>-A</B> <I>action</I>] [<B>-G</B> <I>globpat</I>] [<B>-W</B> <I>wordlist</I>] [<B>-F</B> <I>function</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>command</I>]<DD> +<BR> + +[<B>-X</B> <I>filterpat</I>] [<B>-P</B> <I>prefix</I>] [<B>-S</B> <I>suffix</I>] <I>name</I> [<I>name ...</I>] + +<DT><B>complete</B> <B>-pr</B> [<B>-DE</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD> + +Specify how arguments to each <I>name</I> should be completed. +If the <B>-p</B> option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, +existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows +them to be reused as input. +The <B>-r</B> option removes a completion specification for +each <I>name</I>, or, if no <I>name</I>s are supplied, all +completion specifications. +The <B>-D</B> option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The <B>-E</B> option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +<P> +The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion +is attempted is described above under <B>Programmable Completion</B>. +<P> +Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. +The arguments to the <B>-G</B>, <B>-W</B>, and <B>-X</B> options +(and, if necessary, the <B>-P</B> and <B>-S</B> options) +should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the +<B>complete</B> + +builtin is invoked. +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-o</B> <I>comp-option</I><DD> +The <I>comp-option</I> controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior +beyond the simple generation of completions. +<I>comp-option</I> may be one of: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>bashdefault</B> + +<DD> +Perform the rest of the default <B>bash</B> completions if the compspec +generates no matches. +<DT><B>default</B> + +<DD> +Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates +no matches. +<DT><B>dirnames</B> + +<DD> +Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. +<DT><B>filenames</B> + +<DD> +Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any +filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names, +quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). +Intended to be used with shell functions. +<DT><B>nospace</B> + +<DD> +Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at +the end of the line. +<DT><B>plusdirs</B> + +<DD> +After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +</DL></DL> + +<DT><B>-A</B> <I>action</I><DD> +The <I>action</I> may be one of the following to generate a list of possible +completions: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>alias</B> + +<DD> +Alias names. May also be specified as <B>-a</B>. +<DT><B>arrayvar</B> + +<DD> +Array variable names. +<DT><B>binding</B> + +<DD> +<B>Readline</B> key binding names. +<DT><B>builtin</B> + +<DD> +Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as <B>-b</B>. +<DT><B>command</B> + +<DD> +Command names. May also be specified as <B>-c</B>. +<DT><B>directory</B> + +<DD> +Directory names. May also be specified as <B>-d</B>. +<DT><B>disabled</B> + +<DD> +Names of disabled shell builtins. +<DT><B>enabled</B> + +<DD> +Names of enabled shell builtins. +<DT><B>export</B> + +<DD> +Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as <B>-e</B>. +<DT><B>file</B> + +<DD> +File names. May also be specified as <B>-f</B>. +<DT><B>function</B> + +<DD> +Names of shell functions. +<DT><B>group</B> + +<DD> +Group names. May also be specified as <B>-g</B>. +<DT><B>helptopic</B> + +<DD> +Help topics as accepted by the <B>help</B> builtin. +<DT><B>hostname</B> + +<DD> +Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOSTFILE</B> + +</FONT> +shell variable. +<DT><B>job</B> + +<DD> +Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as <B>-j</B>. +<DT><B>keyword</B> + +<DD> +Shell reserved words. May also be specified as <B>-k</B>. +<DT><B>running</B> + +<DD> +Names of running jobs, if job control is active. +<DT><B>service</B> + +<DD> +Service names. May also be specified as <B>-s</B>. +<DT><B>setopt</B> + +<DD> +Valid arguments for the <B>-o</B> option to the <B>set</B> builtin. +<DT><B>shopt</B> + +<DD> +Shell option names as accepted by the <B>shopt</B> builtin. +<DT><B>signal</B> + +<DD> +Signal names. +<DT><B>stopped</B> + +<DD> +Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. +<DT><B>user</B> + +<DD> +User names. May also be specified as <B>-u</B>. +<DT><B>variable</B> + +<DD> +Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as <B>-v</B>. +</DL></DL> + +<DT><B>-G</B> <I>globpat</I><DD> +The pathname expansion pattern <I>globpat</I> is expanded to generate +the possible completions. +<DT><B>-W</B> <I>wordlist</I><DD> +The <I>wordlist</I> is split using the characters in the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. +The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which +match the word being completed. +<DT><B>-C</B> <I>command</I><DD> +<I>command</I> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is +used as the possible completions. +<DT><B>-F</B> <I>function</I><DD> +The shell function <I>function</I> is executed in the current shell +environment. +When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value +of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMPREPLY</B> + +</FONT> +array variable. +<DT><B>-X</B> <I>filterpat</I><DD> +<I>filterpat</I> is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. +It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the +preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching +<I>filterpat</I> is removed from the list. +A leading <B>!</B> in <I>filterpat</I> negates the pattern; in this +case, any completion not matching <I>filterpat</I> is removed. +<DT><B>-P</B> <I>prefix</I><DD> +<I>prefix</I> is added at the beginning of each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +<DT><B>-S</B> <I>suffix</I><DD> +<I>suffix</I> is appended to each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. + +</DL> +<P> + +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option +other than <B>-p</B> or <B>-r</B> is supplied without a <I>name</I> +argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for +a <I>name</I> for which no specification exists, or +an error occurs adding a completion specification. +</DL> + +<DT><B>compopt</B> [<B>-o</B> <I>option</I>] [<B>-DE</B>] [<B>+o</B> <I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>]<DD> +Modify completion options for each <I>name</I> according to the +<I>option</I>s, or for the +currently-execution completion if no <I>name</I>s are supplied. +If no <I>option</I>s are given, display the completion options for each +<I>name</I> or the current completion. +The possible values of <I>option</I> are those valid for the <B>complete</B> +builtin described above. +The <B>-D</B> option indicates that the remaining options should +apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The <B>-E</B> option indicates that the remaining options should +apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +</DL> +<P> + +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt +is made to modify the options for a <I>name</I> for which no completion +specification exists, or an output error occurs. +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>continue</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD> +Resume the next iteration of the enclosing +<B>for</B>, + +<B>while</B>, + +<B>until</B>, + +or +<B>select</B> + +loop. +If +<I>n</I> + +is specified, resume at the <I>n</I>th enclosing loop. +<I>n</I> + +must be >= 1. If +<I>n</I> + +is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop +(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. +The return value is 0 unless <I>n</I> is not greater than or equal to 1. +<DT><B>declare</B> [<B>-aAfFilrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD> + +<DT><B>typeset</B> [<B>-aAfFilrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD> + +Declare variables and/or give them attributes. +If no <I>name</I>s are given then display the values of variables. +The +<B>-p</B> + +option will display the attributes and values of each +<I>name</I>. + +When +<B>-p</B> + +is used with <I>name</I> arguments, additional options are ignored. +When +<B>-p</B> + +is supplied without <I>name</I> arguments, it will display the attributes +and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the +additional options. +If no other options are supplied with <B>-p</B>, <B>declare</B> will display +the attributes and values of all shell variables. The <B>-f</B> option +will restrict the display to shell functions. +The +<B>-F</B> + +option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the +function name and attributes are printed. +If the <B>extdebug</B> shell option is enabled using <B>shopt</B>, +the source file name and line number where the function is defined +are displayed as well. The +<B>-F</B> + +option implies +<B>-f</B>. + +The following options can +be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or +to give variables attributes: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-a</B> + +<DD> +Each <I>name</I> is an indexed array variable (see +<B>Arrays</B> + +above). +<DT><B>-A</B> + +<DD> +Each <I>name</I> is an associative array variable (see +<B>Arrays</B> + +above). +<DT><B>-f</B> + +<DD> +Use function names only. +<DT><B>-i</B> + +<DD> +The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B> + +</FONT> +above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. +<DT><B>-l</B> + +<DD> +When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +converted to lower-case. +The upper-case attribute is disabled. +<DT><B>-r</B> + +<DD> +Make <I>name</I>s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +by subsequent assignment statements or unset. +<DT><B>-t</B> + +<DD> +Give each <I>name</I> the <I>trace</I> attribute. +Traced functions inherit the <B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps from +the calling shell. +The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. +<DT><B>-u</B> + +<DD> +When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +converted to upper-case. +The lower-case attribute is disabled. +<DT><B>-x</B> + +<DD> +Mark <I>name</I>s for export to subsequent commands via the environment. + +</DL> +<P> + +Using `+' instead of `-' +turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that <B>+a</B> +may not be used to destroy an array variable and <B>+r</B> will not +remove the readonly attribute. +When used in a function, +makes each +<I>name</I> local, as with the +<B>local</B> + +command. +If a variable name is followed by =<I>value</I>, the value of +the variable is set to <I>value</I>. +The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using + +<TT>-f foo=bar</TT>, +an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without +using the compound assignment syntax (see +<B>Arrays</B> + +above), one of the <I>names</I> is not a valid shell variable name, +an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <B>-f</B>. +</DL> + +<DT><B>dirs [+</B><I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>] [<B>-cplv</B>] + +<DD> +Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. +The default display is on a single line with directory names separated +by spaces. +Directories are added to the list with the +<B>pushd</B> + +command; the +<B>popd</B> + +command removes entries from the list. +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD> +Displays the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +<B>dirs</B> + +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +<DT><B>-</B><I>n</I><DD> +Displays the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +<B>dirs</B> + +when invoked without options, starting with zero. +<DT><B>-c</B> + +<DD> +Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. +<DT><B>-l</B> + +<DD> +Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a +tilde to denote the home directory. +<DT><B>-p</B> + +<DD> +Print the directory stack with one entry per line. +<DT><B>-v</B> + +<DD> +Print the directory stack with one entry per line, +prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. + +</DL> +<P> + +The return value is 0 unless an +invalid option is supplied or <I>n</I> indexes beyond the end +of the directory stack. +</DL> + +<DT><B>disown</B> [<B>-ar</B>] [<B>-h</B>] [<I>jobspec</I> ...]<DD> +Without options, each +<I>jobspec</I> + +is removed from the table of active jobs. +If +<I>jobspec</I> + +is not present, and neither <B>-a</B> nor <B>-r</B> is supplied, +the shell's notion of the <I>current job</I> is used. +If the <B>-h</B> option is given, each +<I>jobspec</I> + +is not removed from the table, but is marked so that +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B> + +</FONT> +is not sent to the job if the shell receives a +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>. + +</FONT> +If no +<I>jobspec</I> + +is present, and neither the +<B>-a</B> + +nor the +<B>-r</B> + +option is supplied, the <I>current job</I> is used. +If no +<I>jobspec</I> + +is supplied, the +<B>-a</B> + +option means to remove or mark all jobs; the +<B>-r</B> + +option without a +<I>jobspec</I> + +argument restricts operation to running jobs. +The return value is 0 unless a +<I>jobspec</I> + +does not specify a valid job. +<DT><B>echo</B> [<B>-neE</B>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD> +Output the <I>arg</I>s, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. +The return status is always 0. +If <B>-n</B> is specified, the trailing newline is +suppressed. If the <B>-e</B> option is given, interpretation of +the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The +<B>-E</B> + +option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +even on systems where they are interpreted by default. +The <B>xpg_echo</B> shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not <B>echo</B> expands these +escape characters by default. +<B>echo</B> + +does not interpret <B>--</B> to mean the end of options. +<B>echo</B> + +interprets the following escape sequences: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>\a</B> + +<DD> +alert (bell) +<DT><B>\b</B> + +<DD> +backspace +<DT><B>\c</B> + +<DD> +suppress further output +<DT><B>\e</B> + +<DD> +an escape character +<DT><B>\f</B> + +<DD> +form feed +<DT><B>\n</B> + +<DD> +new line +<DT><B>\r</B> + +<DD> +carriage return +<DT><B>\t</B> + +<DD> +horizontal tab +<DT><B>\v</B> + +<DD> +vertical tab +<DT><B>\\</B> + +<DD> +backslash +<DT><B>\0</B><I>nnn</I> + +<DD> +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I> +(zero to three octal digits) +<DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I> + +<DD> +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I> +(one or two hex digits) + +</DL></DL> + +<DT><B>enable</B> [<B>-a</B>] [<B>-dnps</B>] [<B>-f</B> <I>filename</I>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD> +Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name +as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, +even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. +If <B>-n</B> is used, each <I>name</I> +is disabled; otherwise, +<I>names</I> are enabled. For example, to use the +<B>test</B> + +binary found via the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +instead of the shell builtin version, run +<TT>enable -n test</TT>. + +The +<B>-f</B> + +option means to load the new builtin command +<I>name</I> + +from shared object +<I>filename</I>, + +on systems that support dynamic loading. The +<B>-d</B> + +option will delete a builtin previously loaded with +<B>-f</B>. + +If no <I>name</I> arguments are given, or if the +<B>-p</B> + +option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. +With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled +shell builtins. +If <B>-n</B> is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. +If <B>-a</B> is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an +indication of whether or not each is enabled. +If <B>-s</B> is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX +<I>special</I> builtins. +The return value is 0 unless a +<I>name</I> + +is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin +from a shared object. +<DT><B>eval</B> [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD> +The <I>arg</I>s are read and concatenated together into a single +command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and +its exit status is returned as the value of +<B>eval</B>. + +If there are no +<I>args</I>, + +or only null arguments, +<B>eval</B> + +returns 0. +<DT><B>exec</B> [<B>-cl</B>] [<B>-a</B> <I>name</I>] [<I>command</I> [<I>arguments</I>]]<DD> +If +<I>command</I> + +is specified, it replaces the shell. +No new process is created. The +<I>arguments</I> + +become the arguments to <I>command</I>. +If the +<B>-l</B> + +option is supplied, +the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to +<I>command</I>. + +This is what +<I>login</I>(1) + +does. The +<B>-c</B> + +option causes +<I>command</I> + +to be executed with an empty environment. If +<B>-a</B> + +is supplied, the shell passes +<I>name</I> + +as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If +<I>command</I> + +cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, +unless the shell option +<B>execfail</B> + +is enabled, in which case it returns failure. +An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +If +<I>command</I> + +is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, +and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the +return status is 1. +<DT><B>exit</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD> +Cause the shell to exit +with a status of <I>n</I>. If +<I>n</I> + +is omitted, the exit status +is that of the last command executed. +A trap on +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXIT</B> + +</FONT> +is executed before the shell terminates. +<DT><B>export</B> [<B>-fn</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>word</I>]] ...<DD> + +<DT><B>export -p</B> + +<DD> + +The supplied +<I>names</I> + +are marked for automatic export to the environment of +subsequently executed commands. If the +<B>-f</B> + +option is given, +the +<I>names</I> + +refer to functions. +If no +<I>names</I> + +are given, or if the +<B>-p</B> + +option is supplied, a list +of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. +The +<B>-n</B> + +option causes the export property to be removed from each +<I>name</I>. +If a variable name is followed by =<I>word</I>, the value of +the variable is set to <I>word</I>. +<B>export</B> + +returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is +encountered, +one of the <I>names</I> is not a valid shell variable name, or +<B>-f</B> + +is supplied with a +<I>name</I> + +that is not a function. +<DT><B>fc</B> [<B>-e</B> <I>ename</I>] [<B>-lnr</B>] [<I>first</I>] [<I>last</I>]<DD> + +<DT><B>fc</B> <B>-s</B> [<I>pat</I>=<I>rep</I>] [<I>cmd</I>]<DD> + +Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from +<I>first</I> + +to +<I>last</I> + +is selected from the history list. +<I>First</I> + +and +<I>last</I> + +may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning +with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, +where a negative number is used as an offset from the current +command number). If +<I>last</I> + +is not specified it is set to +the current command for listing (so that + +<TT>fc -l -10</TT> +prints the last 10 commands) and to +<I>first</I> + +otherwise. +If +<I>first</I> + +is not specified it is set to the previous +command for editing and -16 for listing. +<P> +The +<B>-n</B> + +option suppresses +the command numbers when listing. The +<B>-r</B> + +option reverses the order of +the commands. If the +<B>-l</B> + +option is given, +the commands are listed on +standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by +<I>ename</I> + +is invoked +on a file containing those commands. If +<I>ename</I> + +is not given, the +value of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FCEDIT</B> + +</FONT> +variable is used, and +the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EDITOR</B> + +</FONT> +if +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FCEDIT</B> + +</FONT> +is not set. If neither variable is set, + +<I>vi</I> + +is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are +echoed and executed. +<P> +In the second form, <I>command</I> is re-executed after each instance +of <I>pat</I> is replaced by <I>rep</I>. +A useful alias to use with this is + +<TT>r='fc -s'</TT>, +so that typing + +<TT>r cc</TT> +runs the last command beginning with + +<TT>cc</TT> +and typing + +<TT>r</TT> +re-executes the last command. +<P> +If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid +option is encountered or +<I>first</I> + +or +<I>last</I> + +specify history lines out of range. +If the +<B>-e</B> + +option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last +command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary +file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status +is that of the command re-executed, unless +<I>cmd</I> + +does not specify a valid history line, in which case +<B>fc</B> + +returns failure. +<DT><B>fg</B> [<I>jobspec</I>]<DD> +Resume +<I>jobspec</I> + +in the foreground, and make it the current job. +If +<I>jobspec</I> + +is not present, the shell's notion of the <I>current job</I> is used. +The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, +or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, if +<I>jobspec</I> + +does not specify a valid job or +<I>jobspec</I> + +specifies a job that was started without job control. +<DT><B>getopts</B> <I>optstring</I> <I>name</I> [<I>args</I>]<DD> +<B>getopts</B> + +is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. +<I>optstring</I> + +contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character +is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an +argument, which should be separated from it by white space. +The colon and question mark characters may not be used as +option characters. +Each time it is invoked, +<B>getopts</B> + +places the next option in the shell variable +<I>name</I>, + +initializing +<I>name</I> + +if it does not exist, +and the index of the next argument to be processed into the +variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTIND</B>. + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTIND</B> + +</FONT> +is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +is invoked. When an option requires an argument, +<B>getopts</B> + +places that argument into the variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B>. + +</FONT> +The shell does not reset +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTIND</B> + +</FONT> +automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple +calls to +<B>getopts</B> + +within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters +is to be used. +<P> +When the end of options is encountered, <B>getopts</B> exits with a +return value greater than zero. +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTIND</B> + +</FONT> +is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and <B>name</B> is set to ?. +<P> +<B>getopts</B> + +normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are +given in +<I>args</I>, + +<B>getopts</B> + +parses those instead. +<P> +<B>getopts</B> + +can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +<I>optstring</I> + +is a colon, +<I>silent</I> + +error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages +are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are +encountered. +If the variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTERR</B> + +</FONT> +is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first +character of +<I>optstring</I> + +is not a colon. +<P> +If an invalid option is seen, +<B>getopts</B> + +places ? into +<I>name</I> + +and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B>. + +</FONT> +If +<B>getopts</B> + +is silent, +the option character found is placed in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B> + +</FONT> +and no diagnostic message is printed. +<P> +If a required argument is not found, and +<B>getopts</B> + +is not silent, +a question mark (<B>?</B>) is placed in +<I>name</I>, + +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If +<B>getopts</B> + +is silent, then a colon (<B>:</B>) is placed in +<I>name</I> + +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B> + +</FONT> +is set to the option character found. +<P> +<B>getopts</B> + +returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. +It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an +error occurs. +<DT><B>hash</B> [<B>-lr</B>] [<B>-p</B> <I>filename</I>] [<B>-dt</B>] [<I>name</I>]<DD> +For each +<I>name</I>, + +the full file name of the command is determined by searching +the directories in +<B>$PATH</B> + +and remembered. +If the +<B>-p</B> + +option is supplied, no path search is performed, and +<I>filename</I> + +is used as the full file name of the command. +The +<B>-r</B> + +option causes the shell to forget all +remembered locations. +The +<B>-d</B> + +option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each <I>name</I>. +If the +<B>-t</B> + +option is supplied, the full pathname to which each <I>name</I> corresponds +is printed. If multiple <I>name</I> arguments are supplied with <B>-t</B>, +the <I>name</I> is printed before the hashed full pathname. +The +<B>-l</B> + +option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. +If no arguments are given, or if only <B>-l</B> is supplied, +information about remembered commands is printed. +The return status is true unless a +<I>name</I> + +is not found or an invalid option is supplied. +<DT><B>help</B> [<B>-dms</B>] [<I>pattern</I>]<DD> +Display helpful information about builtin commands. If +<I>pattern</I> + +is specified, +<B>help</B> + +gives detailed help on all commands matching +<I>pattern</I>; + +otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures +is printed. +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-d</B> + +<DD> +Display a short description of each <I>pattern</I> +<DT><B>-m</B> + +<DD> +Display the description of each <I>pattern</I> in a manpage-like format +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +Display only a short usage synopsis for each <I>pattern</I> + +</DL></DL> + +The return status is 0 unless no command matches +<I>pattern</I>. + +<DT><B>history [</B><I>n</I>]<DD> + +<DT><B>history</B> <B>-c</B><DD> +<DT><B>history -d</B> <I>offset</I><DD> +<DT><B>history</B> <B>-anrw</B> [<I>filename</I>]<DD> +<DT><B>history</B> <B>-p</B> <I>arg</I> [<I>arg ...</I>]<DD> +<DT><B>history</B> <B>-s</B> <I>arg</I> [<I>arg ...</I>]<DD> + +With no options, display the command +history list with line numbers. Lines listed +with a +<B>*</B> + +have been modified. An argument of +<I>n</I> + +lists only the last +<I>n</I> + +lines. +If the shell variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B> + +</FONT> +is set and not null, +it is used as a format string for <I>strftime</I>(3) to display +the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. +No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp +and the history line. +If <I>filename</I> is supplied, it is used as the +name of the history file; if not, the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B> + +</FONT> +is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-c</B> + +<DD> +Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. +<DT><B>-d</B> <I>offset</I><DD> +Delete the history entry at position <I>offset</I>. +<DT><B>-a</B> + +<DD> +Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the +beginning of the current <B>bash</B> session) to the history file. +<DT><B>-n</B> + +<DD> +Read the history lines not already read from the history +file into the current history list. These are lines +appended to the history file since the beginning of the +current <B>bash</B> session. +<DT><B>-r</B> + +<DD> +Read the contents of the history file +and use them as the current history. +<DT><B>-w</B> + +<DD> +Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the +history file's contents. +<DT><B>-p</B> + +<DD> +Perform history substitution on the following <I>args</I> and display +the result on the standard output. +Does not store the results in the history list. +Each <I>arg</I> must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +Store the +<I>args</I> + +in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the +history list is removed before the +<I>args</I> + +are added. + +</DL> +<P> + +If the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B> + +</FONT> +variable is set, the time stamp information +associated with each history entry is written to the history file, +marked with the history comment character. +When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history +comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted +as timestamps for the previous history line. +The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an +error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid +<I>offset</I> is supplied as an argument to <B>-d</B>, or the +history expansion supplied as an argument to <B>-p</B> fails. +</DL> + +<DT><B>jobs</B> [<B>-lnprs</B>] [ <I>jobspec</I> ... ]<DD> + +<DT><B>jobs</B> <B>-x</B> <I>command</I> [ <I>args</I> ... ]<DD> + +The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following +meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-l</B> + +<DD> +List process IDs +in addition to the normal information. +<DT><B>-p</B> + +<DD> +List only the process ID of the job's process group +leader. +<DT><B>-n</B> + +<DD> +Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +the user was last notified of their status. +<DT><B>-r</B> + +<DD> +Restrict output to running jobs. +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +Restrict output to stopped jobs. + +</DL> +<P> + +If +<I>jobspec</I> + +is given, output is restricted to information about that job. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered +or an invalid +<I>jobspec</I> + +is supplied. +<P> + +If the +<B>-x</B> + +option is supplied, +<B>jobs</B> + +replaces any +<I>jobspec</I> + +found in +<I>command</I> + +or +<I>args</I> + +with the corresponding process group ID, and executes +<I>command</I> + +passing it +<I>args</I>, + +returning its exit status. +</DL> + +<DT><B>kill</B> [<B>-s</B> <I>sigspec</I> | <B>-n</B> <I>signum</I> | <B>-</B><I>sigspec</I>] [<I>pid</I> | <I>jobspec</I>] ...<DD> + +<DT><B>kill</B> <B>-l</B> [<I>sigspec</I> | <I>exit_status</I>]<DD> + +Send the signal named by +<I>sigspec</I> + +or +<I>signum</I> + +to the processes named by +<I>pid</I> + +or +<I>jobspec</I>. + +<I>sigspec</I> + +is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGKILL</B> + +</FONT> +(with or without the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIG</B> + +</FONT> +prefix) or a signal number; +<I>signum</I> + +is a signal number. +If +<I>sigspec</I> + +is not present, then +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTERM</B> + +</FONT> +is assumed. +An argument of +<B>-l</B> + +lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when +<B>-l</B> + +is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are +listed, and the return status is 0. +The <I>exit_status</I> argument to +<B>-l</B> + +is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of +a process terminated by a signal. +<B>kill</B> + +returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false +if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. +<DT><B>let</B> <I>arg</I> [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD> +Each +<I>arg</I> + +is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B> + +</FONT> +above). +If the last +<I>arg</I> + +evaluates to 0, +<B>let</B> + +returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. +<DT><B>local</B> [<I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD> +For each argument, a local variable named +<I>name </I> + +is created, and assigned +<I>value</I>. + +The <I>option</I> can be any of the options accepted by <B>declare</B>. +When +<B>local</B> + +is used within a function, it causes the variable +<I>name</I> + +to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. +With no operands, +<B>local</B> + +writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is +an error to use +<B>local</B> + +when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless +<B>local</B> + +is used outside a function, an invalid +<I>name</I> + +is supplied, or +<I>name</I> is a readonly variable. +<DT><B>logout</B> + +<DD> +Exit a login shell. +<DT><B>mapfile</B> [<B>-n</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-O</B> <I>origin</I>] [<B>-s</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-t</B>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>callback</I>] [<B>-c</B> <I>quantum</I>] [<I>array</I>]<DD> + +<DT><B>readarray</B> [<B>-n</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-O</B> <I>origin</I>] [<B>-s</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-t</B>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>callback</I>] [<B>-c</B> <I>quantum</I>] [<I>array</I>]<DD> + +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable +<I>array</I>, + +or from file descriptor +<I>fd</I> + +if the +<B>-u</B> + +option is supplied. +The variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MAPFILE</B> + +</FONT> +is the default <I>array</I>. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-n</B> + +<DD> +Copy at most +<I>count</I> + +lines. If <I>count</I> is 0, all lines are copied. +<DT><B>-O</B> + +<DD> +Begin assigning to +<I>array</I> + +at index +<I>origin</I>. + +The default index is 0. +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +Discard the first <I>count</I> lines read. +<DT><B>-t</B> + +<DD> +Remove a trailing newline from each line read. +<DT><B>-u</B> + +<DD> +Read lines from file descriptor <I>fd</I> instead of the standard input. +<DT><B>-C</B> + +<DD> +Evaluate +<I>callback</I> + +each time <I>quantum</I> lines are read. The <B>-c</B> option specifies +<I>quantum</I>. + +<DT><B>-c</B> + +<DD> +Specify the number of lines read between each call to +<I>callback</I>. + + +</DL> +<P> + +If +<B>-C</B> + +is specified without +<B>-c</B>, + +the default quantum is 5000. +When <I>callback</I> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +array element to be assigned as an additional argument. +<I>callback</I> is evaluated after the line is read but before the +array element is assigned. +<P> + +If not supplied with an explicit origin, <B>mapfile</B> will clear <I>array</I> +before assigning to it. +<P> + +<B>mapfile</B> returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, <I>array</I> is invalid or unassignable, or if +<I>array</I> is not an indexed array. +</DL> + +<DT><B>popd</B> [-<B>n</B>] [+<I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>]<DD> +Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, +removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a +<B>cd</B> + +to the new top directory. +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-n</B> + +<DD> +Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD> +Removes the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the left of the list +shown by +<B>dirs</B>, + +starting with zero. For example: + +<TT>popd +0</TT> +removes the first directory, + +<TT>popd +1</TT> +the second. +<DT><B>-</B><I>n</I><DD> +Removes the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the right of the list +shown by +<B>dirs</B>, + +starting with zero. For example: + +<TT>popd -0</TT> +removes the last directory, + +<TT>popd -1</TT> +the next to last. + +</DL> +<P> + +If the +<B>popd</B> + +command is successful, a +<B>dirs</B> + +is performed as well, and the return status is 0. +<B>popd</B> + +returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack +is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the +directory change fails. +</DL> + +<DT><B>printf</B> [<B>-v</B> <I>var</I>] <I>format</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD> +Write the formatted <I>arguments</I> to the standard output under the +control of the <I>format</I>. +The <I>format</I> is a character string which contains three types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character +escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and +format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive +<I>argument</I>. +In addition to the standard <I>printf</I>(1) formats, <B>%b</B> causes +<B>printf</B> to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding +<I>argument</I> (except that <B>\c</B> terminates output, backslashes in +<B>\aq</B>, <B>\"</B>, and <B>\?</B> are not removed, and octal escapes +beginning with <B>\0</B> may contain up to four digits), +and <B>%q</B> causes <B>printf</B> to output the corresponding +<I>argument</I> in a format that can be reused as shell input. +<P> +The <B>-v</B> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +<I>var</I> rather than being printed to the standard output. +<P> +The <I>format</I> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <I>arguments</I>. +If the <I>format</I> requires more <I>arguments</I> than are supplied, the +extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as +appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, +non-zero on failure. +<DT><B>pushd</B> [<B>-n</B>] [+<I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>]<DD> + +<DT><B>pushd</B> [<B>-n</B>] [<I>dir</I>]<DD> + +Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates +the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working +directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories +and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. +Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-n</B> + +<DD> +Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories +to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD> +Rotates the stack so that the <I>n</I>th directory +(counting from the left of the list shown by +<B>dirs</B>, + +starting with zero) +is at the top. +<DT><B>-</B><I>n</I><DD> +Rotates the stack so that the <I>n</I>th directory +(counting from the right of the list shown by +<B>dirs</B>, + +starting with zero) is at the top. +<DT><I>dir</I> + +<DD> +Adds +<I>dir</I> + +to the directory stack at the top, making it the +new current working directory. + +</DL> +<P> + +If the +<B>pushd</B> + +command is successful, a +<B>dirs</B> + +is performed as well. +If the first form is used, +<B>pushd</B> + +returns 0 unless the cd to +<I>dir</I> + +fails. With the second form, +<B>pushd</B> + +returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty, +a non-existent directory stack element is specified, +or the directory change to the specified new current directory +fails. +</DL> + +<DT><B>pwd</B> [<B>-LP</B>]<DD> +Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the +<B>-P</B> + +option is supplied or the +<B>-o physical</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin command is enabled. +If the +<B>-L</B> + +option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. +The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while +reading the name of the current directory or an +invalid option is supplied. +<DT><B>read</B> [<B>-ers</B>] [<B>-a</B> <I>aname</I>] [<B>-d</B> <I>delim</I>] [<B>-i</B> <I>text</I>] [<B>-n</B> <I>nchars</I>] [<B>-N</B> <I>nchars</I>] [<B>-p</B> <I>prompt</I>] [<B>-t</B> <I>timeout</I>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD> +One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +<I>fd</I> supplied as an argument to the <B>-u</B> option, and the first word +is assigned to the first +<I>name</I>, + +the second word to the second +<I>name</I>, + +and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned +to the last +<I>name</I>. + +If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, +the remaining names are assigned empty values. +The characters in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B> + +</FONT> +are used to split the line into words. +The backslash character (<B>\</B>) may be used to remove any special +meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-a </B><I>aname</I> + +<DD> +The words are assigned to sequential indices +of the array variable +<I>aname</I>, + +starting at 0. +<I>aname</I> + +is unset before any new values are assigned. +Other <I>name</I> arguments are ignored. +<DT><B>-d </B><I>delim</I> + +<DD> +The first character of <I>delim</I> is used to terminate the input line, +rather than newline. +<DT><B>-e</B> + +<DD> +If the standard input +is coming from a terminal, +<B>readline</B> + +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE</B> + +</FONT> +above) is used to obtain the line. +Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +active) editing settings. +<DT><B>-i </B><I>text</I> + +<DD> +If +<B>readline</B> + +is being used to read the line, <I>text</I> is placed into the editing +buffer before editing begins. +<DT><B>-n </B><I>nchars</I> + +<DD> +<B>read</B> returns after reading <I>nchars</I> characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer +than <I>nchars</I> characters are read before the delimiter. +<DT><B>-N </B><I>nchars</I> + +<DD> +<B>read</B> returns after reading exactly <I>nchars</I> characters rather +than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or +<B>read</B> times out. +Delimiter characters encountered in the input are +not treated specially and do not cause <B>read</B> to return until +<I>nchars</I> characters are read. +<DT><B>-p </B><I>prompt</I> + +<DD> +Display <I>prompt</I> on standard error, without a +trailing newline, before attempting to read any input. The prompt +is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. +<DT><B>-r</B> + +<DD> +Backslash does not act as an escape character. +The backslash is considered to be part of the line. +In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line +continuation. +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +not echoed. +<DT><B>-t </B><I>timeout</I> + +<DD> +Cause <B>read</B> to time out and return failure if a complete line of +input is not read within <I>timeout</I> seconds. +<I>timeout</I> may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +the decimal point. +This option is only effective if <B>read</B> is reading input from a +terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading +from regular files. +If <I>timeout</I> is 0, <B>read</B> returns success if input is available on +the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. +The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. +<DT><B>-u </B><I>fd</I> + +<DD> +Read input from file descriptor <I>fd</I>. + +</DL> +<P> + +If no +<I>names</I> + +are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REPLY</B>. + +</FONT> +The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <B>read</B> +times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an +invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <B>-u</B>. +</DL> + +<DT><B>readonly</B> [<B>-aApf</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>word</I>] ...]<DD> + +The given +<I>names</I> are marked readonly; the values of these +<I>names</I> + +may not be changed by subsequent assignment. +If the +<B>-f</B> + +option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the +<I>names</I> are so +marked. +The +<B>-a</B> + +option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the +<B>-A</B> + +option restricts the variables to associative arrays. +If no +<I>name</I> + +arguments are given, or if the +<B>-p</B> + +option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The +<B>-p</B> + +option causes output to be displayed in a format that +may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =<I>word</I>, the value of +the variable is set to <I>word</I>. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, +one of the +<I>names</I> + +is not a valid shell variable name, or +<B>-f</B> + +is supplied with a +<I>name</I> + +that is not a function. +<DT><B>return</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD> +Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by +<I>n</I>. + +If +<I>n</I> + +is omitted, the return status is that of the last command +executed in the function body. If used outside a function, +but during execution of a script by the +<B>.</B> + +(<B>source</B>) command, it causes the shell to stop executing +that script and return either +<I>n</I> + +or the exit status of the last command executed within the +script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a +function and not during execution of a script by <B>.</B>, +the return status is false. +Any command associated with the <B>RETURN</B> trap is executed +before execution resumes after the function or script. +<DT><B>set</B> [<B>--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>-o</B> <I>option</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD> + +<DT><B>set</B> [<B>+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>+o</B> <I>option</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD> + +Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed +in a format that can be reused as input +for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. +Read-only variables cannot be reset. +In <I>posix mode</I>, only shell variables are listed. +The output is sorted according to the current locale. +When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. +Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated +as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to +<B>$1</B>, + +<B>$2</B>, + +<B>...</B> + +<B>$</B><I>n</I>. + +Options, if specified, have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-a</B> + +<DD> +Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or +created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. +<DT><B>-b</B> + +<DD> +Report the status of terminated background jobs +immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is +effective only when job control is enabled. +<DT><B>-e</B> + +<DD> +Exit immediately if a <I>pipeline</I> (which may consist of a single +<I>simple command</I>), a <I>subshell</I> command enclosed in parentheses, +or one of the commands executed as part of a command list enclosed +by braces (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B> + +</FONT> +above) exits with a non-zero status. +The shell does not exit if the +command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a +<B>while</B> + +or +<B>until</B> + +keyword, +part of the test following the +<B>if</B> + +or +<B>elif</B> + +reserved words, part of any command executed in a +<B>&&</B> + +or +<B>||</B> + +list except the command following the final <B>&&</B> or <B>||</B>, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return value is +being inverted with +<B>!</B>. + +A trap on <B>ERR</B>, if set, is executed before the shell exits. +This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</B> + +</FONT> +above), and may cause +subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +<DT><B>-f</B> + +<DD> +Disable pathname expansion. +<DT><B>-h</B> + +<DD> +Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. +This is enabled by default. +<DT><B>-k</B> + +<DD> +All arguments in the form of assignment statements +are placed in the environment for a command, not just +those that precede the command name. +<DT><B>-m</B> + +<DD> +Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on +by default for interactive shells on systems that support +it (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B> + +</FONT> +above). Background processes run in a separate process +group and a line containing their exit status is printed +upon their completion. +<DT><B>-n</B> + +<DD> +Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to +check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by +interactive shells. +<DT><B>-o </B><I>option-name</I> + +<DD> +The <I>option-name</I> can be one of the following: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>allexport</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-a</B>. + +<DT><B>braceexpand</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-B</B>. + +<DT><B>emacs</B> + +<DD> +Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled +by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started +with the +<B>--noediting</B> + +option. +This also affects the editing interface used for <B>read -e</B>. +<DT><B>errexit</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-e</B>. + +<DT><B>errtrace</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-E</B>. + +<DT><B>functrace</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-T</B>. + +<DT><B>hashall</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-h</B>. + +<DT><B>histexpand</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-H</B>. + +<DT><B>history</B> + +<DD> +Enable command history, as described above under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>. + +</FONT> +This option is on by default in interactive shells. +<DT><B>ignoreeof</B> + +<DD> +The effect is as if the shell command +<TT>IGNOREEOF=10</TT> + +had been executed +(see +<B>Shell Variables</B> + +above). +<DT><B>keyword</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-k</B>. + +<DT><B>monitor</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-m</B>. + +<DT><B>noclobber</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-C</B>. + +<DT><B>noexec</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-n</B>. + +<DT><B>noglob</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-f</B>. + +<DT><B>nolog</B> + +<DD> +Currently ignored. +<DT><B>notify</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-b</B>. + +<DT><B>nounset</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-u</B>. + +<DT><B>onecmd</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-t</B>. + +<DT><B>physical</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-P</B>. + +<DT><B>pipefail</B> + +<DD> +If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all +commands in the pipeline exit successfully. +This option is disabled by default. +<DT><B>posix</B> + +<DD> +Change the behavior of +<B>bash</B> + +where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard (<I>posix mode</I>). +<DT><B>privileged</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-p</B>. + +<DT><B>verbose</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-v</B>. + +<DT><B>vi</B> + +<DD> +Use a vi-style command line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for <B>read -e</B>. +<DT><B>xtrace</B> + +<DD> +Same as +<B>-x</B>. + +<P> +</DL> +<P> + +If +<B>-o</B> + +is supplied with no <I>option-name</I>, the values of the current options are +printed. +If +<B>+o</B> + +is supplied with no <I>option-name</I>, a series of +<B>set</B> + +commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on +the standard output. +</DL> + +<DT><B>-p</B> + +<DD> +Turn on +<I>privileged</I> + +mode. In this mode, the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$ENV</B> + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$BASH_ENV</B> + +</FONT> +files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the +environment, and the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELLOPTS</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHOPTS</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>, + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the <B>-p</B> option is not supplied, these actions +are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the <B>-p</B> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +not reset. +Turning this option off causes the effective user +and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. +<DT><B>-t</B> + +<DD> +Exit after reading and executing one command. +<DT><B>-u</B> + +<DD> +Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special +parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing +parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an +unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error message, and, +if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. +<DT><B>-v</B> + +<DD> +Print shell input lines as they are read. +<DT><B>-x</B> + +<DD> +After expanding each <I>simple command</I>, +<B>for</B> command, <B>case</B> command, <B>select</B> command, or +arithmetic <B>for</B> command, display the expanded value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS4</B>, + +</FONT> +followed by the command and its expanded arguments +or associated word list. +<DT><B>-B</B> + +<DD> +The shell performs brace expansion (see +<B>Brace Expansion</B> + +above). This is on by default. +<DT><B>-C</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +does not overwrite an existing file with the +<B>></B>, + +<B>>&</B>, + +and +<B><></B> + +redirection operators. This may be overridden when +creating output files by using the redirection operator +<B>>|</B> + +instead of +<B>></B>. + +<DT><B>-E</B> + +<DD> +If set, any trap on <B>ERR</B> is inherited by shell functions, command +substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. +The <B>ERR</B> trap is normally not inherited in such cases. +<DT><B>-H</B> + +<DD> +Enable +<B>!</B> + +style history substitution. This option is on by +default when the shell is interactive. +<DT><B>-P</B> + +<DD> +If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when executing +commands such as +<B>cd</B> + +that change the current working directory. It uses the +physical directory structure instead. By default, +<B>bash</B> + +follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands +which change the current directory. +<DT><B>-T</B> + +<DD> +If set, any traps on <B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> are inherited by shell +functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a +subshell environment. +The <B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps are normally not inherited +in such cases. +<DT><B>--</B> + +<DD> +If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the +<I>arg</I>s, even if some of them begin with a +<B>-</B>. + +<DT><B>-</B> + +<DD> +Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <I>arg</I>s to be +assigned to the positional parameters. The +<B>-x</B> + +and +<B>-v</B> + +options are turned off. +If there are no <I>arg</I>s, +the positional parameters remain unchanged. + +</DL> +<P> + +The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. +Using + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. +The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of +the shell. +The current set of options may be found in +<B>$-</B>. + +The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered. +</DL> + +<DT><B>shift</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD> +The positional parameters from <I>n</I>+1 ... are renamed to +<B>$1</B> + +<B>....</B> + +Parameters represented by the numbers <B>$#</B> +down to <B>$#</B>-<I>n</I>+1 are unset. +<I>n</I> + +must be a non-negative number less than or equal to <B>$#</B>. +If +<I>n</I> + +is 0, no parameters are changed. +If +<I>n </I> + +is not given, it is assumed to be 1. +If +<I>n</I> + +is greater than <B>$#</B>, the positional parameters are not changed. +The return status is greater than zero if +<I>n</I> + +is greater than +<B>$#</B> + +or less than zero; otherwise 0. +<DT><B>shopt</B> [<B>-pqsu</B>] [<B>-o</B>] [<I>optname</I> ...]<DD> +Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. +With no options, or with the +<B>-p</B> + +option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with +an indication of whether or not each is set. +The <B>-p</B> option causes output to be displayed in a form that +may be reused as input. +Other options have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +Enable (set) each <I>optname</I>. +<DT><B>-u</B> + +<DD> +Disable (unset) each <I>optname</I>. +<DT><B>-q</B> + +<DD> +Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates +whether the <I>optname</I> is set or unset. +If multiple <I>optname</I> arguments are given with +<B>-q</B>, + +the return status is zero if all <I>optnames</I> are enabled; non-zero +otherwise. +<DT><B>-o</B> + +<DD> +Restricts the values of <I>optname</I> to be those defined for the +<B>-o</B> + +option to the +<B>set</B> + +builtin. + +</DL> +<P> + +If either +<B>-s</B> + +or +<B>-u</B> + +is used with no <I>optname</I> arguments, the display is limited to +those options which are set or unset, respectively. +Unless otherwise noted, the <B>shopt</B> options are disabled (unset) +by default. +<P> + +The return status when listing options is zero if all <I>optnames</I> +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, +the return status is zero unless an <I>optname</I> is not a valid shell +option. +<P> + +The list of <B>shopt</B> options is: +<P> + + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>autocd</B> + +<DD> +If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the <B>cd</B> command. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +<DT><B>cdable_vars</B> + +<DD> +If set, an argument to the +<B>cd</B> + +builtin command that +is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose +value is the directory to change to. +<DT><B>cdspell</B> + +<DD> +If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +<B>cd</B> + +command will be corrected. +The errors checked for are transposed characters, +a missing character, and one character too many. +If a correction is found, the corrected file name is printed, +and the command proceeds. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +<DT><B>checkhash</B> + +<DD> +If set, <B>bash</B> checks that a command found in the hash +table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no +longer exists, a normal path search is performed. +<DT><B>checkjobs</B> + +<DD> +If set, <B>bash</B> lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes +the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an +intervening command (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B> + +</FONT> +above). The shell always +postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. +<DT><B>checkwinsize</B> + +<DD> +If set, <B>bash</B> checks the window size after each command +and, if necessary, updates the values of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINES</B> + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COLUMNS</B>. + +</FONT> +<DT><B>cmdhist</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line +command in the same history entry. This allows +easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +<DT><B>compat31</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted +arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator. +<DT><B>compat32</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific +string comparison when using the conditional command's < and > operators. +<DT><B>compat40</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific +string comparison when using the conditional command's < and > operators +and the effect of interrupting a command list. +<DT><B>dirspell</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion +if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. +<DT><B>dotglob</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname +expansion. +<DT><B>execfail</B> + +<DD> +If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the +<B>exec</B> + +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if +<B>exec</B> + +fails. +<DT><B>expand_aliases</B> + +<DD> +If set, aliases are expanded as described above under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ALIASES</B>. + +</FONT> +This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. +<DT><B>extdebug</B> + +<DD> +If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>1.</B> + +<DD> +The <B>-F</B> option to the <B>declare</B> builtin displays the source +file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied +as an argument. +<DT><B>2.</B> + +<DD> +If the command run by the <B>DEBUG</B> trap returns a non-zero value, the +next command is skipped and not executed. +<DT><B>3.</B> + +<DD> +If the command run by the <B>DEBUG</B> trap returns a value of 2, and the +shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script +executed by the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins), a call to +<B>return</B> is simulated. +<DT><B>4.</B> + +<DD> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGC</B> + +</FONT> +and +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGV</B> + +</FONT> +are updated as described in their descriptions above. +<DT><B>5.</B> + +<DD> +Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the +<B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps. +<DT><B>6.</B> + +<DD> +Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the +<B>ERROR</B> trap. +</DL></DL> + +<DT><B>extglob</B> + +<DD> +If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under +<B>Pathname Expansion</B> are enabled. +<DT><B>extquote</B> + +<DD> +If set, <B>$</B>aq<I>string</I>aq and <B>$</B>"<I>string</I>" quoting is +performed within <B>${</B><I>parameter</I><B>}</B> expansions +enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. +<DT><B>failglob</B> + +<DD> +If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion +result in an expansion error. +<DT><B>force_fignore</B> + +<DD> +If set, the suffixes specified by the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B> + +</FONT> +shell variable +cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if +the ignored words are the only possible completions. +See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL VARIABLES</B></FONT> +above for a description of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>. + +</FONT> +This option is enabled by default. +<DT><B>globstar</B> + +<DD> +If set, the pattern <B>**</B> used in a pathname expansion context will +match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +If the pattern is followed by a <B>/</B>, only directories and +subdirectories match. +<DT><B>gnu_errfmt</B> + +<DD> +If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error +message format. +<DT><B>histappend</B> + +<DD> +If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B> + +</FONT> +variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. +<DT><B>histreedit</B> + +<DD> +If set, and +<B>readline</B> + +is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a +failed history substitution. +<DT><B>histverify</B> + +<DD> +If set, and +<B>readline</B> + +is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately +passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into +the <B>readline</B> editing buffer, allowing further modification. +<DT><B>hostcomplete</B> + +<DD> +If set, and +<B>readline</B> + +is being used, <B>bash</B> will attempt to perform hostname completion when a +word containing a <B>@</B> is being completed (see +<B>Completing</B> + +under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE</B> + +</FONT> +above). +This is enabled by default. +<DT><B>huponexit</B> + +<DD> +If set, <B>bash</B> will send +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B> + +</FONT> +to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. +<DT><B>interactive_comments</B> + +<DD> +If set, allow a word beginning with +<B>#</B> + +to cause that word and all remaining characters on that +line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMENTS</B> + +</FONT> +above). This option is enabled by default. +<DT><B>lithist</B> + +<DD> +If set, and the +<B>cmdhist</B> + +option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with +embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. +<DT><B>login_shell</B> + +<DD> +The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B> + +</FONT> +above). +The value may not be changed. +<DT><B>mailwarn</B> + +<DD> +If set, and a file that <B>bash</B> is checking for mail has been +accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in +<I>mailfile</I> has been read'' is displayed. +<DT><B>no_empty_cmd_completion</B> + +<DD> +If set, and +<B>readline</B> + +is being used, +<B>bash</B> + +will not attempt to search the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +for possible completions when +completion is attempted on an empty line. +<DT><B>nocaseglob</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname +expansion (see +<B>Pathname Expansion</B> + +above). +<DT><B>nocasematch</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching +while executing <B>case</B> or <B>[[</B> conditional commands. +<DT><B>nullglob</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +allows patterns which match no +files (see +<B>Pathname Expansion</B> + +above) +to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. +<DT><B>progcomp</B> + +<DD> +If set, the programmable completion facilities (see +<B>Programmable Completion</B> above) are enabled. +This option is enabled by default. +<DT><B>promptvars</B> + +<DD> +If set, prompt strings undergo +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B> + +</FONT> +above. This option is enabled by default. +<DT><B>restricted_shell</B> + +<DD> +The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RESTRICTED SHELL</B> + +</FONT> +below). +The value may not be changed. +This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing +the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. +<DT><B>shift_verbose</B> + +<DD> +If set, the +<B>shift</B> + +builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the +number of positional parameters. +<DT><B>sourcepath</B> + +<DD> +If set, the +<B>source</B> (<B>.</B>) builtin uses the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. +This option is enabled by default. +<DT><B>xpg_echo</B> + +<DD> +If set, the <B>echo</B> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +by default. +</DL></DL> + +<DT><B>suspend</B> [<B>-f</B>]<DD> +Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGCONT</B> + +</FONT> +signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the +<B>-f</B> + +option can be used to override this and force the suspension. +The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and +<B>-f</B> + +is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled. +<DT><B>test</B> <I>expr</I><DD> + +<DT><B>[</B> <I>expr</I> <B>]</B><DD> +Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on +the evaluation of the conditional expression +<I>expr</I>. + +Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described above under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>. + +</FONT> +<B>test</B> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of <B>--</B> as signifying the end of options. +<P> + + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence. +The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>! </B><I>expr</I> + +<DD> +True if +<I>expr</I> + +is false. +<DT><B>( </B><I>expr</I> ) + +<DD> +Returns the value of <I>expr</I>. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +<DT><I>expr1</I> -<B>a</B> <I>expr2</I><DD> +True if both +<I>expr1</I> + +and +<I>expr2</I> + +are true. +<DT><I>expr1</I> -<B>o</B> <I>expr2</I><DD> +True if either +<I>expr1</I> + +or +<I>expr2</I> + +is true. + +</DL> +<P> + +<B>test</B> and <B>[</B> evaluate conditional +expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. +<P> + + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>0 arguments<DD> +The expression is false. +<DT>1 argument<DD> +The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. +<DT>2 arguments<DD> +If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the expression is true if and +only if the second argument is null. +If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed above +under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>, + +</FONT> +the expression is true if the unary test is true. +If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression +is false. +<DT>3 arguments<DD> +If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above +under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>, + +</FONT> +the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using +the first and third arguments as operands. +The <B>-a</B> and <B>-o</B> operators are considered binary operators +when there are three arguments. +If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the value is the negation of +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +If the first argument is exactly <B>(</B> and the third argument is +exactly <B>)</B>, the result is the one-argument test of the second +argument. +Otherwise, the expression is false. +<DT>4 arguments<DD> +If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the result is the negation of +the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +precedence using the rules listed above. +<DT>5 or more arguments<DD> +The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +using the rules listed above. +</DL></DL> + + +<DT><B>times</B> + +<DD> +Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and +for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. +<DT><B>trap</B> [<B>-lp</B>] [[<I>arg</I>] <I>sigspec</I> ...]<DD> +The command +<I>arg</I> + +is to be read and executed when the shell receives +signal(s) +<I>sigspec</I>. + +If +<I>arg</I> + +is absent (and there is a single <I>sigspec</I>) or +<B>-</B>, + +each specified signal is +reset to its original disposition (the value it had +upon entrance to the shell). +If +<I>arg</I> + +is the null string the signal specified by each +<I>sigspec</I> + +is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. +If +<I>arg</I> + +is not present and +<B>-p</B> + +has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each +<I>sigspec</I> + +are displayed. +If no arguments are supplied or if only +<B>-p</B> + +is given, +<B>trap</B> + +prints the list of commands associated with each signal. +The +<B>-l</B> + +option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and +their corresponding numbers. +Each +<I>sigspec</I> + +is either +a signal name defined in <<I>signal.h</I>>, or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. +<P> + + +If a +<I>sigspec</I> + +is +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXIT</B> + +</FONT> +(0) the command +<I>arg</I> + +is executed on exit from the shell. +If a +<I>sigspec</I> + +is +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DEBUG</B>, + +</FONT> +the command +<I>arg</I> + +is executed before every <I>simple command</I>, <I>for</I> command, +<I>case</I> command, <I>select</I> command, every arithmetic <I>for</I> +command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B> + +</FONT> +above). +Refer to the description of the <B>extdebug</B> option to the +<B>shopt</B> builtin for details of its effect on the <B>DEBUG</B> trap. +If a +<I>sigspec</I> + +is +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RETURN</B>, + +</FONT> +the command +<I>arg</I> + +is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the +<B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins finishes executing. +<P> + + +If a +<I>sigspec</I> + +is +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ERR</B>, + +</FONT> +the command +<I>arg</I> + +is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status, +subject to the following conditions. +The +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ERR</B> + +</FONT> +trap is not executed if the failed +command is part of the command list immediately following a +<B>while</B> + +or +<B>until</B> + +keyword, +part of the test in an +<I>if</I> + +statement, part of a command executed in a +<B>&&</B> + +or +<B>||</B> + +list, or if the command's return value is +being inverted via +<B>!</B>. + +These are the same conditions obeyed by the <B>errexit</B> option. +<P> + + +Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original +values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. +The return status is false if any +<I>sigspec</I> + +is invalid; otherwise +<B>trap</B> + +returns true. +<DT><B>type</B> [<B>-aftpP</B>] <I>name</I> [<I>name</I> ...]<DD> +With no options, +indicate how each +<I>name</I> + +would be interpreted if used as a command name. +If the +<B>-t</B> + +option is used, +<B>type</B> + +prints a string which is one of +<I>alias</I>, + +<I>keyword</I>, + +<I>function</I>, + +<I>builtin</I>, + +or +<I>file </I> + +if +<I>name</I> + +is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, +respectively. +If the +<I>name</I> + +is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false +is returned. +If the +<B>-p</B> + +option is used, +<B>type</B> + +either returns the name of the disk file +that would be executed if +<I>name</I> + +were specified as a command name, +or nothing if +<TT>type -t name</TT> + +would not return +<I>file</I>. + +The +<B>-P</B> + +option forces a +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B> + +</FONT> +search for each <I>name</I>, even if +<TT>type -t name</TT> + +would not return +<I>file</I>. + +If a command is hashed, +<B>-p</B> + +and +<B>-P</B> + +print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that appears +first in +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>. + +</FONT> +If the +<B>-a</B> + +option is used, +<B>type</B> + +prints all of the places that contain +an executable named +<I>name</I>. + +This includes aliases and functions, +if and only if the +<B>-p</B> + +option is not also used. +The table of hashed commands is not consulted +when using +<B>-a</B>. + +The +<B>-f</B> + +option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the <B>command</B> builtin. +<B>type</B> + +returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if +any are not found. +<DT><B>ulimit</B> [<B>-HSTabcdefilmnpqrstuvx</B> [<I>limit</I>]]<DD> +Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to +processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. +The <B>-H</B> and <B>-S</B> options specify that the hard or soft limit is +set for the given resource. +A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; +a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. +If neither <B>-H</B> nor <B>-S</B> is specified, both the soft and hard +limits are set. +The value of +<I>limit</I> + +can be a number in the unit specified for the resource +or one of the special values +<B>hard</B>, + +<B>soft</B>, + +or +<B>unlimited</B>, + +which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and +no limit, respectively. +If +<I>limit</I> + +is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is +printed, unless the <B>-H</B> option is given. When more than one +resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value. +Other options are interpreted as follows: +<DL COMPACT><DT><DD> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>-a</B> + +<DD> +All current limits are reported +<DT><B>-b</B> + +<DD> +The maximum socket buffer size +<DT><B>-c</B> + +<DD> +The maximum size of core files created +<DT><B>-d</B> + +<DD> +The maximum size of a process's data segment +<DT><B>-e</B> + +<DD> +The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") +<DT><B>-f</B> + +<DD> +The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children +<DT><B>-i</B> + +<DD> +The maximum number of pending signals +<DT><B>-l</B> + +<DD> +The maximum size that may be locked into memory +<DT><B>-m</B> + +<DD> +The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) +<DT><B>-n</B> + +<DD> +The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +allow this value to be set) +<DT><B>-p</B> + +<DD> +The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) +<DT><B>-q</B> + +<DD> +The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues +<DT><B>-r</B> + +<DD> +The maximum real-time scheduling priority +<DT><B>-s</B> + +<DD> +The maximum stack size +<DT><B>-t</B> + +<DD> +The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds +<DT><B>-u</B> + +<DD> +The maximum number of processes available to a single user +<DT><B>-v</B> + +<DD> +The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell +<DT><B>-x</B> + +<DD> +The maximum number of file locks +<DT><B>-T</B> + +<DD> +The maximum number of threads + +</DL> +<P> + +If +<I>limit</I> + +is given, it is the new value of the specified resource (the +<B>-a</B> + +option is display only). +If no option is given, then +<B>-f</B> + +is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for +<B>-t</B>, + +which is in seconds, +<B>-p</B>, + +which is in units of 512-byte blocks, +and +<B>-T</B>, + +<B>-b</B>, + +<B>-n</B>, + +and +<B>-u</B>, + +which are unscaled values. +The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +or an error occurs while setting a new limit. +</DL> + +<DT><B>umask</B> [<B>-p</B>] [<B>-S</B>] [<I>mode</I>]<DD> +The user file-creation mask is set to +<I>mode</I>. + +If +<I>mode</I> + +begins with a digit, it +is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise +it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar +to that accepted by +<I>chmod</I>(1). + +If +<I>mode</I> + +is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. +The +<B>-S</B> + +option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the +default output is an octal number. +If the +<B>-p</B> + +option is supplied, and +<I>mode</I> + +is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. +The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if +no <I>mode</I> argument was supplied, and false otherwise. +<DT><B>unalias</B> [-<B>a</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD> +Remove each <I>name</I> from the list of defined aliases. If +<B>-a</B> + +is supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return +value is true unless a supplied +<I>name</I> + +is not a defined alias. +<DT><B>unset</B> [-<B>fv</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD> +For each +<I>name</I>, + +remove the corresponding variable or function. +If no options are supplied, or the +<B>-v</B> + +option is given, each +<I>name</I> + +refers to a shell variable. +Read-only variables may not be unset. +If +<B>-f</B> + +is specified, each +<I>name</I> + +refers to a shell function, and the function definition +is removed. +Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment +passed to subsequent commands. +If any of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDBREAKS</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RANDOM</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SECONDS</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINENO</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCMD</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GROUPS</B>, + +</FONT> +or +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DIRSTACK</B> + +</FONT> +are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are +subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a +<I>name</I> + +is readonly. +<DT><B>wait</B> [<I>n ...</I>]<DD> +Wait for each specified process and return its termination status. +Each +<I>n</I> + +may be a process +ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes +in that job's pipeline are waited for. If +<I>n</I> + +is not given, all currently active child processes +are waited for, and the return status is zero. If +<I>n</I> + +specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is +127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last +process or job waited for. + + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbDC"> </A> +<H3>RESTRICTED SHELL</H3> + + + +<P> + +If +<B>bash</B> + +is started with the name +<B>rbash</B>, + +or the +<B>-r</B> + +option is supplied at invocation, +the shell becomes restricted. +A restricted shell is used to +set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. +It behaves identically to +<B>bash</B> + +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>*<DD> +changing directories with <B>cd</B> +<DT>*<DD> +setting or unsetting the values of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>, + +</FONT> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ENV</B>, + +</FONT> +or +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B> + +</FONT> +<DT>*<DD> +specifying command names containing +<B>/</B> + +<DT>*<DD> +specifying a file name containing a +<B>/</B> + +as an argument to the +<B>.</B> + +builtin command +<DT>*<DD> +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the +<B>-p</B> + +option to the +<B>hash</B> + +builtin command +<DT>*<DD> +importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup +<DT>*<DD> +parsing the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELLOPTS</B> + +</FONT> +from the shell environment at startup +<DT>*<DD> +redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators +<DT>*<DD> +using the +<B>exec</B> + +builtin command to replace the shell with another command +<DT>*<DD> +adding or deleting builtin commands with the +<B>-f</B> + +and +<B>-d</B> + +options to the +<B>enable</B> + +builtin command +<DT>*<DD> +Using the <B>enable</B> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +<DT>*<DD> +specifying the +<B>-p</B> + +option to the +<B>command</B> + +builtin command +<DT>*<DD> +turning off restricted mode with +<B>set +r</B> or <B>set +o restricted</B>. +</DL> +<P> + +These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. +<P> + + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION</B> + +</FONT> + +above), + +<B>rbash</B> + +turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the +script. + + +<A NAME="lbDD"> </A> +<H3>SEE ALSO</H3> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><I>Bash Reference Manual</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD> +<DT><I>The Gnu Readline Library</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD> +<DT><I>The Gnu History Library</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD> +<DT><I>Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities</I>, IEEE<DD> +<DT><I>sh</I>(1), <I>ksh</I>(1), <I>csh</I>(1)<DD> +<DT><I>emacs</I>(1), <I>vi</I>(1)<DD> +<DT><I>readline</I>(3)<DD> + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbDE"> </A> +<H3>FILES</H3> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT> +<A HREF="file:/bin/bash"><I>/bin/bash</I></A> + +<DD> +The <B>bash</B> executable +<DT> +<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A> + +<DD> +The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells +<DT> +<A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><I>~/.bash_profile</I></A> + +<DD> +The personal initialization file, executed for login shells +<DT> +<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A> + +<DD> +The individual per-interactive-shell startup file +<DT> +<A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><I>~/.bash_logout</I></A> + +<DD> +The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits +<DT> +<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A> + +<DD> +Individual <I>readline</I> initialization file + +</DL> +<A NAME="lbDF"> </A> +<H3>AUTHORS</H3> + +Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation +<BR> + +<A HREF="mailto:bfox@gnu.org">bfox@gnu.org</A> +<P> + +Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University +<BR> + +<A HREF="mailto:chet.ramey@case.edu">chet.ramey@case.edu</A> +<A NAME="lbDG"> </A> +<H3>BUG REPORTS</H3> + +If you find a bug in +<B>bash,</B> + +you should report it. But first, you should +make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest +version of +<B>bash</B>. + +The latest version is always available from +<I><A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/</A></I>. +<P> + +Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +<I>bashbug</I> + +command to submit a bug report. +If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! +Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed +to <I><A HREF="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</A></I> or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup +<A HREF="news:gnu.bash.bug">gnu.bash.bug</A>. + +<P> + +ALL bug reports should include: +<P> + + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>The version number of <B>bash</B><DD> +<DT>The hardware and operating system<DD> +<DT>The compiler used to compile<DD> +<DT>A description of the bug behaviour<DD> +<DT>A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug<DD> + +</DL> +<P> + +<I>bashbug</I> + +inserts the first three items automatically into the template +it provides for filing a bug report. +<P> + +Comments and bug reports concerning +this manual page should be directed to +<I><A HREF="mailto:chet@po.cwru.edu">chet@po.cwru.edu</A></I>. + +<A NAME="lbDH"> </A> +<H3>BUGS</H3> + +<P> + +It's too big and too slow. +<P> + +There are some subtle differences between +<B>bash</B> + +and traditional versions of +<B>sh</B>, + +mostly because of the +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>POSIX</B> + +</FONT> +specification. +<P> + +Aliases are confusing in some uses. +<P> + +Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. +<P> + +Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' +are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. +When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next +command in the sequence. +It suffices to place the sequence of commands between +parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as +a unit. +<P> + +Array variables may not (yet) be exported. +<P> + +There may be only one active coprocess at a time. + + + +<HR> +<TABLE WIDTH=100%> +<TR> +<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash-4.1<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2009 December 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) +</TR> +</TABLE> +<HR> +<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2> +<DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAD">COPYRIGHT</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAE">DESCRIPTION</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAF">OPTIONS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAG">ARGUMENTS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAH">INVOCATION</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAI">DEFINITIONS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAJ">RESERVED WORDS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAK">SHELL GRAMMAR</A><DD> +<DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAL">Simple Commands</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAM">Pipelines</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAN">Lists</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAO">Compound Commands</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAP">Coprocesses</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAQ">Shell Function Definitions</A><DD> +</DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAR">COMMENTS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAS">QUOTING</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAT">PARAMETERS</A><DD> +<DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAU">Positional Parameters</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAV">Special Parameters</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAW">Shell Variables</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAX">Arrays</A><DD> +</DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAY">EXPANSION</A><DD> +<DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbAZ">Brace Expansion</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBA">Tilde Expansion</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBB">Parameter Expansion</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBC">Command Substitution</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBD">Arithmetic Expansion</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBE">Process Substitution</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBF">Word Splitting</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBG">Pathname Expansion</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBH">Quote Removal</A><DD> +</DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBI">REDIRECTION</A><DD> +<DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBJ">Redirecting Input</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBK">Redirecting Output</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBL">Appending Redirected Output</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBM">Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBN">Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBO">Here Documents</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBP">Here Strings</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBQ">Duplicating File Descriptors</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBR">Moving File Descriptors</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBS">Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</A><DD> +</DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBT">ALIASES</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBU">FUNCTIONS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBV">ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBW">CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBX">SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBY">COMMAND EXECUTION</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbBZ">COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCA">ENVIRONMENT</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCB">EXIT STATUS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCC">SIGNALS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCD">JOB CONTROL</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCE">PROMPTING</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCF">READLINE</A><DD> +<DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCG">Readline Notation</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCH">Readline Initialization</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCI">Readline Key Bindings</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCJ">Readline Variables</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCK">Readline Conditional Constructs</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCL">Searching</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCM">Readline Command Names</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCN">Commands for Moving</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCO">Commands for Manipulating the History</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCP">Commands for Changing Text</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCQ">Killing and Yanking</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCR">Numeric Arguments</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCS">Completing</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCT">Keyboard Macros</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCU">Miscellaneous</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCV">Programmable Completion</A><DD> +</DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCW">HISTORY</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCX">HISTORY EXPANSION</A><DD> +<DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCY">Event Designators</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbCZ">Word Designators</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbDA">Modifiers</A><DD> +</DL> +<DT><A HREF="#lbDB">SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbDC">RESTRICTED SHELL</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbDD">SEE ALSO</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbDE">FILES</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbDF">AUTHORS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbDG">BUG REPORTS</A><DD> +<DT><A HREF="#lbDH">BUGS</A><DD> +</DL> +<HR> +This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR> +Time: 30 December 2009 13:07:38 EST +</BODY> +</HTML> diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb36c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.pdf diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b4d573 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -0,0 +1,8202 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 +%%CreationDate: Wed Dec 30 13:07:37 2009 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Courier +%%+ font Symbol +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2 +%%Pages: 70 +%%PageOrder: Ascend 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G(lent to).25 E F1<ad76>5 E F0(.)A F1<adad76>108 +292.8 Q(ersion)-.1 E F0(Sho)144 304.8 Q 2.5(wv)-.25 G +(ersion information for this instance of)-2.65 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(on the standard output and e)2.5 E(xit successfully)-.15 E(.)-.65 E/F4 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARGUMENTS)72 321.6 Q F0 .016(If ar)108 333.6 R +.016(guments remain after option processing, and neither the)-.18 F F1 +<ad63>2.516 E F0 .016(nor the)2.516 F F1<ad73>2.516 E F0 .016 +(option has been supplied, the \214rst)2.516 F(ar)108 345.6 Q .041(gume\ +nt is assumed to be the name of a \214le containing shell commands.)-.18 +F(If)5.041 E F1(bash)2.541 E F0 .041(is in)2.541 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) +.2 G 2.541(di).1 G 2.541(nt)-2.541 G .041(his f)-2.541 F(ashion,)-.1 E +F1($0)108 357.6 Q F0 .936(is set to the name of the \214le, and the pos\ +itional parameters are set to the remaining ar)3.435 F(guments.)-.18 E +F1(Bash)5.936 E F0 .234(reads and e)108 369.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .234 +(cutes commands from this \214le, then e).15 F(xits.)-.15 E F1(Bash) +5.234 E F0 1.334 -.55('s e)D .234(xit status is the e).4 F .233 +(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .348(mand e)108 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G .348(cuted in the script.).15 F .348(If no commands are e)5.348 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .348(cuted, the e).15 F .349(xit status is 0.)-.15 F .349 +(An attempt is \214rst made to)5.349 F .254 +(open the \214le in the current directory)108 393.6 R 2.754(,a)-.65 G +.253 +(nd, if no \214le is found, then the shell searches the directories in) +-2.754 F F3 -.666(PA)2.753 G(TH)-.189 E F0(for the script.)108 405.6 Q +F4(INV)72 422.4 Q(OCA)-.493 E(TION)-1.04 E F0(A)108 434.4 Q F2(lo)2.5 E +(gin shell)-.1 E F0(is one whose \214rst character of ar)2.5 E +(gument zero is a)-.18 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ro)-2.5 G +(ne started with the)-2.5 E F1(\255\255login)2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E(An) +108 451.2 Q F2(inter)2.814 E(active)-.15 E F0 .314 +(shell is one started without non-option ar)2.814 F .315 +(guments and without the)-.18 F F1<ad63>2.815 E F0 .315 +(option whose standard)2.815 F 1.5 +(input and error are both connected to terminals \(as determined by)108 +463.2 R F2(isatty)4 E F0 1.5(\(3\)\), or one started with the).32 F F1 +<ad69>4 E F0(option.)108 475.2 Q F3(PS1)5.289 E F0 .289(is set and)2.539 +F F1<24ad>2.789 E F0(includes)2.789 E F1(i)2.789 E F0(if)2.789 E F1 +(bash)2.789 E F0 .289(is interacti)2.789 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.789(,a).15 G +(llo)-2.789 E .29(wing a shell script or a startup \214le to test this) +-.25 F(state.)108 487.2 Q .033(The follo)108 504 R .033 +(wing paragraphs describe ho)-.25 F(w)-.25 E F1(bash)2.532 E F0 -.15 +(exe)2.532 G .032(cutes its startup \214les.).15 F .032(If an)5.032 F +2.532(yo)-.15 G 2.532(ft)-2.532 G .032(he \214les e)-2.532 F .032 +(xist b)-.15 F .032(ut cannot be)-.2 F(read,)108 516 Q F1(bash)3.085 E +F0 .585(reports an error)3.085 F 5.585(.T)-.55 G .585(ildes are e)-5.935 +F .586(xpanded in \214le names as described belo)-.15 F 3.086(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-3.086 E F1 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After)-.15 F 1.334(reading that \214le, it)3.834 F .249 +(looks for)108 568.8 R F2(~/.bash_pr)2.749 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 +(~/.bash_lo)2.749 E(gin)-.1 E F0 2.749(,a)C(nd)-2.749 E F2(~/.pr)2.749 E +(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.749(,i)C 2.749(nt)-2.749 G .249(hat order)-2.749 F +2.748(,a)-.4 G .248(nd reads and e)-2.748 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .248 +(cutes commands from).15 F .796(the \214rst one that e)108 580.8 R .796 +(xists and is readable.)-.15 F(The)5.796 E F1(\255\255nopr)3.296 E +(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .797(option may be used when the shell is started to) +3.296 F(inhibit this beha)108 592.8 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E +(When a login shell e)108 609.6 Q(xits,)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(reads and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes commands from the \214le).15 E +F2(~/.bash_lo)2.5 E(gout)-.1 E F0 2.5(,i)C 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(te)-2.5 G +(xists.)-2.65 E 1.698(When an interacti)108 626.4 R 1.998 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H 1.698(hell that is not a login shell is started,).15 F F1(bash)4.197 E +F0 1.697(reads and e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.697(cutes commands from) +.15 F F2(~/.bashr)108 638.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ft)-2.535 G +.035(hat \214le e)-2.535 F 2.535(xists. 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"$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 709.2 Q F0 -.2(bu) +108 727.2 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +(riable is not used to search for the \214le name.).25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(2)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(If)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in) +3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw).1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 +F F1(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt)-3.417 G .917 +(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917(vior of historical v)-.2 F +.917(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.417 E F0(as)3.417 E .145 +(closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.) +108 96 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G +2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l) +-.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 108 R 1.564 -.15 +(ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264 +(option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263 +(cute commands).15 F(from)108 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr) +4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F2(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 +2.992(,i).18 G 2.992(nt)-2.992 G .492(hat order)-2.992 F 5.492(.T)-.55 G +(he)-5.492 E F1(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493 +(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.993 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E +.418(When in)108 132 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918(sa) +-2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .418 +(hell with the name).15 F F1(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F1(bash)2.918 E F0 .418 +(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENV)2.918 E +/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F +(alue)-.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 144 R .171 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. 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No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.) +2.5 E F1(Bash)108 237.6 Q F0 .644(attempts to determine when it is bein\ +g run with its standard input connected to a a netw)3.144 F .643 +(ork connec-)-.1 F .229(tion, as if by the remote shell daemon, usually) +108 249.6 R F2 -.1(rs)2.729 G(hd).1 E F0 2.729(,o)C 2.73(rt)-2.729 G .23 +(he secure shell daemon)-2.73 F F2(sshd)2.73 E F0 5.23(.I)C(f)-5.23 E F1 +(bash)2.73 E F0 .23(determines it)2.73 F .741(is being run in this f)108 +261.6 R .741(ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .741 +(cutes commands from).15 F F2(~/.bashr)3.241 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.241(,i)C +3.241(ft)-3.241 G .741(hat \214le e)-3.241 F .741(xists and is read-) +-.15 F 2.97(able. It)108 273.6 R .47(will not do this if in)2.97 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.97(da).1 G(s)-2.97 E F1(sh)2.97 E F0 5.47(.T)C +(he)-5.47 E F1<adad6e6f72>2.97 E(c)-.18 E F0 .47 +(option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.97 F(vior)-.2 E 2.97(,a)-.4 G +.47(nd the)-2.97 F F1<adad72>108 285.6 Q(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .886 +(option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)3.387 F(ut)-.2 +E F2 -.1(rs)3.386 G(hd).1 E F0 .886(does not generally in)3.386 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G 1.086 -.1(ke t).2 H .886(he shell).1 F +(with those options or allo)108 297.6 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G +(hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.207 +(If the shell is started with the ef)108 314.4 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H 1.208 +(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F +F1<ad70>3.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \ +read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 326.4 R .535 +(vironment, the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)108 338.4 Q F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)2.959 G +(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0 +(and)2.959 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F0 -.25(va)2.959 G .709 +(riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71 +(vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 350.4 R(fecti)-.25 E +1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F +.904(If the)5.904 F F1<ad70>3.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in) +3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 362.4 Q +(vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) +72 379.2 Q F0(The follo)108 391.2 Q +(wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25 +E F1(blank)108 403.2 Q F0 2.5(As)11.54 G(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F1 +-.1(wo)108 415.2 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)13.88 G +(equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E +(Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F1(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(name)108 +427.2 Q F0(A)12.67 E F2(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165 +(consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be) +3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F +(betic character or an underscore.)144 439.2 Q(Also referred to as an)5 +E F1(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(metacharacter)108 451.2 Q F0 2.5(Ac) +144 463.2 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5 +(ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 +475.2 S 2.5(pace tab)-5 F(contr)108 487.2 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 +499.2 Q F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E +(It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E/F6 10/Symbol SF<efef> +144 511.2 Q F1 5(&&)5 G 5(&;;)-5 G 5(;\(\)||)-5 G 10(&<)-5 G(newline>) +-10 E F5(RESER)72 528 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F2 .307(Reserved wor) +108 540 R(ds)-.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306 +(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F +(reserv)108 552 Q .227(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F +.227(ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F3 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F +F0(belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 564 Q(ord of a)-.1 E +F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F1 +11.916(!c)144 580.8 S 9.416(ase do done elif else esac \214 f)-11.916 F +9.415(or function if in select then until)-.25 F 7.5 +(while { } time [[ ]])144 592.8 R F5(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 609.6 Q F1 +(Simple Commands)87 621.6 Q F0(A)108 633.6 Q F2 .388(simple command) +2.888 F F0 .388(is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389 +(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .389(wed by)-.25 F F1(blank)2.889 E F0 +.389(-separated w)B .389(ords and)-.1 F .816 +(redirections, and terminated by a)108 645.6 R F2(contr)3.316 E .815 +(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815(he \214rst w)-5.815 F +.815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 +E(and is passed as ar)108 657.6 Q(gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 +E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E(guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.)-2.5 E .175(The return v)108 674.4 R .175 +(alue of a)-.25 F F2 .175(simple command)2.675 F F0 .175(is its e)2.675 +F .175(xit status, or 128+)-.15 F F2(n)A F0 .176 +(if the command is terminated by signal)3.508 F F2(n)2.676 E F0(.).24 E +F1(Pipelines)87 691.2 Q F0(A)108 703.2 Q F2(pipeline)2.996 E F0 .496(is\ + a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control ope\ +rators)2.996 F F1(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F1(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C +(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 715.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(3)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E([)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(time)A F0([)2.5 E F1<ad70>A F0 +(]] [ ! ])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(|) +-2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SF<ef>A F1(|&)A F0(])A F2(command2)2.5 E F0(... ]) +2.5 E .243(The standard output of)108 100.8 R F2(command)2.943 E F0 .244 +(is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.513 F F2(command2) +2.744 E F0 5.244(.T).02 G .244(his connec-)-5.244 F .643 +(tion is performed before an)108 112.8 R 3.143(yr)-.15 G .642 +(edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.143 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(REDIRECTION)3.142 E F0(belo)2.892 E 3.142(w\). If)-.25 F F1(|&)3.142 +E F0(is)3.142 E 1.43(used, the standard error of)108 124.8 R F2(command) +3.93 E F0 1.431(is connected to)3.93 F F2(command2)3.931 E F0 2.531 -.55 +('s s)D 1.431(tandard input through the pipe; it is).55 F 1.197 +(shorthand for)108 136.8 R F1 1.197(2>&1 |)3.697 F F0 6.197(.T)C 1.197 +(his implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after an) +-6.197 F 3.696(yr)-.15 G(edirections)-3.696 E +(speci\214ed by the command.)108 148.8 Q .48 +(The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 165.6 R .48 +(xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F1(pipefail)2.98 E F0 +.48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 177.6 Q F1(pipefail)2.687 E F0 .187 +(is enabled, the pipeline')2.687 F 2.687(sr)-.55 G .186 +(eturn status is the v)-2.687 F .186 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .186(xit with a)-.15 +F .61(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 189.6 R .611 +(xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .611 +(he reserv)-3.111 F .611(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(!)3.111 E F0 .611 +(precedes a pipeline, the)5.611 F -.15(ex)108 201.6 S .55 +(it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55 +(tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F +(all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108 +213.6 Q(alue.)-.25 E .298(If the)108 230.4 R F1(time)2.799 E F0(reserv) +2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\ +ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 242.4 S +.14(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E +F1<ad70>2.639 E F0 .139(option changes the output format to that spec-) +2.639 F .779(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 254.4 R(The)5.779 E F4(TIMEFORMA) +3.279 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.029 G .779 +(riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.28(wt) +-.25 G .78(he timing)-3.28 F +(information should be displayed; see the description of)108 266.4 Q F4 +(TIMEFORMA)2.5 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)2.25 E F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables) +-.92 E F0(belo)2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(Each command in a pipeline is e)108 +283.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F1(Lists)87 +300 Q F0(A)108 312 Q F2(list)2.601 E F0 .101(is a sequence of one or mo\ +re pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.601 F F1(;)2.6 E F0(,)A +F1(&)2.6 E F0(,)A F1(&&)2.6 E F0 2.6(,o)C(r)-2.6 E F3<efef>2.6 E F0 2.6 +(,a)C .1(nd option-)-2.6 F(ally terminated by one of)108 324 Q F1(;)2.5 +E F0(,)A F1(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(<newline>)2.5 E F0(.)A .656 +(Of these list operators,)108 340.8 R F1(&&)3.156 E F0(and)3.156 E F3 +<efef>3.156 E F0(ha)3.156 E .956 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .656 +(qual precedence, follo).15 F .656(wed by)-.25 F F1(;)3.156 E F0(and) +3.156 E F1(&)3.156 E F0 3.156(,w)C .656(hich ha)-3.156 F .957 -.15(ve e) +-.2 H .657(qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 352.8 Q 2.5(As)108 369.6 S +(equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F2(list) +2.5 E F0(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 +(If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 386.4 R F1(&) +2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 +(cutes the command in the).15 F F2(bac)2.528 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 +(in)2.528 E 2.875(as)108 398.4 S 2.875(ubshell. The)-2.875 F .375 +(shell does not w)2.875 F .375 +(ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .376 +(Commands sepa-)5.376 F .849(rated by a)108 410.4 R F1(;)3.349 E F0 .849 +(are e)3.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F +.848(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .848(The return) +5.848 F(status is the e)108 422.4 Q(xit status of the last command e) +-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .632(AND and OR lists are sequences \ +of one of more pipelines separated by the)108 439.2 R F1(&&)3.132 E F0 +(and)3.133 E F3<efef>3.133 E F0 .633(control operators,)3.133 F +(respecti)108 451.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G +(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 +E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G 2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F2 +(command1)144 468 Q F1(&&)2.5 E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 484.8 Q +F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F2(command1) +2.7 E F0(returns an e)2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E +(An OR list has the form)108 501.6 Q F2(command1)144 518.4 Q F3<efef>2.5 +E F2(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 540 Q F0 .729(is e)3.249 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F2(command1)3.429 E F0 .729 +(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.)-.15 F .728 +(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108 552 Q +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted in the list.).15 E F1(Compound Commands)87 568.8 Q F0(A)108 580.8 +Q F2(compound command)2.5 E F0(is one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E +(\()108 597.6 Q F2(list)A F0(\))A F2(list)17.11 E F0 .011(is e)2.511 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see) +-.4 F F4 .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(belo) +2.262 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 609.6 S 1.064(riable assignments and b) +1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F +3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef) +144 621.6 Q(fect after the command completes.)-.25 E +(The return status is the e)5 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.) +A({)108 638.4 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;})C F2(list)3.89 E F0 .401 +(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .401(cuted in the current shell en) +.15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F2(list)5.401 E F0 .402 +(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 F 3.215 +(semicolon. This)144 650.4 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a)-.25 F F2 +(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 +(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F2(list) +3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 662.4 R 2.719(et) +-.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F1(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1 +(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F1({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719 +E F2 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22 +(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 674.4 S .257 +(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd) +-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the) +-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 686.4 Q F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 +E(\(\()108 703.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 +715.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F +2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E F4 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E +(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 727.2 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v) +4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the retur\ +n status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(4)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(is 1.)144 84 Q(This is e)5 E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G +(lent to).25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(let ")2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +-.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(")A F0(.)A F1([[)108 100.8 Q F2 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(]])2.5 E F0 1.299 +(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 112.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.3(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.8 G +(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.274 +(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 124.8 R +4.773(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.773 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)4.773 E +2.273(AL EXPRES-)-.18 F(SIONS)144 136.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +-.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133(rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133 +(xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F +F1([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 148.8 Q F1(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464 +(ilde e)-2.964 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) +-.25 F .463(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .463 +(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081 +(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 160.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G +3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081 +(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F1<ad66>3.581 E F0 +(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 172.8 Q +(When used with)144 190.8 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,T)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E +F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 +208.8 R F1(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F1(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ +e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) +3.002 F 1.224(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 +220.8 R 3.724(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.724 E F1 -.1(Pa)3.724 G(tter).1 E 3.725 +(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.725 E F0 6.225(.I)C 3.725(ft)-6.225 G 1.225 +(he shell)-3.725 F(option)144 232.8 Q F1(nocasematch)3.405 E F0 .904 +(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.405 F -.05(ga)-.15 G +.904(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.751(characters. The)144 244.8 +R .251(return v)2.751 F .251(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F +F1(==)A F0 2.751(\)o)C 2.751(rd)-2.751 G .251(oes not match \()-2.751 F +F1(!=)A F0 2.751(\)t)C .252(he pattern, and)-2.751 F 2.5(1o)144 256.8 S +2.5(therwise. An)-2.5 F 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted \ +to force it to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 +(An additional binary operator)144 274.8 R(,)-.4 E F1(=~)2.743 E F0 +2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243 +(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F1(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E +F1(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 +(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144 +286.8 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954 +(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 298.8 R F2 +-.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207 +(return v)2.707 F .207 +(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345 +(otherwise. If)144 310.8 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846 +(xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F +(xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 322.8 S +.667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the shell option)5.667 F F1(nocasematch) +3.167 E F0 .667(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .378(the case of alphabetic characters.) +144 334.8 R(An)5.378 E 2.878(yp)-.15 G .378 +(art of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched)-2.878 F +.265(as a string.)144 346.8 R .265 +(Substrings matched by parenthesized sube)5.265 F .265 +(xpressions within the re)-.15 F .265(gular e)-.15 F .265(xpression are) +-.15 F(sa)144 358.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G +.597(he array v)-3.097 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E +(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0 .597(The element of)5.097 F F3 -.27(BA)3.097 G +(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s) +-3.097 E .049(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 370.8 +R .049(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .049(element of)2.549 +F F3 -.27(BA)2.549 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 382.8 Q +(x)-.15 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E +F2(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 400.8 R .786 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 +412.8 Q F1(\()144 430.8 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)) +2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 442.8 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex) +3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) +-5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F +(operators.)180 454.8 Q F1(!)144 466.8 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) +-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 478.8 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F2 -.2(ex)144 490.8 S(pr).2 E +(ession1)-.37 E F1(&&)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 +-.35(Tr)180 502.8 S(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1) +-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.) +2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 514.8 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E/F5 10/Symbol SF +<efef>2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 526.8 +S(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 543.6 +Q F1(&&)3.298 E F0(and)3.298 E F5<efef>3.298 E F0 .798 +(operators do not e)3.298 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.298 G +(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 .798(if the v)3.298 F .798(alue of)-.25 F F2 +-.2(ex)3.298 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0 .799(is suf)3.298 F .799 +(\214cient to)-.25 F(determine the return v)144 555.6 Q +(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F1 -.25(fo) +108 572.4 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2 +(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 +E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .424(The list of w)144 584.4 R .424 +(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.924 E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F .423 +(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .423(The v)5.423 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to)2.923 F .653 +(each element of this list in turn, and)144 596.4 R F2(list)3.153 E F0 +.653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653 +(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 +(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e) +144 608.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.149 E F0 .648 +(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F F3 -.666 +(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).)-.25 E .153 +(The return status is the e)144 620.4 R .153 +(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654 +(cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F +(follo)144 632.4 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 +(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 649.2 S(r).25 E +F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 +E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e) +144 661.2 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) +3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235 +(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 673.2 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) +-.54 G(ION).855 E F4(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e)5.061 F(xpression)-.15 +E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e)3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144 685.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G +.592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2) +.2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E +F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e)3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591 +(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144 697.2 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 +-.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729 +(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 +(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G +2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G +.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 709.2 R .228 +(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 +(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f) +.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 +E -.15(ex)144 721.2 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(5)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(select)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G +F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .432(The list of w)144 +96 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 +F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .433(The set of e) +5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843 +(is printed on the standard error)144 108 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 +(ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he) +-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842 +(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) +144 120 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo) +2.451 E 2.701(w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201 +(prompt is then displayed and a)2.451 F .214 +(line read from the standard input.)144 132 R .213 +(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214 +F 1.537(played w)144 144 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of) +-.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If) +-.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038 +F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 156 R 2.566 +(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An) +5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25 +F F2(name)144 168 Q F0 .972(to be set to null.)3.652 F .972 +(The line read is sa)5.972 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.473(di).15 G 3.473(nt) +-3.473 G .973(he v)-3.473 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.473 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)5.473 E F2(list)3.563 E F0 .973(is e)4.153 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .973(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 +180 R F1(br)2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.571(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1 +(select)2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F +(last command e)144 192 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 +2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 208.8 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 +2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) +2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 220.8 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764 +(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 +3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F +F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .596 +(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 232.8 R .595(xpansion \(see) +-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E +3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144 +244.8 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.092(ariable e)-.25 F 1.092 +(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, com-)-.15 F 1.268 +(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 256.8 R -.25 +(va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G +1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 268.8 R +.353(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .353(ariable e)-.25 F .353 +(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.517 +(tution, and process substitution.)144 280.8 R 1.517 +(If the shell option)6.517 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.516 +(is enabled, the match is per)4.016 F(-)-.2 E 1.346(formed without re) +144 292.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.346 +(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F 1.347 +(When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 304.8 Q F2(list) +2.777 E F0 .277(is e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.777(cuted. If).15 F(the) +2.777 E F1(;;)2.777 E F0 .277 +(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the)2.777 F +.848(\214rst pattern match.)144 316.8 R(Using)5.848 E F1(;&)3.348 E F0 +.849(in place of)3.349 F F1(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(causes e)3.349 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .849(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)3.349 E F0 +(associated)3.349 E .078(with the ne)144 328.8 R .078 +(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.078 E F1(;;&)2.578 E F0 .078 +(in place of)2.578 F F1(;;)2.578 E F0 .077 +(causes the shell to test the ne)2.578 F .077(xt pattern list in)-.15 F +.227(the statement, if an)144 340.8 R 1.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .227(nd e) +.65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cute an).15 F 2.727(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.727 +E F2(list)2.727 E F0 .227(on a successful match.)2.727 F .227(The e) +5.227 F .227(xit status is zero)-.15 F(if no pattern matches.)144 352.8 +Q(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 369.6 Q F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list;)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(elif)2.5 E +F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 +E F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 381.6 Q F1 +(if)2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 +(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F +F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977 +E F0 1.087(is e)144 393.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087 +(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 +(xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list) +3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F +.104(command completes.)144 405.6 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else) +2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 +(cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) +-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 417.6 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while) +108 434.4 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 +(done)2.5 E(until)108 446.4 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list) +2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 458.4 Q F1(while)3.103 E F0 .603 +(command continuously e)3.103 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .603(cutes the).15 F F1 +(do)3.103 E F2(list)3.103 E F0 .603(as long as the last command in)3.103 +F F2(list)3.104 E F0(returns)3.104 E .471(an e)144 470.4 R .471 +(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.471 E F1(until)2.971 E F0 .471 +(command is identical to the)2.971 F F1(while)2.97 E F0 .47(command, e) +2.97 F .47(xcept that the test)-.15 F .095(is ne)144 482.4 R -.05(ga) +-.15 G .095(ted; the).05 F F1(do)2.595 E F2(list)2.685 E F0 .095(is e) +3.275 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .095(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F +F2(list)2.685 E F0 .096(returns a non-zero e)3.276 F .096(xit status.) +-.15 F 1.307(The e)144 494.4 R 1.307(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while) +3.807 E F0(and)3.807 E F1(until)3.807 E F0 1.307(commands is the e)3.807 +F 1.306(xit status of the last)-.15 F F1(do)3.806 E F2(list)3.806 E F0 +(command)3.806 E -.15(exe)144 506.4 S(cuted, or zero if none w).15 E +(as e)-.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(Copr)87 523.2 Q(ocesses)-.18 +E F0(A)108 535.2 Q F2(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 +(is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F1(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0 +(reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213 +(coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\ +onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) +108 547.2 R F1(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G +.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 559.2 S 2.5(yp).1 G +(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:) +108 576 Q F1(copr)144 592.8 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E +F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E +F0(])A .922(This creates a coprocess named)108 609.6 R F2 -.27(NA)3.422 +G(ME).27 E F0 5.922(.I)C(f)-5.922 E F2 -.27(NA)3.422 G(ME).27 E F0 .923 +(is not supplied, the def)3.422 F .923(ault name is)-.1 F F2(COPR)3.423 +E(OC)-.4 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.923 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 +(must not be supplied if)108 621.6 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 +F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +.64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108 +633.6 S .163(rd of the simple command.).1 F .163(When the coproc is e) +5.163 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .163(cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F +.163(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.663 E F0(belo)108 645.6 Q .512 +(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)3.012 G(ME).27 E F0 .512(in the conte)3.012 +F .511(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .511(cuting shell.).15 F .511 +(The standard output of)5.511 F F2(command)3.211 E F0 .511(is connected) +3.781 F .81(via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 657.6 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .811(cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to) +.15 F F2 -.27(NA)3.311 G(ME).27 E F0 3.311([0]. The)B .717 +(standard input of)108 669.6 R F2(command)3.417 E F0 .716 +(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)3.987 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .716(cuting shell, and that \214le).15 F .702 +(descriptor is assigned to)108 681.6 R F2 -.27(NA)3.202 G(ME).27 E F0 +3.202([1]. This)B .703(pipe is established before an)3.203 F 3.203(yr) +-.15 G .703(edirections speci\214ed by the com-)-3.203 F 1.184 +(mand \(see)108 693.6 R F3(REDIRECTION)3.684 E F0(belo)3.434 E 3.684 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.183(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.684 F +1.183(guments to shell commands)-.18 F .07 +(and redirections using standard w)108 705.6 R .07(ord e)-.1 F 2.57 +(xpansions. The)-.15 F .07(process id of the shell spa)2.57 F .07 +(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .07(cute the copro-).15 F .632 +(cess is a)108 717.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .631(ilable as the v).25 F .631 +(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(NA)3.131 G(ME).27 E F0 +3.131(_PID. The)B F1(wait)3.131 E F0 -.2(bu)3.131 G .631 +(iltin command may be used to w).2 F(ait)-.1 E +(for the coprocess to terminate.)108 729.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(6)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 84 Q(xit status of) +-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F0(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 100.8 Q F0 2.697(As)108 112.8 S .198 +(hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G +.198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 +(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 124.8 S .5 -.25(ew s) +-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E +(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E([)108 141.6 Q F2 +(function)2.5 E F0(])2.5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(\(\))2.5 E F1 +(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 +E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144 153.6 R F1(name)3.902 +E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2 +(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F 1.402(If the)6.402 F F2 +(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 165.6 Q .162(ed w)-.15 F .162 +(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F(The)5.162 E F1 +(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound)2.662 F(command) +144 177.6 Q F1(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see)3.354 E F2 .084 +(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584(\). That) +.15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F1(list)144 189.6 Q F0 .044 +(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544 +(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F2 .044(Compound Commands) +2.544 F F0(abo)144 201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1 +(compound\255command)6.671 E F0 1.671(is e)4.171 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.671 +(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1(name)4.171 E F0 1.671 +(is speci\214ed as the name of a simple)4.171 F 3.008(command. An)144 +213.6 R 3.009(yr)-.15 G .509(edirections \(see)-3.009 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.009 E F0(belo)2.759 E .509 +(w\) speci\214ed when a function is de\214ned are)-.25 F .581 +(performed when the function is e)144 225.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.081 +(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.081 G .58 +(it status of a function de\214nition is zero unless a).15 F .177(synta\ +x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 +237.6 R 2.678(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)2.678 G .178(cuted, the).15 F +-.15(ex)144 249.6 S .64(it status of a function is the e).15 F .64 +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .64 +(cuted in the body).15 F 5.64(.\()-.65 G(See)-5.64 E F3(FUNC-)3.14 E +(TIONS)144 261.6 Q F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)72 278.4 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 +290.4 R 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F2(interacti)3.482 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F2(shopt)3.482 E +F0 -.2(bu)108 302.4 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B) +3.452 F(UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952 +(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F2(#)3.451 E +F0 .951(causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604 +(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 314.4 R +.605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) +.15 F F2(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 326.4 Q F0 +1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836 +(omments. The)-3.837 F F2(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E +F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108 +338.4 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 355.2 S -.438(OT) +.11 G(ING).438 E F1(Quoting)108 367.2 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F +.777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477 +(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477 +(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 +(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 +379.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 +(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 391.2 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 +408 R F1(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288 +(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) +2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F +(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 420 Q 1.345 +(When the command history e)108 436.8 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 +(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 +(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) +-.25 F F1(history e)108 448.8 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5 +(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E +(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 465.6 Q F1(escape c)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G +(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 482.4 S .474 +(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F F2(\\)A F0 2.974(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 +G(he)-2.974 E F1 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474 +(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474(es the literal v)-.15 F +.474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 494.4 +Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053 +(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\)4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553 +(wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122 +(quoted, the)108 506.4 R F2(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122 +(wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F +(ef)108 518.4 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 +(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 535.2 R .295 +(es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) +-.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E +(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 547.2 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 +(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 564 R .034 +(es the literal v)-.15 F .034 +(alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 +576 S .828(ception of).15 F F2($)3.328 E F0(,)A F2<92>3.328 E F0(,)A F2 +(\\)3.328 E F0 3.328(,a)C .828(nd, when history e)-3.328 F .828 +(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)3.328 E F0 5.828(.T)C .828 +(he characters)-5.828 F F2($)3.328 E F0(and)3.328 E F2<92>3.328 E F0 +.827(retain their special)3.328 F .074(meaning within double quotes.)108 +588 R .074(The backslash retains its special meaning only when follo) +5.074 F .075(wed by one of the)-.25 F(follo)108 600 Q .205 +(wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)2.705 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.705 E F0(,)A F2(") +3.538 E F0(,).833 E F2(\\)2.705 E F0 2.705(,o)C(r)-2.705 E F2(<newline>) +2.705 E F0 5.205(.A)C .204 +(double quote may be quoted within double quotes by pre-)-2.5 F .081 +(ceding it with a backslash.)108 612 R .082(If enabled, history e)5.082 +F .082(xpansion will be performed unless an)-.15 F F2(!)2.582 E F0 .082 +(appearing in double)5.082 F(quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 +624 Q(The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 640.8 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0 +(and)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H +(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 657.6 S .212 +(rds of the form).8 F F2($)2.712 E F0<08>A F1(string)A F0 2.712<0861>C +.211(re treated specially)-2.712 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w)-5.211 F +.211(ord e)-.1 F .211(xpands to)-.15 F F1(string)2.711 E F0 2.711(,w)C +.211(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.711 F(-)-.2 E .604 +(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 669.6 R .605 +(Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo) +108 681.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 693.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F2 +(\\b)144 705.6 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F2(\\e)144 717.6 Q F0 +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(7)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\E)144 84 Q F0(an escape character)26.55 E +F1(\\f)144 96 Q F0(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 108 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5 +(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 120 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1 +(\\t)144 132 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 144 Q F0 -.15(ve) +28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 156 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1<5c08> +144 168 Q F0(single quote)30.44 E F1(\\")144 180 Q F0(double quote)27.67 +E F1(\\)144 192 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E +(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 +204 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he) +-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E +2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\c)144 216 Q F2(x)A +F0 2.5(ac)24.34 G(ontrol-)-2.5 E F2(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 +232.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not \ +been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 249.6 S .14 +(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F1($)A F0(")A +F2(string)A F0 .14("\) will cause the string to be translated according) +B .495(to the current locale.)108 261.6 R .495(If the current locale is) +5.495 F F1(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F1(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495 +(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .496(If the string is trans-)5.496 +F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 273.6 Q/F3 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 290.4 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 302.4 Q +F2(par)4.593 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .843(is an entity that stores v)4.073 F +3.343(alues. It)-.25 F .843(can be a)3.343 F F2(name)3.342 E F0 3.342 +(,an).18 G(umber)-3.342 E 3.342(,o)-.4 G 3.342(ro)-3.342 G .842 +(ne of the special characters)-3.342 F .822(listed belo)108 314.4 R +3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F1 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E +F0 5.823(.A)C F2(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a) +3.503 F F2(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823 +(riable has a).25 F F2(value)108 326.4 Q F0 .369(and zero or more)2.869 +F F2(attrib)2.869 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 +(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.868 G .368(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar)2.868 E(e)-.18 E F0 +(belo)108 338.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B) +2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 +2.754(Ap)108 355.2 S .254(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v) +-2.754 F 2.754(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .255 +(alid v)-.25 F 2.755(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.755(av)2.755 G .255 +(ariable is set, it)-3.005 F(may be unset only by using the)108 367.2 Q +F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F4(SHELL B)2.5 E +(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 384 Q +F2(variable)2.79 E F0(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 +E F2(name)144 400.8 Q F0(=[)A F2(value)A F0(])A(If)108 417.6 Q F2(value) +3.023 E F0 .233(is not gi)2.913 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .233(n, the v).15 F +.232(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.232 E F2(values) +3.022 E F0(under)3.002 E .232(go tilde e)-.18 F .232 +(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F .515(and v)108 429.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F +.515(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 +(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) +-3.015 E F4(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 441.6 Q 2.699 +(w\). If)-.25 F .199(the v)2.699 F .199(ariable has its)-.25 F F1 +(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F2(value) +2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .198 +(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .198(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n).15 E .901(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 453.6 R .901 +(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F +F0(belo)3.401 E 3.402(w\). W)-.25 F .902 +(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.179(with the e)108 465.6 R +1.179(xception of)-.15 F F1("$@")3.679 E F0 1.179(as e)3.679 F 1.179 +(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F1 1.178(Special P) +3.678 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.178(.P)C 1.178(athname e)-6.328 F 1.178 +(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.648(performed. Assignment)108 477.6 R 1.148 +(statements may also appear as ar)3.648 F 1.149(guments to the)-.18 F F1 +(alias)3.649 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.649 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(typeset)3.649 +E F0(,)A F1(export)3.649 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)108 489.6 S(adonly).18 E F0 +2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(local)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin commands.).2 E +.377(In the conte)108 506.4 R .377 +(xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376 +(alue to a shell v)-.25 F .376(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .376 +(x, the +=)-.15 F .257 +(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 518.4 R(ariable') +-.25 E 2.757(sp)-.55 G(re)-2.757 E .257(vious v)-.25 F 2.757(alue. When) +-.25 F .257(+= is applied to a v)2.757 F(ariable)-.25 E .373 +(for which the inte)108 530.4 R .373(ger attrib)-.15 F .372 +(ute has been set,)-.2 F F2(value)2.872 E F0 .372(is e)2.872 F -.25(va) +-.25 G .372(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .372 +(xpression and added to the)-.15 F -.25(va)108 542.4 S(riable').25 E +2.888(sc)-.55 G .388(urrent v)-2.888 F .388(alue, which is also e)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.25 G 2.889(luated. When).25 F .389 +(+= is applied to an array v)2.889 F .389(ariable using compound)-.25 F +.186(assignment \(see)108 554.4 R F1(Arrays)2.686 E F0(belo)2.686 E .186 +(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.685(sv)-.55 G .185 +(alue is not unset \(as it is when using =\), and ne)-2.935 F 2.685(wv) +-.25 G .185(alues are)-2.935 F 1.384(appended to the array be)108 566.4 +R 1.384(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 3.885(sm)-.55 G +1.385(aximum inde)-3.885 F 3.885(x\()-.15 G 1.385(for inde)-3.885 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 3.885(da).15 G 1.385(rrays\) or)-3.885 F .123 +(added as additional k)108 578.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .123 +(alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F .423 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E +5.123(.W)-.65 G .122(hen applied to a string-v)-5.123 F .122(alued v) +-.25 F(ariable,)-.25 E F2(value)2.622 E F0(is e)108 590.4 Q +(xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G +(alue.)-2.75 E F1 -.2(Po)87 607.2 S(sitional P).2 E(arameters)-.1 E F0 +(A)108 619.2 Q F2 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter)-.15 E F0 .706(is \ +a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit \ +0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 +(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 631.2 R 2.944(sa) +-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 643.2 Q F1 +(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\ + parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F +(The)5.834 E .334(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a\ + shell function is e)108 655.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .333(cuted \(see).15 F +F4(FUNCTIONS)2.833 E F0(belo)2.583 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.403(When a positiona\ +l parameter consisting of more than a single digit is e)108 672 R 1.404 +(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 684 Q F4(EXP) +2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(Special P)87 700.8 Q +(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.675(The shell treats se)108 712.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.675(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.674 +(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F +(them is not allo)108 724.8 Q(wed.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(8)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(*)108 84 Q F0 .605 +(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)31 F .606 +(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .084 +(ble quotes, it e)144 96 R .084(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .084 +(ord with the v)-.1 F .084 +(alue of each parameter separated by the \214rst char)-.25 F(-)-.2 E +.003(acter of the)144 108 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.503 E F0 .003 +(special v)2.253 F 2.503(ariable. That)-.25 F .003(is, ")2.503 F F1($*)A +F0 2.503("i)C 2.503(se)-2.503 G(qui)-2.503 E -.25(va)-.25 G .003 +(lent to ").25 F F1($1)A/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)A F1($2)A F3(c)A F1 +(...)A F0 .003(", where)B F3(c)2.703 E F0 .004(is the \214rst char)2.813 +F(-)-.2 E .769(acter of the v)144 120 R .769(alue of the)-.25 F F2(IFS) +3.269 E F0 -.25(va)3.019 G 3.269(riable. If).25 F F2(IFS)3.268 E F0 .768 +(is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.)3.018 F(If)5.768 E F2 +(IFS)144 132 Q F0(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 +E(ening separators.)-.15 E F1(@)108 144 Q F0 .605 +(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)26.7 F .606 +(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114 +(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 156 R .114(xpands to a separate w)-.15 +F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F1($@)A F0 2.613("i)C 2.613 +(se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F1($1)A F0 +2.613("")C F1($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E .134 +(If the double-quoted e)144 168 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F +.135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined) +-.15 F .151(with the be)144 180 R .151(ginning part of the original w) +-.15 F .151(ord, and the e)-.1 F .15 +(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 +(the last part of the original w)144 192 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 +(there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F F1($@)A F0 2.838("a)C(nd) +-2.838 E F1($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E +(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 204 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(d\).).15 E F1(#)108 216 Q F0 +(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)31 E F1(?) +108 228 Q F0(Expands to the e)31 E(xit status of the most recently e) +-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F1<ad>108 +240 Q F0 .882 +(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)30.3 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F1(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G .881 +(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the)144 +252 Q F1<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F1($)108 264 Q F0 .214 +(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)31 F .214 +(In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214 +(xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F +(shell, not the subshell.)144 276 Q F1(!)108 288 Q F0 +(Expands to the process ID of the most recently e)32.67 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted background \(asynchronous\) command.).15 E F1(0)108 300 Q F0 +1.692(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)31 F 1.691 +(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.691 E F1(bash)4.191 E +F0(is)4.191 E(in)144 312 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(dw).1 G .577 +(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.077 F F1($0)3.077 E F0 .578 +(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.077 F(If)5.578 E F1(bash)3.078 E +F0 .578(is started with the)3.078 F F1<ad63>3.078 E F0 .369 +(option, then)144 324 R F1($0)2.869 E F0 .369(is set to the \214rst ar) +2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369 +(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.368 E(-)-.2 E +(wise, it is set to the \214le name used to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G F1(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 +H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F1(_)108 +348 Q F0 .054(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in) +31 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .055 +(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .692 +(as passed in the en)144 360 R .692(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691 +(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E 3.191(,e)-.65 G .691 +(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .691(gument to the)-.18 F(pre)144 372 Q +.57(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.07(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571 +(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .771 -.1(ke e) +.2 H .571(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 384 S 1.6 +(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 +(xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6(When checking mail, this)6.6 F +(parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144 +396 Q(ed.)-.1 E F1(Shell V)87 412.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 +424.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA) +108 441.6 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214le name used to in)9.07 E +-.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A +F1 -.3(BA)108 453.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.548(Ac)144 465.6 S .049 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.548 F .049(Each w) +5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 +(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad73>2.549 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 477.6 +R F1(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 +1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) +3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .476(appearing in)144 +489.6 R F2 -.27(BA)2.976 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .476(are those reported as) +2.726 F F3(on)3.206 E F0(by)3.217 E F1(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.477(.I)C 2.977 +(ft)-5.477 G .477(his v)-2.977 F .477(ariable is in the en)-.25 F +(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 501.6 Q F1(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\ +ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F +3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 513.6 Q +(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1 -.3(BA)108 525.6 S(SHPID).3 E +F0 .36(Expands to the process id of the current)144 537.6 R F1(bash) +2.861 E F0 2.861(process. This)2.861 F(dif)2.861 E .361(fers from)-.25 F +F1($$)2.861 E F0 .361(under certain circum-)2.861 F +(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 549.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 +E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E +F0 1.195(An associati)144 573.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v) +.15 F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of al\ +iases as main-)-.25 F .318(tained by the)144 585.6 R F1(alias)2.818 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.818 G .318(iltin Elements added to this array appear in the al\ +ias list; unsetting array ele-).2 F(ments cause aliases to be remo)144 +597.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the alias list.)-2.5 E F1 -.3 +(BA)108 609.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .935(An array v)144 621.6 R .935 +(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 +(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F +F1(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 633.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F +.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ +n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 645.6 S .142(cuted with).15 F F1(.) +2.642 E F0(or)2.642 E F1(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa) +-2.642 G 2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 +(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 +(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 +657.6 R F2 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.131 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631 +(only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 669.6 S(tended deb).15 E +(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F1(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E +F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E +(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 681.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .98(An array v)144 +693.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current) +-.25 F F1(bash)3.479 E F0 -.15(exe)3.479 G .979(cution call stack.).15 F +(The)5.979 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at t\ +he top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 705.6 R +1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 717.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) +6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424 +(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F F2 -.27(BA)144 +729.6 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F4(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets)6.697 F F2 -.27(BA) +4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb) +-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(9)190.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(description of the)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.5 E +(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 96 S(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668 +(An associati)144 108 R .968 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .668(rray v).15 F .668(ar\ +iable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of commands) +-.25 F .146(as maintained by the)144 120 R F1(hash)2.646 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.646 G 2.646(iltin. Elements).2 F .146 +(added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting)2.646 F +(array elements cause commands to be remo)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5 +(df).15 G(rom the hash table.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 144 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E +F0 1.243(The command currently being e)144 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242 +(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242(cuting a).15 F +(command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144 +168 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108 +180 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 192 Q +(gument to the)-.18 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 204 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .034 +(An array v)144 216 R .034(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ +n source \214les corresponding to each mem-)-.25 F 3.491(ber of)144 228 +R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCN)5.991 E(AME)-.18 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F1(${B)7.991 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A +F0 3.491(is the line number in the source \214le where)5.991 F F1 +(${FUNCN)144 240 Q(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)3.311 G 3.311 +(sc).1 G .811(alled \(or)-3.311 F F1(${B)3.311 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F4 +($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .811(if referenced within another shell)3.311 F 4.987 +(function\). The)144 252 R 2.487(corresponding source \214le name is) +4.987 F F1(${B)4.986 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 7.486(.U)C +(se)-7.486 E F2(LINENO)4.986 E F0(to)4.736 E +(obtain the current line number)144 264 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 276 S +(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005(An array v)144 288 R .005 +(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506 E F0 .006 +(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.506 E F0 .006(conditional com-) +2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 300 R .007(element with inde)2.507 F 2.507 +(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 +(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e) +-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 312 R(x)-.15 E +F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.497 F +F4(n)3.498 E F0 .998(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 +(sion. This)144 324 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E +F1 -.3(BA)108 336 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .89(An array v)144 348 R .889(ari\ +able whose members are the source \214lenames corresponding to the elem\ +ents in the)-.25 F F2(FUNCN)144 360 Q(AME)-.18 E F0(array v)2.25 E +(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 372 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .401 +(Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell en)144 384 R .401 +(vironment is spa)-.4 F 2.902(wned. The)-.15 F .402(initial v)2.902 F +.402(alue is)-.25 F(0.)144 396 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 408 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 +2.645(Ar)144 420 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144 +(ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 +(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.644 E F0 5.144 +(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 432 S +(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 -.3 +(BA)144 450 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)24.74 E +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3 +(BA)144 462 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A F0(The minor v)24.74 E +(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA) +144 474 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0(The patch le)24.74 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 486 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A +F0(The b)24.74 E(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 498 S +(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)24.74 E +F4(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 510 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1 +(])A F0(The v)24.74 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E F3(.)A +F1 -.3(BA)108 526.8 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 +(Expands to a string describing the v)144 538.8 Q +(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108 +555.6 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .396(An inde)144 567.6 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 +E F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 +(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F +(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 579.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 +(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F +1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 591.6 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 +E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 608.4 Q F0(The k)144 620.4 Q +.3 -.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G +.3 -.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t) +.2 H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 637.2 Q F0 +1.207(The current command line.)144 649.2 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F +2.849(mands in)144 661.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 +(yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.848(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F0(belo)144 673.2 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 690 Q F0 .666 +(The inde)144 702 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166(ft)-3.166 G .666 +(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 +(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15 +F .667(If the)5.667 F .535 +(current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 +714 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 +(${#COMP_LINE})144 726 Q F0 7.005(.T)C 2.005(his v)-7.005 F 2.005 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.006 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.006(xternal commands)-.15 +F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(10)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(in)144 84 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G +(he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E +(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108 100.8 Q F0 .042(Set to an inte)144 112.8 R +.042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corresponding to the type of completion att\ +empted that caused a completion)-.25 F .337(function to be called:)144 +124.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337 +(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337 +(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t)-.25 H +(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 136.8 Q F0 4.092(,f)C 1.592(or listing alternati) +-4.092 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092(np)-4.092 G 1.592(artial w) +-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)4.092 E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092 +(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)-4.092 F 1.591(ord is not) +-.1 F 1.552(unmodi\214ed, or)144 148.8 R F2(%)4.052 E F0 4.052(,f)C +1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)6.552 F 1.552 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552 +(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 160.8 S 2.929 +(ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429 +(yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.428 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 +172.8 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 189.6 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E +F0 1.335(The set of characters that the)144 201.6 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G +(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336 +(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If) +144 213.6 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G +(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 225.6 Q F1(COMP_W)108 242.4 Q(ORDS) +-.1 E F0 .653(An array v)144 254.4 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +(Arrays)3.153 E F0(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F +.654(vidual w)-.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.333 +(line. The)144 266.4 R 1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as) +-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832 +(uld split it, using).1 F F3(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.082 +E .831(described abo)144 278.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.831(.T).15 G .831 +(his v)-5.831 F .831(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .832 +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.332 +(db).1 G 3.332(yt)-3.332 G .832(he programmable)-3.332 F(completion f) +144 290.4 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 +E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(DIRST)108 307.2 Q -.55(AC)-.9 G(K).55 E +F0 2.26(An array v)144 319.2 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)4.76 +E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26 +(w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F +1.094(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 331.2 R 3.594 +(ya)-.15 G 1.095(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.595 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.595 G 3.595(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.595 E 1.432 +(members of this array v)144 343.2 R 1.432 +(ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 +F 1.431(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 355.2 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546 +-.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746 +F(ariable)-.25 E .351(will not change the current directory)144 367.2 R +5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.85 +(ni).15 G(f)-2.85 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 379.2 Q F1(EUID)108 +396 Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)11 F(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 +H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103 +(nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 +(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 408 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 424.8 Q(AME) +-.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 436.8 R .479 +(ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) +-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 +(The element with inde)144 448.8 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G +.276(he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F +.25(element is)144 460.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.75 E F0 5.25(.T)C +.25(his v)-5.25 F .25(ariable e)-.25 F .25 +(xists only when a shell function is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.75 +(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to)2.75 E F3(FUNCN)144 472.8 Q(AME)-.18 E F0 +(ha)2.634 E .684 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.884(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.884 G .384 +(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.385 E F3(FUNCN)2.885 E(AME) +-.18 E F0 .385(is unset, it loses its special)2.635 F(properties, e)144 +484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss) +-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(GR)108 501.6 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229 +(An array v)144 513.6 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of \ +which the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.228(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 +E .596(ments to)144 525.6 R F3(GR)3.096 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.847 E .897 +-.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.097(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.097 G .597 +(ect and return an error status.).25 F(If)5.597 E F3(GR)3.097 E(OUPS) +-.27 E F0 .597(is unset, it loses its spe-)2.847 F(cial properties, e) +144 537.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5 +(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCMD)108 554.4 Q F0 .356 +(The history number)144 566.4 R 2.856(,o)-.4 G 2.856(ri)-2.856 G(nde) +-2.856 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 +(he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3 +(HISTCMD)2.855 E F0 .355(is unset, it)2.605 F +(loses its special properties, e)144 578.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 +(HOSTN)108 595.2 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 +(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 607.2 Q F1 +(HOSTTYPE)108 624 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\ + describes the type of machine on which)144 636 R F1(bash)2.723 E F0 +.223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 648 R(def) +2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 664.8 Q F0 1.408(Ea\ +ch time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal n\ +umber representing the)144 676.8 R .078(current sequential line number \ +\(starting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 688.8 R .079 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 700.8 R .307 +(alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E +F3(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F +(special properties, e)144 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi) +-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(11)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(MA)108 84 Q(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automati\ +cally set to a string that fully describes the system type on which)144 +96 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899 +(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(OLDPWD)108 124.8 Q F0(The pre)144 +136.8 Q(vious w)-.25 E(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E +F0(command.)2.5 E F1(OPT)108 153.6 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.627(The v)144 165.6 +R 1.627(alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the) +-.18 F F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.626(iltin command \(see).2 +F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)4.126 E -.09(BU)144 177.6 S(IL).09 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 194.4 Q +F0 1.651(The inde)144 206.4 R 4.151(xo)-.15 G 4.151(ft)-4.151 G 1.651 +(he ne)-4.151 F 1.651(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652(gument to be processed by the) +-.18 F F1(getopts)4.152 E F0 -.2(bu)4.152 G 1.652(iltin command \(see).2 +F F3(SHELL)4.152 E -.09(BU)144 218.4 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0 +(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 235.2 Q F0 .329(Automatically se\ +t to a string that describes the operating system on which)144 247.2 R +F1(bash)2.829 E F0 .329(is e)2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(cuting. The) +.15 F(def)144 259.2 Q(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 276 +Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 288 R .61(ariable \(see) +-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61(w\) containing a list of e) +-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61(alues from the processes in)-.25 F +(the most-recently-e)144 300 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E +(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 +(PPID)108 316.8 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')12.67 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G +2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E +F1(PWD)108 333.6 Q F0(The current w)12.67 E +(orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +(RANDOM)108 350.4 Q F0 .566 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 362.4 R .565 +(ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.565 E .01 +(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 +374.4 R .01(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)2.51 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +(If)4.51 E F3(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E +(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 386.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(REPL)108 403.2 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 +(Set to the line of input read by the)144 415.2 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad) +.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E +(guments are supplied.)-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 432 Q F0 .795(Each time th\ +is parameter is referenced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 444 +R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795(cation is returned.).2 F .712(If a v)144 456 R .712 +(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F3(SECONDS)3.212 E F4(,)A F0 .712(the v) +2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 +F .408(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 468 R .408 +(alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F3(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .407 +(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 480 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 496.8 Q F0 3.262(Ac)144 +508.8 S .763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.262 F .763 +(Each w)5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F +.763(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 520.8 Q F0 1.174(option to the) +3.674 F F1(set)3.674 E F0 -.2(bu)3.674 G 1.174(iltin command \(see).2 F +F3 1.173(SHELL B)3.673 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.173(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) +3.423 E 3.673(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.673 E .019(appearing in)144 +532.8 R F3(SHELLOPTS)2.519 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.269 F F2 +(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 5.019(.I)C 2.519 +(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .02(ariable is in the en)-.25 F +(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 544.8 Q F1(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\ +ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F +3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 556.8 Q +(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 573.6 Q(VL)-.92 E F0 +(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 585.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E +F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 602.4 Q F0 +(Expands to the user ID of the current user)17.67 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G +(nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 +E(.)-.65 E .993(The follo)108 619.2 R .993(wing v)-.25 F .994 +(ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 +(bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .994 +(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 631.2 +Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 648 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .506 +(If this parameter is set when)144 660 R F1(bash)3.006 E F0 .506(is e) +3.006 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .505(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .505 +(alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .354 +(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 672 R F2 +(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.355(.T).31 G .355(he v)-5.355 F .355 +(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.27(BA)2.855 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .355(is subjected) +2.605 F .525(to parameter e)144 684 R .525 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 +(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214le name.)144 696 Q F3 +-.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +(is not used to search for the resultant \214le name.)2.25 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(12)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(CDP)108 84 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +1.247(The search path for the)144 96 R F1(cd)3.747 E F0 3.747 +(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 +(is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.747 F 3.796 +(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 108 R F1 +(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795 +(alue is)-.25 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(".:~:/usr")144 120 Q F0(.)A F1 -.3 +(BA)108 132 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .48(If set to an inte)144 144 +R .48(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F +(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.981 E F0 .481(will write the trace output gener)2.981 +F(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 156 R F2 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114 +(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)-.55 G 3.114 +(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27 +(BA)144 168 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138 +(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638 +(alue. 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A)-.25 F .205 +(\214lename whose suf)2.705 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) +-.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .204 +(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 384 Q 2.5(As)5 +G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F2(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 +396 Q F0 3.118(Ac)144 408 S .618(olon-separated list of patterns de\214\ +ning the set of \214lenames to be ignored by pathname e)-3.118 F(xpan-) +-.15 E 3.132(sion. If)144 420 R 3.132<618c>3.132 G .632 +(lename matched by a pathname e)-3.132 F .632 +(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F3 +(GLOBIGNORE)144 432 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F1 +(HISTCONTR)108 444 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 2.653(Ac)144 456 S .153 +(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153(alues controlling ho)-.25 F +2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 +G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)-2.653 F .154(If the list) +5.153 F .491(of v)144 468 R .491(alues includes)-.25 F/F5 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(ignor)2.991 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.991(,l).18 G .491 +(ines which be)-2.991 F .491(gin with a)-.15 F F1(space)2.991 E F0 .49 +(character are not sa)2.991 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 +G .49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 480 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 +(alue of)-3.307 F F5(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557 +(causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 +(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.959 +(Av)144 492 S .459(alue of)-3.209 F F5(ignor)2.969 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 +.459(is shorthand for)3.239 F F5(ignor)2.959 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) +2.959 E F5(ignor)2.958 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.458(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .458 +(lue of).25 F F5(er)2.958 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)2.958 E .698 +(all pre)144 504 R .698 +(vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.198(df).15 G .699(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F +(sa)144 516 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 +(alue not in the abo)-3.014 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 +(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263 +(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.941(av)144 528 S .441(alid v) +-3.191 F .441(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(do).15 G 2.942(nt)-2.942 G .442 +(he history list, subject to the v)-2.942 F .442(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(HISTIGNORE)144 540 Q F4(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\ +f a multi-line compound command are not)6.482 F +(tested, and are added to the history re)144 552 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G +(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.) +A F1(HISTFILE)108 564 Q F0 .181 +(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 576 R -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F3(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) +-.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.682(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.682 E .182(ault v) +-.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 588 Q F5(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 +(fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 +(dw).15 G(hen an interacti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell e).15 E +(xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)108 600 Q F0 1.623 +(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 612 R +1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 +624 S .305(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F +2.805(,b)-.65 G 2.805(yr)-2.805 G(emo)-2.805 E .305 +(ving the oldest entries, to contain no more)-.15 F .602 +(than that number of lines.)144 636 R .602(The def)5.602 F .602(ault v) +-.1 F .602(alue is 500.)-.25 F .601 +(The history \214le is also truncated to this size)5.602 F +(after writing it when an interacti)144 648 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +(hell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 660 Q F0 2.657(Ac)144 672 S +.157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines\ + should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G 2.658(nt)-2.658 G +.158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 684 R .708 +(Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.708 F .707 +(ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .625 +(\(no implicit `)144 696 R F1(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125 +(ppended\). Each)-3.125 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.125 F .626 +(ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F F3(HISTCONTR)144 +708 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 +(In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F +F1(&)A F0(')A 2.514(matches the pre)144 720 R 2.514(vious history line.) +-.25 F(`)7.514 E F1(&)A F0 5.014('m)C 2.514 +(ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is)-5.014 F +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(13)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(remo)144 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.353(db).15 G .853 +(efore attempting a match.)-3.353 F .852 +(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)5.852 F +(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 96 Q -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTIGNORE)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTSIZE)108 108 Q F0 1.942 +(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 120 +R F1(HIST)4.443 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)4.193 E 4.443(w\). The) +-.25 F(def)144 132 Q(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 500.)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFORMA) +108 144 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .952(If this v)144 156 R .952 +(ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .951 +(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(strftime)3.451 E F0 .951(\(3\) to print the)B .672 +(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 168 +R F3(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G 3.173(iltin. If).2 F .673(this v) +3.173 F .673(ariable is)-.25 F .144 +(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 180 R +2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 +(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.144 E(uses the history comment\ + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 192 Q +F3(HOME)108 204 Q F0 1.27 +(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 216 R 1.27(ault ar) +-.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F3(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 +(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 228 S(lue of this v).25 E +(ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F3 +(HOSTFILE)108 240 Q F0 1.015 +(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 252 R F4 +(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F +.55(needs to complete a hostname.)144 264 R .551 +(The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F +1.059(the shell is running; the ne)144 276 R 1.059 +(xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.058 +(alue is changed,)-.25 F F3(bash)144 288 Q F0 .138 +(adds the contents of the ne)2.638 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) +-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F1(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 +.138(is set, b)2.388 F .139(ut has no v)-.2 F .139(alue, or)-.25 F .518 +(does not name a readable \214le,)144 300 R F3(bash)3.018 E F0 .518 +(attempts to read)3.018 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.683 E F0 .517 +(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.683 F(name completions.)144 312 +Q(When)5 E F1(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.) +2.25 E F3(IFS)108 324 Q F0(The)20.44 E F4 .555(Internal F)3.635 F .555 +(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .555(that is used for w)3.785 F .556 +(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .556(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 +F -.1(wo)144 336 S(rds with the).1 E F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E +(`<space><tab><ne)-.74 E(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F3(IGNOREEOF)108 348 Q +F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 360 R .803 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F1(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 +(character as the sole input.)2.753 F .503(If set,)5.503 F .426(the v) +144 372 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 +(EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 +(characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .303 +(on an input line before)144 384 R F3(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G +2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 +(xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 +(umeric v).15 F .302(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 396 Q(alue, the def) +-.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E +F1(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F3 +(INPUTRC)108 408 Q F0 1.435(The \214lename for the)144 420 R F3 -.18(re) +3.936 G(adline).18 E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c) +-.37 E F0(\(see)5.602 E F1(READLINE)3.936 E F0(belo)144 432 Q(w\).)-.25 +E F3(LANG)108 444 Q F0 1.24(Used to determine the locale cate)7.11 F +1.239(gory for an)-.15 F 3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.239 +(gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E +(starting with)144 456 Q F3(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(LC_ALL)108 468 Q F0 .973 +(This v)144 480 R .973(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .973 +(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F1(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) +3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F3(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G +.974(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 492 Q(.)-.65 E F3 +(LC_COLLA)108 504 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .412(This v)144 516 R .412(ariable det\ +ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) +-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.464(and determines the beha)144 528 R 1.464 +(vior of range e)-.2 F 1.465(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.465(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 +540 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F3(LC_CTYPE)108 552 Q F0 +1.936(This v)144 564 R 1.936 +(ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F +1.935(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 576 Q +(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F3(LC_MESSA)108 588 Q(GES)-.55 E +F0(This v)144 600 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ +ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F3($)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(LC_NUMERIC) +108 612 Q F0(This v)144 624 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F3(LINES)108 636 Q F0 1.218 +(Used by the)5.99 F F3(select)3.718 E F0 -.2(bu)3.718 G 1.219(iltin com\ +mand to determine the column length for printing selection lists.).2 F +(Automatically set upon receipt of a)144 648 Q F1(SIGWINCH)2.5 E F2(.)A +F3(MAIL)108 660 Q F0 .188 +(If this parameter is set to a \214le name and the)8.78 F F1(MAILP)2.687 +E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)2.437 G .187(riable is not set,) +.25 F F3(bash)2.687 E F0 .187(informs the user)2.687 F(of the arri)144 +672 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5(fm)-2.5 G +(ail in the speci\214ed \214le.)-2.5 E F3(MAILCHECK)108 684 Q F0 .098 +(Speci\214es ho)144 696 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) +-2.598 F F3(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) +5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 +(to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ +mpt.)144 708 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F .066 +(or set to a v)144 720 R .066(alue that is not a number greater than or\ + equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(14)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 15 15 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAILP)108 84 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +2.815(Ac)144 96 S .314(olon-separated list of \214le names to be check) +-2.815 F .314(ed for mail.)-.1 F .314 +(The message to be printed when mail)5.314 F(arri)144 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.42(si).15 G 3.42(nap)-3.42 G .92(articular \214le may be speci\214e\ +d by separating the \214le name from the message with a)-3.42 F 2.808 +(`?'. When)144 120 R .308(used in the te)2.808 F .308 +(xt of the message,)-.15 F F1($_)2.808 E F0 -.15(ex)2.808 G .308 +(pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 F(Exam-)5.307 E(ple:) +144 132 Q F1(MAILP)144 144 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A +(ar/mail/bfox?"Y)-.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 156 Q F0 .388 +(supplies a def)2.888 F .388(ault v)-.1 F .388(alue for this v)-.25 F +.388(ariable, b)-.25 F .389 +(ut the location of the user mail \214les that it uses is)-.2 F +(system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 168 Q(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0 +(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 180 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 192 R .39(alue 1,) +-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the) +2.889 F F1(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 +F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .359(SHELL B)144 204 R(UIL)-.09 E .359 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 +.36(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 216 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 228 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 +(The search path for commands.)9.91 F .587 +(It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) +5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 240 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) +2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 252 S +.536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 +(indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 +(null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) +-3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 264 R .868 +(The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) +-.1 F 26.329(administrator who installs)144 276 R F1(bash)28.829 E F0 +31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F3 10 +/Courier@0 SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 288 +Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 300 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 312 +R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash) +2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +.472(posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011 +(the startup \214les, as if the)144 324 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 +(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 +(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 336 Q F1(bash)2.5 +E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) +-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 348 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 +(If set, the v)144 360 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR) +108 372 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 384 R .676 +(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 +(nents to retain when e)144 396 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) +3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E +(Characters remo)144 408 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 420 Q F0 .064(The v) +19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 +F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 432 R +(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 444 Q F0 .118(The v)19.33 F .118 +(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) +2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The) +5.117 E(def)144 456 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G +(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 468 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115 +(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) +3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR) +144 480 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 492 Q F0 +.101(The v)19.33 F .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101 +(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1 +(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 504 Q F0 .291 +(displays during an e)2.791 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F +.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .292 +(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 516 Q 2.5(,t) +-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 528 Q F0 .664 +(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 540 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F +.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .663 +(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 552 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55 +G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 564 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144 +576 R .826 +(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F +3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 588 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0 +(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F +(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711 +(an escape sequence that is e)144 600 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F +(and their meanings are as follo)144 612 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 630 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 642 Q F4(p)A F1 +(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 654 Q F4(p)A +F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1 +(%[)144 666 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)13.34 E F1(%P)144 678 Q +F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87 +(The optional)144 694.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 +(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A) +144 706.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025 +(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026 +(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 718.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F4 +(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E +F4(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 730.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E +(15)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .667(The optional)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(l)3.167 E F0 +.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F2(SS)A F0(.)A F2(FF)A F0 +3.168(s. The)B -.25(va)3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 96 Q F2(p)2.5 E F0 +(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E .001 +(If this v)144 112.8 R .001(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.501 E +F0 .001(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.5 E +(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .494(If the v)144 +124.8 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F +2.994(At)5.494 G .494(railing ne)-2.994 F .494 +(wline is added when the for)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(mat string is displayed.)144 +136.8 Q F1(TMOUT)108 153.6 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 165.6 R .941 +(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 +.941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 +-.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 177.6 Q +F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F +.611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F3(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311 +(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F .886(ing from a terminal.)144 189.6 +R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v) +.15 F .885(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1 +(wa)144 201.6 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F +F1(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546 +(aiting for that number of)-.1 F(seconds if input does not arri)144 +213.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 230.4 Q F0 .274(If set,)144 +242.4 R F1(Bash)2.774 E F0 .274(uses its v)2.774 F .274 +(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(Bash)2.773 E F0 .273 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.773 F(shell')144 254.4 Q 2.5(su) +-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 271.2 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 +283.2 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531 +(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531 +(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 295.2 R +.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 307.2 S .366(isting stopped job) +.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366 +(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F +1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 +319.2 R(The)6.125 E F2(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this) +3.805 F(conte)144 331.2 Q 1.132 +(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) +6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133 +(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625 +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 343.2 R .624(xactly; if set to) +-.15 F F2(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624 +(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884 +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 355.2 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +-5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885 +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 367.2 Q F1(%?)3.334 E +F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F3 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 +E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) +-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 379.2 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F +F1(%)2.816 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 391.2 Q(.)-.55 +E F1(histchars)108 408 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 420 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt) +-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07 +(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.569 E(OR) +-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 432 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F2 1.216 +(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G +1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798(signals the start of a history e) +144 444 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798 +(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G +(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 456 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G +.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24 +(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576 +(ing one string for another in the command.)144 468 R .575(The def)5.575 +F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575 +(optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\ + that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ +char)144 480 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 492 R 1.294 +(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293 +(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F +.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 504 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F +.38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F +(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 516 Q F1(Arrays)87 532.8 Q(Bash) +108 544.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a) +-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89 +(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 556.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 +F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F +.329(an array)108 568.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr) +-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F +5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328 +(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.386(enced using inte)108 580.8 R +1.386(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.887(xpressions\) and)-.15 F +1.387(are zero-based; associati)3.887 F 1.687 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.387 +(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 592.8 +Q 2.463(An inde)108 609.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.963(da).15 G 2.463 +(rray is created automatically if an)-4.963 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.462 +(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F F2(name)4.962 E F0([)A +F2(sub-)A(script)108 621.6 Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 5.682(.T)C(he)-5.682 +E F2(subscript)3.522 E F0 .682(is treated as an arithmetic e)3.862 F +.682(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .682 +(luate to a number greater).25 F .75(than or equal to zero.)108 633.6 R +2.349 -.8(To e)5.749 H .749(xplicitly declare an inde).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 3.249(da).15 G(rray)-3.249 E 3.249(,u)-.65 G(se)-3.249 E F1(declar) +3.249 E 3.249<65ad>-.18 G(a)-3.249 E F2(name)3.249 E F0(\(see)3.249 E F3 +.749(SHELL B)3.249 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E(COMMANDS)108 645.6 Q F0 +(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F2(name) +2.5 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F2 +(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 662.4 Q .3 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 +G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 679.2 Q .94 +(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the) +-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.441 E F1 -.18(re)3.441 G +(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G 3.441(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)3.441 E +(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 691.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.647 +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 708 R +F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647 +(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.147(,w)C 1.647(here each) +-4.147 F F2(value)108 720 Q F0 .122(is of the form [)2.622 F F2 +(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 5.122(.I)C(nde)-5.122 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.622(da).15 G .122(rray assignments do not require the brack)-2.622 F +.122(et and subscript.)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29) +135.965 E(16)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .164(When assigning to inde)108 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 +G .163(rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 +(ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.663(xi)-.15 G 2.663 +(sa)-2.663 G(ssigned)-2.663 E 1.41(to; otherwise the inde)108 96 R 3.91 +(xo)-.15 G 3.91(ft)-3.91 G 1.41(he element assigned is the last inde) +-3.91 F 3.911(xa)-.15 G 1.411(ssigned to by the statement plus one.) +-3.911 F(Inde)108 108 Q(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E +(When assigning to an associati)108 124.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 +E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.)-2.5 E .24 +(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 141.6 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(declar)2.74 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .239 +(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)108 153.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2 +(value)A F0(syntax introduced abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(An)108 +170.4 Q 3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075 +(lement of an array may be referenced using ${)-3.575 F F2(name)A F0([)A +F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076(braces are required to a)3.576 F +-.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542(con\215icts with pathname e)108 182.4 R 4.041 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0 +(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e) +-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 +(These subscripts dif)108 194.4 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 206.4 Q F2(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B +.521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 +(alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F +1.374(of the)108 218.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374 +(special v)3.624 F 1.375(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375 +([@]} e)B 1.375(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.375 +(to a separate w)3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028 +(there are no array members, ${)108 230.4 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B +2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F +2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758(within a w)108 242.4 R .759 +(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 +(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 +(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108 +254.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ +t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015 +F .227(to the e)108 266.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 +(Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728 +(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 278.4 +S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A +F0 3.386(]}. If)B F2(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or) +3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 +(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .462(ments in the array)108 290.4 +R 5.462(.R)-.65 G .462(eferencing an array v)-5.462 F .463 +(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .463 +(lent to referencing the array).25 F(with a subscript of 0.)108 302.4 Q +.168(An array v)108 319.2 R .168 +(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 F +2.668(alue. The)-.25 F .168(null string is a v)2.668 F .168(alid v)-.25 +F(alue.)-.25 E(The)108 336 Q F1(unset)2.766 E F0 -.2(bu)2.766 G .267 +(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset) +5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 +E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x)-.15 E F2(sub-)2.767 E +(script)108 348 Q F0 6.205(.C)C 1.205(are must be tak)-6.205 F 1.205 +(en to a)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.2 G 1.205(id unw).2 F 1.205(anted side ef)-.1 F +1.204(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(unset)6.204 +E F2(name)3.704 E F0(,)A(where)108 360 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an array) +2.5 E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E F1(unset)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0([)A F2 +(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 +(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G +(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 376.8 Q F1(declar)3.573 E(e) +-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C(nd)-3.573 E F1 -.18(re) +3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F +F1<ad61>3.573 E F0 1.073(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074(rray and a)-3.574 F F1<ad41>3.574 E F0 .752 +(option to specify an associati)108 388.8 R 1.052 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) +.15 E 5.752(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.752 E F1 -.18(re)3.252 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.252 G .752(iltin accepts a).2 F F1<ad61>3.252 E F0 .751 +(option to assign a list of w)3.251 F .751(ords read)-.1 F .502 +(from the standard input to an array)108 400.8 R 5.502(.T)-.65 G(he) +-5.502 E F1(set)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F1(declar)3.002 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)3.002 G .502(iltins display array v).2 F .502(alues in a w)-.25 F +.503(ay that allo)-.1 F(ws)-.25 E(them to be reused as assignments.)108 +412.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 429.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Ex\ +pansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into w) +108 441.6 R 3.26(ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26 +(nk).15 G .76(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 453.6 S .369 +(pansion performed:).15 F F2(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E +F0(,).24 E F2 .369(tilde e)2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(par) +2.869 E .369(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2 +.37(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 465.6 Q F0(,).24 E F2 +(arithmetic e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G +(plitting)-2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F2(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion) +-.2 E F0(.).24 E .471(The order of e)108 482.4 R .471 +(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .471(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .471 +(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F 2.971(,v)-.4 G .47(ariable and arithmetic e) +-3.221 F(xpansion)-.15 E +(and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f)108 494.4 Q +(ashion\), w)-.1 E(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 511.2 Q +(xpansion a)-.15 E -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(pr)2.5 E +(ocess substitution)-.45 E F0(.)A 1.486(Only brace e)108 528 R 1.486 +(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 +(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 +(ex)108 540 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F +1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 +(ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the) +-.15 F -.15(ex)108 552 S(pansions of ").15 E F1($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") +-2.5 E F1(${)A F2(name)A F1([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 568.8 +Q F2(Br)108.58 580.8 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 +(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 592.8 Q F2 .415 +(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 +(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F +.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G +(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 604.8 R F2(pr)2.651 E(eamble) +-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 +(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 +F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 616.8 R +.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G +.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 +(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ +ch resulting string, e)108 628.8 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) +108 640.8 Q .719(Brace e)108 657.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 +F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) +108 669.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0 +(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As) +108 686.4 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742 +(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.242 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A +F1(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F2(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F2(y) +3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,) +-.15 F(and)108 698.4 Q F2(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G +.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G +.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 +(xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108 +710.4 R F2(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F2(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi) +-2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077 +(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .078 +(to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015 +(same width.)108 722.4 R .015(When either)5.015 F F2(x)2.515 E F0(or) +2.515 E F2(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\ +empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 +Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(17)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 1.143(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 +84 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F +(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 96 S .542(pands to each character le).15 F +.542(xicographically between)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)3.042 E F0 +(and)3.042 E F1(y)3.042 E F0 3.042(,i)C(nclusi)-3.042 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +5.542(.N).15 G .542(ote that both)-5.542 F F1(x)3.041 E F0(and)3.041 E +F1(y)3.041 E F0 .541(must be of)3.041 F .182(the same type.)108 108 R +.182(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.182 F .183 +(ference between each term.)-.25 F .183(The def)5.183 F(ault)-.1 E +(increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)108 120 Q .582(Brace e)108 136.8 R +.582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e) +-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 +(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 +(are preserv)108 148.8 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 +(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash) +5.016 E F0 .016(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 160.8 Q +(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) +-.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 177.6 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132 +(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\ +t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 189.6 R 3.441 +(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 +(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 +(unchanged. A)108 201.6 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0 +.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 +(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91 +(sion. T)108 213.6 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41 +(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F +F2(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 225.6 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \ +as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) +108 242.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 254.4 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H +(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 271.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25 +G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 283.2 Q(cho)144 295.2 Q +(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) +-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 312 R .618 +(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F +.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 +(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 324 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247 +(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 336 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 +(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 +(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh) +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 348 Q F0 .515 +(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 +(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) +3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436 +(If strict compatibility with)108 360 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 +(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2 +(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437 +(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 372 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set) +2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 +E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 388.8 S +(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 400.8 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F +1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.086 +('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ + \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) +108 412.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) +-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\ + are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 424.8 R .725 +(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 436.8 Q .522 +(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 +(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) +-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 448.8 Q/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287 +(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 +(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\ +ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 460.8 Q .092 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 477.6 R .092 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 +(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is) +5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 489.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904 +(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 +.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) +5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 501.6 R F1(N)4.141 +E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642 +(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\ +ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 +513.6 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 525.6 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G +.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F +.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455 +(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F +(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) +108 537.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 554.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E +(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 571.2 R .167 +(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) +-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E +F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E +.281(these cases, tilde e)108 583.2 R .282(xpansion is also performed.) +-.15 F(Consequently)5.282 E 2.782(,o)-.65 G .282 +(ne may use \214le names with tildes in assign-)-2.782 F(ments to)108 +595.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E +(alue.)-.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 612 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `) +108 624 R F2($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e) +-4.106 F 1.605(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F +4.105(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 636 +R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F +.407(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033 +(tect the v)108 648 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033 +(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 660 +Q 1.189 +(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 +676.8 R F2(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a) +-3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 +688.8 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15 +(ex)108 700.8 S(pansion.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29) +135.965 E(18)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A +1.204(The v)144 96 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.704 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204(The braces are required when) +6.204 F F1(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F +.264(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 108 R F1(par)4.014 +E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 +(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F +(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 120 Q .685 +(If the \214rst character of)108 136.8 R F1(par)3.185 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.685(is an e)3.185 F .685(xclamation point \()-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(!)A F0 .685(\), a le)B -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.186(lo).15 G 3.186(fv)-3.186 +G .686(ariable indirection is introduced.)-3.436 F F2(Bash)108 148.8 Q +F0 .106(uses the v)2.606 F .106(alue of the v)-.25 F .106 +(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F1(par)2.606 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.106(as the name of the v)2.606 F .106(ariable; this v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 +E .351(able is then e)108 160.8 R .351(xpanded and that v)-.15 F .352 +(alue is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the v)-.25 F +.352(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.852 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)108 172.8 Q F0 2.52 +(itself. This)2.52 F .02(is kno)2.52 F .02(wn as)-.25 F F1(indir)2.52 E +.02(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.019(.T)C .019(he e)-5.019 F .019 +(xceptions to this are the e)-.15 F .019(xpansions of ${!)-.15 F F1(pr)A +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .019(*} and)B(${)108 184.8 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A +F1(@)A F0 .762(]} described belo)B 4.563 -.65(w. T)-.25 H .763(he e).65 +F .763(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 3.263(wt)-.25 G +.763(he left brace in order to)-3.263 F(introduce indirection.)108 196.8 +Q .334(In each of the cases belo)108 213.6 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484 +E(d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 +(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 +F(and arithmetic e)108 225.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E .697 +(When not performing substring e)108 242.4 R .698 +(xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F -.65(w,)-.25 G F2 +(bash)3.848 E F0 .698(tests for a parameter)3.198 F +(that is unset or null.)108 254.4 Q(Omitting the colon results in a tes\ +t only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E(${)108 271.2 Q F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .723(Use Default V) +144 283.2 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F1(par)4.473 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722(xpansion of)-.15 F +F1(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.)3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-) +-.2 E(wise, the v)144 295.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 307.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A +F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 2.004(Assign Default V)144 319.2 R(alues) +-.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F1(par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005 +(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F 2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.845 E +(d)-.37 E F0 2.005(is assigned to)5.275 F F1(par)144 331.2 Q(ameter)-.15 +E F0 5.279(.T).73 G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.029 +E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278 +(Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F +(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 343.2 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E +(${)108 355.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +F2 .535(Display Err)144 367.2 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 +(.I)C(f)-5.535 E F1(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 +(is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 379.2 R +.662(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is\ + written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.932 F +(interacti)144 391.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) +-2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 403.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 415.2 R .745(nate V)-.15 F +(alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 427.2 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 439.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 451.2 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .797 +(Substring Expansion.)144 463.2 R F0 .796(Expands to up to)5.797 F F1 +(length)3.296 E F0 .796(characters of)3.296 F F1(par)3.296 E(ameter)-.15 +E F0 .796(starting at the character)3.296 F .228(speci\214ed by)144 +475.2 R F1(of)2.728 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.228(.I)C(f)-5.228 E F1(length) +2.728 E F0 .229(is omitted, e)2.729 F .229(xpands to the substring of) +-.15 F F1(par)2.729 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .229(starting at the char)2.729 F +(-)-.2 E .433(acter speci\214ed by)144 487.2 R F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E +F0(.)A F1(length)5.433 E F0(and)2.933 E F1(of)2.933 E(fset)-.18 E F0 +.433(are arithmetic e)2.933 F .433(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF .432(ARITHMETIC EV)2.933 F(ALU-)-1.215 E -.855(AT)144 +499.2 S(ION).855 E F0(belo)2.576 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(length)5.326 E F0 .326 +(must e)2.826 F -.25(va)-.25 G .326 +(luate to a number greater than or equal to zero.).25 F(If)5.327 E F1 +(of)2.827 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)2.827 G(luates).25 E .016 +(to a number less than zero, the v)144 511.2 R .015 +(alue is used as an of)-.25 F .015(fset from the end of the v)-.25 F +.015(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.515 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.015(.I)C(f)-5.015 +E F1(par)144 523.2 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.25 E F2(@)3.25 E F0 3.25(,t)C +.75(he result is)-3.25 F F1(length)3.25 E F0 .75 +(positional parameters be)3.25 F .75(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of)3.25 E +(fset)-.18 E F0 5.75(.I)C(f)-5.75 E F1(par)3.25 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .75 +(is an)3.25 F(inde)144 535.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.702(da).15 G .201 +(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-2.702 F F1(length) +2.701 E F0 .201(members of the array be)2.701 F(ginning)-.15 E 1.282 +(with ${)144 547.2 R F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 E +F0 3.782(]}. A)B(ne)3.782 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 +(of)3.932 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.282(is tak)3.782 F 1.282(en relati)-.1 F +1.582 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.782(oo).15 G 1.283(ne greater than the maximum) +-3.782 F(inde)144 559.2 Q 3.435(xo)-.15 G 3.435(ft)-3.435 G .935 +(he speci\214ed array)-3.435 F 5.935(.S)-.65 G .935(ubstring e)-5.935 F +.935(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 F 1.234 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .934 +(rray produces unde-).15 F .261(\214ned results.)144 571.2 R .261 +(Note that a ne)5.261 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .561 -.15(ve o)-.25 H +-.25(ff).15 G .261 +(set must be separated from the colon by at least one space to).25 F -.2 +(avo)144 583.2 S .155(id being confused with the :- e).2 F 2.655 +(xpansion. Substring)-.15 F(inde)2.655 E .154 +(xing is zero-based unless the positional)-.15 F .532 +(parameters are used, in which case the inde)144 595.2 R .532 +(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 3.032(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)3.032 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 .532(is 0, and the posi-)3.032 F(tional parameters are used,) +144 607.2 Q F2($0)2.5 E F0(is pre\214x)2.5 E(ed to the list.)-.15 E(${) +108 624 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0(})A(${)108 636 Q F2(!)A +F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .085(Names matching pr)144 648 R +(e\214x.)-.18 E F0 .084(Expands to the names of v)5.085 F .084 +(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-)-2.584 E .257 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 660 R F3(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257 +(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258 +(is used and the e)2.758 F .258(xpansion appears)-.15 F +(within double quotes, each v)144 672 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 688.8 Q F2(!)A F1(name) +A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 700.8 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0 +(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 712.8 R(eys.)-.1 E F0(If)7.036 E F1 +(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F +2.036(xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)) +.15 E .595(assigned in)144 724.8 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 5.595(.I)C(f) +-5.595 E F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G +.595(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596 +(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(19)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(@)144 84 Q F0(is used and the e)2.5 E +(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k)-.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 +H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 100.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 112.8 S +.471(rameter length.).1 F F0 .471(The length in characters of the v) +5.471 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47 +(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)5.47 E F1(par)4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 +124.8 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or)3.708 E F2(@)3.708 E F0 3.708 +(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 +(alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) +6.209 E F1(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F +(array name subscripted by)144 136.8 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E +F0 2.5(,t)C(he v)-2.5 E +(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 E(.)-.65 E +(${)108 153.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +(${)108 165.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +F2(Remo)144 177.6 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196 +(e\214x patter)-.18 F(n.)-.15 E F0(The)6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E +F0 1.196(is e)4.466 F 1.196 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .151(name e)144 +189.6 R 2.651(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152(the pattern matches the be)2.652 +F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .152(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4 +(the e)144 201.6 R 1.4(xpansion is the e)-.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4 +(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.4 +(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2(#)A F0 +-.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `)144 213.6 +R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If) +5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E F0(or) +2.781 E F2(*)2.782 E F0 2.782(,t)C .282(he pattern)-2.782 F(remo)144 +225.6 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) +-3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .401(tant list.)144 237.6 R +(If)5.401 E F1(par)4.151 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.631 F +.401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*) +2.901 E F0 2.902(,t)C .402(he pattern remo)-2.902 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.902 +(lo).25 G(peration)-2.902 E +(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 249.6 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 266.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 278.4 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 290.4 Q .347 -.1 +(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n.)-.15 E F0(The)5.147 E +F1(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .146 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 +302.4 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 +(the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v) +-.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 +G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 314.4 R .226 +(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226 +(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 326.4 S F2 +(%).74 E F0 1.521 -.74('' c)D .042 +(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 +1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F1(par)3.792 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F2(@)2.542 E F0(or)2.542 E F2(*)2.542 E F0 +2.542(,t)C(he)-2.542 E .441(pattern remo)144 338.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G +2.941(lo).25 G .441 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) +-2.941 F .44(xpansion is the)-.15 F .24(resultant list.)144 350.4 R(If) +5.24 E F1(par)3.99 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .24(is an array v)3.47 F .241 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.741 E F2(*)2.741 E +F0 2.741(,t)C .241(he pattern remo)-2.741 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.741(lo).25 +G(per)-2.741 E(-)-.2 E +(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 +362.4 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 379.2 Q F1(par)A +(ameter)-.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa) +144 391.2 S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution.)-3.607 E F0(The)6.107 +E F1(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion.)144 403.2 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 +(is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) +3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 +(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 415.2 Q F0 5.161(.I)C(f) +-5.161 E F1(pattern)2.661 E F0(be)2.661 E .161(gins with)-.15 F F2(/) +2.661 E F0 2.661(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.661 F F1(pattern)2.661 E F0 +.16(are replaced with)2.661 F F1(string)2.66 E F0 5.16(.N)C .16 +(ormally only the)-5.16 F .806(\214rst match is replaced.)144 427.2 R +(If)5.806 E F1(pattern)3.306 E F0(be)3.306 E .806(gins with)-.15 F F2(#) +3.306 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.307(tm)-3.306 G .807(ust match at the be)-3.307 +F .807(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 439.2 S .621 +(lue of).25 F F1(par)3.121 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.621(.I)C(f)-5.621 E F1 +(pattern)3.121 E F0(be)3.121 E .621(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.121 E F0 +3.121(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.121 G .62(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F +.62(xpanded v)-.15 F .62(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 451.2 Q(ameter)-.15 E +F0 6.253(.I)C(f)-6.253 E F1(string)3.753 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) +3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/) +3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.254(may be) +3.754 F 2.679(omitted. If)144 463.2 R F1(par)3.929 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is)3.409 E F2(@)2.679 E F0(or)2.679 E F2(*)2.679 E F0 2.679(,t)C .178 +(he substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter) +-2.679 F .618(in turn, and the e)144 475.2 R .619 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.619 E F1(par)4.369 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .619(is an array v)3.849 F .619 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)144 487.2 Q F0(or)3.224 E F2(*) +3.224 E F0 3.224(,t)C .723(he substitution operation is applied to each\ + member of the array in turn, and the e)-3.224 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion is the resultant list.)144 499.2 Q(${)108 516 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 528 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2 +(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 540 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1 +(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 552 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1 +(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .437(Case modi\214cation.)144 564 R F0 .437(This e) +5.437 F .438(xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in) +-.15 F F1(par)2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F1 +(pattern)144 576 Q F0 .814(is e)3.314 F .813 +(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.313 +(xpansion. The)-.15 F F2(^)3.313 E F0 .813(operator con)3.313 F -.15(ve) +-.4 G(rts).15 E(lo)144 588 Q .18(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F1 +(pattern)2.681 E F0 .181(to uppercase; the)2.681 F F2(,)2.681 E F0 .181 +(operator con)2.681 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .181(rts matching uppercase letters) +.15 F .085(to lo)144 600 R 2.585(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)2.585 E F0 +(and)2.585 E F2(,,)2.585 E F0 -.15(ex)2.585 G .085(pansions con).15 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G .085(rt each matched character in the e).15 F .085 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .085(alue; the)-.25 F F2(^)2.585 E F0(and)144 612 Q F2 +(,)3.434 E F0 -.15(ex)3.434 G .934(pansions match and con).15 F -.15(ve) +-.4 G .934(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .935(xpanded v) +-.15 F 3.435(alue.. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.435 E F0(is)3.435 E 1.121 +(omitted, it is treated lik)144 624 R 3.621(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.621(,w) +C 1.121(hich matches e)-3.621 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.121(ry character).15 F +6.12(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.12 E F1(par)4.87 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.35 E F2(@) +3.62 E F0(or)3.62 E F2(*)3.62 E F0 3.62(,t)C 1.12(he case)-3.62 F 1.335 +(modi\214cation operation is applied to each positional parameter in tu\ +rn, and the e)144 636 R 1.335(xpansion is the)-.15 F 1.308 +(resultant list.)144 648 R(If)6.308 E F1(par)5.058 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +1.308(is an array v)4.538 F 1.308(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@) +3.808 E F0(or)3.808 E F2(*)3.808 E F0 3.808(,t)C 1.308 +(he case modi\214cation)-3.808 F +(operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 +660 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E F2(Command Substitution)87 +676.8 Q F1 1.697(Command substitution)108 688.8 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 +(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698 +(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 700.8 Q F2($\()144 722.4 Q F1 +(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29) +135.965 E(20)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(or)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<92>144 96 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)A F1<92>A(Bash)108 112.8 Q F0 .02 +(performs the e)2.52 F .02(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting) +.15 E F2(command)2.519 E F0 .019 +(and replacing the command substitution with the stan-)2.519 F .768 +(dard output of the command, with an)108 124.8 R 3.268(yt)-.15 G .768 +(railing ne)-3.268 F .768(wlines deleted.)-.25 F .768(Embedded ne)5.768 +F .768(wlines are not deleted, b)-.25 F(ut)-.2 E(the)108 136.8 Q 3.219 +(ym)-.15 G .719(ay be remo)-3.219 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.219(dd).15 G .719 +(uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719 +(The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1 +(\))A F0 .718(can be replaced by the)3.219 F(equi)108 148.8 Q -.25(va) +-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E +F1(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution \ +is used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 165.6 R(xcept)-.15 +E .315(when follo)108 177.6 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1 +<92>2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E F0 5.315(.T)C .314(h\ +e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \ +sub-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 189.6 R 1.386(using the $\() +3.886 F F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 +(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G +3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F +(mand; none are treated specially)108 201.6 Q(.)-.65 E .894 +(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 218.4 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H +.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F +(quotes with backslashes.)108 230.4 Q .422 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 247.2 R .422 +(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15 +F(on the results.)108 259.2 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 276 Q F0 1.035 +(Arithmetic e)108 288 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035(ws the e)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.034 +(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F +(The format for arithmetic e)108 300 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()144 +316.8 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 333.6 Q +F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 +(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166 +(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F 1.075 +(treated specially)108 345.6 R 6.075(.A)-.65 G 1.074(ll tok)-6.075 F +1.074(ens in the e)-.1 F 1.074(xpression under)-.15 F 1.074 +(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.074(xpansion, string e)-.15 F 1.074 +(xpansion, command)-.15 F(substitution, and quote remo)108 357.6 Q -.25 +(va)-.15 G 2.5(l. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)2.5 G +(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378(The e)108 374.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.378(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F +3.878(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV) +3.878 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F0(If)5.879 E F2 -.2(ex)108 386.4 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in) +2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.) +-.1 E F1(Pr)87 403.2 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 415.2 Q .971 +(ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 .971 +(is supported on systems that support named pipes \()3.471 F F2(FIFOs)A +F0 3.47(\)o)C 3.47(rt)-3.47 G(he)-3.47 E F1(/de)3.47 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 +.97(method of)3.47 F .021(naming open \214les.)108 427.2 R .021(It tak) +5.021 F .021(es the form of)-.1 F F1(<\()2.521 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0(or)2.521 E F1(>\()2.521 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 5.021(.T)C .021 +(he process)-5.021 F F2(list)2.521 E F0 .021 +(is run with its input or output con-)2.521 F .059(nected to a)108 439.2 +R F2(FIFO)2.559 E F0 .058(or some \214le in)2.559 F F1(/de)2.558 E(v/fd) +-.15 E F0 5.058(.T)C .058(he name of this \214le is passed as an ar) +-5.058 F .058(gument to the current com-)-.18 F .13 +(mand as the result of the e)108 451.2 R 2.63(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the) +2.63 E F1(>\()2.63 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .13 +(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)2.63 F .131 +(vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)2.631 E F0(.)A(If the)108 463.2 Q F1(<\() +2.5 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 +(form is used, the \214le passed as an ar)2.5 E +(gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 +(.)A .897(When a)108 480 R -.25(va)-.2 G .896(ilable, process substitut\ +ion is performed simultaneously with parameter and v).25 F .896 +(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 492 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)87 508.8 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 520.8 R 1.143 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 532.8 Q +F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 549.6 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 +(as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 +(nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) +-.15 F(ords)-.1 E 1.788(on these characters.)108 561.6 R(If)6.788 E F3 +(IFS)4.288 E F0 1.788(is unset, or its v)4.038 F 1.789(alue is e)-.25 F +(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)4.289 E F0 4.289(,t)C 1.789 +(he def)-4.289 F 1.789(ault, then)-.1 F .022(sequences of)108 573.6 R F1 +(<space>)2.522 E F0(,)A F1(<tab>)2.522 E F0 2.521(,a)C(nd)-2.521 E F1 +(<newline>)2.521 E F0 .021(at the be)2.521 F .021 +(ginning and end of the results of the pre)-.15 F .021(vious e)-.25 F +(xpan-)-.15 E .585(sions are ignored, and an)108 585.6 R 3.086(ys)-.15 G +.586(equence of)-3.086 F F3(IFS)3.086 E F0 .586 +(characters not at the be)2.836 F .586(ginning or end serv)-.15 F .586 +(es to delimit w)-.15 F(ords.)-.1 E(If)108 597.6 Q F3(IFS)3.617 E F0 +1.117(has a v)3.367 F 1.117(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.117 +(ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)3.617 +E F0(and)3.617 E F1(tab)3.617 E F0(are)3.617 E .315(ignored at the be) +108 609.6 R .315(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .315 +(ord, as long as the whitespace character is in the v)-.1 F .315 +(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)2.815 E F0(\(an)2.566 E F3(IFS)108 621.6 Q F0 +1.054(whitespace character\).)3.304 F(An)6.054 E 3.554(yc)-.15 G 1.054 +(haracter in)-3.554 F F3(IFS)3.554 E F0 1.053(that is not)3.303 F F3 +(IFS)3.553 E F0 1.053(whitespace, along with an)3.303 F 3.553(ya)-.15 G +(djacent)-3.553 E F3(IFS)3.553 E F0 .331 +(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)108 633.6 R 2.831(As)5.331 G +.332(equence of)-2.831 F F3(IFS)2.832 E F0 .332 +(whitespace characters is also treated as a delim-)2.582 F(iter)108 +645.6 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E +F0(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.879 +(Explicit null ar)108 662.4 R 1.879(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G +F0(or)3.545 E F1 .833<0808>5.211 G F0 4.378(\)a)C 1.878(re retained.) +-4.378 F 1.878(Unquoted implicit null ar)6.878 F 1.878 +(guments, resulting from the)-.18 F -.15(ex)108 674.4 S .176 +(pansion of parameters that ha).15 F .476 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.676(ov).15 G +.176(alues, are remo)-2.926 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. If).15 F 2.677(ap) +2.677 G .177(arameter with no v)-2.677 F .177(alue is e)-.25 F .177 +(xpanded within)-.15 F(double quotes, a null ar)108 686.4 Q +(gument results and is retained.)-.18 E(Note that if no e)108 703.2 Q +(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 +Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(21)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(Pa)87 84 S(thname Expansion).1 E F0 +.371(After w)108 96 R .371(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F1<ad66>2.871 +E F0 .371(option has been set,)2.871 F F1(bash)2.871 E F0 .37 +(scans each w)2.87 F .37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.87 E F0(,)A +F1(?)2.87 E F0 2.87(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F1([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677 +(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 108 R .677 +(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678 +(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F 1.457 +(cally sorted list of \214le names matching the pattern.)108 120 R 1.456 +(If no matching \214le names are found, and the shell)6.457 F(option)108 +132 Q F1(nullglob)2.537 E F0 .038(is not enabled, the w)2.537 F .038 +(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .038(If the)5.038 F F1(nullglob)2.538 E F0 +.038(option is set, and no matches are)2.538 F .306(found, the w)108 144 +R .306(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.806(d. If).15 F(the)2.805 E F1 +(failglob)2.805 E F0 .305 +(shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message)2.805 F +.928(is printed and the command is not e)108 156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.428 +(cuted. If).15 F .928(the shell option)3.428 F F1(nocaseglob)3.428 E F0 +.929(is enabled, the match is per)3.429 F(-)-.2 E .033 +(formed without re)108 168 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .033 +(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .032 +(When a pattern is used for pathname e)5.032 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .104 +(the character)108 180 R F1 -.63(``)2.604 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 +.104(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.104 F .105 +(wing a slash must be matched e)-.25 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.605(,u)-.65 G +(nless)-2.605 E .888(the shell option)108 192 R F1(dotglob)3.388 E F0 +.888(is set.)3.388 F .887 +(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.888 F -.1(wa) +-.1 G .887(ys be matched).1 F -.15(ex)108 204 S(plicitly).15 E 6.165(.I) +-.65 G 3.665(no)-6.165 G 1.165(ther cases, the)-3.665 F F1 -.63(``)3.665 +G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.166(character is not treated specially) +6.165 F 6.166(.S)-.65 G 1.166(ee the description of)-6.166 F F1(shopt) +3.666 E F0(belo)3.666 E(w)-.25 E(under)108 216 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +.478(SHELL B)2.978 F(UIL)-.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .477 +(for a description of the)2.728 F F1(nocaseglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F1 +(nullglob)2.977 E F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.977 E F0 2.977(,a)C(nd)-2.977 E +F1(dotglob)2.977 E F0(shell options.)108 228 Q(The)108 244.8 Q F3 +(GLOBIGNORE)2.63 E F0 .13(shell v)2.38 F .131 +(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 +F F2(pattern)2.631 E F0 5.131(.I).24 G(f)-5.131 E F3(GLO-)2.631 E +(BIGNORE)108 256.8 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214le name that al\ +so matches one of the patterns in)4.265 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)4.515 E F0(is) +4.264 E(remo)108 268.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(df).15 G .003 +(rom the list of matches.)-2.503 F .003(The \214le names)5.003 F F1 -.63 +(``)2.503 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.003 E F1 -.63(``)2.503 G(..) +.63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .004(are al)5.633 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .004 +(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.504 E F0(is)2.254 E .046 +(set and not null.)108 280.8 R(Ho)5.046 E(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .846 +-.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.546 E F0 .046 +(to a non-null v)2.296 F .045(alue has the ef)-.25 F .045 +(fect of enabling the)-.25 F F1(dotglob)2.545 E F0 .613 +(shell option, so all other \214le names be)108 292.8 R .614 +(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.114 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .614 +(will match.)5.614 F 2.214 -.8(To g)5.614 H .614(et the old beha).8 F +.614(vior of ignoring)-.2 F .457(\214le names be)108 304.8 R .457 +(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.957 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 +2.957(,m)C(ak)-2.957 E(e)-.1 E F1 -.63(``)2.957 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 +.457(one of the patterns in)5.457 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.957 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)4.957 E F1(dotglob)2.956 E F0 .456 +(option is)2.956 F(disabled when)108 316.8 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE)2.5 E F0 +(is unset.)2.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 333.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching) +-2.5 E F0(An)108 350.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in \ +a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described belo) +-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 362.4 +R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G +1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F +.576(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 374.4 R .576 +(The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) +-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 386.4 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 403.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)108 420 Q F0 .455(Matches an) +31 F 2.955(ys)-.15 G .455(tring, including the null string.)-2.955 F +.455(When the)5.455 F F1(globstar)2.955 E F0 .455 +(shell option is enabled, and)2.955 F F1(*)2.955 E F0(is)2.955 E .314 +(used in a pathname e)144 432 R .314(xpansion conte)-.15 F .314(xt, tw) +-.15 F 2.814(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-2.814 E F1(*)2.814 E F0 2.814(su)C .314 +(sed as a single pattern will match all \214les)-2.814 F 1.183 +(and zero or more directories and subdirectories.)144 444 R 1.183 +(If follo)6.183 F 1.183(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.683 E F0 3.683(,t)C 1.383 +-.1(wo a)-3.683 H(djacent).1 E F1(*)3.683 E F0 3.683(sw)C 1.183 +(ill match)-3.683 F(only directories and subdirectories.)144 456 Q F1(?) +108 468 Q F0(Matches an)31 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 +E F1([...])108 480 Q F0 .256(Matches an)21.84 F 2.756(yo)-.15 G .257 +(ne of the enclosed characters.)-2.756 F 2.757(Ap)5.257 G .257 +(air of characters separated by a h)-2.757 F .257(yphen denotes a)-.05 F +F2 -.15(ra)144 492 S(ng).15 E 3.29(ee)-.1 G(xpr)-3.49 E(ession)-.37 E F0 +3.29(;a)C 1.09 -.15(ny c)-3.29 H .789 +(haracter that sorts between those tw).15 F 3.289(oc)-.1 G .789 +(haracters, inclusi)-3.289 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.289(,u).15 G .789 +(sing the cur)-3.289 F(-)-.2 E .349(rent locale')144 504 R 2.849(sc)-.55 +G .349(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-2.849 F .35 +(If the \214rst character follo)5.349 F .35(wing the)-.25 F F1([)2.85 E +F0 .564(is a)144 516 R F1(!)3.064 E F0 .564(or a)5.564 F F1(^)3.064 E F0 +.564(then an)3.064 F 3.064(yc)-.15 G .564 +(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.064 F .563 +(The sorting order of characters in range)5.564 F -.15(ex)144 528 S .467 +(pressions is determined by the current locale and the v).15 F .467 +(alue of the)-.25 F F3(LC_COLLA)2.967 E(TE)-.855 E F0 .467(shell v)2.717 +F(ariable,)-.25 E 1.077(if set.)144 540 R(A)6.077 E F1<ad>3.577 E F0 +1.077(may be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character i\ +n the set.)3.577 F(A)6.076 E F1(])3.576 E F0 1.076(may be)3.576 F +(matched by including it as the \214rst character in the set.)144 552 Q +-.4(Wi)144 570 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.914 E F0(and)2.914 E F1(])2.914 E F0 +(,)A F2 -.15(ch)2.914 G(ar).15 E .414(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .415 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)2.915 F F1([:)2.915 E F2(class)A F1 +(:])A F0 2.915(,w)C(here)-2.915 E F2(class)2.915 E F0 .415(is one of) +2.915 F(the follo)144 582 Q +(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 5.421 +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)144 594 R 5.421 +(wer print punct space upper w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E(xdigit)144 606 Q F0 2.518 +(Ac)144 618 S .018(haracter class matches an)-2.518 F 2.518(yc)-.15 G +.019(haracter belonging to that class.)-2.518 F(The)5.019 E F1 -.1(wo) +2.519 G(rd).1 E F0 .019(character class matches)2.519 F +(letters, digits, and the character _.)144 630 Q -.4(Wi)144 648 S(thin) +.4 E F1([)3.547 E F0(and)3.547 E F1(])3.547 E F0 3.547(,a)C(n)-3.547 E +F2 1.046(equivalence class)3.546 F F0 1.046 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.546 F F1([=)3.546 E F2(c)A F1(=]) +A F0 3.546(,w)C 1.046(hich matches all)-3.546 F(characters with the sam\ +e collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as the charac\ +ter)144 660 Q F2(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)144 678 S(thin).4 E F1([)2.5 E F0 +(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 E F2 +(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F2(symbol)2.5 E +F0(.)A .704(If the)108 694.8 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705 +(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108 +706.8 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F2 +(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E +F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) +108 718.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(22)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(?\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) +.833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 120 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 132 Q F2(pattern-list).833 +E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 144 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 156 Q F2 +(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 168 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 180 Q F2 +(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 192 Q(ything e)-.15 +E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E +F1(Quote Remo)87 208.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112 +(After the preceding e)108 220.8 R 1.112 +(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) +3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 +1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 232.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 249.6 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 261.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E +(ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .616 +(by the shell.)108 273.6 R .617(Redirection may also be used to open an\ +d close \214les for the current shell e)5.616 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .617 +(cution en).15 F(viron-)-.4 E 3.275(ment. The)108 285.6 R(follo)3.275 E +.774(wing redirection operators may precede or appear an)-.25 F .774 +(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .774(simple command)3.614 F F0(or)4.044 E +(may follo)108 297.6 Q 2.5(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5(.R).77 G +(edirections are processed in the order the)-5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(ppear) +-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Each redirection tha\ +t may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may instead be preceded\ + by a w)108 314.4 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {)108 326.4 R F2 +(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 +(this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.498<618c>108 338.4 +S .999(le descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to)-3.498 F F2 +(varname)3.499 E F0 5.999(.I)C 3.499(f>)-5.999 G .999 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.499 F F2(varname)A F0 .999(}, the)B -.25 +(va)108 350.4 S(lue of).25 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 +(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .284(In the follo)108 +367.2 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\ +ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512 +(ion operator is)108 379.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 +(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) +-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F +(redirection operator is)108 391.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) +-2.5 E .825(The w)108 408 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 +(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .772 +(jected to brace e)108 420 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773 +(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .773 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .844 +(sion, quote remo)108 432 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F .843 +(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843 F +.843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.343 E F0 +(reports an error)108 444 Q(.)-.55 E +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 460.8 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 477.6 Q F1(>)2.5 +E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 494.4 +Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 +511.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 528 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E +F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 +(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F +(output before the standard output w)108 540 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2 +(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 556.8 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) +-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F +(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 568.8 Q F1(/de)144 585.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A +F0(If)180 597.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15 +E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5 +E F1(/de)144 609.6 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.) +180 621.6 Q F1(/de)144 633.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 645.6 Q F1(/de)144 657.6 Q +(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 669.6 Q F1(/de) +144 681.6 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 693.6 Q +F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 +(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(vice name,)180 705.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.) +-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(23)185.955 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 24 24 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.997 +E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497(alid hostname or Internet address, and) +-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496(is an inte)2.996 F .496 +(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 108 Q F1(bash)2.5 +E F0(attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E +(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 124.8 S +(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E +(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\ +hould be used with care, as the)108 141.6 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947 +(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F +(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 +170.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) +108 182.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 194.4 Q F2 +(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G +(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 +(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 211.2 Q([)144 228 Q F2 +(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 244.8 Q(ecting Output) +-.18 E F0 .174 +(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) +108 256.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175 +(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 268.8 +R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F +-.15(ex)108 280.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E +(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 297.6 Q([)144 314.4 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154 +(If the redirection operator is)108 331.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C +.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) +2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 343.2 R +.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657 +(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-) +5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 355.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E +F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 +(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409 +(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 +367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) +-2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 +384 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642 +(Redirection of output in this f)108 396 R .642 +(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 408 R F2(n)2.973 E F0 +2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0 +.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108 +420 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 436.8 Q([)144 453.6 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 475.2 Q +(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 +(This construct allo)108 487.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) +-.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 +499.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 516 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 +(&>)144 532.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 544.8 Q F1(>&)144 556.8 Q +F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 573.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 590.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1 -.25(Ap)87 612 S +(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 624 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\ +e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F +(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 636 Q +(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 +652.8 Q F1(&>>)144 669.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +(This is semantically equi)108 686.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(>>)144 703.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(24)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 25 25 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Her)87 84 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E +F0 .33(This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from \ +the current source until a line containing only)108 96 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(delimiter)108.35 108 Q F0 .614 +(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 +(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 +F(dard input for a command.)108 120 Q(The format of here-documents is:) +108 136.8 Q F1(<<)144 153.6 Q F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E +(her)164 165.6 Q(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 177.6 Q F0 .128 +(No parameter e)108 194.4 R .127 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127 +(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .127(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108 +206.4 Q F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G +1.074 -.15(ny c)-3.274 H .774(haracters in).15 F F2(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E +F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F2(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774 +(is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.275(lo).25 G(n) +-3.275 E F2(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.275(,a).77 G(nd)-3.275 E .905 +(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 218.4 R 3.405(xpanded. If) +-.15 F F2(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .904 +(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .694 +(subjected to parameter e)108 230.4 R .695 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.195 +(xpansion. In)-.15 F .695(the latter case, the)3.195 F +(character sequence)108 242.4 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and) +2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\) +2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 +(If the redirection operator is)108 259.2 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 +(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ + and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 271.2 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5 +(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) +-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 288 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 2.5 +(Av)108 300 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1(<<<) +144 316.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 333.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E +F0(is e)2.5 E +(xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E F1 +(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 350.4 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 +362.4 Q([)144 379.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 +(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 396 R(If)5.127 E F2 +(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127 +(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 +408 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G +2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G +2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0 +.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149 +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 420 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor) +2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.649 E +F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.) +2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F +(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 432 Q +(The operator)108 448.8 Q([)144 465.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A +(d)-.37 E F0 .444 +(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 482.4 R +(If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443 +(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357 +(tor 1\) is used.)108 494.4 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor) +4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\ +utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 506.4 R 2.597 +(as)2.597 G .097(pecial case, if)-2.597 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 .096 +(is omitted, and)2.596 F F2(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e) +2.596 F .096(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F +(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 518.4 Q +(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 535.2 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 547.2 Q([)144 564 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A +F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 580.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535 +(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2(digit)3.035 E F0 .535 +(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt) +-3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2 +(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 592.8 Q F2(digit)5 +E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A +(Similarly)108 609.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) +144 626.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 643.2 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F2 +(digit)2.786 E F0 .286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 +2.786(,o).24 G 2.786(rt)-2.786 G .285 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 +.285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 655.2 Q F1 +(Opening File Descriptors f)87 672 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 +(The redirection operator)108 684 Q([)144 700.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A +F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 +717.6 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 +(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor) +108 729.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G +(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E +(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1) +72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(25)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 26 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(Aliases)108 96 Q F0(allo)3.174 E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674 +(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674 +(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673 +(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ +ses that may be set and unset with the)108 108 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(alias)2.894 E F0(and)2.894 E F3(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394 +(iltin commands).2 F(\(see)108 120 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B) +4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48 +(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979 +(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F(check)108 132 Q .472 +(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472(If so, that w)5.472 F .473 +(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473 +(The characters)5.473 F F3(/)2.973 E F0(,)A F3($)2.973 E F0(,)A F3<92> +2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 144 Q F3(=)3.612 E F0 1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612 +(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell)-3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E +(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 +(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111 +(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 156 R 1.119 +(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G +1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12 +(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 168 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F +.514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513 +(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F +.295(not e)108 180 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 +(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F3(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F3 +.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F3 +(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 192 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F +3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542 +(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne) +-3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 204 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 +E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 220.8 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0 +(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F3 +(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284 +(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 237.6 R .284 +(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E +.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see) +108 249.6 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 +(Aliases are not e)108 266.4 R 1.22 +(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u) +.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F3(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22 +(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 278.4 Q F3(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(\(see the description of)2.5 E F3(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 +(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 +E .435 +(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 +295.2 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F3(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338 +(one complete line of input before e)108 307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 +(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338 +(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337 +(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 319.2 S .904 +(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 +(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 +(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162 +(another command does not tak)108 331.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 +G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F +1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277 +(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 343.2 R .277 +(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha) +2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108 +355.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F +.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\ +n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494 +(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 367.2 +R .495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085 +(tion are not a)108 379.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084 +(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584 +(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F +-.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F +(rate line, and do not use)108 391.2 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0 +(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 408 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.) +.15 E F1(FUNCTIONS)72 424.8 Q F0 3.467(As)108 436.8 S .967 +(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 +H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 +.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 448.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ +ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315 +(mands associated with that function name is e)108 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316 +(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036 +(shell; no ne)108 472.8 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 +(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 +F .639(function is e)108 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F +.639 +(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 496.8 +R F3(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 +(Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F +(ment of the)108 508.8 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G +(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 +525.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 +(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F +1.049(these e)108 537.6 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.548 E(UG) +-.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F3(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048 +(traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F3(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.548 E -.09(BU)108 549.6 S(IL) +.09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 +(w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F3(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E +.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 561.6 R F4(declar) +2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) +-.25 F F3 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F3(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 573.6 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F3 +(DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F3(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F4(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 +F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 585.6 Q F3(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 602.4 S .656 +(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F3(local) +3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.655 E +3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F(their v)108 614.4 Q +(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E +.043(If the b)108 631.2 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F3 -.18(re)2.543 G +(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 +(cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 643.2 R 1.012 +(xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G +1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F3(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 +(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 655.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 +(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 +(alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) +108 667.2 Q F3(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E +2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) +-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 684 R F3 +<ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F3(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E +F0(or)3.858 E F3(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. The)108 696 R F3<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F3 +(declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F3(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 +(will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F +.327(\214le and line number)108 708 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G +(he)-2.827 E F3(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 +(shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326 +(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 720 R 1.597 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F3<ad66>3.797 E F0 +1.297(option to the)3.797 F F3(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798 +(iltin. A).2 F 1.298(function de\214nition may be)3.798 F(GNU Bash-4.1) +72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(26)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 27 27 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .161(deleted using the)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad66>2.661 +E F0 .161(option to the)2.661 F F1(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661 +(iltin. Note).2 F .16(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .16 +(ariables with the same name)-.25 F 1.325 +(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)108 96 R +1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825 +(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 108 Q +(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E +(Functions may be recursi)108 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.N).15 G 2.5(ol) +-5 G(imit is imposed on the number of recursi)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H +(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 141.6 Q(ALU) +-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298(The shell allo)108 153.6 R +2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G 2.297(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let) +4.797 E F0(and)4.797 E F1(declar)108 165.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.705 G +.205(iltin commands and).2 F F1 .205(Arithmetic Expansion)2.705 F F0 +2.705(\). Ev)B .205(aluation is done in \214x)-.25 F .206(ed-width inte) +-.15 F .206(gers with no)-.15 F .429(check for o)108 177.6 R -.15(ve) +-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 1.729 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .429(hough di).65 F .428 +(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F 5.428(.T)-.55 G +.428(he operators and their prece-)-5.428 F 1.919(dence, associati)108 +189.6 R(vity)-.25 E 4.419(,a)-.65 G 1.919(nd v)-4.419 F 1.919 +(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F 1.92(The follo)6.92 F +1.92(wing list of operators is)-.25 F(grouped into le)108 201.6 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 E(The le)5 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ls are listed in order of decreasing precedence.).15 E/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 218.4 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1<adad>A F0 -.25 +(va)144 230.4 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108 +242.4 Q F3(id)A F1<adad>2.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 254.4 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5<ad2b>108 266.4 S F0 +(unary minus and plus)19.6 E F1 2.5(!~)108 278.4 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)24.34 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 +290.4 Q F0 -.15(ex)26 G(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 302.4 S F0 +(multiplication, di)10.72 E(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad>108 +314.4 S F0(addition, subtraction)19.6 E F1(<< >>)108 326.4 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)10.7 E F1(<= >= < >)108 338.4 Q F0 +(comparison)144 350.4 Q F1(== !=)108 362.4 Q F0(equality and inequality) +13.07 E F1(&)108 374.4 Q F0(bitwise AND)27.67 E F1(^)108 386.4 Q F0 +(bitwise e)32.67 E(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|)108 +398.4 Q F0(bitwise OR)33.8 E F1(&&)108 410.4 Q F0(logical AND)19.34 E F1 +(||)108 422.4 Q F0(logical OR)31.6 E F3 -.2(ex)108 434.4 S(pr).2 E F1(?) +A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 446.4 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 458.4 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G +2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G +(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 470.4 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 482.4 S +(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 494.4 Q .68 +(Shell v)108 511.2 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 +(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 +(xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 523.2 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 +F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 +(ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 535.2 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G +1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466 +(using the parameter e)108 547.2 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 +(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.39 +(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 559.2 R 1.389 +(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he) +-3.889 E F3(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.889 E 1.389 +(ute using)-.2 F F1(declar)3.889 E 3.889(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.889 E F0(is) +3.889 E .343(assigned a v)108 571.2 R 2.843(alue. A)-.25 F .343(null v) +2.843 F .343(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .343(luates to 0.).25 F 2.843 +(As)5.343 G .343(hell v)-2.843 F .343(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .643 +-.15(ve i)-.2 H .343(ts inte).15 F .344(ger attrib)-.15 F .344 +(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 583.2 Q(xpression.)-.15 E +1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 +600 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F +(xadecimal.)-.15 E .589(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 612 R 3.089(et)-.1 G +.589(he form [)-3.089 F F3(base#)A F0 .589(]n, where)B F3(base)3.089 E +F0 .59(is a decimal number between 2 and 64 represent-)3.089 F .093 +(ing the arithmetic base, and)108 624 R F3(n)2.593 E F0 .093 +(is a number in that base.)2.593 F(If)5.093 E F3(base#)2.593 E F0 .092 +(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)2.593 F .092(The digits)5.092 F .064 +(greater than 9 are represented by the lo)108 636 R .064 +(wercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order)-.25 F +5.065(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.065 E F3(base)2.565 E F0 .433 +(is less than or equal to 36, lo)108 648 R .432(wercase and uppercase l\ +etters may be used interchangeably to represent num-)-.25 F +(bers between 10 and 35.)108 660 Q .234(Operators are e)108 676.8 R -.25 +(va)-.25 G .234(luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 +(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 688.8 S +(rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F2 +(CONDITION)72 705.6 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256(Conditional e)108 +717.6 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F1([[)2.755 E F0 .255 +(compound command and the)2.755 F F1(test)2.755 E F0(and)2.755 E F1([) +2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F .77 +(\214le attrib)108 729.6 R .77 +(utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77 +(Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1) +72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(27)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 28 28 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 1.041(unary or binary primaries.)108 84 R 1.041(If an)6.041 F(y) +-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)3.541 E F0(ar)3.541 E 1.04 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)3.54 E +(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.54(,t)C 1.04(hen \214le)-3.54 F(descriptor)108 96 Q +F1(n)3.788 E F0 1.289(is check)3.788 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.789 E F1 +(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289 +(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin) +-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.789(,o)C(r)-3.789 E F1 +(/de)108 108 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C +(le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5 +(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 +(Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) +108 124.8 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 136.8 +Q(When used with)108 154.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,T)C +(he)-2.5 E F2(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E F2<ad61>108 178.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2<ad62>108 190.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G +(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2<ad63>108 202.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2<ad64>108 214.8 Q +F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2<ad65>108 226.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2<ad66>108 238.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.25 G +(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E +(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2<ad67>108 250.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) +10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2<ad68>108 262.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2<ad6b>108 274.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) +-2.5 E F2<ad70>108 286.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 +E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).) +.15 E F2<ad72>108 298.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.14 G(ue if).35 E +F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2<ad73>108 +310.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)11.69 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2<ad74> +108 322.8 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)16.69 G(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E +F1(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2<ad75>108 +334.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2 +<ad77>108 346.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2<ad78>108 +358.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)10.58 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2 +<ad4f>108 370.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2<ad47>108 382.8 Q F1 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)7.8 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex) +2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15 +(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2<ad4c>108 394.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)8.91 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2<ad53>108 406.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)10.02 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2<ad4e>108 418.8 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.35(Tr)8.36 G(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1 +(\214le1)108 430.8 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F2(nt)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +442.8 S .038(ue if).35 F F1(\214le1)2.538 E F0 .039(is ne)2.539 F .039 +(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E +F0 2.539(,o)C 2.539(ri)-2.539 G(f)-2.539 E F1(\214le1)2.539 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.539 G .039(ists and).15 F F1(\214le2)2.539 E F0 .039(does not.) +2.539 F F1(\214le1)108 454.8 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F2(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 466.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E +F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1 +(\214le1)108 478.8 Q F2(\255ef)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +490.8 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 +(refer to the same de)2.5 E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2<ad6f>108 +502.8 Q F1(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 514.8 S 1.144 +(ue if shell option).35 F F1(optname)3.874 E F0 1.144(is enabled.)3.824 +F 1.143(See the list of options under the description of the)6.144 F F2 +<ad6f>3.643 E F0(option to the)144 526.8 Q F2(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2<ad7a>108 538.8 Q F1(string)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 550.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.5 E F0 +(is zero.)2.5 E F1(string)108 562.8 Q F2<ad6e>108 574.8 Q F1(string)2.5 +E F0 -.35(Tr)144 586.8 S(ue if the length of).35 E F1(string)2.84 E F0 +(is non-zero.)2.72 E F1(string1)108 603.6 Q F2(==)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E +(string1)108 615.6 Q F2(=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 627.6 S +(ue if the strings are equal.).35 E F2(=)5 E F0(should be used with the) +2.5 E F2(test)2.5 E F0(command for POSIX conformance.)2.5 E F1(string1) +108 644.4 Q F2(!=)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 656.4 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F1(string1)108 673.2 Q F2(<)2.5 +E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 685.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E +F0(sorts before)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 +E(.)-.65 E F1(string1)108 702 Q F2(>)2.5 E F1(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) +144 714 S(ue if).35 E F1(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F1(string2) +2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(28)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 29 29 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)108.33 84 Q(g1)-.37 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP) +144 96 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne) +2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2 +(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385(.T)C +.385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1(ar) +2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, less th\ +an or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 108 R F1 +(ar)144 120 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 +E(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(ar)2.83 E(g2)-.37 E F0 +(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) +-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 136.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .613 +(When a simple command is e)108 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 +(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 +(xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.) +108 160.8 Q 26(1. The)108 177.6 R -.1(wo)4.349 G 1.849 +(rds that the parser has mark).1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 +(ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 189.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E 26(2. The)108 206.4 R -.1(wo)3.663 G 1.163 +(rds that are not v).1 F 1.164 +(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15 +F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144 +218.4 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 +(en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E +(are the ar)144 230.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E 26(3. Redirections)108 247.2 R +(are performed as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 +(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 26(4. The)108 264 R(te) +3.216 E .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F +.717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717(goes tilde e)-.18 F .717 +(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .34 +(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 276 R .339 +(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 288 Q .332 +(If no command name results, the v)108 304.8 R .332 +(ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F +2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 316.8 S .757 +(riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757 +(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 328.8 +R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677 +(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677 +(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F +(the command e)108 340.8 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 357.6 R +.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 +(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 369.6 +Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 +(If there is a command name left after e)108 386.4 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F +4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108 +398.4 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 +(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 410.4 R .466 +(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 422.4 +Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 439.2 Q F0 +.547(After a command has been split into w)108 451.2 R .546 +(ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 463.2 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E +(en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ +mpts to locate it.)108 480 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 +(xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) +108 492 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246 +(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.746 +E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 504 Q 2.5 +(uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E +(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309 +(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 520.8 R .31 +(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.81 E F0 .31 +(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 532.8 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.163 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662 +(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914(the full pathnames of e)108 +544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E +F0(under)4.415 E F3 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.915(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)4.165 E 4.415(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.415 E .72 +(search of the directories in)108 556.8 R F3 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .719 +(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F +.719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ + a de\214ned shell function named)108 568.8 R F2(command_not_f)3.456 E +(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 580.8 Q F0 5.278(.I)C 2.778(ft)-5.278 G .278 +(hat function e)-2.778 F .278(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 2.778(dw).1 G .277 +(ith the original command and the original command')-2.778 F 2.777(sa) +-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.777 G(uments).18 E .775(as its ar)108 592.8 R .775 +(guments, and the function')-.18 F 3.275(se)-.55 G .775 +(xit status becomes the e)-3.425 F .775(xit status of the shell.)-.15 F +.776(If that function is not)5.776 F +(de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 604.8 +Q(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if th\ +e command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 621.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197(named program in a separate e) +108 633.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 +F .198(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 645.6 Q +(guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 662.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809 +(ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809 +(cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G +4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .677(assumed to be a)108 674.4 R F1 .678 +(shell script)3.177 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 +(le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678 +(ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .678(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678 +(cute it.).15 F(This)5.678 E .33 +(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 686.4 R .33 +(fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.829(ws)-.25 G .329(hell had been in)-2.829 +F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.829(dt).1 G 2.829(oh)-2.829 G .329 +(andle the script, with)-2.829 F 1.219(the e)108 698.4 R 1.219 +(xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) +-.15 F F2(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E F3 +(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 710.4 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F5(\))A +F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E 1.375 +(If the program is a \214le be)108 727.2 R 1.374(ginning with)-.15 F F2 +(#!)3.874 E F0 3.874(,t)C 1.374 +(he remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the) +-3.874 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(29)185.955 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 30 30 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 5.485(program. 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The)-.15 F(ar)3.262 E .761 +(guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F .761 +(gument fol-)-.18 F(lo)108 108 Q .156 +(wing the interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo) +-.25 F .157(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F(wed)-.25 E +(by the command ar)108 120 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F1 +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 136.8 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E +F0(The shell has an)108 148.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G +(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C +(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E 32.5<836f>108 165.6 S +1.406(pen \214les inherited by the shell at in)-32.5 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +1.405(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F/F3 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(exec)3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)144 177.6 S(iltin).2 E 32.5 +<8374>108 194.4 S(he current w)-32.5 E(orking directory as set by)-.1 E +F3(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F3(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F3(popd)2.5 E F0 +2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation).2 E 32.5<8374>108 211.2 S +(he \214le creation mode mask as set by)-32.5 E F3(umask)2.5 E F0 +(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.5 E 32.5 +<8363>108 228 S(urrent traps set by)-32.5 E F3(trap)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373> +108 244.8 S .256(hell parameters that are set by v)-32.5 F .256 +(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F3(set)2.756 E F0 .257 +(or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E +(in the en)144 256.8 Q(vironment)-.4 E 32.5<8373>108 273.6 S +(hell functions de\214ned during e)-32.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E 32.5<836f>108 290.4 S +(ptions enabled at in)-32.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def).2 E +(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F3(set)2.5 E +F0 32.5<836f>108 307.2 S(ptions enabled by)-32.5 E F3(shopt)2.5 E F0 +32.5<8373>108 324 S(hell aliases de\214ned with)-32.5 E F3(alias)2.5 E +F0 32.5<8376>108 340.8 S +(arious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v)-32.75 E +(alue of)-.25 E F3($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E +/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PPID)2.5 E F0 .427 +(When a simple command other than a b)108 357.6 R .426 +(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .426 +(cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas) +-2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 369.6 S .133(cution en).15 F .133 +(vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F +.134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F +(the shell.)108 381.6 Q 32.5<8374>108 398.4 S 1.056(he shell')-32.5 F +3.556(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G +1.056 +(odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) +-3.556 F(mand)144 410.4 Q 32.5<8374>108 427.2 S(he current w)-32.5 E +(orking directory)-.1 E 32.5<8374>108 444 S +(he \214le creation mode mask)-32.5 E 32.5<8373>108 460.8 S .856(hell v) +-32.5 F .857(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 +(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 472.8 Q(vironment) +-.4 E 32.5<8374>108 489.6 S .307 +(raps caught by the shell are reset to the v)-32.5 F .306 +(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306 +(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 501.6 Q +2.5(Ac)108 518.4 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G +2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E +(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E +(vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ +ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 535.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 547.2 S .245(ubshell en) +-2.745 F .245(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244 +(vironment, e)-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F +.358(reset to the v)108 559.2 R .358 +(alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 +G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 571.2 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 +(vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) +-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 583.2 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G +-.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 +600 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +(cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F +F3<ad65>3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent)3.877 F 2.5(shell. 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On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.486 +(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 722.4 Q 1.431(viro\ +nment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically markin\ +g it for)-.4 F F2 -.2(ex)3.93 G(port).2 E F0 1.43(to child)4.61 F +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(30)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 31 31 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 4.177(processes. Ex)108 84 R 1.677 +(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 4.177(vironment. The)-.4 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(export)4.178 E F0(and)4.178 E F1(declar)4.178 E 4.178 +<65ad>-.18 G(x)-4.178 E F0 1.678(commands allo)4.178 F(w)-.25 E .647 +(parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 96 +R 3.147(vironment. If)-.4 F .646(the v)3.146 F .646 +(alue of a parameter in)-.25 F .513(the en)108 108 R .513 +(vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.013(wv)-.25 G .513 +(alue becomes part of the en)-3.263 F .513 +(vironment, replacing the old.)-.4 F .514(The en)5.514 F(vi-)-.4 E .523 +(ronment inherited by an)108 120 R 3.022(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.172 G .522 +(cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.022(si)-.55 G .522 +(nitial en)-3.022 F .522(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .522(alues may)-.25 F +.578(be modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 132 R 3.078(yp)-.15 G .578 +(airs remo)-3.078 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.078(db).15 G 3.078(yt)-3.078 G(he) +-3.078 E F1(unset)3.078 E F0 .579(command, plus an)3.078 F 3.079(ya)-.15 +G .579(dditions via the)-3.079 F F1(export)3.079 E F0(and)108 144 Q F1 +(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en) +108 160.8 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +.563(simple command)3.403 F F0 .562 +(or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F +.202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 172.8 R .502 -.15(ve i) +-.15 H(n).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F +.203(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 184.8 Q +(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 201.6 R F1<ad6b> +3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 +.81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 213.6 Q +(vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) +-.4 E(When)108 230.4 Q F1(bash)3.396 E F0(in)3.396 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.396(sa).1 G 3.397(ne)-3.396 G .897(xternal command, the v) +-3.547 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.397 E F0 .897 +(is set to the full \214le name of the command and)3.397 F +(passed to that command in its en)108 242.4 Q(vironment.)-.4 E/F5 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT ST)72 259.2 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151 +(The e)108 271.2 R .151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151 +(cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2 +(waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15 +(lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 283.2 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F +.347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F +1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25 +F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 295.2 Q 5.674(.E)-.65 G +.674(xit statuses from shell b)-5.674 F .673 +(uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range. Under)-.2 +F(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 307.2 Q +(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)108 +324 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G .873 +(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 +(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873(xit status of) +-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 336 R 2.549(An)5.049 G .049 +(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 +(ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) +-2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 348 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E +(xit status.)-.15 E .404 +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 364.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 +(If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 376.8 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 393.6 +Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E +(xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) +-.15 E .081(Shell b)108 410.4 R .081 +(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C +2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 +2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F +(the)108 422.4 Q 2.5(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G 2.5(cute. All).15 F -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltins return an e).2 E +(xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 439.2 Q +F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202 +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202 +(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 451.2 +Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 +(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F5 +(SIGN)72 468 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 480 Q F1(bash)3.183 E F0 .683 +(is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G 3.183(nt)-3.183 G +.683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores) +-3.183 F F3(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682(\(so that)2.933 F F1 .682(kill 0) +3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 F(interacti)108 492 Q .757 -.15 +(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F3(SIGINT)2.957 E F0 .458 +(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F1(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458(In all cases,)5.458 F +F1(bash)108 504 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F3(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F4(.)A F0 +(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 +E F3(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F4(,)A F3(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 +E F3(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F4(.)A F0(Non-b)108 520.8 Q 1.065 +(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.565 E F0(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15 +(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064 +(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When)108 +532.8 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 +(fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F3(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) +2.998 E F3(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 +(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 544.8 R .653 +(Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 556.8 Q F3 +(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F4(,)A F3(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3 +(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F4(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 573.6 R 2.045 +(xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F3(SIGHUP)4.545 E +F4(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F3(SIGHUP)108 585.6 Q F0 +1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004 +(Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F3(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004 +(to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F3(SIGHUP)108 597.6 Q F4(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p) +5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal\ + to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 +G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 609.6 R F1(diso) +3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F3 1.356 +(SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E +1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 +(SIGHUP)108 621.6 Q F0(using)2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A +.166(If the)108 638.4 R F1(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 +(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash) +2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F3(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 +(to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108 +650.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 667.2 Q F1(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F +.546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap) +-3.046 F .662(will not be e)108 679.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 +(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E +F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 +(via the)108 691.2 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ +eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1 +(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F +(return immediately with an e)108 703.2 Q +(xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29) +135.965 E(31)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 32 32 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 84 Q(OL)-.329 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 96 S 4.567(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 +E F0 2.067(refers to the ability to selecti)5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067 +(ly stop \().15 F F2(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.068(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 108 Q F2 +-.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 +(ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702 +(acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.001 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) +-.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 120 Q(ernel')-.1 E +2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E +/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 +136.8 R F2(job)5.024 E F0 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k) +5.784 F .785(eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785 +(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 148.8 R F3 +(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F3(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 +(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F2(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 160.8 +Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 177.6 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\ +umber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline ass\ +ociated)108 194.4 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 206.4 R .732 +(All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) +5.733 F(.)-.4 E F3(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 218.4 Q F2(job) +4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.062 -.8 +(To f)108 235.2 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) +.7 F 1.463(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F +.871(notion of a)108 247.2 R F2(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F +.871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .87 +(embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023 +(group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 +259.2 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG-)2.523 E +(INT)108 271.2 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.347 +(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F2(for)3.846 E -.4(eg) +-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F2(Bac)6.926 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound) +-.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 F .145 +(group ID dif)108 283.2 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 +(s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 +(board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 +(ground processes are allo)108 295.2 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F +2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 +10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 307.2 R .551 +(processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F6 .551 +(stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F +.718(terminal are sent a)108 319.2 R F4 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F +(OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 +G .717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717 +(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 331.2 Q 1.087 +(If the operating system on which)108 348 R F3(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088 +(is running supports job control,)3.588 F F3(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 +(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 360 S +.302(ping the).8 F F2(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302(character \(typically) +3.572 F F3(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 +(ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 +F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 372 R F3(bash)4.642 E F0 +7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F2 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 +2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F3(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C +(ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ +mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 384 +R(to)108 396 Q F3(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +(he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F +F3(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895 +(background, the)108 408 R F3(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 +(command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F +F3(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F3(^Z) +3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 420 Q .948(fect immediately)-.25 +F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948 +(fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) +108 432 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 448.8 R .777 +(ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F3 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 460.8 +Q F2(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F2(n)3.817 E F0 .957 +(may be referred to as)3.697 F F3(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 +(job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ +ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) +108 472.8 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F3(%ce)3.09 E +F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 484.8 Q F3(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463 +E 5.963(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.963 G .963 +(re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F3(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 +(reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F3(%?ce)3.463 E +F0 3.464(,o)C 3.464(nt)-3.464 G .964(he other)-3.464 F .087 +(hand, refers to an)108 496.8 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 +(ob containing the string)-2.587 F F3(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 +(in its command line.)2.587 F .087 +(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 508.8 Q F3 +(bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 +(he symbols)-5.018 F F3(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F3(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 +(refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F +F2(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) +-2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 520.8 R .495 +(as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F +(The)5.494 E F2(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494 +(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 532.8 R F3<25ad>3.287 E F0 +5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F3 +(%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F3<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788 +(can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.788(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.788 E +.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 544.8 R F3 +(jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa) +-.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F3(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre) +108 556.8 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F3<ad>2.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411 +(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .411 +(ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(rent job)108 568.8 Q(.)-.4 E .444 +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 585.6 R +(ground:)-.15 E F3(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) +-.15 F F3 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C +(ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 +597.6 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F3 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 +(%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F +(equi)108 609.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') +.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 626.4 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F +(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F3(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 +(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 +(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 638.4 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G +.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 +(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F3<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158 +(option to)2.658 F(the)108 650.4 Q F3(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G +1.452(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F3(bash)3.952 E F0 1.451 +(reports such changes immediately)3.952 F 6.451(.A)-.65 G 1.751 -.15 +(ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F F4(SIGCHLD)3.951 E F0(is)3.701 E -.15 +(exe)108 662.4 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E .032 +(If an attempt to e)108 679.2 R(xit)-.15 E F3(bash)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft) +-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F3(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 +(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 691.2 R F3 +(shopt)4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02 +(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.019 +(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F3(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019 +(option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 +703.2 R(The)5.458 E F3(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459 +(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a) +5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 715.2 R .604 +(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 +(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E +(and an)108 727.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(32)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 33 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 84 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644 +(When e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.144 E F0 .645 +(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1)3.145 E F0 +.645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826 +(and the secondary prompt)108 108 R F3(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F2(Bash)6.825 E +F0(allo)4.325 E 1.825(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\ +ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\ + are)108 120 R(decoded as follo)108 132 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 144 Q F0 +(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F2(\\d)144 156 Q F0 +(the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F2(\\D{)144 168 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)A +F2(})A F0(the)180 180 Q F4(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F +F4(strftime)3.927 E F0 1.427 +(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 +192 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0 +(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E +(The braces are required)5 E F2(\\e)144 204 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E F2(\\h)144 216 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F2(\\H)144 228 Q F0 +(the hostname)25.44 E F2(\\j)144 240 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F2(\\l)144 +252 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de) +-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F2(\\n)144 264 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F2 +(\\r)144 276 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F2(\\s)144 288 Q F0 +(the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F2($0)2.5 E F0 +(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F2(\\t)144 +300 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F2(\\T)144 +312 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F2(\\@)144 +324 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F2(\\A)144 336 +Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F2(\\u)144 348 Q F0 +(the username of the current user)27.66 E F2(\\v)144 360 Q F0(the v) +28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F2(\\V) +144 372 Q F0(the release of)26 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C +(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\)) +-2.5 E F2(\\w)144 384 Q F0 .115(the current w)26 F .115 +(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E F3($HOME)2.615 E F0 +(abbre)2.365 E .116(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .116 +(alue of the)-.25 F F3(PR)180 396 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25 +(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F2(\\W)144 408 Q F0 +(the basename of the current w)23.22 E(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w) +-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde) +-.25 E F2(\\!)144 420 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E F2 +(\\#)144 432 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F2(\\$)144 +444 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a) +.15 E F2(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F2($)2.5 E(\\)144 456 Q +F4(nnn)A F0(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F4 +(nnn)2.5 E F2(\\\\)144 468 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F2(\\[) +144 480 Q F0(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters\ +, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F +(control sequence into the prompt)180 492 Q F2(\\])144 504 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)29.89 E .119 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 520.8 R +.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positio\ +n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\ +tory \214le \(see)108 532.8 R F3(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 +(belo)108 544.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\ + the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541 +(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 556.8 R +.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 +(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F +.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 568.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F2 +(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852 +F(description of the)108 580.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E +F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) +-.25 E F1(READLINE)72 597.6 Q F0 .151 +(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) +108 609.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F2 +(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 621.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2 +(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 +(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F2<ad65>3.709 E F0 1.209 +(option to the)3.709 F F2 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G +3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 633.6 Q .95 +(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.)-.1 F +3.449(Av)5.949 G .949(i-style line editing interf)-3.449 F .949 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 645.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) +-3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 +.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E +(\(see)108 657.6 Q F3 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) +-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 +(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.262 E +(emacs)108 669.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 686.4 Q +F0 .567(In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote k) +108 698.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.068(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +3.068 G .568(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A +1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 710.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) +-.65 E F4(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) +-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 +(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 722.4 S .83 +(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 +(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F4(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F4(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 +(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 +(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H +.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29) +135.965 E(33)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 34 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .6(ESC the)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .6(meta pr)3.1 F +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F1(x)A F0 +.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F1(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) +-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 +(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 96 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H +(hile pressing the).15 E F1(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) +.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 +(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F1(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G +.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho) +108 124.8 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G +3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 +(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) +.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 136.8 R 1.018 +(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill\255line)3.518 E +F0 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 148.8 Q +(vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 165.6 R F1 +(killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 +(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 +(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F1 +(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 177.6 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 +F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F1 +.029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H +.029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 189.6 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F +.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 +(xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) +108 201.6 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 218.4 Q F0 .091(Readline is c\ +ustomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 +230.4 R F1(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092 +(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 242.4 R .196(en from the v) +-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 +-.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196 +(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F1(~/.inputr)2.696 +E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ +es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\ +nd the k)108 254.4 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035(indings and).15 F -.25 +(va)108 266.4 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe) +6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149 +(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736 +(lines are ignored.)108 278.4 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 +(ginning with a)-.15 F F2(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 +(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.237 E F0 .737 +(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 290.4 R +(lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E +(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 307.2 R .987(ault k)-.1 F +-.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F1(inputr) +3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 +(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 319.2 Q +(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 336 S 2.5(re).15 G +(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 352.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 364.8 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 +376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 388.8 +Q F1(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G +(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F1 +(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo) +108 405.6 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F +F1 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F1 +(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0 +(,).73 E F1(RET)3.761 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 417.6 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1 +(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F1(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G +(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 +(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 434.4 R .209(ws k)-.25 +F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 +(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) +-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 446.4 Q F1(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F2 +(Readline K)87 463.2 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 +(The syntax for controlling k)108 475.2 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 +(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 +(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) +5.366 F .383(command or the te)108 487.2 R .383(xt of a macro and a k) +-.15 F .683 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .383 +(equence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci-).15 F .853 +(\214ed in one of tw)108 499.2 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 +(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853 +(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F1(Contr) +3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15 +(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 511.2 Q 1.542(When using the form)108 528 R F2 +-.1(ke)4.042 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)4.042 +E F1(macr)4.042 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)4.042 G(yname)-.2 E F0 1.542 +(is the name of a k)4.222 F 1.841 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.541(pelled out in) +.15 F 2.5(English. F)108 540 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E +(Control-u: uni)144 564 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E +(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 576 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E +(Control-o: "> output")144 588 Q .698(In the abo)108 604.8 R .998 -.15 +(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G +(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 +(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 616.8 Q F2 +(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1 +(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 +(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 +628.8 Q(xt)-.15 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 645.6 R F2("k)2.555 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr) +2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 +(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 +(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 +(denoting an entire k)108 657.6 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F +(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 669.6 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 +(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F +(are not recognized.)108 681.6 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 705.6 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 717.6 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 729.6 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(34)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 35 35 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .315(In this e)108 84 R(xample,)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag)3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function) +-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E +(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 .314 +(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 96 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G<ad72>.18 E +(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 +E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF +(Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A +(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 112.8 Q F2 +<5c43ad>144 124.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)20.3 E F2<5c4dad>144 136.8 Q F0 +(meta pre\214x)18.08 E F2(\\e)144 148.8 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E +F2(\\\\)144 160.8 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F2(\\")144 172.8 Q F0 +(literal ")27.67 E F2<5c08>144 184.8 Q F0(literal \010)30.44 E(In addit\ +ion to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash \ +escapes is a)108 201.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 213.6 Q +F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F2(\\b)144 225.6 Q F0(backspace)27.66 E F2 +(\\d)144 237.6 Q F0(delete)27.66 E F2(\\f)144 249.6 Q F0(form feed)29.89 +E F2(\\n)144 261.6 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 273.6 Q F0 +(carriage return)28.78 E F2(\\t)144 285.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F2 +(\\v)144 297.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 309.6 Q +F1(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)18.22 E(alue is the octal v) +-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x) +144 321.6 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141 +(When entering the te)108 338.4 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double\ + quotes must be used to indicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09 +(Unquoted te)108 350.4 R .09(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F +.089(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089 +(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 +362.4 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E +F2(Bash)108 379.2 Q F0(allo)2.929 E .429(ws the current readline k)-.25 +F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 +(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F2(bind)2.93 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 391.2 R .346 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F2<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045 +(option to the)2.545 F F2(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 403.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 +(Readline V)87 420 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 432 R +.043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F +(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 +(riable may be set in the).25 F F1(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 444 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 460.8 Q F1 +(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108 +477.6 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F +(alues)-.25 E F2(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F2(Off)3.29 E F0 .79 +(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-) +5.79 E .448(nized v)108 489.6 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F +.448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448 +(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-) +-.25 F(ti)108 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(\), and "1" are equi).15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F2(On)2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468 +(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468 +(lent to).25 F F2(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467(he v)-5.468 F .467 +(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 513.6 S(lues are:) +.25 E F2(bell\255style \(audible\))108 530.4 Q F0 .01 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 542.4 R .011 +(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F2(none) +2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E +.94(rings the bell.)144 554.4 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F2(visible)3.44 E +F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 +(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F2(audible)3.44 E F0 +(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 566.4 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G +(ell.)-2.5 E F2(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 578.4 Q F0 +.055(If set to)144 590.4 R F2(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ +empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F +(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 602.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) +-.25 G(lents.).25 E F2(comment\255begin \(`)108 614.4 Q(`#')-.63 E('\)) +-.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 626.4 R +F2(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 638.4 Q F2 +(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F2(#)2.5 E F0 +(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F2(completion\255ignor)108 650.4 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 662.4 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\ +insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2(completion\255pr) +108 674.4 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\ + in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions\ + that is displayed)144 686.4 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 698.4 R +1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 +(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 710.4 S(lue are replaced with a\ +n ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(35)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 36 36 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 84 +Q F0 .529(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 96 R +.53(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561 +(erated by the)144 108 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061 +(command. It)3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte) +-3.06 E .56(ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782 +(equal to zero.)144 120 R .783(If the number of possible completions is\ + greater than or equal to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25 +(va)144 132 S .237(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237 +(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237 +(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G .237(re simply listed) +-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 144 Q F1(con)108 156 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G +(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 +3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613 +(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 +(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) +144 180 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +.541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 192 Q F0(\).)A F1 +(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 204 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 216 R F1 +(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 +(ord completion.)-.1 F .038 +(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) +144 228 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 240 Q F0 .253 +(Controls whether readline be)144 252 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +.553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F2(emacs)2.752 E F0 +(or)2.752 E F2(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.252 E F0 +(can be set to either)144 264 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 276 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21 +(When set to)144 288 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211 +(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 +(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 300 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 312 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 +(When set to)144 324 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 +(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 336 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 348 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 360 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 +(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 372 Q +(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H +2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 384 Q F0(If set to)144 396 Q F1(on)2.5 E F0 +2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 408 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.493(If set to)144 420 R F1(on) +3.993 E F0 3.993(,t)C 1.493(he history code attempts to place point at \ +the same location on each history line)-3.993 F(retrie)144 432 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G +(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(history\255size \(0\))108 444 Q F0 .462 +(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 456 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.963(di).15 G 2.963(nt)-2.963 G .463(he history list.)-2.963 F .463 +(If set to zero, the number of)5.463 F +(entries in the history list is not limited.)144 468 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 480 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 +(When set to)144 492 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 +(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 +(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ + when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ + ne)144 504 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 516 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 528 +Q F0 .228(If set to)144 540 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \ +will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\ +rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 552 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F +.957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F +(synon)144 564 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 576 Q +(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\ +The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\ +thout subsequently e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934 +(ing the character as a command.)144 600 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935 +(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 +(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 612 Q F2 +(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) +108 624 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144 +636 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 +(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068 +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 648 R F0 2.568(,a)C +(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 +(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) +2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 660 R -.25(va)-.25 +G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C +1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) +4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 672 Q(fects the def)-.25 +E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 684 Q +(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 696 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) +.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(36)185.955 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 37 37 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 84 +Q F0(If set to)144 96 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha) +-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1(*)A +F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 108 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\)) +-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 120 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 +(ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 132 +Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 144 Q F0 .193(This v)144 156 R +.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 +(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 +(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E 1.023 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion, unless the leading `.) +144 168 R 3.523('i)-.7 G 3.523(ss)-3.523 G 1.024 +(upplied by the user in the)-3.523 F(\214lename to be completed.)144 180 +Q F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 192 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 204 R F1(On) +3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will display characters with the eig\ +hth bit set directly rather than as a meta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 216 Q +(ed escape sequence.)-.15 E F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 228 Q F0 +.808(If set to)144 240 R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808 +(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mor)3.308 E +(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 +(ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F +(tions at a time.)144 252 Q F1 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 264 Q F0 1.319 +(If set to)144 276 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\ +play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819 +F(order)144 288 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 +E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 300 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E +F0 .872(If set to)144 312 R F1(on)3.372 E F0 3.372(,r)C .873 +(eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) +-3.372 F F1(accept\255line)3.373 E F0(is)3.373 E -.15(exe)144 324 S +2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 +(ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 336 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 348 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E +F0 .477(This alters the def)144 360 R .477(ault beha)-.1 F .477 +(vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .478(If set to)5.478 F F1(on) +2.978 E F0 2.978(,w)C .478(ords which ha)-3.078 F .778 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +(ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ +isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 372 R(bell.)144 384 Q F1 +(sho)108 396 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 +(This alters the def)144 408 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to) +-.1 F F1(sho)144 420 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.923(.I)C +4.423(fs)-6.923 G 1.923(et to)-4.423 F F1(on)4.423 E F0 4.423(,w)C 1.923 +(ords which ha)-4.523 F 2.222 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.922 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.039(without an)144 432 R 3.539 +(yp)-.15 G 1.039 +(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F +3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\ +s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 444 Q F1 +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 456 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 468 R +F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 +(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 480 Q +2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 +(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1 +F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \ +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 492 R +1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 504 Q +(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 +(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 516 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 528 R F1(On) +3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 +(st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F F2(stat)3.346 E F0 .846 +(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B +(when listing possible completions.)144 540 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 556.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 568.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 +(which allo)108 580.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(indings and v).15 F .096 +(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 592.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 609.6 Q F0(The)24.89 E F1($if)2.963 E +F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on the\ + editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .477 +(or the application using readline.)144 621.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 +(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477 +(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F +(are required to isolate it.)144 633.6 Q F1(mode)144 650.4 Q F0(The) +12.67 E F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 +(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 +(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 +(mode. This)180 662.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F +F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to) +3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 674.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E +(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735 +(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 686.4 +Q F1(term)144 703.2 Q F0(The)15.46 E F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696 +(form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 715.2 R +.954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 +(sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 727.2 Q F1(=)3.231 +E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst the both full name of the ter\ +minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(37)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 38 38 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(name before the \214rst)180 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>2.5 E +F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sun)2.84 E F0 +(to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 +2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 100.8 Q F0(The)180 +112.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 +(construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F +.503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 +124.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +(nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v) +180 136.8 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F +.801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F +.396(ci\214c program.)180 148.8 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +(nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 160.8 +Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in Bash:)-.1 E F1($if)180 184.8 Q F0(Bash)2.5 E 2.5 +(#Q)180 196.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E +("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 208.8 Q F1($endif)180 220.8 Q($endif) +108 237.6 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)9.33 E(vious e)-.25 E +(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1($else) +108 254.4 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)15.45 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 +(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 271.2 Q F0 .357 +(This directi)144 283.2 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357 +(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 +(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) +144 295.2 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1 +($include)144 319.2 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 336 Q +(ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 348 R .834 +(vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E +.835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 360 Q +(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E +(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 +E .698(Incremental searches be)108 376.8 R .698 +(gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F +.697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112 +(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 388.8 R .112 +(xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 +E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542 +(incremental search requires only as man)108 400.8 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G +.542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F +5.541(.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224 +(acters present in the v)108 412.8 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) +2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 +(riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 +(If that v)108 424.8 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 +F .096(mental search.)108 436.8 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +tal search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097 +(When the search is)5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ +e search string becomes the current line.)108 448.8 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214) +108 465.6 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ +ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674 +(search backw)108 477.6 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674 +(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675 +(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 489.6 R .475 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .174 +(equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E +.54(instance, a)108 501.6 R F2(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 +513.6 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 +530.4 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 +(ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E +(en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 542.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +(earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) +-2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 559.2 R(The searc\ +h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ +rent line.)108 571.2 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 588 Q F0 1.392 +(The follo)108 600 R 1.391 +(wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 +(ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F +3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 612 R .121 +(names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122 +(the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 624 Q F2(point)3.411 E +F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark)3.411 +E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41(db) +.15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 636 Q F0 2.5 +(command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E +(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 652.8 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 664.8 Q F0(Mo)144 676.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 688.8 Q F0(Mo)144 700.8 Q .3 -.15 +(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 +Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(38)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 39 39 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(fo)108 84 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)) +.25 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E +(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 108 Q F0(Mo)144 120 Q .3 +-.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 132 S +(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 144 Q .822 -.15(ve f) +-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F +3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523 +(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F +(ters and digits\).)144 156 Q F1(backward\255w)108 168 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) +-.1 E F0(Mo)144 180 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 +(ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 192 Q F1(shell\255f)108 204 Q +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 216 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +.15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W) +-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F +(ters.)144 228 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 240 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 +252 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre) +.15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .608 +(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 264 Q +F1(clear\255scr)108 276 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 +(Clear the screen lea)144 288 R .993 +(ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G +.993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F +(current line without clearing the screen.)144 300 Q F1 -.18(re)108 312 +S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 +324 Q F1(Commands f)87 340.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E +(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 352.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159 +(Accept the line re)144 364.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159 +(rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty) +5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699 +(according to the state of the)144 376.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F +.699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 388.8 Q F1(pr)108 +400.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 412.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 424.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 436.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 448.8 Q F0(Mo)144 460.8 Q .3 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 472.8 Q F0(Mo)144 484.8 Q +.3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 +(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18 +(re v)108 496.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 +1.471(Search backw)144 508.8 R 1.471 +(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.47 +(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E +(This is an incremental search.)144 520.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 532.8 S +(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131 +(Search forw)144 544.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary) +-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 556.8 Q F1 +(non\255incr)108 568.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H +(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw) +144 580.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ +sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 592.8 S +(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 604.8 Q +(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 +E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 616.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ +a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 +628.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 640.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) +-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 652.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ + the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F +(and the point.)144 664.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 +(history\255sear)108 676.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw) +144 688.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ +etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 700.8 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(39)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 40 40 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(yank\255nth\255ar)108 84 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G +<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 96 R .622 +(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 +F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 +108 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F +F2(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794 +(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 120 Q .292 +(vious command be)-.25 F .292(gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F +2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +-.18(rg).15 G .291(ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B +.291(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 132 R .281 +(vious command.)-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 +E F0 .281(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282 +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 144 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 156 Q +2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308 +(Insert the last ar)144 168 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 +(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307 +(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 180 S .735(th an ar).4 F .735 +(gument, beha)-.18 F 1.035 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .735(actly lik).15 F(e)-.1 E +F1(yank\255nth\255ar)3.235 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.736(.S)C(uccessi)-5.736 E +1.036 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .736(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)3.236 E +(g)-.1 E F0(mo)3.236 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .728 +(back through the history list, inserting the last ar)144 192 R .728 +(gument of each line in turn.)-.18 F .728(The history e)5.728 F(xpan-) +-.15 E .14(sion f)144 204 R .14(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .14 +(xtract the last ar)-.15 F .14(gument, as if the "!$" history e)-.18 F +.14(xpansion had been speci-)-.15 F(\214ed.)144 216 Q F1 +(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 228 Q F0 .623 +(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 240 R .622 +(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622 +(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 252 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 +(xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 +(YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G +(or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 264 Q F0 .938 +(Perform history e)144 276 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) +-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 288 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 300 Q F0 1.627(Perform history e)144 312 R 1.627 +(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E F3 +(HIST)4.126 E(OR)-.162 E 3.876(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.876 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 +(belo)144 324 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E +(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 336 Q F0 .394 +(Perform alias e)144 348 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 360 Q F1 +(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 372 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 384 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 396 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) +.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 408 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 420 Q F0 .948 +(Accept the current line for e)144 432 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F +(history for editing.)144 444 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(ument is ignored.).18 E F1 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 456 Q F0(In)144 +468 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 +(ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026 +(cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0 +(attempts to in)144 480 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3($VISU)2.6 E(AL) +-.54 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F4(,)A F0 +(and)2.25 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt) +-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 496.8 Q(or Changing T) +-.25 E(ext)-.92 E(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 508.8 Q F0 .358 +(Delete the character at point.)144 520.8 R .358(If point is at the be) +5.358 F .358(ginning of the line, there are no characters in the)-.15 F +(line, and the last character typed w)144 532.8 Q(as not bound to)-.1 E +F1(delete\255char)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(hen return)-2.5 E F3(EOF)2.5 E F4(.) +A F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))108 544.8 Q F0 .552 +(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 556.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553 +(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553(umeric ar)-3.053 F +.553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553(he deleted te).15 F +.553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 568.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 580.8 S +(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 592.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 +(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 604.8 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 616.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144 +628.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 +(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 +G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279 +(,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 640.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 +(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 652.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 +(Insert a tab character)144 664.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 676.8 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 688.8 Q F1 +(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 700.8 Q F0 .322 +(Drag the character before point forw)144 712.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321 +(ving point forw)-.15 F .321(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 +(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 +724.8 R 3.683(oc)-.1 G 1.183(haracters before point.)-3.683 F(Ne)6.183 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(40)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 41 41 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(ar)144 84 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G +-.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(transpose\255w)108 96 Q +(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 108 R .024 +(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)-.1 F .023 +(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w)-2.523 F +.023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 120 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 132 Q +(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 144 +R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 156 S(rd, b).1 E +(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 168 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 180 Q 1.648 +(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148 +(ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15 +(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre) +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 192 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 204 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 216 +R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 228 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 240 +S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 252 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 +(xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437 +(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)144 264 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15 +(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781(gument, switches to insert mode.) +-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F(fects)-.25 E(only)144 276 Q F1 +(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi)4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G +1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.394 G +(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968(mode. In)144 +288 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1 +(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469 +(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958(pushing the te)144 300 R .958 +(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957(Characters bound to)5.958 F F1 +(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457 +F(before point with a space.)144 312 Q(By def)5 E +(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 328.8 Q +(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 340.8 Q F0(Kill the te)144 +352.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 364.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 376.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 388.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 400.8 +Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E +(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 412.8 Q F0 +(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 +424.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 436.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 448.8 R .729 +(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 460.8 S +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 472.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 484.8 Q(ord behind point.) +-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 496.8 Q +(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 508.8 R .728 +(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 520.8 S +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) +108 532.8 Q(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 544.8 R +3.025(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 +(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 556.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 568.8 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 580.8 R .365 +(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1 +F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144 +592.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 604.8 Q F0 .166(Kill the w) +144 616.8 R .166 +(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) +-.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 628.8 Q +(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 640.8 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 652.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 +664.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 676.8 Q(xt in the current re) +-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 688.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E +F0(Cop)144 700.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E +(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(41)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 42 42 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(copy\255backward\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 +(Cop)144 96 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301 +(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 +G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-) +4.8 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 120 Q +(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 132 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007 +(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 +F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G +(ward\255w)144 144 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 156 Q F0 -1 +(Ya)144 168 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 180 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 192 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 208.8 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 220.8 Q +(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .642 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 232.8 R .641 +(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18 +(rg)-3.141 G 3.141(ument. M\255\255).18 F .641(starts a ne)3.141 F(g-) +-.15 E(ati)144 244.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1 +(uni)108 256.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778 +(This is another w)144 268.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279 +(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779 +(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 +(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 +280.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +292.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 +(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 304.8 R .898 +(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898 +(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243 +(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 316.8 R .243 +(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four) +-.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 328.8 Q .378 +(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378 +(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F +.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 340.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak) +-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1 +(Completing)87 357.6 Q(complete \(T)108 369.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 381.6 R 1.137 +(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 393.6 Q .533(xt as a v) +-.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) +-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F +.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) +144 405.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 +(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702 +(If none of these pro-)5.701 F +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 417.6 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 429.6 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 441.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 453.6 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 465.6 R .783 +(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 +477.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 489.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 +501.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 +F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F +1.194(possible completions.)144 513.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193 +(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 525.6 R .828 +(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 537.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 +3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F +.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 +E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73 +(positions forw)144 549.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 +(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 +E(through the list.)144 561.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) +5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E +(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete-)108 573.6 Q(w)10 I(k)-7.22 -10 M(c) +-5.56 -10 M(rd)2.78 10 M F0 .82(Identical to)144 585.6 R F1 +(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 +(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 +(menu\255complete)144 597.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) +.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E +F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 609.6 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 621.6 R +.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char) +2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 633.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1 +(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425 +(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 645.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 657.6 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 669.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 681.6 Q +F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 +(complete\255user)108 705.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 717.6 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 +Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(42)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 43 43 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(possible\255user)108 84 Q +(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 96 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 +108 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 120 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(possible\255v)108 132 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 144 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 156 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 168 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 180 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 192 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 204 Q F0 .58 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 216 R .581 +(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581 +(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 228 R +.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F +.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F +(\214nally e)144 240 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 252 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 276 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 R .425 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425 +(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F +(for possible completion matches.)144 300 Q F1(dab)108 312 Q(br)-.1 E +-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611 +(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 324 R .611 +(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61 +(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 336 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 348 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ +in braces so)144 360 R(the list is a)144 372 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 388.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 400.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 412.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 424.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 436.8 Q +(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 448.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 460.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 +G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\ +ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 472.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 +(Miscellaneous)87 489.6 Q -.18(re)108 501.6 S<ad72>.18 E +(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776 +(Read in the contents of the)144 513.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) +4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb) +-.15 G 1.777(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F +(found there.)144 525.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 537.6 Q F0 3.249 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 549.6 R +5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1 +(bell\255style)144 561.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 573.6 Q +(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) +C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.755(If the meta\214ed character)144 585.6 R F2(x) +4.255 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.255 F 1.756 +(wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F +(uppercase character)144 597.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 609.6 Q +(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 621.6 Q +(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0 +(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 633.6 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 645.6 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 657.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 669.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 +F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E +F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F +(return the line to its initial state.)144 681.6 Q F1 +(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 693.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 705.6 Q +(xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(43)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 44 44 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 84 +Q F0(Set the mark to the point.)144 96 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 108 Q F0(Sw)144 +120 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G +2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa) +144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 144 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 156 S +.536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt) +.15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 +(xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) +144 168 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 180 Q +(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 192 S 1.043 +(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G +3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 +(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 204 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence \(\))108 216 Q F0 1.827 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 228 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G +4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 240 R .791 +(Such sequences be)5.79 F .791 +(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F +.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 252 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 +(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15(ve n) +-.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) +-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ +y characters into the editing b)144 264 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) +-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 276 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +(ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 +288 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 300 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 +(gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1 +(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48 +(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 312 Q .097 +(ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .098(If a numeric ar)5.097 F .098 +(gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:)-.18 F(if)5.098 E +.322(the characters at the be)144 324 R .321 +(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 +(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is) +-.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 336 R F1 +(comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832 +(ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.469 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 348 R 1.468 +(wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F +1.468(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin)144 360 Q F0 .839 +(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 +(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 372 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 384 Q +(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 396 R .791 +(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791 +(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 408 +R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\ +ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 420 Q +(ord \(C\255x *\))-.1 E F0 .371(The w)144 432 R .372 +(ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .372 +(xpansion, and the list of matching \214le)-.15 F .516 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 444 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 +(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) +144 456 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 468 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 480 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 +(glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F +.872(the line is redra)144 492 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 +(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 +(ex)144 504 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 516 Q F0 .626 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 528 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar) +5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 540 Q +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 552 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 564 R 1.799 +(ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.799(alues to the readline output stream.) +-.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 576 R .304 +(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 588 Q(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 600 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 +(Print all of the readline k)144 612 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G +3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 624 Q +.528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)144 636 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 648 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 660 Q +(ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 676.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108 +688.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +(gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F +F2(compspec)108 700.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 +(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 +F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the) +-.25 F(programmable completion f)108 712.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498 +(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 729.6 R .498 +(If the command w)5.498 F .497 +(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(44)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 45 45 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .233(the be)108 84 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F +2.733(yc)-.15 G .233(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to)2.733 F F1(complete) +2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-)5.234 F .481(spec has \ +been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is used to generate the l\ +ist of possible completions)108 96 R .822(for the w)108 108 R 3.322 +(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F .823(ord is a full pathname, \ +a compspec for the full pathname is searched for)-.1 F 2.867 +(\214rst. If)108 120 R .366(no compspec is found for the full pathname,\ + an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the portion)2.867 F(follo) +108 132 Q .421(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .422 +(If those searches to not result in a compspec, an)5.421 F 2.922(yc)-.15 +G .422(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.922 F F1<ad44>2.922 E F0(option to) +108 144 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E .817 +(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of mat\ +ching w)108 160.8 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 +(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 172.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 +E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463 +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 189.6 R +.464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F +.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 201.6 R .596 +(When the)5.596 F F1<ad66>3.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .595 +(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F +(shell v)108 213.6 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E +F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 230.4 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 +G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 +(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584 +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 242.4 S +.555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554 +(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554 +(shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 254.4 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 271.2 Q +.32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F +F1<ad57>2.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321 +(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the) +108 283.2 R F2(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 +(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F +.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091 +(using brace e)108 295.2 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108 +307.2 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H +(nder).15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 +319.2 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209 +(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209 +(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21 +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 331.2 Q +(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.238 +(After these matches ha)108 348 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238 +(een generated, an).15 F 3.738(ys)-.15 G 1.237 +(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F F1<ad46>3.737 E +F0(and)3.737 E F1<ad43>3.737 E F0 3.375(options is in)108 360 R -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375 +(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375 +(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)5.876 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)5.626 E F3(,)A F2 +(COMP_KEY)108 372 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25 +(va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 +(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157 +(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108 +384 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +.986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2 +(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 +(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .609 +(the function or command is in)108 396 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .608 +(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .608(gument is the name of the command whose ar) +-.18 F .608(guments are)-.18 F .073(being completed, the second ar)108 +408 R .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .073 +(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .073(gument is the w)-.18 F +.073(ord pre-)-.1 F .608(ceding the w)108 420 R .607 +(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .607 +(No \214ltering of the generated completions)5.607 F(ag)108 432 Q .093 +(ainst the w)-.05 F .093(ord being completed is performed; the function\ + or command has complete freedom in generat-)-.1 F(ing the matches.)108 +444 Q(An)108 460.8 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with) +-2.938 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F +2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437 +(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 472.8 Q F1(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956 +(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457 +(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108 +484.8 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 501.6 Q .081 +(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F +F1<ad43>2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08 +(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858 +(stitution. It)108 513.6 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\ + per line, to the standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used) +5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 525.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E +.377(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 542.4 R +2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.876 +E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 554.4 R +.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681 +(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682 +(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523 +(the w)108 566.4 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G +(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522 +(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 578.4 +R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849 +(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1 +(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 590.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G +(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(d.).15 E(Finally)108 607.2 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H +.587(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1 +<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587 +(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\ + the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \ +possible completions.)108 619.2 Q .246(If the pre)108 636 R .247 +(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247 +(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247 +(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 648 Q F0 +(when the compspec w)2.5 E +(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462 +(If the)108 664.8 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w) +2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 676.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559 +(By def)108 693.6 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 +(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F +.632(of possible completions.)108 705.6 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 +E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631 +(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631 +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 717.6 R +.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) +3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559 +(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 729.6 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 +(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671 +(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) +-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(45)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 46 46 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(default)108 84 Q F0 1.207(option w)3.706 F +1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207 +(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F 3.707 +(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F +(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 96 Q +(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)2.5 E +.245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desire\ +d, the programmable completion func-)108 112.8 R .632(tions force readl\ +ine to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to di\ +rectories, subject)108 124.8 R 2.762(to the v)108 136.8 R 2.762 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 +(readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 148.8 +Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E +.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 +165.6 R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 +(tion with a def)108 177.6 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F +F1 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33 +(ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.33(cuted as).15 +F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried\ + by returning an e)108 189.6 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a) +5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associat\ +ed with the command on which completion is)108 201.6 R .665 +(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 213.6 R .666 +(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666 +(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F 1.139(restarts from the be)108 +225.6 R 1.139 +(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a compspec for that command.)-.15 F +1.139(This allo)6.139 F 1.138(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 +237.6 Q(uilt dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than being \ +loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15(Fo)108 254.4 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137 +(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F +.137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F +(the command, the follo)108 266.4 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 +E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 283.2 Q({)108 295.2 Q 6 +(.")144 307.2 S +(/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 +319.2 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader)108 331.2 Q/F3 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 360 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .372(When the)108 +372 R F1 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372(option to the)2.872 F F1 +(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372(iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F +.371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371 +(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .304(the list of commands pre)108 384 R +.304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304(The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 +9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE)2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .305 +(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .43(mands to sa)108 396 R +.73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43(istory list.)-2.93 F .43(The te) +5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5(HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429 +(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929 +(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287 +(stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 +408 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 420 S +4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565 +(xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 +(alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 +(and)3.815 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 432 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F0 .082 +(On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) +108 448.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1 +E F4(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 +460.8 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 +(is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G +.315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .532 +(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 472.8 R .532(alue of)-.25 F F5 +(HISTFILESIZE)3.032 E F6(.)A F0 .532 +(When the history \214le is read, lines be)5.032 F .532 +(ginning with the his-)-.15 F 1.159(tory comment character follo)108 +484.8 R 1.158(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps \ +for the preceding)-.25 F .052(history line.)108 496.8 R .053 +(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.052 F +.053(alue of the)-.25 F F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.553 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va) +108 508.8 S 4.387(riable. When).25 F 1.887(an interacti)4.387 F 2.187 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.887(hell e).15 F 1.887(xits, the last)-.15 F F5 +($HISTSIZE)4.387 E F0 1.887(lines are copied from the history list to) +4.137 F F5($HISTFILE)108 520.8 Q F6(.)A F0 .056(If the)4.556 F F1 +(histappend)2.556 E F0 .056 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.556 F F1(shopt)2.556 +E F0(under)2.556 E F5 .056(SHELL B)2.556 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E +(COMMANDS)108 532.8 Q F0(belo)2.672 E .422(w\), the lines are appended \ +to the history \214le, otherwise the history \214le is o)-.25 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.921(rwritten. If).15 F F5(HISTFILE)108 544.8 Q F0 .435(is unse\ +t, or if the history \214le is unwritable, the history is not sa)2.684 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G 2.935(d. If).15 F(the)2.935 E F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.935 E(T) +-.855 E F0 -.25(va)108 556.8 S .917 +(riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 +F .916(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 3.416(,s)-.4 G(o) +-3.416 E(the)108 568.8 Q 3.082(ym)-.15 G .582(ay be preserv)-3.082 F +.582(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F .583 +(This uses the history comment character to distinguish time-)5.583 F +.987(stamps from other history lines.)108 580.8 R .987(After sa)5.987 F +.987(ving the history)-.2 F 3.486(,t)-.65 G .986 +(he history \214le is truncated to contain no more)-3.486 F(than)108 +592.8 Q F5(HISTFILESIZE)2.5 E F0 2.5(lines. If)2.25 F F5(HISTFILESIZE) +2.5 E F0(is not set, no truncation is performed.)2.25 E 1.293(The b)108 +609.6 R 1.293(uiltin command)-.2 F F1(fc)3.793 E F0(\(see)3.793 E F5 +1.293(SHELL B)3.793 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.293(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) +3.543 E 1.294(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-)-.25 F -.15(exe) +108 621.6 S .674(cute a portion of the history list.).15 F(The)5.673 E +F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.173 G .673 +(iltin may be used to display or modify the history list).2 F .279 +(and manipulate the history \214le.)108 633.6 R .279 +(When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.279 F -.25(va) +-.2 G .28(ilable in each).25 F(editing mode that pro)108 645.6 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 662.4 +R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 +(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) +-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.985 +E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 674.4 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G +.457(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o) +-.2 H .458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E F1 +(cmdhist)108 686.4 Q F0 .75 +(shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 +-.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 698.4 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G +1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F1(lithist)3.577 E F0 +.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 710.4 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 +H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 +(wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318 +(description of the)108 722.4 R F1(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 +(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F +(UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319 +(for information on setting and)2.568 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(46)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 47 47 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(unsetting shell options.)108 84 Q/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST) +72 100.8 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611 +(The shell supports a history e)108 112.8 R .611 +(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 +(xpansion in)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(csh.)3.11 E F0 .61 +(This section)5.61 F .87(describes what syntax features are a)108 124.8 +R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def) +3.371 F .871(ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871 +(hells, and).15 F 2.014(can be disabled using the)108 136.8 R F2(+H) +4.514 E F0 2.014(option to the)4.514 F F2(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G +2.014(iltin command \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.013(SHELL B)4.513 +F(UIL)-.09 E 2.013(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 148.8 Q 2.5 +(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E +1.305(History e)108 165.6 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ +ds from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repea\ +t)-.1 F .21(commands, insert the ar)108 177.6 R .21(guments to a pre) +-.18 F .209 +(vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 189.6 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 +206.4 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ +s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 218.4 S 3.2 +(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2 +(arts. The)-3.2 F .7 +(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during) +3.2 F 4.367(substitution. The)108 230.4 R 1.868(second is to select por\ +tions of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.367 F 1.868 +(The line)6.868 F .663(selected from the history is the)108 242.4 R/F4 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.163 G(ent).15 E F0 3.163(,a)C .663 +(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.163 F F4(wor) +3.162 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.662(.V)C(arious)-6.772 E F4(modi\214er)108 254.4 +Q(s)-.1 E F0 .226(are a)2.726 F -.25(va)-.2 G .226 +(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.726(ords. The)-.1 F .227 +(line is brok)2.726 F .227(en into w)-.1 F .227(ords in the same f)-.1 F +(ashion)-.1 E .352(as when reading input, so that se)108 266.4 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .351 +(-separated w)B .351(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .624 +(one w)108 278.4 R 3.124(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.124 G .624 +(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .625 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.125(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.125 E(is)108 290.4 Q +F2(!)3.333 E F0(by def)3.333 E 2.5(ault. Only)-.1 F(backslash \()2.5 E +F2(\\).833 E F0 2.5(\)a).833 G(nd single quotes can quote the history e) +-2.5 E(xpansion character)-.15 E(.)-.55 E(Se)108 307.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +.03(ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 +(xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 319.2 T +3.162(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G +.662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) +-.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2 +(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.163 E +F0(will also inhibit e)108 331.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 348 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.61 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.142(If the)108 360 R F2 +(histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143 +(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F2(shopt) +3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F2 +-.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.643 E .461(being used, history sub\ +stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 372 R 5.46 +(.I)-.55 G .46(nstead, the e)-5.46 F .46(xpanded line)-.15 F 1.515 +(is reloaded into the)108 384 R F2 -.18(re)4.015 G(adline).18 E F0 1.515 +(editing b)4.015 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F +(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E F0 1.516 +(is being used, and the)4.016 F F2(histr)108 396 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202 +(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 +(ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 408 S -.25(ff).2 G +1.16(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.16 E F2<ad70>3.66 E F0 1.16 +(option to the)3.66 F F2(history)3.66 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.161 +(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 420 S +.056(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.056 E F2<ad73>2.556 E +F0 .056(option to the)2.556 F F2(history)2.555 E F0 -.2(bu)2.555 G .055 +(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F +(end of the history list without actually e)108 432 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 448.8 R 2.2 +(ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e) +-.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.147(description of)108 +460.8 R F2(histchars)3.647 E F0(abo)3.647 E 1.447 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +.15 E F2 1.147(Shell V)3.647 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.146 +(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F +(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 472.8 Q F2 +(Ev)87 489.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0(An e)108 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history li\ +st.).15 E F2(!)108 518.4 Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e) +32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank) +4.107 E F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608 +(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 530.4 Q F2(extglob) +2.5 E F0(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 542.4 Q F4(n)A F0 +(Refer to command line)27.67 E F4(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 554.4 Q +F4(n)A F0(Refer to the current command line minus)21.97 E F4(n)2.5 E F0 +(.).24 E F2(!!)108 566.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.) +-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 578.4 Q F4 +(string)A F0(Refer to the most recent command starting with)9.33 E F4 +(string)2.5 E F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 590.4 Q F4(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.022 +(Refer to the most recent command containing)144 602.4 R F4(string)3.522 +E F0 6.022(.T).22 G 1.022(he trailing)-6.022 F F2(?)3.522 E F0 1.022 +(may be omitted if)3.522 F F4(string)3.861 E F0(is)3.741 E(follo)144 +614.4 Q(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 +SF(^)108 631.4 Q F4(string1)-5 I F5(^)5 I F4(string2)-5 I F5(^)5 I F0 +2.629(Quick substitution.)144 638.4 R 2.629 +(Repeat the last command, replacing)7.629 F F4(string1)5.469 E F0(with) +5.129 E F4(string2)5.129 E F0 7.629(.E).02 G(qui)-7.629 E -.25(va)-.25 G +2.63(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 650.4 S(!!:s/).74 E F4(string1)A F0(/)A +F4(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 +(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 662.4 Q F0 +(The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 -.75 +(Wo)87 679.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 691.2 S 1.314 +(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) +-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.313 +(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F +.529(from the w)108 703.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G +3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 +(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2 +($)3.029 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F2<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) +-3.029 E F2(%)3.029 E F0 5.53(.W)C(ords)-6.33 E 1.301 +(are numbered from the be)108 715.2 R 1.301 +(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.3 +(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.3 G 1.3(rds are).8 F +(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 727.2 Q +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(47)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 48 48 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(0\()108 84 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0 +(The zeroth w)144 96 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F +(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)108.36 108 Q F0(The)30.64 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A +(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)108 120 Q F0(The \214rst ar)32.67 E 2.5(gument. That) +-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 132 Q F0(The last ar)31 E +(gument.)-.18 E F1(%)108 144 Q F0(The w)26 E +(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2 +(x)108.77 156 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E +(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E +F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 168 Q F0 .315(All of the w)31 F .315(ords b)-.1 +F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `) +-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F +F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 180 Q +(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 192 Q F0 +(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 204 Q F0 +(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*) +2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 220.8 +Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 237.6 Q F0 .184 +(After the optional w)108 249.6 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 +G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F +.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 261.6 Q F1(h) +108 278.4 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +(railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1 +(t)108 290.4 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +(ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) +108 302.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E +(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 314.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a) +-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 326.4 +Q F0(Print the ne)30.44 E 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 338.4 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.) +-.1 E F1(x)108 350.4 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1 +E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks) +2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 362.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A +F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 374.4 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E +F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221 +(in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721 +(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 +386.4 R .617 +(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) +5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616 +F .666(be quoted in)144 398.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) +3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 +(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166 +(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E +F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 410.4 R +(If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 +F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774 +(fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E +(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 422.4 Q F2(string) +2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1 +(&)108 434.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1 +(g)108 446.4 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) +.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898 +('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 458.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) +-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219 +(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218 +(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089 +(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 470.4 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09 +(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 482.4 Q F0(.)A +F1(G)108 494.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5 +('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 511.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 523.2 +R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ +receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 535.2 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F1<adad>2.533 E F0 +.034(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E +F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E +F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and) +.2 F .078(do not treat)108 547.2 R F1<adad>2.577 E F0(specially)2.577 E +5.077(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.077 E F1(exit)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.577 E F0 +(,)A F1(br)2.577 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.577 E F0(,)A F1(let) +2.577 E F0 2.577(,a)C(nd)-2.577 E F1(shift)2.577 E F0 -.2(bu)2.577 G +.077(iltins accept and process ar).2 F(gu-)-.18 E .319(ments be)108 +559.2 R .319(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.819 E F0 .319 +(without requiring)2.819 F F1<adad>2.819 E F0 5.319(.O)C .319(ther b) +-5.319 F .319(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .32(guments b)-.18 F .32 +(ut are not speci\214ed as)-.2 F 1.144(accepting options interpret ar) +108 571.2 R 1.144(guments be)-.18 F 1.144(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad> +3.643 E F0 1.143(as in)3.643 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.143 +(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.643 E F0 1.143(to pre)3.643 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.143(nt this).15 F(interpretation.)108 583.2 Q F1(:)108 +601.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 613.2 R +.451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F +(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an) +3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. A)144 +625.2 R(zero e)2.5 E(xit code is returned.)-.15 E F1(.)110.5 642 Q F2 +(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 +654 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0 +(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 666 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from) +.15 F F2(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 +(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.68 +(status of the last command e)144 678 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.68(cuted from) +.15 F F2(\214lename)4.18 E F0 6.68(.I).18 G(f)-6.68 E F2(\214lename)6.09 +E F0 1.68(does not contain a slash, \214le)4.36 F .608(names in)144 690 +R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608 +(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename)3.108 +E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA) +3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 702 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332 +(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F2 .832 +(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 +(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 +(\214le is found in)144 714 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 +E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 726 +S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15 +E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612 +(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(48)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 49 49 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)144 84 Q F0 .342(is e)2.842 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.842(cuted. Otherwise).15 F .342 +(the positional parameters are unchanged.)2.842 F .341 +(The return status is the)5.341 F .716(status of the last command e)144 +96 R .716(xited within the script \(0 if no commands are e)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .716(cuted\), and f).15 F .716(alse if)-.1 F F1(\214lename) +145.91 108 Q F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F2(Alias)144 +136.8 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724(guments or with the)-.18 F F2 +<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724(option prints the list of aliases in the form) +5.224 F F2(alias)5.224 E F1(name)144 148.8 Q F0(=)A F1(value)A F0 .58 +(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 +(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F1(name) +3.08 E F0(whose)144 160.8 Q F1(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F1(value) +5.395 E F0 .395(causes the ne)2.895 F .395(xt w)-.15 F .395 +(ord to be check)-.1 F .395(ed for alias sub-)-.1 F .054 +(stitution when the alias is e)144 172.8 R 2.554(xpanded. F)-.15 F .054 +(or each)-.15 F F1(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054 +(gument list for which no)-.18 F F1(value)2.554 E F0 .054(is sup-)2.554 +F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 184.8 R 1.314 +(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F2(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 +(returns true unless a)3.814 F F1(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E +(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 196.8 Q F2(bg)108 213.6 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 +225.6 R F1(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 +(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F2(&)3.245 E +F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 237.6 Q F0 .672 +(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) +-3.172 F F1(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F2 +(bg)5.671 E F1(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 +(when job control is disabled or)144 249.6 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 +(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G +(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F1(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G +(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 261.6 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 +E F2(bind)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 290.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +<ad6d>A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad71>-2.5 E F1 +(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2<ad72>-2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 302.4 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2<ad66>2.5 E F1 +(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 314.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 +G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2<ad78>2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F1 +(shell\255command)A F2(bind)108 326.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F1 -.1(ke) +2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F1 +(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 338.4 Q F1 -.37(re)2.5 G +(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 350.4 R F2 -.18(re) +2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239 +(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238 +(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) +2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 362.4 R F2 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E +F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F +.476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F1 +(.inputr)144 374.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 +(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F +.483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 +(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 386.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6d>144 +398.4 Q F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 410.4 Q F1 -.1(ke)5.158 G +(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) +.15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E +F1 -.1(ke)180 422.4 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F1 3.193 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 +(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E +(vi\255command)180 434.4 Q F0 4.429(,a)C(nd)-4.429 E F1(vi\255insert) +4.429 E F0(.).68 E F1(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G +1.929(lent to).25 F F1(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F1(emacs)4.429 E F0 +1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.93(lent to).25 F F1 +(emacs\255standar)180 446.4 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F2<ad6c>144 458.4 Q F0 +(List the names of all)27.52 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(functions.)2.5 E F2<ad70>144 470.4 Q F0(Display)24.74 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 +G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E +(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad50>144 482.4 +Q F0(List current)24.19 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F2<ad73>144 494.4 Q F0(Display)26.41 +E F2 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G +1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) +-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 506.4 S 2.5(yt).1 G +(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad53>144 518.4 Q +F0(Display)24.74 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys) +-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(utput.)-2.5 E F2<ad76>144 530.4 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad56>144 542.4 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F2 +-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues.)-.25 E F2<ad66>144 554.4 Q F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 +566.4 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A +F2<ad71>144 578.4 Q F1(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 590.4 Q +-.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H +(he named).1 E F1(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<ad75>144 602.4 Q F1(function) +2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 614.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G +(ound to the named)-2.5 E F1(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<ad72>144 626.4 Q +F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 638.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 +-.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 +(.)A F2<ad78>144 650.4 Q F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F2(:)A F1 +(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 662.4 Q F1(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 +1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(r).15 E F1 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F +(When)6.825 E F1(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 674.4 Q F0 1.765(is e) +4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 +(riable to the contents of the).25 F F2 -.18(re)180 686.4 S(adline).18 E +F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3 +(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 +(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.012(insertion point.)180 +698.4 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 +(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 710.4 Q/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E(The return v) +144 727.2 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 +E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(49)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 50 50 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(br)108 84 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .054(Exit from within a)144 96 R F1 -.25 +(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 +2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n) +2.555 E F0 .055(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F3 10 +/Symbol SF<b3>2.555 E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 108 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(i\ +s greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e) +2.955 F 2.714(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E +(is 0 unless)144 120 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.) +2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)108 136.8 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 148.8 Q .792 +(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 +(ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 +F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616 +(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 +160.8 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +172.8 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 184.8 Q(alse if)-.1 +E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 213.6 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 +(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 225.6 Q +(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.062 G 3.062(iltins. W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 +(ex)3.062 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)3.062 E F0 .562 +(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)3.062 F +.254(subroutine call.)144 237.6 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 +F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .253 +(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ +tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ +ent e)144 249.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 +(This e)144 261.6 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 +(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E +3.019(0. The)144 273.6 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 +(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 285.6 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 302.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255L|-P)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .21 +(Change the current directory to)144 314.4 R F2(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T)C +.21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21 +(is the def)2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F2(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21(he v) +-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .776 +(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 326.4 R F2 +(dir)3.276 E F0 5.777(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.777 E 1.077 -.15(ve d)-.25 H +.777(irectory names in).15 F F4(CDP)3.277 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 338.4 R 3.264(An)5.764 G .764 +(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F4(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E +F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 350.4 Q 2.973 +(,i)-.65 G .473(.e., `)-2.973 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.473(.I) +.74 G(f)-5.473 E F2(dir)3.323 E F0(be)3.703 E .474 +(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F4(CDP)2.974 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F0 .474(is not used. The)2.724 F F1<ad50>2.974 E F0 .474 +(option says to use)2.974 F .58(the ph)144 362.4 R .58 +(ysical directory structure instead of follo)-.05 F .579 +(wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.079 E F0 .579 +(option to the)3.079 F F1(set)144 374.4 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883 +(iltin command\); the).2 F F1<ad4c>3.383 E F0 .884 +(option forces symbolic links to be follo)3.384 F 3.384(wed. An)-.25 F +(ar)3.384 E .884(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad>3.384 E F0(is)3.384 E(equi)144 +386.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .316(lent to).25 F F4($OLDPWD)2.816 E/F5 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .316(If a non-empty directory name from)4.816 F +F4(CDP)2.815 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .315(is used, or if)2.565 F +F1<ad>2.815 E F0 .315(is the \214rst)2.815 F(ar)144 398.4 Q .116(gument\ +, and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the \ +ne)-.18 F 2.616(ww)-.25 G .116(orking direc-)-2.716 F 1.165 +(tory is written to the standard output.)144 410.4 R 1.164(The return v) +6.164 F 1.164(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F 1.164 +(as successfully)-.1 F(changed; f)144 422.4 Q(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 +(command)108 439.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0 +([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 451.2 Q F2(command)2.956 +E F0(with)3.527 E F2(ar)3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 +(suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257 +(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 463.2 R F4 +-.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002 +(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F1<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi)3.002 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.201 E F0(is) +3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 475.2 R .399(ault v)-.1 F .399 +(alue for)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 +(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) +5.4 E .175(either the)144 487.2 R F1<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1<ad76> +2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2(command) +2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F1<ad76>2.674 E F0 .174 +(option causes)2.674 F 3.11(as)144 499.2 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F .61 +(ord indicating the command or \214le name used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.41 E F0 .61(to be displayed; the)3.88 F F1 +<ad56>144 511.2 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F1<ad56>2.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F1<ad76>2.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 523.2 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 +(command)144.2 535.2 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 547.2 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F1 +(compgen)108 564 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 576 R F2 +(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E +F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 +(accepted by the)144 588 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F1<ad70>3.481 E F0(and) +3.481 E F1<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) +-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 600 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F +F1<ad46>3.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F1<ad43>3.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v) +3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25 +F(grammable completion f)144 612 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 +G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 +E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 636 R .352 +(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ +em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 +648 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)2.52 +F(those completions matching)144 660 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 684 Q +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 +(complete)108 700.8 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C +F1<ad6f>-3.729 E F2(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.729 E +F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad41>-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad47> +-3.728 E F2(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad57>-3.728 E F2(wor)3.728 +E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad46>-3.728 E F2(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 +712.8 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 724.8 Q +F1<ad58>A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad50>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) +A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(50)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 51 51 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete \255pr)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.634(Specify ho)144 96 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 +(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 +F .633(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633 +(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144 +108 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 F +.14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)144 +120 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name) +2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2 +(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 132 R(The)6.347 E F1 +<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options)3.847 +F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 144 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E +3('c)-.74 G .5(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F +3.455(ac)144 156 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F +.955(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F1<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955 +(option indicates that)3.455 F .065 +(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 168 R(`empty') +-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F +(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 180 Q 1.437 +(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 +204 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 216 Q +.3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(.)A .556(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 240 R .856 -.15(ve t) +-.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F +.555(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055 E F0 +3.055(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F1<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722 +(options \(and, if necessary)144 252 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1 +<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F1<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion before the)144 264 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 276 Q F2 +(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 288 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 +(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') +.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 300 Q F2 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 312 Q F0 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 324 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 +.281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 336 Q +F1(default)184 348 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 G(ef) +-5.376 E 2.875(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no) +-.1 F(matches.)224 360 Q F1(dir)184 372 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform direc\ +tory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 384 Q F1 +(\214lenames)184 396 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 408 S .137(ll readline that the co\ +mpspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 +G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 420 R 2.634 +(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F +.45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 432 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 444 Q F1(nospace) +184 456 Q F0 -.7(Te)6.11 G .22 +(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 F +.22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 468 Q F1(plusdirs) +184 480 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 +(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F +.584(completion is attempted and an)224 492 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 504 +Q F1<ad41>144 516 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 528 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 +(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 +540 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 552 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 564 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 576 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G +2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 588 S(iltin).2 E F0 +(Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 600 +Q F0(Command names.)224 612 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 624 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 636 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 648 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 660 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +672 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +684 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 +696 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5 +E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(51)185.955 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 52 52 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(function)184 84 Q F0 +(Names of shell functions.)224 96 Q F1(gr)184 108 Q(oup)-.18 E F0 +(Group names.)14.62 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.) +A F1(helptopic)184 120 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 132 Q F1 +(help)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 144 Q F0 +(Hostnames, as tak)224 156 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1(job)184 168 Q F0(Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 5(.M).15 G(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +-.1(ke)184 180 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 192 Q(ed w)-.15 E +2.5(ords. May)-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(running)184 204 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 216 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.) +10.67 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt) +184 228 Q F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1 +<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.) +.2 E F1(shopt)184 240 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E +F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 252 Q F0 +(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 264 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.) +.15 E F1(user)184 276 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 288 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad47>144 300 Q/F3 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 312 R +1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F +1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 324 Q +F1<ad57>144 336 Q F3(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 348 Q F3(wor)3.64 +E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2 +(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and) +-.25 F 2.007(each resultant w)184 360 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507 +(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the) +4.507 F(resultant list which match the w)184 372 Q(ord being completed.) +-.1 E F1<ad43>144 384 Q F3(command)2.5 E(command)184 396 Q F0 1.056 +(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) +184 408 Q F1<ad46>144 420 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 1.18 +(The shell function)184 432 R F3(function)3.68 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.681 +(vironment. When)-.4 F 1.181(it \214n-)3.681 F .932 +(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 444 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F F2 +(COMPREPL)3.431 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.181 E -.25(va)184 456 S(riable.) +.25 E F1<ad58>144 468 Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 480 Q F0 +.455(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 +F .456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 492 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 504 Q F3(\214lterpat) +3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 +(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 +(in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 516 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1<ad50>144 528 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) +184 540 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 +(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 552 Q F1<ad53>144 564 Q F3(suf)2.5 E +2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0 +(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E .466(The return v)144 580.8 R +.466(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0 +(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 +(plied without a)144 592.8 R F3(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 604.8 Q F0 +(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E +(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E +F1(compopt)108 621.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3 +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 633.6 R +F3(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F3(option)2.947 E F0 +.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E .726 +(completion if no)144 645.6 R F3(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F3(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 657.6 Q F3(name) +3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) +5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F3(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 669.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) +-5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297 +(option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F +1.227(the `)144 681.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ +no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 693.6 R 2.178 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177 +(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) +144 705.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 +E .327(The return v)108 722.4 R .327(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.4 G .327 +(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a) +.25 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(52)185.955 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 53 53 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)108 84 Q F0 +(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(continue)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 +112.8 R 1.754(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r) +.25 E F0(,)A F2(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F2(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r) +-4.254 E F2(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F1(n)4.613 E F0 +1.753(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 124.8 R F1(n)3.709 +E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F1(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F3 +10/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F1(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 +(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 136.8 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 +(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F1(n)3.013 E F0(is) +3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 148.8 Q F2(declar)108 165.6 +Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F2 +(typeset)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70> +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) +-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 189.6 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E +F1(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765 +(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25 +(va)144 201.6 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F2<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983 +(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 +(alues of each)-.25 F F1(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F2 +<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 213.6 Q F1(name)3.579 E +F0(ar)3.579 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F +(When)6.079 E F2<ad70>3.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F1 +(name)3.58 E F0(ar)3.58 E(gu-)-.18 E .151 +(ments, it will display the attrib)144 225.6 R .151(utes and v)-.2 F +.151(alues of all v)-.25 F .15(ariables ha)-.25 F .15(ving the attrib) +-.2 F .15(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .046(additional options.)144 +237.6 R .046(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F2<ad70>2.547 +E F0(,)A F2(declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .047(will display the attrib) +2.547 F .047(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 249.6 S 1.363 +(lues of all shell v).25 F 3.863(ariables. The)-.25 F F2<ad66>3.863 E F0 +1.362(option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.863 F(The) +6.362 E F2<ad46>3.862 E F0 2.422(option inhibits the display of functio\ +n de\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 261.6 R 2.423 +(utes are)-.2 F 2.664(printed. If)144 273.6 R(the)2.664 E F2(extdeb) +2.664 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.664 F F2(shopt) +2.664 E F0 2.664(,t)C .163(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 +F 1.382(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 285.6 +R(The)6.382 E F2<ad46>3.882 E F0 1.382(option implies)3.882 F F2<ad66> +3.882 E F0 6.382(.T)C 1.382(he follo)-6.382 F(wing)-.25 E .794 +(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 297.6 R .794 +(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F +1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 309.6 Q(utes:)-.2 E F2 +<ad61>144 321.6 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 +E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2<ad41>144 333.6 Q F0(Each) +23.08 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(\).).15 E F2<ad66>144 345.6 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E +(.)-.65 E F2<ad69>144 357.6 Q F0 .557(The v)27.52 F .558 +(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 369.6 Q F0(abo) +2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) +-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2<ad6c>144 381.6 Q +F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 +G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 393.6 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2<ad72>144 405.6 +Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E F1(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E +7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F +2.547(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 +417.6 Q F2<ad74>144 429.6 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E +F1(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F1(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E +2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2(DEB)2.929 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F2(RETURN)2.929 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 441.6 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 +453.6 Q F0 .909(When the v)24.74 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F +.909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 465.6 R +(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2<ad78> +144 477.6 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .121 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 494.4 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121 +(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .12 +(xceptions that)-.15 F F2(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F .644 +(to destro)144 506.4 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) +-3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F2(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) +3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 +(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F 1.945(tion, mak)144 518.4 +R 1.945(es each)-.1 F F1(name)4.445 E F0 1.945(local, as with the)4.445 +F F2(local)4.444 E F0 4.444(command. If)4.444 F 4.444(av)4.444 G 1.944 +(ariable name is follo)-4.694 F 1.944(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 530.4 Q F1 +(value)A F0 3.238(,t)C .738(he v)-3.238 F .738(alue of the v)-.25 F .738 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F1(value)3.238 E F0 5.738(.T)C .738 +(he return v)-5.738 F .739(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G +.739(lid option is).25 F .603 +(encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using)144 542.4 +R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .603(\255f foo=bar)3.103 F F0 3.103(,a)C 3.103(na) +-3.103 G .603(ttempt is made to)-3.103 F 1.242(assign a v)144 554.4 R +1.242(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.242 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F 1.243 +(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E 1.386 +(without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 566.4 R F2 +(Arrays)3.886 E F0(abo)3.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.386(\), one of the).15 F +F1(names)3.886 E F0 1.386(is not a)3.886 F -.25(va)144 578.4 S .171 +(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 +F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172 +(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 590.4 R 3.46(fa) +-.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 602.4 Q +(xistent function with)-.15 E F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(dirs [+)108 619.2 +Q F1(n)A F2 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F2 2.5(][)C(\255cplv])-2.5 E F0 +-.4(Wi)144 631.2 S .328 +(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) +.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 643.2 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 655.2 Q +F0(command; the)2.5 E F2(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F2(+)144 667.2 Q F1(n)A F0 +1.564(Displays the)25.3 F F1(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F2 +(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 679.2 Q F2<ad>144 691.2 Q F1 +(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F1(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F +F2(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 703.2 Q F2<ad63>144 715.2 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(53)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 54 54 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>144 84 Q F0 .324 +(Produces a longer listing; the def)27.52 F .324 +(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F(tory) +180 96 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 108 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144 +120 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\ +\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt)-2.772 +G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 132 Q .257(The return v)144 148.8 R .258 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)2.758 E F0 +(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258 +(ond the end of the direc-).15 F(tory stack.)144 160.8 Q F1(diso)108 +177.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 189.6 S .295 +(thout options, each).4 F F2(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295(is remo)3.105 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.795(df).15 G .295(rom the table of acti)-2.795 F .595 +-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.795(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295 +(is not present,)3.105 F .422(and neither)144 201.6 R F1<ad61>2.922 E F0 +(nor)2.922 E F1<ad72>2.922 E F0 .422(is supplied, the shell')2.922 F +2.922(sn)-.55 G .422(otion of the)-2.922 F F2(curr)2.923 E .423(ent job) +-.37 F F0 .423(is used.)2.923 F .423(If the)5.423 F F1<ad68>2.923 E F0 +.423(option is)2.923 F(gi)144 213.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .141(n, each).15 F +F2(jobspec)4.381 E F0 .141(is not remo)2.951 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.641(df) +.15 G .141(rom the table, b)-2.641 F .141(ut is mark)-.2 F .141 +(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)2.641 E F0 .14 +(is not sent to the)2.39 F .004(job if the shell recei)144 225.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.504(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .004 +(If no)4.504 F F2(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004(is present, and neither the) +2.814 F F1<ad61>2.504 E F0 .005(nor the)2.504 F F1<ad72>2.505 E F0 .005 +(option is)2.505 F 1.229(supplied, the)144 237.6 R F2(curr)3.729 E 1.229 +(ent job)-.37 F F0 1.229(is used.)3.729 F 1.229(If no)6.229 F F2 +(jobspec)5.469 E F0 1.229(is supplied, the)4.039 F F1<ad61>3.729 E F0 +1.228(option means to remo)3.729 F 1.528 -.15(ve o)-.15 H(r).15 E .656 +(mark all jobs; the)144 249.6 R F1<ad72>3.156 E F0 .657 +(option without a)3.156 F F2(jobspec)4.897 E F0(ar)3.467 E .657 +(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F(The)5.657 E +(return v)144 261.6 Q(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 +(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 278.4 Q +F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E +.395(Output the)144 290.4 R F2(ar)2.895 E(g)-.37 E F0 .395 +(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .395(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.895 +(wline. The)-.25 F .394(return status is al)2.895 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .394 +(ys 0.).1 F(If)5.394 E F1<ad6e>2.894 E F0 .548 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 302.4 R .548(wline is suppressed.) +-.25 F .548(If the)5.548 F F1<ad65>3.048 E F0 .548(option is gi)3.048 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 314.4 Q +.053(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.053 E F1 +<ad45>2.553 E F0 .052(option disables the interpretation of these)2.552 +F 1.502(escape characters, e)144 326.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.002(no).15 G +4.002(ns)-4.002 G 1.502(ystems where the)-4.002 F 4.002(ya)-.15 G 1.502 +(re interpreted by def)-4.002 F 4.003(ault. The)-.1 F F1(xpg_echo)4.003 +E F0(shell)4.003 E .009 +(option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 338.4 R +F1(echo)2.509 E F0 -.15(ex)2.509 G .009(pands these escape characters) +.15 F .659(by def)144 350.4 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.659 E F0 .659 +(does not interpret)3.159 F F1<adad>3.159 E F0 .659 +(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.66 E F0 .66 +(interprets the follo)3.16 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 362.4 Q +F1(\\a)144 374.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 386.4 Q F0 +(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\c)144 398.4 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E +F1(\\e)144 410.4 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\f)144 422.4 Q F0 +(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 434.4 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine) +-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 446.4 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 458.4 Q +F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 470.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G +(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 482.4 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 +494.4 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E +(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 506.4 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(enable)108 523.2 Q F0([)2.5 E +F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2 +(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278 +(Enable and disable b)144 535.2 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278 +(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278 +(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833(the same name as a shell b)144 +547.2 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .834 +(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.334 +(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99(the shell normally searches for b)144 559.2 +R .989(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 +.989(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 +(abled; otherwise,)144 571.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F +F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082 +G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 583.2 R .081(uiltin v) +-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test) +2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08 +(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 595.2 S 1.524 +(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F +F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 607.2 Q F1<ad64> +2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F +.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) +-5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 619.2 R F1<ad70> +2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 +(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 +F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 +631.2 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 +(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0 1.916 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 643.2 R 1.916 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 +(enabled. If)144 655.2 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379 +(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) +2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F +(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 667.2 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 +(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) +-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 +679.2 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 696 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E +F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 708 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 +(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 720 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 +(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 +(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(54)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 55 55 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E(or only null ar)144 84 Q(guments,)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +-2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1(exec)108 100.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 112.8 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 124.8 R .176 +(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G +(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 +(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 136.8 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 +F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 +E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0 +.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 148.8 Q F0 .638 +(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 160.8 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 +1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) +.15 F(non-interacti)144 172.8 Q .617 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .317(hell e).15 F +.317(xits, unless the shell option)-.15 F F1(execfail)2.817 E F0 .318 +(is enabled, in which case it returns f)2.817 F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505 +(ure. An)144 184.8 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .005 +(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 +(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 196.8 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 +(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 +(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 +(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 208.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +6.29(]C)C .096(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .096(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 237.6 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E +F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 266.4 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 278.4 R +F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F +.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 290.4 R(the)2.627 E F1 +<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the) +.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no) +5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126 +(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 302.4 Q F0 .659 +(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e)3.159 F .66 +(xported in this shell is printed.)-.15 F(The)5.66 E F1<ad6e>3.16 E F0 +(option)3.16 E 1.587(causes the e)144 314.4 R 1.587 +(xport property to be remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.086(df).15 G 1.586 +(rom each)-4.086 F F2(name)4.086 E F0 6.586(.I)C 4.086(fav)-6.586 G +1.586(ariable name is follo)-4.336 F 1.586(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 326.4 Q +F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he v)-2.803 F .303(alue of the v) +-.25 F .304(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.804 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.304 E F0 .304(returns an e)2.804 F .304 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .294 +(option is encountered, one of the)144 338.4 R F2(names)2.793 E F0 .293 +(is not a v)2.793 F .293(alid shell v)-.25 F .293(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F1<ad66>2.793 E F0 .293(is supplied with a)2.793 F F2(name)144.36 +350.4 Q F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1(fc)108 367.2 Q F0([)2.5 E +F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 +379.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .477(Fix Command.)144 391.2 R .478 +(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.477 F F2<8c72>4.888 E +(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.658 E F2(last)3.068 E F0 .478 +(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .882(tory list.)144 403.2 R F2 -.45 +(Fi)5.882 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)4.062 E F2(last)3.472 E F0 .882 +(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)4.062 F +.881(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144 +415.2 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .797(umber is used as an) +.15 F(of)144 427.2 Q .277(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F +(If)5.277 E F2(last)2.867 E F0 .276 +(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.457 F .092 +(for listing \(so that)144 439.2 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .092 +(fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .092(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) +2.592 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72> +4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 .093(is not)3.273 F +(speci\214ed it is set to the pre)144 451.2 Q +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 475.2 +Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022 +(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E +F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 487.2 R .438(If the) +5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E +.335(the editor gi)144 499.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E +F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 +(do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 +F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 511.2 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E +F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 +F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 +(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 523.2 R .951 +(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F +-.15(exe)144 535.2 S(cuted.).15 E .039(In the second form,)144 559.2 R +F2(command)2.539 E F0 .039(is re-e)2.539 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039 +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)2.54 E F0 .04(is replaced by) +2.54 F F2 -.37(re)2.54 G(p).37 E F0 5.04(.A)C(useful)-2.5 E .406 +(alias to use with this is)144 571.2 R F4 .406(r='fc \255s')2.906 F F0 +2.906(,s)C 2.906(ot)-2.906 G .406(hat typing)-2.906 F F4 6.406(rc)2.906 +G(c)-6.406 E F0 .406(runs the last command be)2.906 F .406(ginning with) +-.15 F F4(cc)144 583.2 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F4(r)2.5 E F0(re-e)2.5 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142 +(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 607.2 R .142 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 619.2 +R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 +(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 631.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 +(cuted or f).15 F .788 +(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F +.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 +(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 +643.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 +(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 655.2 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E +(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 +684 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 +(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 696 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G .617 +(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 708 Q .362 +(ground, or f)-.15 F .362(ailure if run when job control is disabled or) +-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F +F2(jobspec)145.74 720 Q F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.815 F .004 +(alid job or)-.25 F F2(jobspec)4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w) +2.814 F .004(as started without job control.)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q +(2009 December 29)135.965 E(55)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 56 56 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 +96 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 108 R .149 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 120 Q .578 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 +(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 132 R 1.665 +(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) +4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 +(option in the shell v)144 144 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0 3.296 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797(if it does not e) +3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G 3.297(ft)-3.297 G +.797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 156 Q .085 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND) +4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 +(or a shell script is in)144 168 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 +(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 +(into the v)144 180 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0 +.803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 +(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 192 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F +2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 204 Q +2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 228 R F1(getopts)4.543 +E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 240 Q F0 +(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 264 Q F0 2.392 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 +276 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 300 Q F0 1.166 +(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F +1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 +(is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.263 +(reporting is used.)144 312 R 1.263 +(In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.263 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 324 +R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) +-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F +(will be displayed, e)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 +G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) +2.72 E .666(If an in)144 360 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,) +.25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E +F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4 +(and unsets)144 372 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1 +(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 +(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899 +E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 +384 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 408 R 1.241(gument is not found, and) +-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \() +3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242 +(laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144 420 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 +E F0 .234(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If) +5.234 E F1(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1 +(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 432 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 +E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 +E F1(getopts)144 456 Q F0 .902 +(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) +3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 468 Q F1(hash)108 484.8 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A -.15(Fo) +144 496.8 S 3.555(re).15 G(ach)-3.555 E F2(name)3.555 E F0 3.555(,t).18 +G 1.054(he full \214le name of the command is determined by searching t\ +he directories in)-3.555 F F1($P)144 508.8 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +.349(and remembered.)2.849 F .349(If the)5.349 F F1<ad70>2.849 E F0 .349 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.849 F F2 +(\214lename)4.76 E F0 .452 +(is used as the full \214le name of the command.)144 520.8 R(The)5.452 E +F1<ad72>2.952 E F0 .452(option causes the shell to for)2.952 F .452 +(get all remem-)-.18 F .592(bered locations.)144 532.8 R(The)5.592 E F1 +<ad64>3.092 E F0 .593(option causes the shell to for)3.092 F .593 +(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.093 E F0(.)A .021 +(If the)144 544.8 R F1<ad74>2.521 E F0 .021 +(option is supplied, the full pathname to which each)2.521 F F2(name) +2.52 E F0 .02(corresponds is printed.)2.52 F .02(If multi-)5.02 F(ple) +144 556.8 Q F2(name)3.703 E F0(ar)3.703 E 1.203 +(guments are supplied with)-.18 F F1<ad74>3.703 E F0 3.703(,t)C(he) +-3.703 E F2(name)3.703 E F0 1.204 +(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.703 F(The)144 568.8 Q F1 +<ad6c>3.216 E F0 .715(option causes output to be displayed in a format \ +that may be reused as input.)3.216 F .715(If no ar)5.715 F(gu-)-.18 E +1.183(ments are gi)144 580.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.183(n, or if only).15 F +F1<ad6c>3.683 E F0 1.184 +(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)3.684 F +(The return status is true unless a)144 592.8 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0 +(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.).25 +E F1(help)108 609.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(pattern) +-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 621.6 R .867 +(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866 +(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144 +633.6 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 645.6 Q F1 +<ad64>144 657.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 669.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +21.97 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat) +-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 681.6 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F2(pattern)2.5 E +F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)108 693.6 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 +E(56)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 57 57 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(history [)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(n)A F1(])A(history \255c)108 96 Q(history \255d)108 108 Q F2(of)2.5 E +(fset)-.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0 +(])A F1(history \255p)108 132 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A +2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 144 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 156 +S .752 +(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F +.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 168 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.881 E(MA)144 180 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 +(strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 192 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 +(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 +(time stamp and the history line.)144 204 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +2.676 E F0 .176 +(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F +(not, the v)144 216 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25 +E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 228 Q F0 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1<ad64>144 +240 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position) +180 252 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 264 Q F0 .598 +(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.098('h)-.74 G .598 +(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.098 F .599 +(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 276 Q F0 +(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 288 Q F0 .854(Read \ +the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the cur\ +rent history list.)24.74 F .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 300 R +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E +(sion.)180 312 Q F1<ad72>144 324 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ +\214le and use them as the current history)25.86 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad77>144 +336 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.) +-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 348 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) +3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F +2.975(output. Does)180 360 R .475 +(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) +2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 384 Q F0 .363 +(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 396 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 412.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 +(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 424.8 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 448.8 R .416 +(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\ +ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\ +, an in)144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is) +3 E(supplied as an ar)144 472.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5 +(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 +E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 +489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 +E F1(jobs \255x)108 501.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs) +-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 513.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1 +<ad70>144 537.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5 +(sp)-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 549.6 Q F0 +.194(Display information only about jobs that ha)24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c) +-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F +(\214ed of their status.)180 561.6 Q F1<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0 +(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 585.6 Q F0 +(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 602.4 Q F2(jobspec) +4.553 E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) +-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 614.4 Q -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 631.2 R F1 +<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 +.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) +3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 643.2 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) +2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E +F1(kill)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 +<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 +(kill \255l)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 684 R F2 +(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119 +(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2 +(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319 +(either a case-insensiti)144 696 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 +(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 +(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0 +1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) +4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 +1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 720 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F +F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523 +F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F +F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names) +.15 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(57)185.955 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 58 58 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 84 R .28 +(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .378 +(gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 108 R +F2(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F +.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F +(occurs or an in)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 +E F2(let)108 136.8 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Each)144 148.8 Q F1(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197 +(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.196(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F +(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25 +(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0 +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 189.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06 +(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06 +(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) +-5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 201.6 Q 3.153(yo) +-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F2(declar) +3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .652 +(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 +213.6 Q F1(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861 +(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 225.6 Q F0 1.165 +(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165 +(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use) +6.165 F F2(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232 +(within a function.)144 237.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232 +F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144 +249.6 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2 +(logout)108 266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(map\214le)108 283.2 +Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f>-2.5 E F1 +(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43> +-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1(quantum) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F2 -.18(re)108 295.2 S +(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f> +-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1 +(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351 +(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 307.2 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.85 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor) +-2.85 F F1(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 319.2 R F2<ad75>3.748 E F0 +1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F1(arr)3.749 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 F(ha)144 +331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6e> +144 343.2 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F1 +(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1(count)2.5 E F0 +(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2<ad4f>144 355.2 Q F0(Be)22.52 E +(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) +-.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) +-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 367.2 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F1(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F2 +<ad74>144 379.2 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E +(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 391.2 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F2<ad43>144 403.2 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E +(aluate)-.25 E F1(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F1(quantum) +2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F2<ad63>2.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F2<ad63>144 415.2 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F1 +(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 432 Q F2<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F2<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1 +(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F 1.22(plied the inde)144 444 R 3.72(xo)-.15 G +3.72(ft)-3.72 G 1.22(he ne)-3.72 F 1.22 +(xt array element to be assigned as an additional ar)-.15 F(gument.)-.18 +E F1(callbac)6.22 E(k)-.2 E F0(is)3.72 E -.25(eva)144 456 S +(luated after the line is read b).25 E +(ut before the array element is assigned.)-.2 E +(If not supplied with an e)144 472.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F2(map\214le)144 489.6 Q F0 1.906 +(returns successfully unless an in)4.406 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.905(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F1(arr) +4.405 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.405 E(in)144 501.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E +F2(popd)108 518.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 530.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799 +(se).15 G .299(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G +.299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 +G .3(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144 +542.4 R F2(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 +(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478 +(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15 +F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 554.4 Q F2<ad6e>144 566.4 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551 +(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 578.4 Q F2(+)144 590.4 Q F1(n)A +F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F1(n)2.64 E F0 +.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F +F2(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 +602.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 +(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) +-.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F2<ad>144 614.4 Q F1(n)A F0 +(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F1(n)3.759 E F0 +1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25 +F F2(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180 +626.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F4(popd -1)2.5 +E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144 643.2 R F2(popd) +3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F2(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643 +(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F2(popd)5.643 +E F0 .415(returns f)144 655.2 R .415(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G +.415(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916 +(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 667.2 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F2(printf)108 684 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad76>A F1(var)2.5 E F0(]) +A F1(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .372 +(Write the formatted)144 696 R F1(ar)2.872 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .372 +(to the standard output under the control of the)2.872 F F1(format)2.872 +E F0 5.372(.T)C(he)-5.372 E F1(format)2.872 E F0 1.804(is a character s\ +tring which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which ar\ +e simply)144 708 R 1.859 +(copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are con) +144 720 R -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.858(rted and copied to the).15 F(GNU Bash-4.1) +72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(58)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 59 59 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 1.171(standard output, and format speci\214cations, each of whic\ +h causes printing of the ne)144 84 R 1.172(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)144 96 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 6.274(.I)C +3.774(na)-6.274 G 1.274(ddition to the standard)-3.774 F F1(printf)3.774 +E F0 1.274(\(1\) formats,)B/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%b)3.774 E F0(causes) +3.774 E F2(printf)3.774 E F0 1.273(to e)3.774 F 1.273(xpand backslash) +-.15 F .619(escape sequences in the corresponding)144 108 R F1(ar)3.119 +E(gument)-.37 E F0(\(e)3.119 E .619(xcept that)-.15 F F2(\\c)3.119 E F0 +.62(terminates output, backslashes in)3.119 F F2<5c08>144 120 Q F0(,)A +F2(\\")2.985 E F0 2.985(,a)C(nd)-2.985 E F2(\\?)2.985 E F0 .485 +(are not remo)2.985 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .485(d, and octal escapes be).15 F +.484(ginning with)-.15 F F2(\\0)2.984 E F0 .484 +(may contain up to four digits\),)2.984 F(and)144 132 Q F2(%q)2.567 E F0 +(causes)2.567 E F2(printf)2.567 E F0 .067(to output the corresponding) +2.567 F F1(ar)2.568 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .068 +(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.568 F(input.)144 144 Q(The) +144 168 Q F2<ad76>2.904 E F0 .404 +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)2.904 F(ariable)-.25 E +F1(var)2.904 E F0 .404(rather than being printed to the)2.904 F +(standard output.)144 180 Q(The)144 204 Q F1(format)3.423 E F0 .923 +(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F1(ar)3.423 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F1(format) +3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F1(ar)144 216 Q(guments)-.37 E F0 +.033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033 +(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) +.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,) +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 228 Q(The return v)5 E +(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F2(pushd) +108 244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A F2(pushd)108 256.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F0 +2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\ +irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 268.8 R 3.14(wt) +-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 280.8 R 1.316 +(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315 +(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G 1.315 +(irectories and)-3.815 F .871 +(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 292.8 R 5.871(.A) +-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 304.8 Q +F2<ad6e>144 316.8 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\ +hen adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F +(only the stack is manipulated.)180 328.8 Q F2(+)144 340.8 Q F1(n)A F0 +1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.767 E F0 1.268 +(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by) +-.25 F F2(dirs)180 352.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2<ad>144 364.8 Q F1(n)A F0 +.92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 +F F2(dirs)180 376.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F1(dir)144.35 388.8 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F1(dir)2.85 E F0 +(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25 +G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E .488(If the)144 405.6 +R F2(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F2(dirs) +2.988 E F0 .488(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489 +(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F2(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04 +(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 417.6 R F1(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G +3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F2(pushd)3.539 E F0 +1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846(stack is empty)144 +429.6 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack ele\ +ment is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F +(speci\214ed ne)144 441.6 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E +(ails.)-.1 E F2(pwd)108 458.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 470.4 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 +482.4 R F2<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F2 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F2 +(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 +(enabled. If)144 494.4 R(the)3.264 E F2<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 +F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 506.4 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 518.4 Q F2 -.18(re)108 535.2 S +(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad61>-3.817 E F1 +(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad64>-3.817 E F1(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817 +(][)C F2<ad69>-3.817 E F1(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad6e> +-3.817 E F1(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad4e>-3.816 E +F1(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad70>-3.816 E F1(pr) +3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad74>-3.816 E F1(timeout)3.816 E F0 +3.816(][)C F2<ad75>-3.816 E F1(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 547.2 Q F1(name)A +F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\ +e \214le descriptor)144 559.2 R F1(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) +3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 571.2 Q F2<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038 +(option, and the \214rst w)2.538 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst) +-.1 F F1(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G .039(he second w)-2.539 F .039 +(ord to the second)-.1 F F1(name)2.539 E F0(,).18 E .42 +(and so on, with lefto)144 583.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42 +(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42 +(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I) +.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 595.2 R .54(wer w)-.25 +F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \ +are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S 2.511(lues. The).25 F .011 +(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011 +(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011 +(backslash character \()2.511 F F2(\\)A F0 2.51(\)m)C(ay)-2.51 E 1.89 +(be used to remo)144 619.2 R 2.19 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.19 -.15(ny s).15 H +1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.891 +(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F +(Options, if supplied, ha)144 631.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 643.2 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) +180 655.2 R 1.049 +(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) +-.25 E F1(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F +F1(aname)180.33 667.2 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 679.2 Q F1(delim)2.5 E +F0(The \214rst character of)180 691.2 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0 +(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E +F2<ad65>144 703.2 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F2 -.18(re) +2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 +(to obtain the line.)180 715.2 R .218 +(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E +(acti)180 727.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(59)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 60 60 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad69>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(te) +2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) +-.25 F(ing be)180 96 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har) +-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 120 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395 +(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395 +(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of) +-.1 F(input, b)180 132 Q(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 +E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 +(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144 144 +Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 156 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269 +(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E +(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 +(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 168 R F1 -.18(re)2.775 +G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-) +5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 180 R +F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503 +E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 192 Q F1<ad70>144 204 Q +F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 216 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E +F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161 +(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read) +-.25 F(an)180 228 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F +(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 +<ad72>144 240 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) +-5.543 F(the line.)180 252 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G +(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) +-.25 E F1<ad73>144 264 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 +<ad74>144 276 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 288 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549 G +(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048 +(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout) +180 300 Q F0(seconds.)3.496 E F2(timeout)5.996 E F0 .997 +(may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.496 F(wing) +-.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 312 R .576(This option is only ef) +5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)3.076 G +(ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .141 +(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 324 R .142 +(fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.142 E +F2(timeout)2.642 E F0 .142(is 0,)2.642 F F1 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad).18 E +F0 .113(returns success if input is a)2.614 F -.25(va)-.2 G .113 +(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.613(,f)-.4 G .113 +(ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 348 Q +(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 +E F1<ad75>144 360 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor) +14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 376.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 +.191(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable) +-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 .192(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344 +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 388.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad) +.18 E F0 1.343 +(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F +(128\), or an in)144 400.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E F1 +<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 417.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255aA)A(pf)-.25 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E +F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 429.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2 +(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77 +(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77 +(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 441.6 R +1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097 +(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 +(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 453.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 +(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) +-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) +-.25 E .538(ables to associati)144 465.6 R .838 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.038 +(rrays. If).15 F(no)3.038 E F2(name)3.398 E F0(ar)3.218 E .538 +(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .538(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70> +3.038 E F0 .537(option is supplied, a list)3.038 F .08 +(of all readonly names is printed.)144 477.6 R(The)5.08 E F1<ad70>2.58 E +F0 .081(option causes output to be displayed in a format that may)2.58 F +1.177(be reused as input.)144 489.6 R 1.177(If a v)6.177 F 1.176 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.176(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +3.676(,t)C 1.176(he v)-3.676 F 1.176(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.176 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)144 501.6 Q(d)-.37 E F0 6.205(.T)C +1.205(he return status is 0 unless an in)-6.205 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.206 +(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F2(names)4.066 E F0 1.206 +(is not a)3.976 F -.25(va)144 513.6 S(lid shell v).25 E +(ariable name, or)-.25 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is supplied with a)2.5 E F2 +(name)2.86 E F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 530.4 S +(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .587 +(Causes a function to e)144 542.4 R .587(xit with the return v)-.15 F +.587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)3.087 E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 +E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .586(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335 +(that of the last command e)144 554.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335 +(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G +1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe) +144 566.4 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\() +5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794 +(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .794 +(cuting that script).15 F .245(and return either)144 578.4 R F2(n)3.105 +E F0 .246(or the e)2.985 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .246 +(xit sta-)-.15 F .082(tus of the script.)144 590.4 R .082 +(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082 +(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.581(,t).833 G .081 +(he return sta-)-2.581 F 2.305(tus is f)144 602.4 R 4.805(alse. An)-.1 F +4.805(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.805 F F1(RETURN) +4.805 E F0 2.306(trap is e)4.806 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.306(cuted before e) +.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E(resumes after the function or script.) +144 614.4 Q F1(set)108 631.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 +E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 643.2 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 655.2 S +.836(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F +.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 667.2 +R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 679.2 R F2 .447(posix mode) +2.947 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447 +(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447 +(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.53 +(locale. When)144 691.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An) +-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F +1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 703.2 R 1.623 +(alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) +144 715.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A +F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 +Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(60)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 61 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>144 84 Q F0 .539(Automatically mark v) +29.3 F .539 +(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54 +(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 96 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E +F1<ad62>144 108 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F +2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E +(primary prompt.)184 120 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 +H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 132 Q F0 .51 +(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pipeline)3.01 E +F0 .511(\(which may consist of a single)3.011 F F2 .511(simple command) +3.011 F F0 3.011(\), a)B F2(sub-)3.011 E(shell)184 144 Q F0 .872 +(command enclosed in parentheses, or one of the commands e)3.373 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .872(cuted as part of a).15 F .399 +(command list enclosed by braces \(see)184 156 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +.399(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.899 F F0(abo)2.649 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.899(\)e).15 G +.399(xits with a non-zero)-3.049 F 3.969(status. The)184 168 R 1.468 +(shell does not e)3.969 F 1.468(xit if the command that f)-.15 F 1.468 +(ails is part of the command list)-.1 F .569(immediately follo)184 180 R +.569(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)3.069 E F0(or)3.069 E F1(until)3.069 E F0 +-.1(ke)3.069 G(yw)-.05 E .569(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F .57 +(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)3.07 E F0(or)3.07 E F1(elif)3.07 E F0(reserv)184 +192 Q .544(ed w)-.15 F .544(ords, part of an)-.1 F 3.044(yc)-.15 G .544 +(ommand e)-3.044 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .544(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.044 E F0 +(or)3.044 E/F4 10/Symbol SF<efef>3.044 E F0 .544(list e)3.044 F .544 +(xcept the command)-.15 F(follo)184 204 Q 1.23(wing the \214nal)-.25 F +F1(&&)3.73 E F0(or)3.73 E F4<efef>3.73 E F0 3.73(,a)C 1.53 -.15(ny c) +-3.73 H 1.231(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F 1.231 +(ut the last, or if the com-)-.2 F(mand')184 216 Q 3.191(sr)-.55 G .691 +(eturn v)-3.191 F .691(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .691 +(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.191 E F0 5.691(.A)C .691(trap on)-2.5 F F1(ERR) +3.19 E F0 3.19(,i)C 3.19(fs)-3.19 G .69(et, is e)-3.19 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.69(cuted before).15 F .686(the shell e)184 228 R 3.186(xits. This)-.15 +F .686(option applies to the shell en)3.186 F .686 +(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F(viron-)-.4 E .068 +(ment separately \(see)184 240 R F3 .068(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.568 F +(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.318 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .068(\), and may cause).15 +F(subshells to e)184 252 Q(xit before e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E F1<ad66>144 264 Q F0 +(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad68>144 276 Q F0 2.238 +(Remember the location of commands as the)28.74 F 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239 +(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739 +(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 288 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 +<ad6b>144 300 Q F0 .514(All ar)28.74 F .514 +(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 +F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 312 Q F1 +<ad6d>144 324 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148 +(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .637 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 336 R F3 .636(JOB CONTR)3.136 F +(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.136(\). Background).15 F .636 +(processes run in a)3.136 F .641 +(separate process group and a line containing their e)184 348 R .642 +(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 360 Q F1 +<ad6e>144 372 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652 +(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 +384 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E +F1<ad6f>144 396 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 408 Q F2 +(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 +(allexport)184 420 Q F0(Same as)224 432 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(braceexpand)184 444 Q F0(Same as)224 456 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(emacs)184 468 Q F0 .089(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf) +13.9 F 2.589(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E +.95(when the shell is interacti)224 480 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G +.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting) +3.45 E F0 2.5(option. This)224 492 R(also af)2.5 E +(fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G +(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err)184 504 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E +F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(errtrace)184 516 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F1<ad45>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(functrace)184 528 Q F0(Same as)224 540 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.) +A F1(hashall)184 552 Q F0(Same as)9.43 E F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(histexpand)184 564 Q F0(Same as)224 576 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(history)184 588 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G +3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +.15 E F3(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +.587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 600 Q(ault in interacti)-.1 E +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 612 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657 +(The ef)224 624 R 1.657(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F6 10 +/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10)4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 636 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0 +(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 648 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 +E F0(Same as)224 660 Q F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 672 Q F0 +(Same as)5.56 E F1<ad6d>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 684 Q(ber)-.1 E F0 +(Same as)224 696 Q F1<ad43>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 708 Q F0(Same as) +11.12 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29) +135.965 E(61)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 62 62 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(noglob)184 84 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F1<ad66> +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)184 96 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F1(notify) +184 108 Q F0(Same as)15 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 120 Q F0 +(Same as)6.66 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 132 Q F0(Same as)6.67 +E F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 144 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E +F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 156 Q F0 1.029 +(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F +1.03(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 168 +R 1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 180 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 192 Q F0 +2.09(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 +2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 +(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 204 Q +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 216 Q(vileged) +-.1 E F0(Same as)224 228 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 240 S +(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 252 Q F0 +1.466(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.965 +(ace. This)-.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F +(interf)224 264 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0 +(.)A F1(xtrace)184 276 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 +294 Q F1<ad6f>3.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2 +(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 +(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 +306 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 +(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 318 Q F1<ad70> +144 330 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV) +-.27 E F0 1.072(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 342 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +-.27(BA)184 354 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G +.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 366 R .38 +(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 378 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 390 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 +(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70> +2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 402 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 +F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 414 Q F1<ad74>144 426 Q F0 +(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15 +E F1<ad75>144 438 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\ +bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an) +-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 450 R 2.682 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183 +(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 +(able or parameter)184 462 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 +(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 +474 Q F1<ad76>144 486 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya) +-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 498 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315 +(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo) +2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E +F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 510 R F1 +-.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo) +3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 522 Q +(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 +<ad42>144 534 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578 +(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 546 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 558 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E +F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 +(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 +2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F +3.053(tors. This)184 570 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) +.15 F(tor)184 582 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +<ad45>144 594 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on) +-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 606 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 618 Q F1 +<ad48>144 630 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 642 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 654 Q F0 1.164 +(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.665 E F0 2.822 +(that change the current w)184 666 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 678 R(def)2.685 +E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 +(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F +(mands which change the current directory)184 690 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 +702 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 +(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 726 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(62)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 63 63 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<adad>144 84 Q F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401 +(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 +(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 96 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni) +.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E +F0(.)A F1<ad>144 108 Q F0 1.944 +(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2(ar)4.444 E(g) +-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G 1.945 +(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 120 R F1 +<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945 +(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) +3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 132 Q .425(The options are of)144 +148.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 160.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 172.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 184.8 Q F1(shift)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 213.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 225.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 237.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 249.6 R +.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 +.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 261.6 Q F1(shopt)108 278.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 290.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222 +(alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F +(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1 +<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\ +ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 302.4 R(The) +144 314.4 Q F1<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\ +d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.828 F .327(Other options) +5.327 F(ha)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:) +-.25 E F1<ad73>144 338.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 +E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 350.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2 +(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 362.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\ +put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2 +(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 374.4 R .256 +(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256 +(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1 +<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F +(all)180 386.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.) +2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 398.4 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E F2 +(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0 +(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .127 +(If either)144 415.2 R F1<ad73>2.627 E F0(or)2.627 E F1<ad75>2.627 E F0 +.127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127 +(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.024 +(are set or unset, respecti)144 427.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.024 +(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.024 F F1(shopt)3.523 E F0 +1.023(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.523 F(def)144 439.2 Q(ault.) +-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 +456 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) +4.045 F .696 +(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) +144 468 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell) +-.25 F(option.)144 480 Q(The list of)144 496.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 514.8 Q F0 .199 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 526.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E +F1(cdable_v)144 538.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 550.8 R .156 +(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 +(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F +(name of a v)184 562.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 574.8 Q F0 +1.055 +(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a) +10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 +(corrected. The)184 586.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 +(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) +-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .552(one character too man)184 598.8 R 4.352 -.65 +(y. I)-.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552 +(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F +(the command proceeds.)184 610.8 Q +(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(checkhash)144 622.8 Q F0 2.08(If set,)184 634.8 R F1(bash)4.58 +E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079 +(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 646.8 S(cute it.).15 E +(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 658.8 +Q F0 .448(If set,)184 670.8 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 +(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 +(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 682.8 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G +.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 +(attempted without an interv)184 694.8 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 +F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 706.8 Q -.1(wa) +-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 +E(63)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 64 64 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(checkwinsize)144 84 Q F0 .797(If set,)184 +96 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G +.796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G +.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 108 S(lues of).25 E/F2 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F2(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 120 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1 +(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H +1.202(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F +(entry)184 132 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 144 Q +F0 .42(If set,)184 156 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 F +.419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar) +-.15 F(guments)-.18 E(to the conditional command')184 168 Q 2.5(s=)-.55 +G 2.5(~o)-2.5 G(perator)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(compat32)144 180 Q F0 1.409 +(If set,)184 192 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F +1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 +(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F +(string comparison when using the conditional command')184 204 Q 2.5 +(s<a)-.55 G(nd > operators.)-2.5 E F1(compat40)144 216 Q F0 1.41 +(If set,)184 228 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409 +(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 +(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 1.692 +(string comparison when using the conditional command')184 240 R 4.193 +(s<a)-.55 G 1.693(nd > operators and the)-4.193 F(ef)184 252 Q +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 E F1(dirspell)144 264 Q F0 +.859(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 +(ord completion if)-.1 F +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 276 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F1(dotglob)144 288 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 +(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) +-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 300 Q F0 1.387 +(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.687 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386 +(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 312 Q +(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E +(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 +E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 324 Q F0 +.716(If set, aliases are e)184 336 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 +F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(ALIASES)3.217 E F3(.)A F0 .717 +(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 348 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 +E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 360 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +(If set, beha)184 372 Q(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E +(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 384 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.251 E +F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) +4.251 G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 396 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 408 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 +F F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 420 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 432 Q F0 .841 +(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 444 S .488 +(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 +(sour)220 456 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1 +-.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 468 Q +F2 -.27(BA)28.5 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.154 E F2 -.27(BA)3.404 G +(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904(are updated as described in their descriptions) +3.154 F(abo)220 480 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 492 Q F0 1.359 +(Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359 +(command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220 +504 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F4 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1 +(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.) +184 516 Q F0 .805(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .804 +(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.805 F(in)220 528 +Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4 +(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E(OR)-.3 E F0 +(trap.)2.5 E F1(extglob)144 540 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 +(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 552 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 564 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 576 R +F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 +E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) +-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 588 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 600 Q F0 +1.424(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425 +(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425 +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 612 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 624 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.937(If set, the suf)184 636 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) +-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 648 R .32 +(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 +(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948 +(pletions. See)184 660 R F2 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 +(FIGNORE)2.947 E F3(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 F(enabled by def) +184 672 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globstar)144 684 Q F0 .178(If set, the pattern) +5 F F1(**)2.678 E F0 .178(used in a pathname e)2.678 F .178 +(xpansion conte)-.15 F .179(xt will match a \214les and zero or)-.15 F +1.298(more directories and subdirectories.)184 696 R 1.298 +(If the pattern is follo)6.298 F 1.298(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.797 E F0 +3.797(,o)C 1.297(nly directories)-3.797 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +708 Q(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(64)185.955 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 65 65 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(gnu_errfmt)144 84 Q F0(If set, shell error\ + messages are written in the standard GNU error message format.)184 96 Q +F1(histappend)144 108 Q F0 .676 +(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 +120 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 +-.25(va)2.927 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 132 Q +(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1 +(histr)144 144 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .576(If set, and)184 156 R F1 -.18(re) +3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F +.575(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 168 Q F1(histv)144 180 Q +(erify)-.1 E F0 .402(If set, and)184 192 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 +E F0 .403 +(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 204 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 216 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 +(hostcomplete)144 228 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.681 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 +252 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E +F2(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 264 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F +(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 276 Q F0(If set,) +184 288 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 300 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 +.33(If set, allo)184 312 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 +(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 +(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 324 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 336 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1(lithist)144 348 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F F1 +(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa) +3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history) +-3.155 F(with embedded ne)184 360 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 +(login_shell)144 372 Q F0 .486 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +384 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 396 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E F1(mailwar)144 408 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 +420 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 432 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 +(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 +(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 444 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 456 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E +F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 468 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 480 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 492 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 +(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 504 S +(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 516 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 +528 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 +F(while e)184 540 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 +E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 552 Q F0 +.854(If set,)184 564 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 +(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855 +(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o) +-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 576 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) +.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 588 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 +(If set, the programmable completion f)184 600 R .677(acilities \(see) +-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 612 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 624 Q(omptv) +-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 636 R 1.448 +(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) +-.15 F -.15(ex)184 648 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 +G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) +-.15 F F2(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E +(This option is enabled by def)184 660 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 672 +S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) +184 684 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 696 Q 4.178 +(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F +1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe) +184 708 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(65)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 66 66 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shift_v)144 84 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501 +(If set, the)184 96 R F1(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 108 Q F1(sour) +144 120 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 132 R F1(sour)3.271 E +(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) +-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .77(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F +(\214le supplied as an ar)184 144 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 156 Q F0 +(If set, the)184 168 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E +(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) +108 180 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001(Suspend the e)144 192 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.001(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002 +(login shell cannot be)3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 204 R F1<ad66> +2.523 E F0 .023(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 +(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) +5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 216 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F1 +<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E +F1(test)108 228 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 +240 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 1.15 +(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)6.77 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.15 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)3.65 G +(pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.188 +(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 252 R 3.688 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.187(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F +1.889(described abo)144 264 R 2.189 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +(CONDITION)4.389 E 1.889(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1(test)6.389 E F0 1.89(does not accept an)4.389 F 4.39(yo)-.15 G 1.89 +(ptions, nor)-4.39 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 276 Q +(gument of)-.18 E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 +E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 294 R .785 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 2.5 +(dence. The)144 306 R -.25(eva)2.5 G +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 E(guments; see belo)-.18 E -.65 +(w.)-.25 G F1(!)144 318 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G +(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\() +144 330 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26(Returns the v)6.77 +F .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26 +(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 342 Q F3 -.2(ex) +144 354 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 366 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 +-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 378 S(pr1).2 E +F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 390 S +(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 406.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E +F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 424.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 436.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 448.8 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 460.8 Q +(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 +E 2.5(2a)144 472.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 484.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 496.8 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 508.8 Q .553 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 +(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 +(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 520.8 Q +(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 532.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .023(If the second ar)180 544.8 R .023 +(gument is one of the binary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F +.324 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CON-)2.524 E(DITION)180 556.8 Q +1.478(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 1.477(the result of the e)3.727 F +1.477(xpression is the result of the binary test)-.15 F .513 +(using the \214rst and third ar)180 568.8 R .513(guments as operands.) +-.18 F(The)5.513 E F1<ad61>3.013 E F0(and)3.013 E F1<ad6f>3.013 E F0 +.513(operators are considered)3.013 F .972 +(binary operators when there are three ar)180 580.8 R 3.472(guments. If) +-.18 F .972(the \214rst ar)3.472 F .972(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.472 E F0 +3.472(,t)C .972(he v)-3.472 F .972(alue is)-.25 F .883(the ne)180 592.8 +R -.05(ga)-.15 G .883(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 E .884 +(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 3.384(guments. If)-.18 +F .884(the \214rst)3.384 F(ar)180 604.8 Q .875(gument is e)-.18 F +(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.375 E F0 .875(and the third ar)3.375 F .875 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))3.375 E F0 3.374(,t)C .874 +(he result is the one-ar)-3.374 F(gument)-.18 E(test of the second ar) +180 616.8 Q 2.5(gument. Otherwise,)-.18 F(the e)2.5 E(xpression is f) +-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 628.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384 +(If the \214rst ar)180 640.8 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.884 E F0 +2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385 +(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-) +-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 652.8 R 4.147 +(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E +(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 664.8 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 676.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments) +-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 688.8 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 +700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(times)108 717.6 Q F0 1.229(Print the \ +accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run f\ +rom the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 729.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.1) +72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(66)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 67 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(trap)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5 +(][)C([)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sigspec) +2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .702(The command)144 96 R F2(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 +.702(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G +(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F2(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F2 +(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) +144 108 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E F0 +3.108(,e)C .608 +(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F +.658(\(the v)144 120 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec) +144.34 132 Q F0 .581(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) +3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .58(is not present and)3.3 F F1<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 144 R F2 +(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 F +(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 156 R F1<ad70>3.36 E +F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 +(signal. The)144 168 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell to\ + print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.311 +(bers. Each)144 180 R F2(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.81 +(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E +(names are case insensiti)144 192 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(nd the SIG pre\214x is optional.).15 E 1.648(If a)144 210 R F2(sigspec) +4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 +(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F2(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +1.649(If a)6.649 F F2(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(DEB)144 222 Q(UG) +-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F2(ar) +3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 +(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.167(simple command) +3.667 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.667 E F0(command,)3.667 E F2(case)3.667 E F0 +(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 234 Q F2(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)2.646 E F0 .147 +(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 +(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 246 R F3 .146 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 258 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 +(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) +-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F2(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F3 +(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 270 Q F2(ar)3.474 +E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 +(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 282 Q -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuting.).15 E .928(If a)144 300 R F2(sigspec)3.768 E F0(is)3.738 E F3 +(ERR)3.429 E F4(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F2(ar)3.759 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.429(ras).15 G .929(imple command has a non\255zero)-3.429 F -.15(ex) +144 312 S 1.009(it status, subject to the follo).15 F 1.009 +(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F3(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009 +(trap is not e)3.259 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.008(cuted if the f).15 F 1.008 +(ailed com-)-.1 F .324 +(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 324 R .324 +(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.824 E F0(or)2.824 E F1(until)2.824 E F0 -.1 +(ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F 1.129(in an)144 +336 R F2(if)3.639 E F0 1.129(statement, part of a command e)5.589 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.129(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.629 E F0(or)3.629 E/F5 10 +/Symbol SF<efef>3.629 E F0 1.129(list, or if the command')3.629 F 3.628 +(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.628 E -.25(va)144 348 S(lue is being in).25 E -.15 +(ve)-.4 G(rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C +(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 E(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E +(exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095 +(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 +366 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 378 R .662 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 390 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 +E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 +406.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 418.8 S .173 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name) +3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F +F1<ad74>144 430.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0 +.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E +F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 +(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2 +(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 442.8 Q F0 .086 +(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2 +(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 454.8 R .118 +(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F +F1<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 466.8 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 +.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) +144 478.8 R/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 +G .641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E +F1<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F3 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .112(search for each)144 490.8 R F2(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15 +(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F6 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 +-.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I) +.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F1<ad70>2.613 E +F0(and)144 502.8 Q F1<ad50>2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F +.444(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F3 +-.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .444(If the)4.944 F F1<ad61>2.944 +E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 514.8 R F1(type)2.765 E F0 .265 +(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .265 +(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265 +(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427(and functions, if and only if the) +144 526.8 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F +.426(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548 +(consulted when using)144 538.8 R F1<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he) +-5.548 E F1<ad66>3.048 E F0 .549 +(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1 +(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 550.8 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0 +(returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E +(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 567.6 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 579.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F +.943(that allo)144 591.6 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +(The)5.943 E F1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944 +(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) +144 603.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 +(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 615.6 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F1<ad48>2.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F1<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +627.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F +.741(of the special v)144 639.6 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 651.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 +(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 +F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 663.6 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0 +.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 +(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 675.6 Q 2.5 +(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 +<ad61>144 687.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144 +699.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E +F1<ad63>144 711.6 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E +(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(67)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 68 68 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 84 Q F0 +(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E +(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 96 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 108 Q F0 +(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)26.97 +E F1<ad69>144 120 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)27.52 E F1 +<ad6c>144 132 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E +(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 144 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 156 Q F0 .791(The \ +maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) +24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180 +168 Q F1<ad70>144 180 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1 +<ad71>144 192 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) +24.74 E F1<ad72>144 204 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority) +25.86 E F1<ad73>144 216 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 +228 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 +240 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 252 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to the shell).25 E F1<ad78>144 264 Q F0 +(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1<ad54>144 276 Q F0 +(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 292.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F1<ad61>2.843 E F0 .343 +(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .176(option is gi) +144 304.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>2.676 E F0 .175 +(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 316.8 +Q F1<ad70>2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.515 F F1<ad54>2.516 E F0(,) +A F1<ad62>2.516 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.516 E F0 2.516(,a)C(nd)-2.516 E F1 +<ad75>2.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016(hich are unscaled v)-2.516 F(al-)-.25 E +3.788(ues. The)144 328.8 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.287(lid option or ar).25 F 1.287 +(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144 +340.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 357.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 369.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 +5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 +(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ +therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ +pted by)144 381.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +393.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382 +(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 405.6 R .547 +(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G +(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 +(mode)144.38 417.6 Q F0 .551 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 429.6 Q +(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E +(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 +(unalias)108 446.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 458.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E +F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 +F(remo)144 470.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 487.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 +(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 499.2 S 3.106 +(re).15 G(ach)-3.106 E F2(name)3.106 E F0 3.106(,r).18 G(emo)-3.106 E +.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .606(he corresponding v).15 F .607 +(ariable or function.)-.25 F .607(If no options are supplied, or the) +5.607 F F1<ad76>144 511.2 Q F0 .305(option is gi)2.805 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.305(n, each).15 F F2(name)3.165 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F +2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .304 +(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.304 E F1<ad66>144 523.2 Q F0 .459 +(is speci\214ed, each)2.959 F F2(name)3.319 E F0 .459 +(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.139 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.96(d. Each).15 F .903(unset v)144 535.2 R .903 +(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902 +(rom the en)-3.402 F .902(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F +(If)5.902 E(an)144 547.2 Q 6.915(yo)-.15 G(f)-6.915 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(COMP_W)6.915 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM) +6.665 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)6.665 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)6.665 E F4(,)A F3 +(HISTCMD)6.666 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)6.666 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)144 +559.2 Q(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.523 E F3(DIRST)2.773 E -.495(AC)-.81 +G(K).495 E F0 .272(are unset, the)2.522 F 2.772(yl)-.15 G .272 +(ose their special properties, e)-2.772 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.772(ni).15 G +2.772(ft)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E 2.772(ya)-.15 G .272(re subsequently) +-2.772 F 2.5(reset. The)144 571.2 R -.15(ex)2.5 G +(it status is true unless a).15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E +(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 588 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8 +(Wa)144 600 S .288 +(it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F +(Each)5.288 E F2(n)3.148 E F0 .288(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722 +(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 612 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .722 +(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722(ipeline are w) +-3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E F2(n)3.582 E F0 +(is)3.462 E 1.265(not gi)144 624 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.265 +(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.565 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265 +(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.266 +(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.266 E F2(n)4.126 E F0 .457 +(speci\214es a non-e)144 636 R .457 +(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .457 +(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F -.15(ex)144 648 S +(it status of the last process or job w).15 E(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E +/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 664.8 Q F0(If)108 676.8 Q +F1(bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 F F1(rbash)4.397 +E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.897 +(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.897 +(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. A)108 688.8 R .945 +(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.446 F .945 +(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.945 E +(beha)108 700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E +(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E 32.5<8363>108 +717.6 S(hanging directories with)-32.5 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 +768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(68)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 69 69 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E 32.5<8373>108 84 S(etting or unsetting the v)-32.5 E(alues of) +-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F1 +-.666(PA)2.25 G(TH)-.189 E F2(,)A F1(ENV)2.25 E F2(,)A F0(or)2.25 E F1 +-.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 32.5<8373>108 100.8 S +(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/)2.5 +E F0 32.5<8373>108 117.6 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-32.5 E +F3(/)2.5 E F0(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F3(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 +G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8353>108 134.4 S .351 +(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .351 +(gument to the)-.18 F F3<ad70>2.851 E F0 .351(option to the)2.851 F F3 +(hash)2.852 E F0 -.2(bu)2.852 G .352(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 146.4 Q +32.5<8369>108 163.2 S(mporting function de\214nitions from the shell en) +-32.5 E(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8370>108 180 S(arsing the v) +-32.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E +(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8372>108 196.8 S(edirecting output usi\ +ng the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)-32.5 E 32.5 +<8375>108 213.6 S(sing the)-32.5 E F3(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E 32.5<8361> +108 230.4 S(dding or deleting b)-32.5 E(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E +F3<ad66>2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3<ad64>2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F3 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10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Bash Refer) +108 355.2 Q(ence Manual)-.37 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E +(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F5(The Gnu Readline Libr)108 367.2 Q +(ary)-.15 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E +F5(The Gnu History Libr)108 379.2 Q(ary)-.15 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E +(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F5 -.8(Po)108 391.2 S(rtable Oper).8 E +(ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.15 E(art 2: Shell and Utilities) +-.8 E F0 2.5(,I)C(EEE)-2.5 E F5(sh)108 403.2 Q F0(\(1\),)A F5(ksh)2.5 E +F0(\(1\),)A F5(csh)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F5(emacs)108 415.2 Q F0(\(1\),)A F5 +(vi)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F5 -.37(re)108 427.2 S(adline).37 E F0(\(3\))A F4 +(FILES)72 444 Q F5(/bin/bash)109.666 456 Q F0(The)144 468 Q F3(bash)2.5 +E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutable).15 E F5(/etc/pr)109.666 480 Q(o\214le)-.45 +E F0(The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 492 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted for login shells).15 E F5(~/.bash_pr)109.666 504 Q(o\214le)-.45 E +F0(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 516 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted for login shells).15 E F5(~/.bashr)109.666 528 Q(c)-.37 E F0 +(The indi)144 540 Q(vidual per)-.25 E(-interacti)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(-shell startup \214le).15 E F5(~/.bash_lo)109.666 552 Q(gout)-.1 E F0 +(The indi)144 564 Q(vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F5(~/.inputr)109.666 +576 Q(c)-.37 E F0(Indi)144 588 Q(vidual)-.25 E F5 -.37(re)2.5 G(adline) +.37 E F0(initialization \214le)2.5 E F4 -.548(AU)72 604.8 S(THORS).548 E +F0(Brian F)108 616.8 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E(oundation)-.15 +E(bfox@gnu.or)108 628.8 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 645.6 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C) +-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 657.6 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E F4 -.11(BU)72 +674.4 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F0 .567 +(If you \214nd a b)108 686.4 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F3(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568 +(you should report it.)3.068 F .568(But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F +3.068(es)-.1 G .568(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .568(ug, and)-.2 +F 5.626(that it appears in the latest v)108 698.4 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 +F F3(bash)8.125 E F0 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.625 +(ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.625(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.625 +(ilable from).25 F F5(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 710.4 Q(g/pub/bash/)-.37 E F0 +(.)A .41(Once you ha)108 727.2 R .71 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .41 +(etermined that a b).15 F .41(ug actually e)-.2 F .411(xists, use the) +-.15 F F5(bashb)3.181 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .411(command to submit a b)3.131 F +.411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29) +135.965 E(69)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 70 70 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\)) +-.35 E .595(you ha)108 84 R .895 -.15(ve a \214)-.2 H .595 +(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F .594 +(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .594(ug reports may)-.2 F +(be mailed to)108 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(bu)2.5 G +(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0(or posted to the Usenet ne)2.5 E +(wsgroup)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(.)A +(ALL b)108 112.8 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v)108 129.6 Q +(ersion number of)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(The hardw)108 141.6 Q +(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 153.6 Q +2.5(Ad)108 165.6 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 E +2.5(As)108 177.6 S(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F1(bashb)108.27 194.4 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 +(inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro) +2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108 +211.2 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 +E F1 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et@po.cwru.edu).15 E F0(.).25 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.11(BU)72 228 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 240 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868 +(There are some subtle dif)108 256.8 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F2 +(bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869(ersions of)-.15 F +F2(sh)4.369 E F0 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 268.8 Q F0(speci\214cation.)2.25 E +(Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 285.6 Q(Shell b)108 302.4 Q +(uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E +1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\ +re not handled gracefully when)108 319.2 R .389 +(process suspension is attempted.)108 331.2 R .389 +(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.) +108 343.2 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of c\ +ommands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F +(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 355.2 Q(Array v)108 372 Q +(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E +(There may be only one acti)108 388.8 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H +(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29) +135.965 E(70)185.955 E 0 Cg EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashbug.0 b/doc/bashbug.0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41fc1ed --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashbug.0 @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +BASHBUG(1) BASHBUG(1) + + + +NNAAMMEE + bashbug - report a bug in bash + +SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS + bbaasshhbbuugg [_-_-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n] [_-_-_h_e_l_p] [_e_m_a_i_l_-_a_d_d_r_e_s_s] + +DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN + bbaasshhbbuugg is a shell script to help the user compose and mail bug reports + concerning bash in a standard format. bbaasshhbbuugg invokes the editor spec- + ified by the environment variable EEDDIITTOORR on a temporary copy of the bug + report format outline. The user must fill in the appropriate fields and + exit the editor. bbaasshhbbuugg then mails the completed report to _b_u_g_- + _b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g, or _e_m_a_i_l_-_a_d_d_r_e_s_s. If the report cannot be mailed, it is + saved in the file _d_e_a_d_._b_a_s_h_b_u_g in the invoking user's home directory. + + The bug report format outline consists of several sections. The first + section provides information about the machine, operating system, the + bash version, and the compilation environment. The second section + should be filled in with a description of the bug. The third section + should be a description of how to reproduce the bug. The optional + fourth section is for a proposed fix. Fixes are encouraged. + +EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + bbaasshhbbuugg will utilize the following environment variables if they exist: + + EEDDIITTOORR Specifies the preferred editor. If EEDDIITTOORR is not set, bbaasshhbbuugg + defaults to eemmaaccss. + + HHOOMMEE Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail + fails. + + TTMMPPDDIIRR Directory in which to create temporary files and directories. + +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + _b_a_s_h(1) + +AAUUTTHHOORRSS + Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation + bfox@gnu.org + + Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University + chet@po.cwru.edu + + + +GNU Bash-4.0 1998 July 30 BASHBUG(1) diff --git a/doc/bashbug.1 b/doc/bashbug.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..962cb9c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashbug.1 @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +.\" +.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to +.\" +.\" Chet Ramey +.\" Case Western Reserve University +.\" chet@po.cwru.edu +.\" +.\" Last Change: Tue Apr 3 15:46:30 EDT 2007 +.\" +.TH BASHBUG 1 "1998 July 30" "GNU Bash-4.0" +.SH NAME +bashbug \- report a bug in bash +.SH SYNOPSIS +\fBbashbug\fP [\fI--version\fP] [\fI--help\fP] [\fIemail-address\fP] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B bashbug +is a shell script to help the user compose and mail bug reports +concerning bash in a standard format. +.B bashbug +invokes the editor specified by the environment variable +.SM +.B EDITOR +on a temporary copy of the bug report format outline. The user must +fill in the appropriate fields and exit the editor. +.B bashbug +then mails the completed report to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP, or +\fIemail-address\fP. If the report cannot be mailed, it is saved in the +file \fIdead.bashbug\fP in the invoking user's home directory. +.PP +The bug report format outline consists of several sections. The first +section provides information about the machine, operating system, the +bash version, and the compilation environment. The second section +should be filled in with a description of the bug. The third section +should be a description of how to reproduce the bug. The optional +fourth section is for a proposed fix. Fixes are encouraged. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +.B bashbug +will utilize the following environment variables if they exist: +.TP +.B EDITOR +Specifies the preferred editor. 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Some of the shells that Bash has +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<TT>`sh'</TT>), the Korn Shell +(<TT>`ksh'</TT>), and the C-shell (<TT>`csh'</TT> and its successor, +<TT>`tcsh'</TT>). The following menu breaks the features up into +categories based upon which one of these other shells inspired the +feature. +</P><P> + +This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive +reference on shell behavior. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">An introduction to the shell.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Some definitions used in the rest of this + manual.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The shell "building blocks".</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands that are a part of the shell.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">5. Shell Variables</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables used or set by Bash.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">6. Bash Features</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Features found only in Bash.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What job control is and how Bash allows you + to use it.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Chapter describing the command line + editing features.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">9. Using History Interactively</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command History Expansion</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">10. Installing Bash</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to build and install Bash on your system.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">A. Reporting Bugs</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to report bugs in Bash.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A terse list of the differences + between Bash and historical + versions of /bin/sh.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Copying and sharing this documentation.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D. Indexes</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Various indexes for this manual.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<HR SIZE=1> +<A NAME="SEC1"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC2"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<A NAME="Introduction"></A> +<H1> 1. Introduction </H1> +<!--docid::SEC1::--> +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC2">1.1 What is Bash?</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A short description of Bash.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC3">1.2 What is a shell?</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A brief introduction to shells.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="What is Bash?"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC2"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC1"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC3"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC1"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 1.1 What is Bash? </H2> +<!--docid::SEC2::--> +<P> + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, +for the GNU operating system. +The name is an acronym for the <SAMP>`Bourne-Again SHell'</SAMP>, +a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of +the current Unix shell <CODE>sh</CODE>, +which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version +of Unix. +</P><P> + +Bash is largely compatible with <CODE>sh</CODE> and incorporates useful +features from the Korn shell <CODE>ksh</CODE> and the C shell <CODE>csh</CODE>. +It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE +POSIX Shell and Tools portion of the IEEE POSIX +specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). +It offers functional improvements over <CODE>sh</CODE> for both interactive and +programming use. +</P><P> + +While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including +a version of <CODE>csh</CODE>, Bash is the default shell. +Like other GNU software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs +on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems - +independently-supported ports exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, +and Windows platforms. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="What is a shell?"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC3"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC2"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC1"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 1.2 What is a shell? </H2> +<!--docid::SEC3::--> +<P> + +At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes +commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text +and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions. +</P><P> + +A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user +interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming +language features allow these utilities to be combined. +Files containing commands can be created, and become +commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as +system commands in directories such as <TT>`/bin'</TT>, allowing users +or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common +tasks. +</P><P> + +Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. +When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read +from a file. +</P><P> + +A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and +asynchronously. +The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting +more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel +with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands. +The <EM>redirection</EM> constructs permit +fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands. +Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands' +environments. +</P><P> + +Shells also provide a small set of built-in +commands (<EM>builtins</EM>) implementing functionality impossible +or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. +For example, <CODE>cd</CODE>, <CODE>break</CODE>, <CODE>continue</CODE>, and +<CODE>exec</CODE>) cannot be implemented outside of the shell because +they directly manipulate the shell itself. +The <CODE>history</CODE>, <CODE>getopts</CODE>, <CODE>kill</CODE>, or <CODE>pwd</CODE> +builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, +but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. +All of the shell builtins are described in +subsequent sections. +</P><P> + +While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming +languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides +variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. +</P><P> + +Shells offer features geared specifically for +interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. +These interactive features include job control, command line +editing, command history and aliases. Each of these features is +described in this manual. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Definitions"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC4"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC3"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 2. Definitions </H1> +<!--docid::SEC4::--> +These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>POSIX</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX1"></A> +A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash +is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the +POSIX 1003.1 standard. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>blank</CODE> +<DD>A space or tab character. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>builtin</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX2"></A> +A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather +than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>control operator</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX3"></A> +A <CODE>token</CODE> that performs a control function. It is a <CODE>newline</CODE> +or one of the following: +<SAMP>`||'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&&'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP>, +<SAMP>`|'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`|&'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`('</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>exit status</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX4"></A> +The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted +to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>field</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX5"></A> +A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After +expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as +the command name and arguments. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>filename</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX6"></A> +A string of characters used to identify a file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>job</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX7"></A> +A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended +from it, that are all in the same process group. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>job control</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX8"></A> +A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart +(resume) execution of processes. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>metacharacter</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX9"></A> +A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is +a <CODE>blank</CODE> or one of the following characters: +<SAMP>`|'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`('</SAMP>, <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`<'</SAMP>, or +<SAMP>`>'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>name</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX10"></A> +<A NAME="IDX11"></A> +A <CODE>word</CODE> consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, +and beginning with a letter or underscore. <CODE>Name</CODE>s are used as +shell variable and function names. +Also referred to as an <CODE>identifier</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>operator</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX12"></A> +A <CODE>control operator</CODE> or a <CODE>redirection operator</CODE>. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>, for a list of redirection operators. +Operators contain at least one unquoted <CODE>metacharacter</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>process group</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX13"></A> +A collection of related processes each having the same process +group ID. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>process group ID</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX14"></A> +A unique identifier that represents a <CODE>process group</CODE> +during its lifetime. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>reserved word</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX15"></A> +A <CODE>word</CODE> that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved +words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as <CODE>for</CODE> and +<CODE>while</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>return status</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX16"></A> +A synonym for <CODE>exit status</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>signal</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX17"></A> +A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel +of an event occurring in the system. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>special builtin</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX18"></A> +A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the +POSIX standard. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>token</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX19"></A> +A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. +It is either a <CODE>word</CODE> or an <CODE>operator</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>word</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX20"></A> +A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. +Words may not include unquoted <CODE>metacharacters</CODE>. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Basic Shell Features"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC5"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 3. Basic Shell Features </H1> +<!--docid::SEC5::--> +<P> + +Bash is an acronym for <SAMP>`Bourne-Again SHell'</SAMP>. +The Bourne shell is +the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. +All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, +The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX +specification for the `standard' Unix shell. +</P><P> + +This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks': +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell <I>parameters</I>, +shell expansions, +<I>redirections</I>, which are a way to direct input and output from +and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6">3.1 Shell Syntax</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What your input means to the shell.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The types of commands you can use.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Grouping commands by name.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell stores values.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands parameters and the various + expansions available.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A way to control where input and output go.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50">3.7 Executing Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What happens when you run a command.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Executing files of shell commands.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Shell Syntax"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC6"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC7"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.1 Shell Syntax </H2> +<!--docid::SEC6::--> +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC7">3.1.1 Shell Operation</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The basic operation of the shell.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">3.1.2 Quoting</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to remove the special meaning from characters.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">3.1.3 Comments</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify comments.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a +sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a +comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (<SAMP>`#'</SAMP>), and the rest +of that line. + +Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and +divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules +to select which meanings to assign various words and characters. +</P><P> + +The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs, +removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands +others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified +command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status +available for further inspection or processing. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Shell Operation"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC7"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.1.1 Shell Operation </H3> +<!--docid::SEC7::--> +<P> + +The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it +reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the +following: +</P><P> + +<OL> +<LI> +Reads its input from a file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), from a string +supplied as an argument to the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> invocation option +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>), or from the user's terminal. +<P> + +<LI> +Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules +described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">3.1.2 Quoting</A>. These tokens are separated by +<CODE>metacharacters</CODE>. Alias expansion is performed by this step +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Performs the various shell expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>), breaking +the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>) +and commands and arguments. +<P> + +<LI> +Performs any necessary redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>) and removes +the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list. +<P> + +<LI> +Executes the command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50">3.7 Executing Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit +status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>). +<P> + +</OL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Quoting"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC8"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC7"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC9"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.1.2 Quoting </H3> +<!--docid::SEC8::--> +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC9">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to remove the special meaning from a single + character.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC10">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence + of characters.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC11">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to suppress most of the interpretation of a + sequence of characters.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to translate strings into different languages.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent +reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent +parameter expansion. +</P><P> + +Each of the shell metacharacters (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A>) +has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to +represent itself. +When the command history expansion facilities are being used +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>), the +<VAR>history expansion</VAR> character, usually <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>, for +more details concerning history expansion. +</P><P> + +There are three quoting mechanisms: the +<VAR>escape character</VAR>, single quotes, and double quotes. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Escape Character"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC9"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC10"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.1.2.1 Escape Character </H4> +<!--docid::SEC9::--> +A non-quoted backslash <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> is the Bash escape character. +It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, +with the exception of <CODE>newline</CODE>. If a <CODE>\newline</CODE> pair +appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the <CODE>\newline</CODE> +is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from +the input stream and effectively ignored). +<P> + +<A NAME="Single Quotes"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC10"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC9"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC11"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC11"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.1.2.2 Single Quotes </H4> +<!--docid::SEC10::--> +<P> + +Enclosing characters in single quotes (<SAMP>`''</SAMP>) preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Double Quotes"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC11"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC10"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.1.2.3 Double Quotes </H4> +<!--docid::SEC11::--> +<P> + +Enclosing characters in double quotes (<SAMP>`"'</SAMP>) preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of +<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, +and, when history expansion is enabled, <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>. +The characters <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> and <SAMP>``'</SAMP> +retain their special meaning within double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>). +The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of +the following characters: +<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`"'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, or <CODE>newline</CODE>. +Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these +characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a +special meaning are left unmodified. +A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with +a backslash. +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> +appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. +The backslash preceding the <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> is not removed. +</P><P> + +The special parameters <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> have special meaning +when in double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). +</P><P> + +<A NAME="ANSI-C Quoting"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC12"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC11"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting </H4> +<!--docid::SEC12::--> +<P> + +Words of the form <CODE>$'<VAR>string</VAR>'</CODE> are treated specially. The +word expands to <VAR>string</VAR>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced +as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if +present, are decoded as follows: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>\a</CODE> +<DD>alert (bell) +<DT><CODE>\b</CODE> +<DD>backspace +<DT><CODE>\e</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>\E</CODE> +<DD>an escape character (not ANSI C) +<DT><CODE>\f</CODE> +<DD>form feed +<DT><CODE>\n</CODE> +<DD>newline +<DT><CODE>\r</CODE> +<DD>carriage return +<DT><CODE>\t</CODE> +<DD>horizontal tab +<DT><CODE>\v</CODE> +<DD>vertical tab +<DT><CODE>\\</CODE> +<DD>backslash +<DT><CODE>\'</CODE> +<DD>single quote +<DT><CODE>\"</CODE> +<DD>double quote +<DT><CODE>\<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE> +<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR> +(one to three digits) +<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>HH</VAR></CODE> +<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR> +(one or two hex digits) +<DT><CODE>\c<VAR>x</VAR></CODE> +<DD>a control-<VAR>x</VAR> character +</DL> +<P> + +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not +been present. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Locale Translation"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC13"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation </H4> +<!--docid::SEC13::--> +<P> + +A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>) will cause +the string to be translated according to the current locale. +If the current locale is <CODE>C</CODE> or <CODE>POSIX</CODE>, the dollar sign +is ignored. +If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is +double-quoted. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="IDX21"></A> +<A NAME="IDX22"></A> +<A NAME="IDX23"></A> +Some systems use the message catalog selected by the <CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE> +shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the +value of the <CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE> shell variable, possibly adding a +suffix of <SAMP>`.mo'</SAMP>. If you use the <CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE> variable, you +may need to set the <CODE>TEXTDOMAINDIR</CODE> variable to the location of +the message catalog files. Still others use both variables in this +fashion: +<CODE>TEXTDOMAINDIR</CODE>/<CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE>/LC_MESSAGES/<CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE>.mo. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Comments"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC14"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.1.3 Comments </H3> +<!--docid::SEC14::--> +<P> + +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +<CODE>interactive_comments</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> +builtin is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), +a word beginning with <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> +causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to +be ignored. An interactive shell without the <CODE>interactive_comments</CODE> +option enabled does not allow comments. The <CODE>interactive_comments</CODE> +option is on by default in interactive shells. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>, for a description of what makes +a shell interactive. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Shell Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC15"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.2 Shell Commands </H2> +<!--docid::SEC15::--> +<P> + +A simple shell command such as <CODE>echo a b c</CODE> consists of the command +itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. +</P><P> + +More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together +in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command +becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in +some other grouping. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The most common type of command.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Connecting the input and output of several + commands.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to execute commands sequentially.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Shell commands for control flow.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Two-way communication between commands.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Simple Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC16"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.2.1 Simple Commands </H3> +<!--docid::SEC16::--> +<P> + +A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. +It's just a sequence of words separated by <CODE>blank</CODE>s, terminated +by one of the shell's control operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A>). The +first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the +rest of the words being that command's arguments. +</P><P> + +The return status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>) of a simple command is +its exit status as provided +by the POSIX 1003.1 <CODE>waitpid</CODE> function, or 128+<VAR>n</VAR> if +the command was terminated by signal <VAR>n</VAR>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Pipelines"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC17"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.2.2 Pipelines </H3> +<!--docid::SEC17::--> +<P> + +A <CODE>pipeline</CODE> is a sequence of simple commands separated by one of +the control operators <SAMP>`|'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`|&'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="IDX24"></A> +<A NAME="IDX25"></A> +<A NAME="IDX26"></A> +The format for a pipeline is +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<CODE>time</CODE> [<CODE>-p</CODE>]] [<CODE>!</CODE>] <VAR>command1</VAR> [ [<CODE>|</CODE> or <CODE>|&</CODE>] <VAR>command2</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe +to the input of the next command. +That is, each command reads the previous command's output. This +connection is performed before any redirections specified by the +command. +</P><P> + +If <SAMP>`|&'</SAMP> is used, the standard error of <VAR>command1</VAR> is connected to +<VAR>command2</VAR>'s standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for +<CODE>2>&1 |</CODE>. This implicit redirection of the standard error is +performed after any redirections specified by the command. +</P><P> + +The reserved word <CODE>time</CODE> causes timing statistics +to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes. +The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and +user and system time consumed by the command's execution. +The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option changes the output format to that specified +by POSIX. +The <CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable may be set to a format string that +specifies how the timing information should be displayed. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of the available formats. +The use of <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word permits the timing of +shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external +<CODE>time</CODE> command cannot time these easily. +</P><P> + +If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>), the +shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. +</P><P> + +Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>). The exit +status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the +pipeline, unless the <CODE>pipefail</CODE> option is enabled +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +If <CODE>pipefail</CODE> is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the +value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, +or zero if all commands exit successfully. +If the reserved word <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> precedes the pipeline, the +exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described +above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before +returning a value. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Lists"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC18"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.2.3 Lists of Commands </H3> +<!--docid::SEC18::--> +<P> + +A <CODE>list</CODE> is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators <SAMP>`;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&&'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`||'</SAMP>, +and optionally terminated by one of <SAMP>`;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>, or a +<CODE>newline</CODE>. +</P><P> + +Of these list operators, <SAMP>`&&'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`||'</SAMP> +have equal precedence, followed by <SAMP>`;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>, +which have equal precedence. +</P><P> + +A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a <CODE>list</CODE> +to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon. +</P><P> + +If a command is terminated by the control operator <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>, +the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. +This is known as executing the command in the <VAR>background</VAR>. +The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return +status is 0 (true). +When job control is not active (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>), +the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any +explicit redirections, is redirected from <CODE>/dev/null</CODE>. +</P><P> + +Commands separated by a <SAMP>`;'</SAMP> are executed sequentially; the shell +waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. +</P><P> + +AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines +separated by the control operators <SAMP>`&&'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`||'</SAMP>, +respectively. AND and OR lists are executed with left +associativity. +</P><P> + +An AND list has the form +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><VAR>command1</VAR> && <VAR>command2</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<VAR>command2</VAR> is executed if, and only if, <VAR>command1</VAR> +returns an exit status of zero. +</P><P> + +An OR list has the form +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><VAR>command1</VAR> || <VAR>command2</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<VAR>command2</VAR> is executed if, and only if, <VAR>command1</VAR> +returns a non-zero exit status. +</P><P> + +The return status of +AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command +executed in the list. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Compound Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC19"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.2.4 Compound Commands </H3> +<!--docid::SEC19::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Shell commands for iterative action.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Shell commands for conditional execution.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Ways to group commands.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. +Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. +Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. +</P><P> + +Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms +to group commands and execute them as a unit. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Looping Constructs"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC20"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs </H4> +<!--docid::SEC20::--> +<P> + +Bash supports the following looping constructs. +</P><P> + +Note that wherever a <SAMP>`;'</SAMP> appears in the description of a +command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>until</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX27"></A> +<A NAME="IDX28"></A> +<A NAME="IDX29"></A> +The syntax of the <CODE>until</CODE> command is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>until <VAR>test-commands</VAR>; do <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>; done +</pre></td></tr></table>Execute <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> as long as +<VAR>test-commands</VAR> has an exit status which is not zero. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed +in <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>, or zero if none was executed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>while</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX30"></A> +The syntax of the <CODE>while</CODE> command is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>while <VAR>test-commands</VAR>; do <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>; done +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Execute <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> as long as +<VAR>test-commands</VAR> has an exit status of zero. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed +in <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>, or zero if none was executed. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>for</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX31"></A> +The syntax of the <CODE>for</CODE> command is: +<P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>for <VAR>name</VAR> [ [in [<VAR>words</VAR> <small>...</small>] ] ; ] do <VAR>commands</VAR>; done +</pre></td></tr></table>Expand <VAR>words</VAR>, and execute <VAR>commands</VAR> once for each member +in the resultant list, with <VAR>name</VAR> bound to the current member. +If <SAMP>`in <VAR>words</VAR>'</SAMP> is not present, the <CODE>for</CODE> command +executes the <VAR>commands</VAR> once for each positional parameter that is +set, as if <SAMP>`in "$@"'</SAMP> had been specified +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>). +The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +If there are no items in the expansion of <VAR>words</VAR>, no commands are +executed, and the return status is zero. +</P><P> + +An alternate form of the <CODE>for</CODE> command is also supported: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>for (( <VAR>expr1</VAR> ; <VAR>expr2</VAR> ; <VAR>expr3</VAR> )) ; do <VAR>commands</VAR> ; done +</pre></td></tr></table>First, the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr1</VAR> is evaluated according +to the rules described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>). +The arithmetic expression <VAR>expr2</VAR> is then evaluated repeatedly +until it evaluates to zero. +Each time <VAR>expr2</VAR> evaluates to a non-zero value, <VAR>commands</VAR> are +executed and the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr3</VAR> is evaluated. +If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. +The return value is the exit status of the last command in <VAR>list</VAR> +that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. +</P><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +The <CODE>break</CODE> and <CODE>continue</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) +may be used to control loop execution. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Conditional Constructs"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC21"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs </H4> +<!--docid::SEC21::--> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>if</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX32"></A> +<A NAME="IDX33"></A> +<A NAME="IDX34"></A> +<A NAME="IDX35"></A> +<A NAME="IDX36"></A> +The syntax of the <CODE>if</CODE> command is: +<P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>if <VAR>test-commands</VAR>; then + <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR>; +[elif <VAR>more-test-commands</VAR>; then + <VAR>more-consequents</VAR>;] +[else <VAR>alternate-consequents</VAR>;] +fi +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +The <VAR>test-commands</VAR> list is executed, and if its return status is zero, +the <VAR>consequent-commands</VAR> list is executed. +If <VAR>test-commands</VAR> returns a non-zero status, each <CODE>elif</CODE> list +is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, +the corresponding <VAR>more-consequents</VAR> is executed and the +command completes. +If <SAMP>`else <VAR>alternate-consequents</VAR>'</SAMP> is present, and +the final command in the final <CODE>if</CODE> or <CODE>elif</CODE> clause +has a non-zero exit status, then <VAR>alternate-consequents</VAR> is executed. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or +zero if no condition tested true. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>case</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX37"></A> +<A NAME="IDX38"></A> +<A NAME="IDX39"></A> +The syntax of the <CODE>case</CODE> command is: +<P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>case <VAR>word</VAR> in [ [(] <VAR>pattern</VAR> [| <VAR>pattern</VAR>]<small>...</small>) <VAR>command-list</VAR> ;;]<small>...</small> esac</CODE> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<CODE>case</CODE> will selectively execute the <VAR>command-list</VAR> corresponding to +the first <VAR>pattern</VAR> that matches <VAR>word</VAR>. +If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> +(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The <SAMP>`|'</SAMP> is used to separate multiple patterns, and the <SAMP>`)'</SAMP> +operator terminates a pattern list. +A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known +as a <VAR>clause</VAR>. +</P><P> + +Each clause must be terminated with <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;&'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`;;&'</SAMP>. +The <VAR>word</VAR> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command +substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is +attempted. Each <VAR>pattern</VAR> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +</P><P> + +There may be an arbitrary number of <CODE>case</CODE> clauses, each terminated +by a <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`;&'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`;;&'</SAMP>. +The first pattern that matches determines the +command-list that is executed. +</P><P> + +Here is an example using <CODE>case</CODE> in a script that could be used to +describe one interesting feature of an animal: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " +read ANIMAL +echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " +case $ANIMAL in + horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; + man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; + *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; +esac +echo " legs." +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +</P><P> + +If the <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP> operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +the first pattern match. +Using <SAMP>`;&'</SAMP> in place of <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP> causes execution to continue with +the <VAR>command-list</VAR> associated with the next clause, if any. +Using <SAMP>`;;&'</SAMP> in place of <SAMP>`;;'</SAMP> causes the shell to test the patterns +in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated <VAR>command-list</VAR> +on a successful match. +</P><P> + +The return status is zero if no <VAR>pattern</VAR> is matched. Otherwise, the +return status is the exit status of the <VAR>command-list</VAR> executed. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>select</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX40"></A> +<P> + +The <CODE>select</CODE> construct allows the easy generation of menus. +It has almost the same syntax as the <CODE>for</CODE> command: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>select <VAR>name</VAR> [in <VAR>words</VAR> <small>...</small>]; do <VAR>commands</VAR>; done +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +The list of words following <CODE>in</CODE> is expanded, generating a list +of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard +error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the +<SAMP>`in <VAR>words</VAR>'</SAMP> is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, +as if <SAMP>`in "$@"'</SAMP> had been specified. +The <CODE>PS3</CODE> prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the +standard input. +If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed +words, then the value of <VAR>name</VAR> is set to that word. +If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. +If <CODE>EOF</CODE> is read, the <CODE>select</CODE> command completes. +Any other value read causes <VAR>name</VAR> to be set to null. +The line read is saved in the variable <CODE>REPLY</CODE>. +</P><P> + +The <VAR>commands</VAR> are executed after each selection until a +<CODE>break</CODE> command is executed, at which +point the <CODE>select</CODE> command completes. +</P><P> + +Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the +current directory, and displays the name and index of the file +selected. +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>select fname in *; +do + echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\) + break; +done +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<DT><CODE>((<small>...</small>))</CODE> +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>(( <VAR>expression</VAR> )) +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +The arithmetic <VAR>expression</VAR> is evaluated according to the rules +described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>). +If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; +otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>let "<VAR>expression</VAR>" +</pre></td></tr></table>See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a full description of the <CODE>let</CODE> builtin. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>[[<small>...</small>]]</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX41"></A> +<A NAME="IDX42"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[[ <VAR>expression</VAR> ]] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression <VAR>expression</VAR>. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in +<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>. +Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words +between the <SAMP>`[['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]]'</SAMP>; tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +substitution, and quote removal are performed. +Conditional operators such as <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> must be unquoted to be recognized +as primaries. +</P><P> + +When used with <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>, The <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +</P><P> + +When the <SAMP>`=='</SAMP> and <SAMP>`!='</SAMP> operators are used, the string to the +right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according +to the rules described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>. +If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> +(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (<SAMP>`=='</SAMP>) or does not +match (<SAMP>`!='</SAMP>)the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a +string. +</P><P> + +An additional binary operator, <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP>, is available, with the same +precedence as <SAMP>`=='</SAMP> and <SAMP>`!='</SAMP>. +When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered +an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in <I>regex</I>3)). +The return value is 0 if the string matches +the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional +expression's return value is 2. +If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE> +(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a +string. +Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular +expression are saved in the array variable <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE>. +The element of <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE> with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element of <CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE> with index <VAR>n</VAR> is the portion of the +string matching the <VAR>n</VAR>th parenthesized subexpression. +</P><P> + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>( <VAR>expression</VAR> )</CODE> +<DD>Returns the value of <VAR>expression</VAR>. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>! <VAR>expression</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>expression</VAR> is false. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>expression1</VAR> && <VAR>expression2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if both <VAR>expression1</VAR> and <VAR>expression2</VAR> are true. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>expression1</VAR> || <VAR>expression2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if either <VAR>expression1</VAR> or <VAR>expression2</VAR> is true. +</DL> +The <CODE>&&</CODE> and <CODE>||</CODE> operators do not evaluate <VAR>expression2</VAR> if the +value of <VAR>expression1</VAR> is sufficient to determine the return +value of the entire conditional expression. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Command Grouping"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC22"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands </H4> +<!--docid::SEC22::--> +<P> + +Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed +as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied +to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the +commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>()</CODE> +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>( <VAR>list</VAR> ) +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell +environment to be created (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>), and each +of the commands in <VAR>list</VAR> to be executed in that subshell. Since the +<VAR>list</VAR> is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in +effect after the subshell completes. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>{}</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX43"></A> +<A NAME="IDX44"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>{ <VAR>list</VAR>; } +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to +be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. +The semicolon (or newline) following <VAR>list</VAR> is required. +</DL> +<P> + +In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference +between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces +are <CODE>reserved words</CODE>, so they must be separated from the <VAR>list</VAR> +by <CODE>blank</CODE>s or other shell metacharacters. +The parentheses are <CODE>operators</CODE>, and are +recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated +from the <VAR>list</VAR> by whitespace. +</P><P> + +The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +<VAR>list</VAR>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Coprocesses"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC23"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.2.5 Coprocesses </H3> +<!--docid::SEC23::--> +<P> + +A <CODE>coprocess</CODE> is a shell command preceded by the <CODE>coproc</CODE> +reserved word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. +</P><P> + +The format for a coprocess is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>coproc</CODE> [<VAR>NAME</VAR>] <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>redirections</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +This creates a coprocess named <VAR>NAME</VAR>. +If <VAR>NAME</VAR> is not supplied, the default name is <VAR>COPROC</VAR>. +<VAR>NAME</VAR> must not be supplied if <VAR>command</VAR> is a simple +command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>); otherwise, it is interpreted as +the first word of the simple command. +</P><P> + +When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>) +named <VAR>NAME</VAR> in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of <VAR>command</VAR> +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to <VAR>NAME</VAR>[0]. +The standard input of <VAR>command</VAR> +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to <VAR>NAME</VAR>[1]. +This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the +command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>). +The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands +and redirections using standard word expansions. +</P><P> + +The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable <VAR>NAME</VAR>_PID. +The <CODE>wait</CODE> +builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. +</P><P> + +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <VAR>command</VAR>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Shell Functions"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC24"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.3 Shell Functions </H2> +<!--docid::SEC24::--> +<P> + +Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution +using a single name for the group. They are executed just like +a "regular" command. +When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, +the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. +Shell functions are executed in the current +shell context; no new process is created to interpret them. +</P><P> + +Functions are declared using this syntax: +<A NAME="IDX45"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[ <CODE>function</CODE> ] <VAR>name</VAR> () <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +This defines a shell function named <VAR>name</VAR>. The reserved +word <CODE>function</CODE> is optional. +If the <CODE>function</CODE> reserved +word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. +The <VAR>body</VAR> of the function is the compound command +<VAR>compound-command</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A>). +That command is usually a <VAR>list</VAR> enclosed between { and }, but +may be any compound command listed above. +<VAR>compound-command</VAR> is executed whenever <VAR>name</VAR> is specified as the +name of a command. +Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with the shell function +are performed when the function is executed. +</P><P> + +A function definition may be deleted using the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the +<CODE>unset</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +</P><P> + +The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. +</P><P> + +Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces +that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by +<CODE>blank</CODE>s or newlines. +This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized +as such when they are separated from the command list +by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. +Also, when using the braces, the <VAR>list</VAR> must be terminated by a semicolon, +a <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>, or a newline. +</P><P> + +When a function is executed, the arguments to the +function become the positional parameters +during its execution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A>). +The special parameter <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> that expands to the number of +positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. +Special parameter <CODE>0</CODE> is unchanged. +The first element of the <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> variable is set to the +name of the function while the function is executing. +</P><P> + +All other aspects of the shell execution +environment are identical between a function and its caller +with these exceptions: +the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps +are not inherited unless the function has been given the +<CODE>trace</CODE> attribute using the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin or +the <CODE>-o functrace</CODE> option has been enabled with +the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin, +(in which case all functions inherit the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps), +and the <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not inherited unless the <CODE>-o errtrace</CODE> +shell option has been enabled. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>, for the description of the +<CODE>trap</CODE> builtin. +</P><P> + +If the builtin command <CODE>return</CODE> +is executed in a function, the function completes and +execution resumes with the next command after the function +call. +Any command associated with the <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap is executed +before execution resumes. +When a function completes, the values of the +positional parameters and the special parameter <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> +are restored to the values they had prior to the function's +execution. If a numeric argument is given to <CODE>return</CODE>, +that is the function's return status; otherwise the function's +return status is the exit status of the last command executed +before the <CODE>return</CODE>. +</P><P> + +Variables local to the function may be declared with the +<CODE>local</CODE> builtin. These variables are visible only to +the function and the commands it invokes. +</P><P> + +Function names and definitions may be listed with the +<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> or <CODE>typeset</CODE> +builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to <CODE>declare</CODE> or <CODE>typeset</CODE> +will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> +shell option is enabled). +Functions may be exported so that subshells +automatically have them defined with the +<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>export</CODE> builtin +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result +in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the +shell's children. +Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. +</P><P> + +Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of +recursive calls. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Shell Parameters"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC25"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.4 Shell Parameters </H2> +<!--docid::SEC25::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The shell's command-line arguments.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Parameters denoted by special characters.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +A <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an entity that stores values. +It can be a <CODE>name</CODE>, a number, or one of the special characters +listed below. +A <VAR>variable</VAR> is a parameter denoted by a <CODE>name</CODE>. +A variable has a <VAR>value</VAR> and zero or more <VAR>attributes</VAR>. +Attributes are assigned using the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin command +(see the description of the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +</P><P> + +A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the <CODE>unset</CODE> builtin command. +</P><P> + +A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR>=[<VAR>value</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>If <VAR>value</VAR> +is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +<VAR>value</VAR>s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote +removal (detailed below). If the variable has its <CODE>integer</CODE> +attribute set, then <VAR>value</VAR> +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the <CODE>$((<small>...</small>))</CODE> +expansion is not used (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A>). +Word splitting is not performed, with the exception +of <CODE>"$@"</CODE> as explained below. +Filename expansion is not performed. +Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the +<CODE>alias</CODE>, +<CODE>declare</CODE>, <CODE>typeset</CODE>, <CODE>export</CODE>, <CODE>readonly</CODE>, +and <CODE>local</CODE> builtin commands. +</P><P> + +In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>), the <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> +operator can be used to +append to or add to the variable's previous value. +When <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute +has been set, <VAR>value</VAR> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and +added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. +When <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> is applied to an array variable using compound assignment +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using <SAMP>`='</SAMP>), and new +values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's +maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value pairs +in an associative array. +When applied to a string-valued variable, <VAR>value</VAR> is expanded and +appended to the variable's value. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Positional Parameters"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC26"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.4.1 Positional Parameters </H3> +<!--docid::SEC26::--> +<P> + +A <VAR>positional parameter</VAR> is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit <CODE>0</CODE>. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command. +Positional parameter <CODE>N</CODE> may be referenced as <CODE>${N}</CODE>, or +as <CODE>$N</CODE> when <CODE>N</CODE> consists of a single digit. +Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. +The <CODE>set</CODE> and <CODE>shift</CODE> builtins are used to set and +unset them (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>). +The positional parameters are +temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>). +</P><P> + +When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Special Parameters"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC27"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.4.2 Special Parameters </H3> +<!--docid::SEC27::--> +<P> + +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<A NAME="IDX46"></A> +<DT><CODE>*</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX47"></A> +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character +of the <CODE>IFS</CODE> +special variable. That is, <CODE>"$*"</CODE> is equivalent +to <CODE>"$1<VAR>c</VAR>$2<VAR>c</VAR><small>...</small>"</CODE>, where <VAR>c</VAR> +is the first character of the value of the <CODE>IFS</CODE> +variable. +If <CODE>IFS</CODE> is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If <CODE>IFS</CODE> is null, the parameters are joined without intervening +separators. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX48"></A> +<DT><CODE>@</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX49"></A> +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a +separate word. That is, <CODE>"$@"</CODE> is equivalent to +<CODE>"$1" "$2" <small>...</small></CODE>. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +When there are no positional parameters, <CODE>"$@"</CODE> and +<CODE>$@</CODE> +expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX50"></A> +<DT><CODE>#</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX51"></A> +Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX52"></A> +<DT><CODE>?</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX53"></A> +Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +pipeline. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX54"></A> +<DT><CODE>-</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX55"></A> +(A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon +invocation, by the <CODE>set</CODE> +builtin command, or those set by the shell itself +(such as the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX56"></A> +<DT><CODE>$</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX57"></A> +Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a <CODE>()</CODE> subshell, it +expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX58"></A> +<DT><CODE>!</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX59"></A> +Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background +(asynchronous) command. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX60"></A> +<DT><CODE>0</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX61"></A> +Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>$0</CODE> is set to the name of that file. +If Bash is started with the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>), +then <CODE>$0</CODE> is set to the first argument after the string to be +executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set +to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX62"></A> +<DT><CODE>_</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX63"></A> +(An underscore.) +At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the +shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment +or argument list. +Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command, +after expansion. +Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed +and placed in the environment exported to that command. +When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Shell Expansions"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC28"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.5 Shell Expansions </H2> +<!--docid::SEC28::--> +<P> + +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +<CODE>token</CODE>s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +<UL> +<LI>brace expansion +<LI>tilde expansion +<LI>parameter and variable expansion +<LI>command substitution +<LI>arithmetic expansion +<LI>word splitting +<LI>filename expansion +</UL> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Expansion of expressions within braces.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Expansion of the ~ character.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands variables to their values.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Using the output of a command as an argument.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A way to write and read to and from a + command.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the results of expansion are split into separate + arguments.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How and when quote characters are removed from + words.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, +parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution +(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename +expansion. +</P><P> + +On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: <VAR>process substitution</VAR>. This is performed at the +same time as parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution. +</P><P> + +Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion +can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +expand a single word to a single word. +The only exceptions to this are the expansions of +<CODE>"$@"</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>) and <CODE>"${<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}"</CODE> +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>). +</P><P> + +After all expansions, <CODE>quote removal</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A>) +is performed. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Brace Expansion"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC29"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.1 Brace Expansion </H3> +<!--docid::SEC29::--> +<P> + +Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. +This mechanism is similar to +<VAR>filename expansion</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>), +but the file names generated need not exist. +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <VAR>preamble</VAR>, +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a seqeunce expression +between a pair of braces, +followed by an optional <VAR>postscript</VAR>. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and +the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left +to right. +</P><P> + +Brace expansions may be nested. +The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order +is preserved. +For example, +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e +ade ace abe +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +A sequence expression takes the form <CODE>{<VAR>x</VAR>..<VAR>y</VAR>[..<VAR>incr</VAR>]}</CODE>, +where <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR> are either integers or single characters, +and <VAR>incr</VAR>, an optional increment, is an integer. +When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between +<VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR>, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with <SAMP>`0'</SAMP> to force each term to have the +same width. When either <VAR>x</VAR> or <VAR>y</VAR> begins with a zero, the shell +attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, +zero-padding where necessary. +When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR>, inclusive. Note that +both <VAR>x</VAR> and <VAR>y</VAR> must be of the same type. +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. +</P><P> + +Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +and any characters special to other expansions are preserved +in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash +does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the +expansion or the text between the braces. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string <SAMP>`${'</SAMP> +is not considered eligible for brace expansion. +</P><P> + +A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid +sequence expression. +Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. +</P><P> + +A { or <SAMP>`,'</SAMP> may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +being considered part of a brace expression. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string <SAMP>`${'</SAMP> +is not considered eligible for brace expansion. +</P><P> + +This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the +above example: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} +</pre></td></tr></table>or +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<A NAME="Tilde Expansion"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC30"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion </H3> +<!--docid::SEC30::--> +<P> + +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (<SAMP>`~'</SAMP>), all of the +characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <VAR>tilde-prefix</VAR>. +If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the +characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a +possible <VAR>login name</VAR>. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the <CODE>HOME</CODE> shell variable. +If <CODE>HOME</CODE> is unset, the home directory of the user executing the +shell is substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. +</P><P> + +If the tilde-prefix is <SAMP>`~+'</SAMP>, the value of +the shell variable <CODE>PWD</CODE> replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is <SAMP>`~-'</SAMP>, the value of the shell variable +<CODE>OLDPWD</CODE>, if it is set, is substituted. +</P><P> + +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number <VAR>N</VAR>, optionally prefixed by a <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> or a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, +the tilde-prefix is replaced with the +corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed +by the <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin invoked with the characters following tilde +in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>). +If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a +leading <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> is assumed. +</P><P> + +If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is +left unchanged. +</P><P> + +Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a <SAMP>`:'</SAMP> or the first <SAMP>`='</SAMP>. +In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. +Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to +<CODE>PATH</CODE>, <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>CDPATH</CODE>, +and the shell assigns the expanded value. +</P><P> + +The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>~</CODE> +<DD>The value of <CODE>$HOME</CODE> +<DT><CODE>~/foo</CODE> +<DD><TT>`$HOME/foo'</TT> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>~fred/foo</CODE> +<DD>The subdirectory <CODE>foo</CODE> of the home directory of the user +<CODE>fred</CODE> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>~+/foo</CODE> +<DD><TT>`$PWD/foo'</TT> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>~-/foo</CODE> +<DD><TT>`${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'</TT> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>~<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The string that would be displayed by <SAMP>`dirs +<VAR>N</VAR>'</SAMP> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>~+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The string that would be displayed by <SAMP>`dirs +<VAR>N</VAR>'</SAMP> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>~-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The string that would be displayed by <SAMP>`dirs -<VAR>N</VAR>'</SAMP> +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Shell Parameter Expansion"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC31"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion </H3> +<!--docid::SEC31::--> +<P> + +The <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> character introduces parameter expansion, +command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name +or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which +are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from +characters immediately following it which could be +interpreted as part of the name. +</P><P> + +When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first <SAMP>`}'</SAMP> +not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. +</P><P> + +The basic form of parameter expansion is ${<VAR>parameter</VAR>}. +The value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is substituted. The braces are required +when <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is a positional parameter with more than one digit, +or when <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is followed by a character that is not to be +interpreted as part of its name. +</P><P> + +If the first character of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an exclamation point (!), +a level of variable indirection is introduced. +Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of +<VAR>parameter</VAR> as the name of the variable; this variable is then +expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather +than the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> itself. +This is known as <CODE>indirect expansion</CODE>. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<VAR>prefix*</VAR>} +and ${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]} +described below. +The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. +</P><P> + +In each of the cases below, <VAR>word</VAR> is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. +</P><P> + +When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below, Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +Put another way, if the colon is included, +the operator tests for both <VAR>parameter</VAR>'s existence and that its value +is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:-<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is unset or null, the expansion of +<VAR>word</VAR> is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +<VAR>parameter</VAR> is substituted. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:=<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>If <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is unset or null, the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR> +is assigned to <VAR>parameter</VAR>. +The value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is then substituted. +Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to +in this way. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:?<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>If <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is null or unset, the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR> (or a message +to that effect if <VAR>word</VAR> +is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is +substituted. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:+<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>If <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of +<VAR>word</VAR> is substituted. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:<VAR>offset</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>:<VAR>offset</VAR>:<VAR>length</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>Expands to up to <VAR>length</VAR> characters of <VAR>parameter</VAR> +starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR>. +If <VAR>length</VAR> is omitted, expands to the substring of +<VAR>parameter</VAR> starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR>. +<VAR>length</VAR> and <VAR>offset</VAR> are arithmetic expressions +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>). +This is referred to as Substring Expansion. +<P> + +<VAR>length</VAR> must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. +If <VAR>offset</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +is used as an offset from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, the result is <VAR>length</VAR> positional +parameters beginning at <VAR>offset</VAR>. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an indexed array name subscripted +by <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the result is the <VAR>length</VAR> +members of the array beginning with <CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>[<VAR>offset</VAR>]}</CODE>. +A negative <VAR>offset</VAR> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum +index of the specified array. +Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined +results. +</P><P> + +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the <SAMP>`:-'</SAMP> expansion. +Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. +If <VAR>offset</VAR> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <CODE>$@</CODE> is +prefixed to the list. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>*}</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>${!<VAR>prefix</VAR>@}</CODE> +<DD>Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <VAR>prefix</VAR>, +separated by the first character of the <CODE>IFS</CODE> special variable. +When <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +variable name expands to a separate word. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>${!<VAR>name</VAR>[*]}</CODE> +<DD>If <VAR>name</VAR> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in <VAR>name</VAR>. +If <VAR>name</VAR> is not an array, expands to 0 if <VAR>name</VAR> is set and null +otherwise. +When <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +key expands to a separate word. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${#<VAR>parameter</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>The length in characters of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> is +substituted. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, the value substituted +is the number of positional parameters. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an array name subscripted by <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, +the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>#<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>##<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>word</VAR> +is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename +expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). If the pattern matches +the beginning of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>, +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> +with the shortest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> case) or the +longest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`##'</SAMP> case) deleted. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an array variable subscripted with +<SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>%<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>%%<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>word</VAR> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of +<VAR>parameter</VAR>, then the result of the expansion is the value of +<VAR>parameter</VAR> with the shortest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> case) +or the longest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`%%'</SAMP> case) deleted. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>/<VAR>pattern</VAR>/<VAR>string</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD><P> + +The <VAR>pattern</VAR> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +<VAR>Parameter</VAR> is expanded and the longest match of <VAR>pattern</VAR> +against its value is replaced with <VAR>string</VAR>. +If <VAR>pattern</VAR> begins with <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, all matches of <VAR>pattern</VAR> are +replaced with <VAR>string</VAR>. Normally only the first match is replaced. +If <VAR>pattern</VAR> begins with <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>, it must match at the beginning +of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>. +If <VAR>pattern</VAR> begins with <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>, it must match at the end +of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>. +If <VAR>string</VAR> is null, matches of <VAR>pattern</VAR> are deleted +and the <CODE>/</CODE> following <VAR>pattern</VAR> may be omitted. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, +the substitution operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, +the substitution operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>^<VAR>pattern</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>^^<VAR>pattern</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>,<VAR>pattern</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>,,<VAR>pattern</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <VAR>parameter</VAR>. +The <VAR>pattern</VAR> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +The <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> operator converts lowercase letters matching <VAR>pattern</VAR> +to uppercase; the <SAMP>`,'</SAMP> operator converts matching uppercase letters +to lowercase. +The <SAMP>`^^'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`,,'</SAMP> expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`,'</SAMP> expansions match and convert only +the first character in the expanded value. +If <VAR>pattern</VAR> is omitted, it is treated like a <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>, which matches +every character. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, +the case modification operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If <VAR>parameter</VAR> +is an array variable subscripted with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Command Substitution"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC32"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.4 Command Substitution </H3> +<!--docid::SEC32::--> +<P> + +Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace +the command itself. +Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>$(<VAR>command</VAR>) +</pre></td></tr></table>or +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>`<VAR>command</VAR>` +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +Bash performs the expansion by executing <VAR>command</VAR> and +replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +command, with any trailing newlines deleted. +Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during +word splitting. +The command substitution <CODE>$(cat <VAR>file</VAR>)</CODE> can be +replaced by the equivalent but faster <CODE>$(< <VAR>file</VAR>)</CODE>. +</P><P> + +When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by +<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>. +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the +command substitution. +When using the <CODE>$(<VAR>command</VAR>)</CODE> form, all characters between +the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. +</P><P> + +Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted +form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. +</P><P> + +If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +filename expansion are not performed on the results. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Arithmetic Expansion"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC33"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion </H3> +<!--docid::SEC33::--> +<P> + +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>$(( <VAR>expression</VAR> )) +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but +a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, command +substitution, and quote removal. +Arithmetic expansions may be nested. +</P><P> + +The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>). +If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating +failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Process Substitution"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC34"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.6 Process Substitution </H3> +<!--docid::SEC34::--> +<P> + +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (FIFOs) or the <TT>`/dev/fd'</TT> method of naming open files. +It takes the form of +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><(<VAR>list</VAR>) +</pre></td></tr></table>or +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>>(<VAR>list</VAR>) +</pre></td></tr></table>The process <VAR>list</VAR> is run with its input or output connected to a +FIFO or some file in <TT>`/dev/fd'</TT>. The name of this file is +passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the +expansion. If the <CODE>>(<VAR>list</VAR>)</CODE> form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for <VAR>list</VAR>. If the +<CODE><(<VAR>list</VAR>)</CODE> form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of <VAR>list</VAR>. +Note that no space may appear between the <CODE><</CODE> or <CODE>></CODE> +and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted +as a redirection. +</P><P> + +When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Word Splitting"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC35"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.7 Word Splitting </H3> +<!--docid::SEC35::--> +<P> + +The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution, +and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for +word splitting. +</P><P> + +The shell treats each character of <CODE>$IFS</CODE> as a delimiter, and splits +the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. +If <CODE>IFS</CODE> is unset, or its value is exactly <CODE><space><tab><newline></CODE>, +the default, then sequences of +<CODE> <space></CODE>, <CODE><tab></CODE>, and <CODE><newline></CODE> +at the beginning and end of the results of the previous +expansions are ignored, and any sequence of <CODE>IFS</CODE> +characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. +If <CODE>IFS</CODE> has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters <CODE>space</CODE> and <CODE>tab</CODE> +are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the +value of <CODE>IFS</CODE> (an <CODE>IFS</CODE> whitespace character). +Any character in <CODE>IFS</CODE> that is not <CODE>IFS</CODE> +whitespace, along with any adjacent <CODE>IFS</CODE> +whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of <CODE>IFS</CODE> +whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of <CODE>IFS</CODE> is null, no word splitting occurs. +</P><P> + +Explicit null arguments (<CODE>""</CODE> or <CODE>"</CODE>) are retained. +Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of +parameters that have no values, are removed. +If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a +null argument results and is retained. +</P><P> + +Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +is performed. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Filename Expansion"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC36"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.8 Filename Expansion </H3> +<!--docid::SEC36::--> +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell matches patterns.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<A NAME="IDX64"></A> +<A NAME="IDX65"></A> +<A NAME="IDX66"></A> +<A NAME="IDX67"></A> +<P> + +After word splitting, unless the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option has been set +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), Bash scans each word for the characters +<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`['</SAMP>. +If one of these characters appears, then the word is +regarded as a <VAR>pattern</VAR>, +and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of +file names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, +and the shell option <CODE>nullglob</CODE> is disabled, the word is left +unchanged. +If the <CODE>nullglob</CODE> option is set, and no matches are found, the word +is removed. +If the <CODE>failglob</CODE> shell option is set, and no matches are found, +an error message is printed and the command is not executed. +If the shell option <CODE>nocaseglob</CODE> is enabled, the match is performed +without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. +</P><P> + +When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> +at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <CODE>dotglob</CODE> is set. +When matching a file name, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly. +In other cases, the <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> character is not treated specially. +</P><P> + +See the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>, +for a description of the <CODE>nocaseglob</CODE>, <CODE>nullglob</CODE>, +<CODE>failglob</CODE>, and <CODE>dotglob</CODE> options. +</P><P> + +The <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a +pattern. If <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> +is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in +<CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> is removed from the list of matches. The filenames +<TT>`.'</TT> and <TT>`..'</TT> +are always ignored when <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> +is set and not null. +However, setting <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> to a non-null value has the effect of +enabling the <CODE>dotglob</CODE> +shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a +<SAMP>`.'</SAMP> will match. +To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a +<SAMP>`.'</SAMP>, make <SAMP>`.*'</SAMP> one of the patterns in <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>. +The <CODE>dotglob</CODE> option is disabled when <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> +is unset. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Pattern Matching"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC37"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H4> 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching </H4> +<!--docid::SEC37::--> +<P> + +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. +The NUL character may not occur in a pattern. +A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. +The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched +literally. +</P><P> + +The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>*</CODE> +<DD>Matches any string, including the null string. +When the <CODE>globstar</CODE> shell option is enabled, and <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is used in +a filename expansion context, two adjacent <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>s used as a single +pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and +subdirectories. +If followed by a <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, two adjacent <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>s will match only +directories and subdirectories. +<DT><CODE>?</CODE> +<DD>Matches any single character. +<DT><CODE>[<small>...</small>]</CODE> +<DD>Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a <VAR>range expression</VAR>; +any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, +using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, +is matched. If the first character following the +<SAMP>`['</SAMP> is a <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> or a <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> +then any character not enclosed is matched. A <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> +may be matched by including it as the first or last character +in the set. A <SAMP>`]'</SAMP> may be matched by including it as the first +character in the set. +The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by +the current locale and the value of the <CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> shell variable, +if set. +<P> + +For example, in the default C locale, <SAMP>`[a-dx-z]'</SAMP> is equivalent to +<SAMP>`[abcdxyz]'</SAMP>. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in +these locales <SAMP>`[a-dx-z]'</SAMP> is typically not equivalent to <SAMP>`[abcdxyz]'</SAMP>; +it might be equivalent to <SAMP>`[aBbCcDdxXyYz]'</SAMP>, for example. To obtain +the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can +force the use of the C locale by setting the <CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> or +<CODE>LC_ALL</CODE> environment variable to the value <SAMP>`C'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +Within <SAMP>`['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]'</SAMP>, <VAR>character classes</VAR> can be specified +using the syntax +<CODE>[:</CODE><VAR>class</VAR><CODE>:]</CODE>, where <VAR>class</VAR> is one of the +following classes defined in the POSIX standard: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower +print punct space upper word xdigit +</pre></td></tr></table>A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The <CODE>word</CODE> character class matches letters, digits, and the character +<SAMP>`_'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +Within <SAMP>`['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]'</SAMP>, an <VAR>equivalence class</VAR> can be +specified using the syntax <CODE>[=</CODE><VAR>c</VAR><CODE>=]</CODE>, which +matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined +by the current locale) as the character <VAR>c</VAR>. +</P><P> + +Within <SAMP>`['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]'</SAMP>, the syntax <CODE>[.</CODE><VAR>symbol</VAR><CODE>.]</CODE> +matches the collating symbol <VAR>symbol</VAR>. +</DL> +<P> + +If the <CODE>extglob</CODE> shell option is enabled using the <CODE>shopt</CODE> +builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. +In the following description, a <VAR>pattern-list</VAR> is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a <SAMP>`|'</SAMP>. +Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following +sub-patterns: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>?(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE> +<DD>Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>*(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE> +<DD>Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>+(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE> +<DD>Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>@(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE> +<DD>Matches one of the given patterns. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!(<VAR>pattern-list</VAR>)</CODE> +<DD>Matches anything except one of the given patterns. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Quote Removal"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC38"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.5.9 Quote Removal </H3> +<!--docid::SEC38::--> +<P> + +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`''</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`"'</SAMP> that did not +result from one of the above expansions are removed. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Redirections"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC39"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.6 Redirections </H2> +<!--docid::SEC39::--> +<P> + +Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be <VAR>redirected</VAR> +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. +Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a +simple command or may follow a command. +Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from +left to right. +</P><P> + +Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<VAR>varname</VAR>}. +In this case, for each redirection operator except +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than 10 and assign it to {<VAR>varname</VAR>}. If >&- or <&- is preceded +by {<VAR>varname</VAR>}, the value of <VAR>varname</VAR> defines the file +descriptor to close. +</P><P> + +In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is +<SAMP>`<'</SAMP>, the redirection refers to the standard input (file +descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator +is <SAMP>`>'</SAMP>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file +descriptor 1). +</P><P> + +The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. +If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. +</P><P> + +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ls > <VAR>dirlist</VAR> 2>&1 +</pre></td></tr></table>directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file <VAR>dirlist</VAR>, while the command +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ls 2>&1 > <VAR>dirlist</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>directs only the standard output to file <VAR>dirlist</VAR>, +because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output +before the standard output was redirected to <VAR>dirlist</VAR>. +</P><P> + +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>/dev/fd/<VAR>fd</VAR></CODE> +<DD>If <VAR>fd</VAR> is a valid integer, file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> is duplicated. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>/dev/stdin</CODE> +<DD>File descriptor 0 is duplicated. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>/dev/stdout</CODE> +<DD>File descriptor 1 is duplicated. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>/dev/stderr</CODE> +<DD>File descriptor 2 is duplicated. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>/dev/tcp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE> +<DD>If <VAR>host</VAR> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <VAR>port</VAR> +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a TCP +connection to the corresponding socket. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>/dev/udp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE> +<DD>If <VAR>host</VAR> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <VAR>port</VAR> +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a UDP +connection to the corresponding socket. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. +</P><P> + +Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC40"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.1 Redirecting Input </H3> +<!--docid::SEC40::--> +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR> +to be opened for reading on file descriptor <CODE>n</CODE>, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <CODE>n</CODE> +is not specified. +<P> + +The general format for redirecting input is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]<<VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC41"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.2 Redirecting Output </H3> +<!--docid::SEC41::--> +Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR> +to be opened for writing on file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <VAR>n</VAR> +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; +if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. +<P> + +The general format for redirecting output is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]>[|]<VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +If the redirection operator is <SAMP>`>'</SAMP>, and the <CODE>noclobber</CODE> +option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin has been enabled, the redirection +will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of +<VAR>word</VAR> exists and is a regular file. +If the redirection operator is <SAMP>`>|'</SAMP>, or the redirection operator is +<SAMP>`>'</SAMP> and the <CODE>noclobber</CODE> option is not enabled, the redirection +is attempted even if the file named by <VAR>word</VAR> exists. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC42"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output </H3> +<!--docid::SEC42::--> +Redirection of output in this fashion +causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR> +to be opened for appending on file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <VAR>n</VAR> +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. +<P> + +The general format for appending output is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]>><VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC43"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error </H3> +<!--docid::SEC43::--> +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be redirected to the file whose name is the +expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>. +<P> + +There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +standard error: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>&><VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>and +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>>&<VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +This is semantically equivalent to +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>><VAR>word</VAR> 2>&1 +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC44"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error </H3> +<!--docid::SEC44::--> +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be appended to the file whose name is the +expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>. +<P> + +The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>&>><VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>This is semantically equivalent to +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>>><VAR>word</VAR> 2>&1 +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC45"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.6 Here Documents </H3> +<!--docid::SEC45::--> +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only <VAR>word</VAR> +(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of +the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard +input for a command. +<P> + +The format of here-documents is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><<[-]<VAR>word</VAR> + <VAR>here-document</VAR> +<VAR>delimiter</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +or filename expansion is performed on +<VAR>word</VAR>. If any characters in <VAR>word</VAR> are quoted, the +<VAR>delimiter</VAR> is the result of quote removal on <VAR>word</VAR>, +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If <VAR>word</VAR> is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter +case, the character sequence <CODE>\newline</CODE> is ignored, and <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> +must be used to quote the characters +<SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>``'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +If the redirection operator is <SAMP>`<<-'</SAMP>, +then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the +line containing <VAR>delimiter</VAR>. +This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a +natural fashion. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC46"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.7 Here Strings </H3> +<!--docid::SEC46::--> +A variant of here documents, the format is: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><<< <VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +The <VAR>word</VAR> is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard +input. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC47"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors </H3> +<!--docid::SEC47::--> +The redirection operator +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]<&<VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If <VAR>word</VAR> +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by <VAR>n</VAR> +is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. +If the digits in <VAR>word</VAR> do not specify a file descriptor open for +input, a redirection error occurs. +If <VAR>word</VAR> +evaluates to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR> is closed. If +<VAR>n</VAR> is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. +<P> + +The operator +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]>&<VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +<VAR>n</VAR> is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in <VAR>word</VAR> do not specify a file descriptor open for +output, a redirection error occurs. +As a special case, if <VAR>n</VAR> is omitted, and <VAR>word</VAR> does not +expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC48"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors </H3> +<!--docid::SEC48::--> +The redirection operator +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]<&<VAR>digit</VAR>- +</pre></td></tr></table>moves the file descriptor <VAR>digit</VAR> to file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified. +<VAR>digit</VAR> is closed after being duplicated to <VAR>n</VAR>. +<P> + +Similarly, the redirection operator +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]>&<VAR>digit</VAR>- +</pre></td></tr></table>moves the file descriptor <VAR>digit</VAR> to file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC49"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing </H3> +<!--docid::SEC49::--> +The redirection operator +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]<><VAR>word</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>causes the file whose name is the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR> +to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor +<VAR>n</VAR>, or on file descriptor 0 if <VAR>n</VAR> +is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. +<P> + +<A NAME="Executing Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC50"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.7 Executing Commands </H2> +<!--docid::SEC50::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands simple commands before + executing them.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash finds commands and runs them.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The environment in which Bash + executes commands that are not + shell builtins.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The environment given to a command.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The status returned by commands and how Bash + interprets it.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What happens when Bash or a command it runs + receives a signal.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Simple Command Expansion"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC51"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion </H3> +<!--docid::SEC51::--> +<P> + +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. +</P><P> + +<OL> +<LI> +The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later +processing. +<P> + +<LI> +The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>). +If any words remain after expansion, the first word +is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are +the arguments. +<P> + +<LI> +Redirections are performed as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The text after the <SAMP>`='</SAMP> in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. +</OL> +<P> + +If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment +of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. +If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. +</P><P> + +If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. +</P><P> + +If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions +contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is +the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there +were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Command Search and Execution"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC52"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.7.2 Command Search and Execution </H3> +<!--docid::SEC52::--> +<P> + +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following +actions are taken. +</P><P> + +<OL> +<LI> +If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that +function is invoked as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>. +<P> + +<LI> +If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that +builtin is invoked. +<P> + +<LI> +If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of +<CODE>$PATH</CODE> for a directory containing an executable file +by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full +pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple <CODE>PATH</CODE> searches +(see the description of <CODE>hash</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +A full search of the directories in <CODE>$PATH</CODE> +is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. +If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell +function named <CODE>command_not_found_handle</CODE>. +If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and +the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's +exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. +If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error +message and returns an exit status of 127. +<P> + +<LI> +If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in +a separate execution environment. +Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments +to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any. +<P> + +<LI> +If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a +<VAR>shell script</VAR> and the shell executes it as described in +<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>. +<P> + +<LI> +If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for +the command to complete and collects its exit status. +<P> + +</OL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Command Execution Environment"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC53"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment </H3> +<!--docid::SEC53::--> +<P> + +The shell has an <VAR>execution environment</VAR>, which consists of the +following: +</P><P> + +<UL> +<LI> +open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the <CODE>exec</CODE> builtin +<P> + +<LI> +the current working directory as set by <CODE>cd</CODE>, <CODE>pushd</CODE>, or +<CODE>popd</CODE>, or inherited by the shell at invocation +<P> + +<LI> +the file creation mode mask as set by <CODE>umask</CODE> or inherited from +the shell's parent +<P> + +<LI> +current traps set by <CODE>trap</CODE> +<P> + +<LI> +shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <CODE>set</CODE> +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +<P> + +<LI> +shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment +<P> + +<LI> +options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by <CODE>set</CODE> +<P> + +<LI> +options enabled by <CODE>shopt</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) +<P> + +<LI> +shell aliases defined with <CODE>alias</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>) +<P> + +<LI> +various process IDs, including those of background jobs +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>), the value of <CODE>$$</CODE>, and the value of +<CODE>$PPID</CODE> +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +is to be executed, it +is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of +the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited +from the shell. +</P><P> + +<UL> +<LI> +the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command +<P> + +<LI> +the current working directory +<P> + +<LI> +the file creation mode mask +<P> + +<LI> +shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A>) +<P> + +<LI> +traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. +</P><P> + +Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +and asynchronous commands are invoked in a +subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, +except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values +that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin +commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed +in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment +cannot affect the shell's execution environment. +</P><P> + +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, +Bash clears the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option in such subshells. +</P><P> + +If a command is followed by a <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file <TT>`/dev/null'</TT>. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling +shell as modified by redirections. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Environment"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC54"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.7.4 Environment </H3> +<!--docid::SEC54::--> +<P> + +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the <VAR>environment</VAR>. +This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form <CODE>name=value</CODE>. +</P><P> + +Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and +creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking +it for <VAR>export</VAR> +to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. +The <CODE>export</CODE> and <SAMP>`declare -x'</SAMP> +commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter +in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part +of the environment, replacing the old. The environment +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's +initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, +less any pairs removed by the <CODE>unset</CODE> and <SAMP>`export -n'</SAMP> +commands, plus any additions via the <CODE>export</CODE> and +<SAMP>`declare -x'</SAMP> commands. +</P><P> + +The environment for any simple command +or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with +parameter assignments, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>. +These assignment statements affect only the environment seen +by that command. +</P><P> + +If the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), then all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, +not just those that precede the command name. +</P><P> + +When Bash invokes an external command, the variable <SAMP>`$_'</SAMP> +is set to the full path name of the command and passed to that +command in its environment. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Exit Status"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC55"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.7.5 Exit Status </H3> +<!--docid::SEC55::--> +<P> + +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +<VAR>waitpid</VAR> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may +use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific +failure modes. +</P><P> + +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +zero exit status has succeeded. +A non-zero exit status indicates failure. +This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there +is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of +ways to indicate various failure modes. +When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is <VAR>N</VAR>, +Bash uses the value 128+<VAR>N</VAR> as the exit status. +</P><P> + +If a command is not found, the child process created to +execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found +but is not executable, the return status is 126. +</P><P> + +If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +the exit status is greater than zero. +</P><P> + +The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>) and some of the list +constructs (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>). +</P><P> + +All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed +and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the +conditional and list constructs. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Signals"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC56"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 3.7.6 Signals </H3> +<!--docid::SEC56::--> +<P> + +When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +<CODE>SIGTERM</CODE> (so that <SAMP>`kill 0'</SAMP> does not kill an interactive shell), +and <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> +is caught and handled (so that the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin is interruptible). +When Bash receives a <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>, it breaks out of any executing loops. +In all cases, Bash ignores <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE>. +If job control is in effect (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>), Bash +ignores <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>. +</P><P> + +Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +values inherited by the shell from its parent. +When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands +ignore <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> and <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE> in addition to these inherited +handlers. +Commands run as a result of +command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals +<CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>. +</P><P> + +The shell exits by default upon receipt of a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>. +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to +all jobs, running or stopped. +Stopped jobs are sent <CODE>SIGCONT</CODE> to ensure that they receive +the <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>. +To prevent the shell from sending the <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> signal to a +particular job, it should be removed +from the jobs table with the <CODE>disown</CODE> +builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>) or marked +to not receive <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> using <CODE>disown -h</CODE>. +</P><P> + +If the <CODE>huponexit</CODE> shell option has been set with <CODE>shopt</CODE> +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), Bash sends a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs when +an interactive login shell exits. +</P><P> + +If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until +the command completes. +When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous +command via the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin, the reception of a signal for +which a trap has been set will cause the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin to return +immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after +which the trap is executed. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Shell Scripts"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC57"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 3.8 Shell Scripts </H2> +<!--docid::SEC57::--> +<P> + +A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such +a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, +and neither the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> nor <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option is supplied +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>), +Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This +mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first +searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the +directories in <CODE>$PATH</CODE> if not found there. +</P><P> + +When Bash runs +a shell script, it sets the special parameter <CODE>0</CODE> to the name +of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional +parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given. +If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters +are unset. +</P><P> + +A shell script may be made executable by using the <CODE>chmod</CODE> command +to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while +searching the <CODE>$PATH</CODE> for a command, it spawns a subshell to +execute it. In other words, executing +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>filename <VAR>arguments</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>is equivalent to executing +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bash filename <VAR>arguments</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +if <CODE>filename</CODE> is an executable shell script. +This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a +new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the +exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent +(see the description of <CODE>hash</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) +are retained by the child. +</P><P> + +Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command +execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with +the two characters <SAMP>`#!'</SAMP>, the remainder of the line specifies +an interpreter for the program. +Thus, you can specify Bash, <CODE>awk</CODE>, Perl, or some other +interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language. +</P><P> + +The arguments to the interpreter +consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter +name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of +the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments. Bash +will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it +themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter +name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters. +</P><P> + +Bash scripts often begin with <CODE>#! /bin/bash</CODE> (assuming that +Bash has been installed in <TT>`/bin'</TT>), since this ensures that +Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed +under another shell. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Shell Builtin Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC58"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 4. Shell Builtin Commands </H1> +<!--docid::SEC58::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne + Shell.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Table of builtins specific to Bash.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtins to modify shell attributes and + optional behavior.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.4 Special Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands classified specially by + POSIX.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. +When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of +a simple command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>), the shell executes +the command directly, without invoking another program. +Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible +or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities. +</P><P> + +This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique +to or have been extended in Bash. +</P><P> + +Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control +facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>), the directory stack +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A>), the command history +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>), and the programmable completion +facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>). +</P><P> + +Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash. +</P><P> + +Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> accepts <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> +to signify the end of the options. +The <CODE>:</CODE>, <CODE>true</CODE>, <CODE>false</CODE>, and <CODE>test</CODE> +builtins do not accept options and do not treat <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> specially. +The <CODE>exit</CODE>, <CODE>logout</CODE>, <CODE>break</CODE>, <CODE>continue</CODE>, <CODE>let</CODE>, +and <CODE>shift</CODE> builtins accept and process arguments beginning +with <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> without requiring <SAMP>`--'</SAMP>. +Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting +options interpret arguments beginning with <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> as invalid options and +require <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> to prevent this interpretation. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Bourne Shell Builtins"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC59"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins </H2> +<!--docid::SEC59::--> +<P> + +The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell. +These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX standard. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>: (a colon)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX68"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>: [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Do nothing beyond expanding <VAR>arguments</VAR> and performing redirections. +The return status is zero. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>. (a period)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX69"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>. <VAR>filename</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Read and execute commands from the <VAR>filename</VAR> argument in the +current shell context. If <VAR>filename</VAR> does not contain a slash, +the <CODE>PATH</CODE> variable is used to find <VAR>filename</VAR>. +When Bash is not in POSIX mode, the current directory is searched +if <VAR>filename</VAR> is not found in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>. +If any <VAR>arguments</VAR> are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when <VAR>filename</VAR> is executed. Otherwise the positional +parameters are unchanged. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or +zero if no commands are executed. If <VAR>filename</VAR> is not found, or +cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. +This builtin is equivalent to <CODE>source</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>break</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX70"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>break [<VAR>n</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Exit from a <CODE>for</CODE>, <CODE>while</CODE>, <CODE>until</CODE>, or <CODE>select</CODE> loop. +If <VAR>n</VAR> is supplied, the <VAR>n</VAR>th enclosing loop is exited. +<VAR>n</VAR> must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is not greater than or equal to 1. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>cd</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX71"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>cd [-L|-P] [<VAR>directory</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Change the current working directory to <VAR>directory</VAR>. +If <VAR>directory</VAR> is not given, the value of the <CODE>HOME</CODE> shell +variable is used. +If the shell variable <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> exists, it is used as a search path. +If <VAR>directory</VAR> begins with a slash, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is not used. +<P> + +The <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic +links are followed by default or with the <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option. +If <VAR>directory</VAR> is <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, it is equivalent to <CODE>$OLDPWD</CODE>. +</P><P> + +If a non-empty directory name from <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is used, or if +<SAMP>`-'</SAMP> is the first argument, and the directory change is +successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is +written to the standard output. +</P><P> + +The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, +non-zero otherwise. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>continue</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX72"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>continue [<VAR>n</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Resume the next iteration of an enclosing <CODE>for</CODE>, <CODE>while</CODE>, +<CODE>until</CODE>, or <CODE>select</CODE> loop. +If <VAR>n</VAR> is supplied, the execution of the <VAR>n</VAR>th enclosing loop +is resumed. +<VAR>n</VAR> must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is not greater than or equal to 1. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>eval</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX73"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>eval [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is +then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status +of <CODE>eval</CODE>. +If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is +zero. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>exec</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX74"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>exec [-cl] [-a <VAR>name</VAR>] [<VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]] +</pre></td></tr></table>If <VAR>command</VAR> +is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. +If the <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the +beginning of the zeroth argument passed to <VAR>command</VAR>. +This is what the <CODE>login</CODE> program does. +The <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option causes <VAR>command</VAR> to be executed with an empty +environment. +If <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> is supplied, the shell passes <VAR>name</VAR> as the zeroth +argument to <VAR>command</VAR>. +If no <VAR>command</VAR> is specified, redirections may be used to affect +the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the +return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>exit</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX75"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>exit [<VAR>n</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Exit the shell, returning a status of <VAR>n</VAR> to the shell's parent. +If <VAR>n</VAR> is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. +Any trap on <CODE>EXIT</CODE> is executed before the shell terminates. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>export</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX76"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>export [-fn] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>]] +</pre></td></tr></table>Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> to be passed to child processes +in the environment. If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied, the <VAR>name</VAR>s +refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. +The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option means to no longer mark each <VAR>name</VAR> for export. +If no <VAR>names</VAR> are supplied, or if the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is given, a +list of exported names is displayed. +The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of +the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>. +<P> + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the names is not a valid shell variable name, or <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> is supplied +with a name that is not a shell function. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>getopts</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX77"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>getopts <VAR>optstring</VAR> <VAR>name</VAR> [<VAR>args</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table><CODE>getopts</CODE> is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. +<VAR>optstring</VAR> contains the option characters to be recognized; if a +character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an +argument, which should be separated from it by white space. +The colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>) and question mark (<SAMP>`?'</SAMP>) may not be +used as option characters. +Each time it is invoked, <CODE>getopts</CODE> +places the next option in the shell variable <VAR>name</VAR>, initializing +<VAR>name</VAR> if it does not exist, +and the index of the next argument to be processed into the +variable <CODE>OPTIND</CODE>. +<CODE>OPTIND</CODE> is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +is invoked. +When an option requires an argument, +<CODE>getopts</CODE> places that argument into the variable <CODE>OPTARG</CODE>. +The shell does not reset <CODE>OPTIND</CODE> automatically; it must be manually +reset between multiple calls to <CODE>getopts</CODE> within the same shell +invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. +<P> + +When the end of options is encountered, <CODE>getopts</CODE> exits with a +return value greater than zero. +<CODE>OPTIND</CODE> is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and <CODE>name</CODE> is set to <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +<CODE>getopts</CODE> +normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are +given in <VAR>args</VAR>, <CODE>getopts</CODE> parses those instead. +</P><P> + +<CODE>getopts</CODE> can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +<VAR>optstring</VAR> is a colon, <VAR>silent</VAR> +error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages +are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are +encountered. +If the variable <CODE>OPTERR</CODE> +is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first +character of <CODE>optstring</CODE> is not a colon. +</P><P> + +If an invalid option is seen, +<CODE>getopts</CODE> places <SAMP>`?'</SAMP> into <VAR>name</VAR> and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets <CODE>OPTARG</CODE>. +If <CODE>getopts</CODE> is silent, the option character found is placed in +<CODE>OPTARG</CODE> and no diagnostic message is printed. +</P><P> + +If a required argument is not found, and <CODE>getopts</CODE> +is not silent, a question mark (<SAMP>`?'</SAMP>) is placed in <VAR>name</VAR>, +<CODE>OPTARG</CODE> is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If <CODE>getopts</CODE> is silent, then a colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>) is placed in +<VAR>name</VAR> and <CODE>OPTARG</CODE> is set to the option character found. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>hash</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX78"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>hash [-r] [-p <VAR>filename</VAR>] [-dt] [<VAR>name</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, +so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. +The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in +<CODE>$PATH</CODE>. +The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option inhibits the path search, and <VAR>filename</VAR> is +used as the location of <VAR>name</VAR>. +The <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. +The <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option causes the shell to forget the remembered location +of each <VAR>name</VAR>. +If the <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> option is supplied, the full pathname to which each +<VAR>name</VAR> corresponds is printed. If multiple <VAR>name</VAR> arguments are +supplied with <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> the <VAR>name</VAR> is printed before the hashed +full pathname. +The <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option causes output to be displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +If no arguments are given, or if only <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> is supplied, +information about remembered commands is printed. +The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is not found or an invalid +option is supplied. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>pwd</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX79"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>pwd [-LP] +</pre></td></tr></table>Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +If the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option is supplied, the pathname printed will not +contain symbolic links. +If the <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain +symbolic links. +The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while +determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option +is supplied. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>readonly</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX80"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>readonly [-aApf] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>]] <small>...</small> +</pre></td></tr></table>Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> as readonly. +The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. +If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied, each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to a shell +function. +The <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option means each <VAR>name</VAR> refers to an indexed +array variable; the <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> option means each <VAR>name</VAR> refers +to an associative array variable. +If no <VAR>name</VAR> arguments are given, or if the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> +option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option causes output to be displayed in a format that +may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of +the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>. +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the <VAR>name</VAR> arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name, +or the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>return</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX81"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>return [<VAR>n</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Cause a shell function to exit with the return value <VAR>n</VAR>. +If <VAR>n</VAR> is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the +last command executed in the function. +This may also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed +with the <CODE>.</CODE> (or <CODE>source</CODE>) builtin, returning either <VAR>n</VAR> or +the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit +status of the script. +Any command associated with the <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap is executed +before execution resumes after the function or script. +The return status is non-zero if <CODE>return</CODE> is used outside a function +and not during the execution of a script by <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>shift</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX82"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>shift [<VAR>n</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Shift the positional parameters to the left by <VAR>n</VAR>. +The positional parameters from <VAR>n</VAR>+1 <small>...</small> <CODE>$#</CODE> are +renamed to <CODE>$1</CODE> <small>...</small> <CODE>$#</CODE>-<VAR>n</VAR>. +Parameters represented by the numbers <CODE>$#</CODE> to <CODE>$#</CODE>-<VAR>n</VAR>+1 +are unset. +<VAR>n</VAR> must be a non-negative number less than or equal to <CODE>$#</CODE>. +If <VAR>n</VAR> is zero or greater than <CODE>$#</CODE>, the positional parameters +are not changed. +If <VAR>n</VAR> is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. +The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is greater than <CODE>$#</CODE> or +less than zero, non-zero otherwise. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>test</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>[</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX83"></A> +<A NAME="IDX84"></A> +Evaluate a conditional expression <VAR>expr</VAR>. +Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in +<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>. +<CODE>test</CODE> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> as signifying the end of options. +<P> + +When the <CODE>[</CODE> form is used, the last argument to the command must +be a <CODE>]</CODE>. +</P><P> + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in +decreasing order of precedence. +The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>! <VAR>expr</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>expr</VAR> is false. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>( <VAR>expr</VAR> )</CODE> +<DD>Returns the value of <VAR>expr</VAR>. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>expr1</VAR> -a <VAR>expr2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if both <VAR>expr1</VAR> and <VAR>expr2</VAR> are true. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>expr1</VAR> -o <VAR>expr2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if either <VAR>expr1</VAR> or <VAR>expr2</VAR> is true. +</DL> +<P> + +The <CODE>test</CODE> and <CODE>[</CODE> builtins evaluate conditional +expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>0 arguments +<DD>The expression is false. +<P> + +<DT>1 argument +<DD>The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. +<P> + +<DT>2 arguments +<DD>If the first argument is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, the expression is true if and +only if the second argument is null. +If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>), the expression +is true if the unary test is true. +If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is +false. +<P> + +<DT>3 arguments +<DD>If the second argument is one of the binary conditional +operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>), the +result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the +first and third arguments as operands. +The <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> operators are considered binary operators +when there are three arguments. +If the first argument is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, the value is the negation of +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +If the first argument is exactly <SAMP>`('</SAMP> and the third argument is +exactly <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>, the result is the one-argument test of the second +argument. +Otherwise, the expression is false. +<P> + +<DT>4 arguments +<DD>If the first argument is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, the result is the negation of +the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +precedence using the rules listed above. +<P> + +<DT>5 or more arguments +<DD>The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +using the rules listed above. +</DL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>times</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX85"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>times +</pre></td></tr></table>Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. +The return status is zero. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>trap</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX86"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>trap [-lp] [<VAR>arg</VAR>] [<VAR>sigspec</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>The commands in <VAR>arg</VAR> are to be read and executed when the +shell receives signal <VAR>sigspec</VAR>. If <VAR>arg</VAR> is absent (and +there is a single <VAR>sigspec</VAR>) or +equal to <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, each specified signal's disposition is reset +to the value it had when the shell was started. +If <VAR>arg</VAR> is the null string, then the signal specified by +each <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. +If <VAR>arg</VAR> is not present and <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> has been supplied, +the shell displays the trap commands associated with each <VAR>sigspec</VAR>. +If no arguments are supplied, or +only <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is given, <CODE>trap</CODE> prints the list of commands +associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as +shell input. +The <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option causes the shell to print a list of signal names +and their corresponding numbers. +Each <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is either a signal name or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the <CODE>SIG</CODE> prefix is optional. +<P> + +If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> +is <CODE>0</CODE> or <CODE>EXIT</CODE>, <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed when the shell exits. +If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>DEBUG</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed +before every simple command, <CODE>for</CODE> command, <CODE>case</CODE> command, +<CODE>select</CODE> command, every arithmetic <CODE>for</CODE> command, and before +the first command executes in a shell function. +Refer to the description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the +<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) for details of its +effect on the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap. +If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>RETURN</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed +each time a shell function or a script executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or +<CODE>source</CODE> builtins finishes executing. +</P><P> + +If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>ERR</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR> +is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status, +subject to the following conditions. +The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the +command list immediately following an <CODE>until</CODE> or <CODE>while</CODE> keyword, +part of the test following the <CODE>if</CODE> or <CODE>elif</CODE> reserved words, +part of a command executed in a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list, +or if the command's return +status is being inverted using <CODE>!</CODE>. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the <CODE>errexit</CODE> option. +</P><P> + +Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original +values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. +</P><P> + +The return status is zero unless a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> does not specify a +valid signal. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>umask</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX87"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>umask [-p] [-S] [<VAR>mode</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Set the shell process's file creation mask to <VAR>mode</VAR>. If +<VAR>mode</VAR> begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; +if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar +to that accepted by the <CODE>chmod</CODE> command. If <VAR>mode</VAR> is +omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> +option is supplied without a <VAR>mode</VAR> argument, the mask is printed +in a symbolic format. +If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, and <VAR>mode</VAR> +is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. +The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if +no <VAR>mode</VAR> argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise. +<P> + +Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number +of the umask is subtracted from <CODE>7</CODE>. Thus, a umask of <CODE>022</CODE> +results in permissions of <CODE>755</CODE>. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>unset</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX88"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>unset [-fv] [<VAR>name</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Each variable or function <VAR>name</VAR> is removed. +If no options are supplied, or the <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option is given, each +<VAR>name</VAR> refers to a shell variable. +If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is given, the <VAR>name</VAR>s refer to shell +functions, and the function definition is removed. +Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. +The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is readonly. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Bash Builtins"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC60"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands </H2> +<!--docid::SEC60::--> +<P> + +This section describes builtin commands which are unique to +or have been extended in Bash. +Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX standard. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>alias</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX89"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>alias [<CODE>-p</CODE>] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Without arguments or with the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option, <CODE>alias</CODE> prints +the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows +them to be reused as input. +If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each <VAR>name</VAR> +whose <VAR>value</VAR> is given. If no <VAR>value</VAR> is given, the name +and value of the alias is printed. +Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>bind</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX90"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] [-lpsvPSV] +bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] [-q <VAR>function</VAR>] [-u <VAR>function</VAR>] [-r <VAR>keyseq</VAR>] +bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] -f <VAR>filename</VAR> +bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] -x <VAR>keyseq:shell-command</VAR> +bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] <VAR>keyseq:function-name</VAR> +bind <VAR>readline-command</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Display current Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>) +key and function bindings, +bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro, +or set a Readline variable. +Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a +Readline initialization file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A>), +but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., +<SAMP>`"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-m <VAR>keymap</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Use <VAR>keymap</VAR> as the keymap to be affected by +the subsequent bindings. Acceptable <VAR>keymap</VAR> +names are +<CODE>emacs</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-meta</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-ctlx</CODE>, +<CODE>vi</CODE>, +<CODE>vi-move</CODE>, +<CODE>vi-command</CODE>, and +<CODE>vi-insert</CODE>. +<CODE>vi</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>vi-command</CODE>; +<CODE>emacs</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-l</CODE> +<DD>List the names of all Readline functions. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-p</CODE> +<DD>Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they +can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-P</CODE> +<DD>List current Readline function names and bindings. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-v</CODE> +<DD>Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they +can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-V</CODE> +<DD>List current Readline variable names and values. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output +in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline +initialization file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-S</CODE> +<DD>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-f <VAR>filename</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Read key bindings from <VAR>filename</VAR>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-q <VAR>function</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Query about which keys invoke the named <VAR>function</VAR>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-u <VAR>function</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Unbind all keys bound to the named <VAR>function</VAR>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-r <VAR>keyseq</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Remove any current binding for <VAR>keyseq</VAR>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-x <VAR>keyseq:shell-command</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Cause <VAR>shell-command</VAR> to be executed whenever <VAR>keyseq</VAR> is +entered. +When <VAR>shell-command</VAR> is executed, the shell sets the +<CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE> variable to the contents of the Readline line +buffer and the <CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE> variable to the current location +of the insertion point. +If the executed command changes the value of <CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE> or +<CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE>, those new values will be reflected in the +editing state. +</DL> +<P> + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an +error occurs. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>builtin</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX91"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>builtin [<VAR>shell-builtin</VAR> [<VAR>args</VAR>]] +</pre></td></tr></table>Run a shell builtin, passing it <VAR>args</VAR>, and return its exit status. +This is useful when defining a shell function with the same +name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within +the function. +The return status is non-zero if <VAR>shell-builtin</VAR> is not a shell +builtin command. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>caller</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX92"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>caller [<VAR>expr</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins). +<P> + +Without <VAR>expr</VAR>, <CODE>caller</CODE> displays the line number and source +filename of the current subroutine call. +If a non-negative integer is supplied as <VAR>expr</VAR>, <CODE>caller</CODE> +displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding +to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra +information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The +current frame is frame 0. +</P><P> + +The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or <VAR>expr</VAR> does not correspond to a valid position in the +call stack. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>command</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX93"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>command [-pVv] <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Runs <VAR>command</VAR> with <VAR>arguments</VAR> ignoring any shell function +named <VAR>command</VAR>. +Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the +<CODE>PATH</CODE> are executed. +If there is a shell function named <CODE>ls</CODE>, running <SAMP>`command ls'</SAMP> +within the function will execute the external command <CODE>ls</CODE> +instead of calling the function recursively. +The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option means to use a default value for <CODE>PATH</CODE> +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +The return status in this case is 127 if <VAR>command</VAR> cannot be +found or an error occurred, and the exit status of <VAR>command</VAR> +otherwise. +<P> + +If either the <SAMP>`-V'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option is supplied, a +description of <VAR>command</VAR> is printed. The <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option +causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to +invoke <VAR>command</VAR> to be displayed; the <SAMP>`-V'</SAMP> option produces +a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is +zero if <VAR>command</VAR> is found, and non-zero if not. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>declare</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX94"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>declare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Declare variables and give them attributes. If no <VAR>name</VAR>s +are given, then display the values of variables instead. +</P><P> + +The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option will display the attributes and values of each +<VAR>name</VAR>. +When <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is used with <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, additional options +are ignored. +</P><P> + +When <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> is supplied without <VAR>name</VAR> arguments, <CODE>declare</CODE> +will display the attributes and values of all variables having the +attributes specified by the additional options. +If no other options are supplied with <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>, <CODE>declare</CODE> will +display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> +option will restrict the display to shell functions. +</P><P> + +The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option inhibits the display of function definitions; +only the function name and attributes are printed. +If the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> shell option is enabled using <CODE>shopt</CODE> +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), the source file name and line number where +the function is defined are displayed as well. +<SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> implies <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>. +The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with +the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-a</CODE> +<DD>Each <VAR>name</VAR> is an indexed array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-A</CODE> +<DD>Each <VAR>name</VAR> is an associative array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-f</CODE> +<DD>Use function names only. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-i</CODE> +<DD>The variable is to be treated as +an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>) is +performed when the variable is assigned a value. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-l</CODE> +<DD>When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +converted to lower-case. +The upper-case attribute is disabled. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-r</CODE> +<DD>Make <VAR>name</VAR>s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +by subsequent assignment statements or unset. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-t</CODE> +<DD>Give each <VAR>name</VAR> the <CODE>trace</CODE> attribute. +Traced functions inherit the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps from +the calling shell. +The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-u</CODE> +<DD>When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +converted to upper-case. +The lower-case attribute is disabled. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-x</CODE> +<DD>Mark each <VAR>name</VAR> for export to subsequent commands via +the environment. +</DL> +<P> + +Using <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> instead of <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that <SAMP>`+a'</SAMP> +may not be used to destroy an array variable and <SAMP>`+r'</SAMP> will not +remove the readonly attribute. +When used in a function, <CODE>declare</CODE> makes each <VAR>name</VAR> local, +as with the <CODE>local</CODE> command. If a variable name is followed by +=<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>. +</P><P> + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using <SAMP>`-f foo=bar'</SAMP>, +an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without +using the compound assignment syntax (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>), +one of the <VAR>names</VAR> is not a valid shell variable name, +an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>echo</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX95"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>echo [-neE] [<VAR>arg</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Output the <VAR>arg</VAR>s, separated by spaces, terminated with a +newline. +The return status is always 0. +If <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. +If the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option is given, interpretation of the following +backslash-escaped characters is enabled. +The <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +even on systems where they are interpreted by default. +The <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not <CODE>echo</CODE> expands these +escape characters by default. +<CODE>echo</CODE> does not interpret <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> to mean the end of options. +<P> + +<CODE>echo</CODE> interprets the following escape sequences: +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>\a</CODE> +<DD>alert (bell) +<DT><CODE>\b</CODE> +<DD>backspace +<DT><CODE>\c</CODE> +<DD>suppress further output +<DT><CODE>\e</CODE> +<DD>escape +<DT><CODE>\f</CODE> +<DD>form feed +<DT><CODE>\n</CODE> +<DD>new line +<DT><CODE>\r</CODE> +<DD>carriage return +<DT><CODE>\t</CODE> +<DD>horizontal tab +<DT><CODE>\v</CODE> +<DD>vertical tab +<DT><CODE>\\</CODE> +<DD>backslash +<DT><CODE>\0<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE> +<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR> +(zero to three octal digits) +<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>HH</VAR></CODE> +<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR> +(one or two hex digits) +</DL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>enable</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX96"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f <VAR>filename</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name +as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, +even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. +If <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> is used, the <VAR>name</VAR>s become disabled. Otherwise +<VAR>name</VAR>s are enabled. For example, to use the <CODE>test</CODE> binary +found via <CODE>$PATH</CODE> instead of the shell builtin version, type +<SAMP>`enable -n test'</SAMP>. +<P> + +If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, or no <VAR>name</VAR> arguments appear, +a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list +consists of all enabled shell builtins. +The <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option means to list +each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. +</P><P> + +The <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option means to load the new builtin command <VAR>name</VAR> +from shared object <VAR>filename</VAR>, on systems that support dynamic loading. +The <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option will delete a builtin loaded with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. +The <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option restricts <CODE>enable</CODE> to the POSIX special +builtins. If <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is used with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>, the new builtin becomes +a special builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.4 Special Builtins</A>). +</P><P> + +The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is not a shell builtin +or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>help</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX97"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>help [-dms] [<VAR>pattern</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Display helpful information about builtin commands. +If <VAR>pattern</VAR> is specified, <CODE>help</CODE> gives detailed help +on all commands matching <VAR>pattern</VAR>, otherwise a list of +the builtins is printed. +<P> + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-d</CODE> +<DD>Display a short description of each <VAR>pattern</VAR> +<DT><CODE>-m</CODE> +<DD>Display the description of each <VAR>pattern</VAR> in a manpage-like format +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>Display only a short usage synopsis for each <VAR>pattern</VAR> +</DL> +<P> + +The return status is zero unless no command matches <VAR>pattern</VAR>. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>let</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX98"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>let <VAR>expression</VAR> [<VAR>expression</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>The <CODE>let</CODE> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell +variables. Each <VAR>expression</VAR> is evaluated according to the +rules given below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>. If the +last <VAR>expression</VAR> evaluates to 0, <CODE>let</CODE> returns 1; +otherwise 0 is returned. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>local</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX99"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>local [<VAR>option</VAR>] <VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small> +</pre></td></tr></table>For each argument, a local variable named <VAR>name</VAR> is created, +and assigned <VAR>value</VAR>. +The <VAR>option</VAR> can be any of the options accepted by <CODE>declare</CODE>. +<CODE>local</CODE> can only be used within a function; it makes the variable +<VAR>name</VAR> have a visible scope restricted to that function and its +children. The return status is zero unless <CODE>local</CODE> is used outside +a function, an invalid <VAR>name</VAR> is supplied, or <VAR>name</VAR> is a +readonly variable. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>logout</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX100"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>logout [<VAR>n</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Exit a login shell, returning a status of <VAR>n</VAR> to the shell's +parent. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>mapfile</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX101"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>mapfile [-n <VAR>count</VAR>] [-O <VAR>origin</VAR>] [-s <VAR>count</VAR>] [-t] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] [ +-C <VAR>callback</VAR>] [-c <VAR>quantum</VAR>] [<VAR>array</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <VAR>array</VAR>, +or from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> +if the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option is supplied. +The variable <CODE>MAPFILE</CODE> is the default <VAR>array</VAR>. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>Copy at most <VAR>count</VAR> lines. If <VAR>count</VAR> is 0, all lines are copied. +<DT><CODE>-O</CODE> +<DD>Begin assigning to <VAR>array</VAR> at index <VAR>origin</VAR>. +The default index is 0. +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>Discard the first <VAR>count</VAR> lines read. +<DT><CODE>-t</CODE> +<DD>Remove a trailing newline from each line read. +<DT><CODE>-u</CODE> +<DD>Read lines from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> instead of the standard input. +<DT><CODE>-C</CODE> +<DD>Evaluate <VAR>callback</VAR> each time <VAR>quantum</VAR>P lines are read. +The <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option specifies <VAR>quantum</VAR>. +<DT><CODE>-c</CODE> +<DD>Specify the number of lines read between each call to <VAR>callback</VAR>. +</DL> +<P> + +If <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> is specified without <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP>, +the default quantum is 5000. +When <VAR>callback</VAR> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +array element to be assigned as an additional argument. +<VAR>callback</VAR> is evaluated after the line is read but before the +array element is assigned. +</P><P> + +If not supplied with an explicit origin, <CODE>mapfile</CODE> will clear <VAR>array</VAR> +before assigning to it. +</P><P> + +<CODE>mapfile</CODE> returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, <VAR>array</VAR> is invalid or unassignable, or <VAR>array</VAR> +is not an indexed array. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>printf</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX102"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>printf [-v <VAR>var</VAR>] <VAR>format</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Write the formatted <VAR>arguments</VAR> to the standard output under the +control of the <VAR>format</VAR>. +The <VAR>format</VAR> is a character string which contains three types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character +escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and +format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive +<VAR>argument</VAR>. +In addition to the standard <CODE>printf(1)</CODE> formats, <SAMP>`%b'</SAMP> causes +<CODE>printf</CODE> to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding +<VAR>argument</VAR>, +(except that <SAMP>`\c'</SAMP> terminates output, backslashes in +<SAMP>`\''</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\"'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`\?'</SAMP> are not removed, and octal escapes +beginning with <SAMP>`\0'</SAMP> may contain up to four digits), +and <SAMP>`%q'</SAMP> causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the +corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR> in a format that can be reused as shell input. +<P> + +The <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +<VAR>var</VAR> rather than being printed to the standard output. +</P><P> + +The <VAR>format</VAR> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <VAR>arguments</VAR>. +If the <VAR>format</VAR> requires more <VAR>arguments</VAR> than are supplied, the +extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as +appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, +non-zero on failure. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>read</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX103"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>read [-ers] [-a <VAR>aname</VAR>] [-d <VAR>delim</VAR>] [-i <VAR>text</VAR>] [-n <VAR>nchars</VAR>] [-N <VAR>nchars</VAR>] [-p <VAR>prompt</VAR>] [-t <VAR>timeout</VAR>] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +<VAR>fd</VAR> supplied as an argument to the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option, and the first word +is assigned to the first <VAR>name</VAR>, the second word to the second <VAR>name</VAR>, +and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned +to the last <VAR>name</VAR>. +If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, +the remaining names are assigned empty values. +The characters in the value of the <CODE>IFS</CODE> variable +are used to split the line into words. +The backslash character <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> may be used to remove any special +meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. +If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the +variable <CODE>REPLY</CODE>. +The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <CODE>read</CODE> +times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an +invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>. +<P> + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-a <VAR>aname</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable +<VAR>aname</VAR>, starting at 0. +All elements are removed from <VAR>aname</VAR> before the assignment. +Other <VAR>name</VAR> arguments are ignored. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-d <VAR>delim</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The first character of <VAR>delim</VAR> is used to terminate the input line, +rather than newline. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-e</CODE> +<DD>Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>) is used to obtain the line. +Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +active) editing settings. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-i <VAR>text</VAR></CODE> +<DD>If Readline is being used to read the line, <VAR>text</VAR> is placed into +the editing buffer before editing begins. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-n <VAR>nchars</VAR></CODE> +<DD><CODE>read</CODE> returns after reading <VAR>nchars</VAR> characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer +than <VAR>nchars</VAR> characters are read before the delimiter. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-N <VAR>nchars</VAR></CODE> +<DD><CODE>read</CODE> returns after reading exactly <VAR>nchars</VAR> characters rather +than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or +<CODE>read</CODE> times out. +Delimiter characters encountered in the input are +not treated specially and do not cause <CODE>read</CODE> to return until +<VAR>nchars</VAR> characters are read. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-p <VAR>prompt</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Display <VAR>prompt</VAR>, without a trailing newline, before attempting +to read any input. +The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-r</CODE> +<DD>If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character. +The backslash is considered to be part of the line. +In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line +continuation. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +not echoed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-t <VAR>timeout</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Cause <CODE>read</CODE> to time out and return failure if a complete line of +input is not read within <VAR>timeout</VAR> seconds. +<VAR>timeout</VAR> may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +the decimal point. +This option is only effective if <CODE>read</CODE> is reading input from a +terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading +from regular files. +If <VAR>timeout</VAR> is 0, <CODE>read</CODE> returns success if input is available on +the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. +The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-u <VAR>fd</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Read input from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR>. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>readarray</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX104"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>readarray [-n <VAR>count</VAR>] [-O <VAR>origin</VAR>] [-s <VAR>count</VAR>] [-t] [-u <VAR>fd</VAR>] [ +-C <VAR>callback</VAR>] [-c <VAR>quantum</VAR>] [<VAR>array</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <VAR>array</VAR>, +or from file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> +if the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> option is supplied. +<P> + +A synonym for <CODE>mapfile</CODE>. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>source</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX105"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>source <VAR>filename</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>A synonym for <CODE>.</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>type</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX106"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>type [-afptP] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>For each <VAR>name</VAR>, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a +command name. +<P> + +If the <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> prints a single word +which is one of <SAMP>`alias'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`function'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`builtin'</SAMP>, +<SAMP>`file'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`keyword'</SAMP>, +if <VAR>name</VAR> is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, +disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively. +If the <VAR>name</VAR> is not found, then nothing is printed, and +<CODE>type</CODE> returns a failure status. +</P><P> + +If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> either returns the name +of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> +would not return <SAMP>`file'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +The <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option forces a path search for each <VAR>name</VAR>, even if +<SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> would not return <SAMP>`file'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +If a command is hashed, <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> print the hashed value, +not necessarily the file that appears first in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>. +</P><P> + +If the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> returns all of the places +that contain an executable named <VAR>file</VAR>. +This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option +is not also used. +</P><P> + +If the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option is used, <CODE>type</CODE> does not attempt to find +shell functions, as with the <CODE>command</CODE> builtin. +</P><P> + +The return status is zero if all of the <VAR>names</VAR> are found, non-zero +if any are not found. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>typeset</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX107"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>typeset [-afFrxi] [-p] [<VAR>name</VAR>[=<VAR>value</VAR>] <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>The <CODE>typeset</CODE> command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn +shell; however, it has been deprecated in favor of the <CODE>declare</CODE> +builtin command. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>ulimit</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX108"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [<VAR>limit</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table><CODE>ulimit</CODE> provides control over the resources available to processes +started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an +option is given, it is interpreted as follows: +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-S</CODE> +<DD>Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-H</CODE> +<DD>Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-a</CODE> +<DD>All current limits are reported. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-b</CODE> +<DD>The maximum socket buffer size. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-c</CODE> +<DD>The maximum size of core files created. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-d</CODE> +<DD>The maximum size of a process's data segment. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-e</CODE> +<DD>The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-f</CODE> +<DD>The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-i</CODE> +<DD>The maximum number of pending signals. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-l</CODE> +<DD>The maximum size that may be locked into memory. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-m</CODE> +<DD>The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +allow this value to be set). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-p</CODE> +<DD>The pipe buffer size. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-q</CODE> +<DD>The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-r</CODE> +<DD>The maximum real-time scheduling priority. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>The maximum stack size. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-t</CODE> +<DD>The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-u</CODE> +<DD>The maximum number of processes available to a single user. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-v</CODE> +<DD>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-x</CODE> +<DD>The maximum number of file locks. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-T</CODE> +<DD>The maximum number of threads. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +If <VAR>limit</VAR> is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; +the special <VAR>limit</VAR> values <CODE>hard</CODE>, <CODE>soft</CODE>, and +<CODE>unlimited</CODE> stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, +and no limit, respectively. +A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; +a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. +Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource +is printed, unless the <SAMP>`-H'</SAMP> option is supplied. +When setting new limits, if neither <SAMP>`-H'</SAMP> nor <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> is supplied, +both the hard and soft limits are set. +If no option is given, then <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte +increments, except for <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP>, which is in seconds, <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP>, +which is in units of 512-byte blocks, and <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>, which +are unscaled values. +</P><P> + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +or an error occurs while setting a new limit. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>unalias</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX109"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>unalias [-a] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small> ] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Remove each <VAR>name</VAR> from the list of aliases. If <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> is +supplied, all aliases are removed. +Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>. +</P><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Modifying Shell Behavior"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC61"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior </H2> +<!--docid::SEC61::--> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Change the values of shell attributes and + positional parameters.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modify shell optional behavior.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="The Set Builtin"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC62"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 4.3.1 The Set Builtin </H3> +<!--docid::SEC62::--> +<P> + +This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. <CODE>set</CODE> +allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional +parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>set</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX110"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>] +set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +If no options or arguments are supplied, <CODE>set</CODE> displays the names +and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the +current locale, in a format that may be reused as input +for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. +Read-only variables cannot be reset. +In POSIX mode, only shell variables are listed. +</P><P> + +When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. +Options, if specified, have the following meanings: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-a</CODE> +<DD>Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export +to the environment of subsequent commands. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-b</CODE> +<DD>Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported +immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-e</CODE> +<DD>Exit immediately if a pipeline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>), which may consist +of a single simple command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A>), +a subshell command enclosed in parentheses (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A>), +or one of the commands executed as part of a command list enclosed +by braces (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A>) +returns a non-zero status. +The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the +command list immediately following a <CODE>while</CODE> or <CODE>until</CODE> keyword, +part of the test in an <CODE>if</CODE> statement, +part of any command executed in a <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE> list except +the command following the final <CODE>&&</CODE> or <CODE>||</CODE>, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return status is being inverted with <CODE>!</CODE>. +A trap on <CODE>ERR</CODE>, if set, is executed before the shell exits. +<P> + +This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>), and may cause +subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>-f</CODE> +<DD>Disable filename expansion (globbing). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-h</CODE> +<DD>Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution. +This option is enabled by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-k</CODE> +<DD>All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed +in the environment for a command, not just those that precede +the command name. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-m</CODE> +<DD>Job control is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a +script for syntax errors. +This option is ignored by interactive shells. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-o <VAR>option-name</VAR></CODE> +<DD><P> + +Set the option corresponding to <VAR>option-name</VAR>: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>allexport</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-a</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>braceexpand</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-B</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>emacs</CODE> +<DD>Use an <CODE>emacs</CODE>-style line editing interface (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>). +This also affects the editing interface used for <CODE>read -e</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>errexit</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-e</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>errtrace</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-E</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>functrace</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-T</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>hashall</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-h</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>histexpand</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-H</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>history</CODE> +<DD>Enable command history, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>. +This option is on by default in interactive shells. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>ignoreeof</CODE> +<DD>An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>keyword</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-k</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>monitor</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-m</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>noclobber</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-C</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>noexec</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-n</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>noglob</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-f</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>nolog</CODE> +<DD>Currently ignored. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>notify</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-b</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>nounset</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-u</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>onecmd</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-t</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>physical</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-P</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>pipefail</CODE> +<DD>If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all +commands in the pipeline exit successfully. +This option is disabled by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>posix</CODE> +<DD>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>). +This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that +standard. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>privileged</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-p</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>verbose</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-v</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>vi</CODE> +<DD>Use a <CODE>vi</CODE>-style line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for <CODE>read -e</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>xtrace</CODE> +<DD>Same as <CODE>-x</CODE>. +</DL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-p</CODE> +<DD>Turn on privileged mode. +In this mode, the <CODE>$BASH_ENV</CODE> and <CODE>$ENV</CODE> files are not +processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +and the <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> and <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the <CODE>-p</CODE> option is not supplied, these actions +are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the <CODE>-p</CODE> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +not reset. +Turning this option off causes the effective user +and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-t</CODE> +<DD>Exit after reading and executing one command. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-u</CODE> +<DD>Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters +<SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> as an error when performing parameter expansion. +An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive +shell will exit. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-v</CODE> +<DD>Print shell input lines as they are read. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-x</CODE> +<DD>Print a trace of simple commands, <CODE>for</CODE> commands, <CODE>case</CODE> +commands, <CODE>select</CODE> commands, and arithmetic <CODE>for</CODE> commands +and their arguments or associated word lists after they are +expanded and before they are executed. The value of the <CODE>PS4</CODE> +variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before +the command and its expanded arguments. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-B</CODE> +<DD>The shell will perform brace expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>). +This option is on by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-C</CODE> +<DD>Prevent output redirection using <SAMP>`>'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`>&'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`<>'</SAMP> +from overwriting existing files. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-E</CODE> +<DD>If set, any trap on <CODE>ERR</CODE> is inherited by shell functions, command +substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. +The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is normally not inherited in such cases. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-H</CODE> +<DD>Enable <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> style history substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +This option is on by default for interactive shells. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-P</CODE> +<DD>If set, do not follow symbolic links when performing commands such as +<CODE>cd</CODE> which change the current directory. The physical directory +is used instead. By default, Bash follows +the logical chain of directories when performing commands +which change the current directory. +<P> + +For example, if <TT>`/usr/sys'</TT> is a symbolic link to <TT>`/usr/local/sys'</TT> +then: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD +/usr/sys +$ cd ..; pwd +/usr +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +If <CODE>set -P</CODE> is on, then: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD +/usr/local/sys +$ cd ..; pwd +/usr/local +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<DT><CODE>-T</CODE> +<DD>If set, any trap on <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> are inherited by +shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed +in a subshell environment. +The <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps are normally not inherited +in such cases. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--</CODE> +<DD>If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the +<VAR>arguments</VAR>, even if some of them begin with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-</CODE> +<DD>Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <VAR>arguments</VAR> +to be assigned to the positional parameters. The <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> +and <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> options are turned off. +If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged. +</DL> +<P> + +Using <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> rather than <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> causes these options to be +turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the +shell. The current set of options may be found in <CODE>$-</CODE>. +</P><P> + +The remaining N <VAR>arguments</VAR> are positional parameters and are +assigned, in order, to <CODE>$1</CODE>, <CODE>$2</CODE>, <small>...</small> <CODE>$N</CODE>. +The special parameter <CODE>#</CODE> is set to N. +</P><P> + +The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="The Shopt Builtin"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC63"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin </H3> +<!--docid::SEC63::--> +<P> + +This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>shopt</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX111"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [<VAR>optname</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. +With no options, or with the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option, a list of all settable +options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. +The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option causes output to be displayed in a form that +may be reused as input. +Other options have the following meanings: +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>Enable (set) each <VAR>optname</VAR>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-u</CODE> +<DD>Disable (unset) each <VAR>optname</VAR>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-q</CODE> +<DD>Suppresses normal output; the return status +indicates whether the <VAR>optname</VAR> is set or unset. +If multiple <VAR>optname</VAR> arguments are given with <SAMP>`-q'</SAMP>, +the return status is zero if all <VAR>optnames</VAR> are enabled; +non-zero otherwise. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-o</CODE> +<DD>Restricts the values of +<VAR>optname</VAR> to be those defined for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the +<CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +</DL> +<P> + +If either <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> +is used with no <VAR>optname</VAR> arguments, the display is limited to +those options which are set or unset, respectively. +</P><P> + +Unless otherwise noted, the <CODE>shopt</CODE> options are disabled (off) +by default. +</P><P> + +The return status when listing options is zero if all <VAR>optnames</VAR> +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, +the return status is zero unless an <VAR>optname</VAR> is not a valid shell +option. +</P><P> + +The list of <CODE>shopt</CODE> options is: +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>autocd</CODE> +<DD>If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the <CODE>cd</CODE> command. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>cdable_vars</CODE> +<DD>If this is set, an argument to the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin command that +is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose +value is the directory to change to. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>cdspell</CODE> +<DD>If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +<CODE>cd</CODE> command will be corrected. +The errors checked for are transposed characters, +a missing character, and a character too many. +If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed, +and the command proceeds. +This option is only used by interactive shells. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>checkhash</CODE> +<DD>If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash +table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no +longer exists, a normal path search is performed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>checkjobs</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes +the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an +intervening command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>). +The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>checkwinsize</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash checks the window size after each command +and, if necessary, updates the values of +<CODE>LINES</CODE> and <CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>cmdhist</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash +attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line +command in the same history entry. This allows +easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>compat31</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash +changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted +arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>dirspell</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash +attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion +if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>dotglob</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in +the results of filename expansion. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>execfail</CODE> +<DD>If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the <CODE>exec</CODE> +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if <CODE>exec</CODE> +fails. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>expand_aliases</CODE> +<DD>If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, +<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>. +This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>extdebug</CODE> +<DD>If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: +<P> + +<OL> +<LI> +The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>) +displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function +name supplied as an argument. +<P> + +<LI> +If the command run by the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap returns a non-zero value, the +next command is skipped and not executed. +<P> + +<LI> +If the command run by the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap returns a value of 2, and the +shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script +executed by the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins), a call to +<CODE>return</CODE> is simulated. +<P> + +<LI> +<CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> and <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> are updated as described in their +descriptions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with <CODE>( <VAR>command</VAR> )</CODE> inherit the +<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps. +<P> + +<LI> +Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with <CODE>( <VAR>command</VAR> )</CODE> inherit the +<CODE>ERROR</CODE> trap. +</OL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>extglob</CODE> +<DD>If set, the extended pattern matching features described above +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>) are enabled. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>extquote</CODE> +<DD>If set, <CODE>$'<VAR>string</VAR>'</CODE> and <CODE>$"<VAR>string</VAR>"</CODE> quoting is +performed within <CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>}</CODE> expansions +enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>failglob</CODE> +<DD>If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion +result in an expansion error. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>force_fignore</CODE> +<DD>If set, the suffixes specified by the <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> shell variable +cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if +the ignored words are the only possible completions. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>. +This option is enabled by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>globstar</CODE> +<DD>If set, the pattern <SAMP>`**'</SAMP> used in a filename expansion context will +match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +If the pattern is followed by a <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, only directories and +subdirectories match. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>gnu_errfmt</CODE> +<DD>If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error +message format. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>histappend</CODE> +<DD>If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> +variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>histreedit</CODE> +<DD>If set, and Readline +is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a +failed history substitution. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>histverify</CODE> +<DD>If set, and Readline +is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately +passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into +the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>hostcomplete</CODE> +<DD>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform +hostname completion when a word containing a <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> is being +completed (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>). This option is enabled +by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>huponexit</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash will send <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs when an interactive +login shell exits (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>interactive_comments</CODE> +<DD>Allow a word beginning with <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> +to cause that word and all remaining characters on that +line to be ignored in an interactive shell. +This option is enabled by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>lithist</CODE> +<DD>If enabled, and the <CODE>cmdhist</CODE> +option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with +embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>login_shell</CODE> +<DD>The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>). +The value may not be changed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>mailwarn</CODE> +<DD>If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been +accessed since the last time it was checked, the message +<CODE>"The mail in <VAR>mailfile</VAR> has been read"</CODE> is displayed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>no_empty_cmd_completion</CODE> +<DD>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search +the <CODE>PATH</CODE> for possible completions when completion is attempted +on an empty line. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>nocaseglob</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing filename expansion. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>nocasematch</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing matching while executing <CODE>case</CODE> or <CODE>[[</CODE> +conditional commands. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>nullglob</CODE> +<DD>If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no +files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>progcomp</CODE> +<DD>If set, the programmable completion facilities +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>) are enabled. +This option is enabled by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>promptvars</CODE> +<DD>If set, prompt strings undergo +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal after being expanded +as described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>). +This option is enabled by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>restricted_shell</CODE> +<DD>The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>). +The value may not be changed. +This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing +the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>shift_verbose</CODE> +<DD>If this is set, the <CODE>shift</CODE> +builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the +number of positional parameters. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>sourcepath</CODE> +<DD>If set, the <CODE>source</CODE> builtin uses the value of <CODE>PATH</CODE> +to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. +This option is enabled by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> +<DD>If set, the <CODE>echo</CODE> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +by default. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +The return status when listing options is zero if all <VAR>optnames</VAR> +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. +When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an +<VAR>optname</VAR> is not a valid shell option. +</P><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Special Builtins"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC64"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 4.4 Special Builtins </H2> +<!--docid::SEC64::--> +<P> + +For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified +several builtin commands as <EM>special</EM>. +When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, the special builtins +differ from other builtin commands in three respects: +</P><P> + +<OL> +<LI> +Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. +<P> + +<LI> +If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. +<P> + +<LI> +Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell +environment after the command completes. +</OL> +<P> + +When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no +differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. +The Bash POSIX mode is described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>. +</P><P> + +These are the POSIX special builtins: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set +shift trap unset +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<A NAME="Shell Variables"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC65"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 5. Shell Variables </H1> +<!--docid::SEC65::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables which Bash uses in the same way + as the Bourne Shell.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">List of variables that exist in Bash.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. +Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Bourne Shell Variables"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC66"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 5.1 Bourne Shell Variables </H2> +<!--docid::SEC66::--> +<P> + +Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<A NAME="IDX112"></A> +<DT><CODE>CDPATH</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX113"></A> +A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for +the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin command. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX114"></A> +<DT><CODE>HOME</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX115"></A> +The current user's home directory; the default for the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin +command. +The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX116"></A> +<DT><CODE>IFS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX117"></A> +A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits +words as part of expansion. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX118"></A> +<DT><CODE>MAIL</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX119"></A> +If this parameter is set to a filename and the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> variable +is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in +the specified file. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX120"></A> +<DT><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX121"></A> +A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks +for new mail. +Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail +arrives in the mail file by separating the file name from the message with +a <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>. +When used in the text of the message, <CODE>$_</CODE> expands to the name of +the current mail file. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX122"></A> +<DT><CODE>OPTARG</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX123"></A> +The value of the last option argument processed by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX124"></A> +<DT><CODE>OPTIND</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX125"></A> +The index of the last option argument processed by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX126"></A> +<DT><CODE>PATH</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX127"></A> +A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +commands. +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of <CODE>PATH</CODE> indicates the +current directory. +A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial +or trailing colon. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX128"></A> +<DT><CODE>PS1</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX129"></A> +The primary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`\s-\v\$ '</SAMP>. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for the complete list of escape +sequences that are expanded before <CODE>PS1</CODE> is displayed. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX130"></A> +<DT><CODE>PS2</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX131"></A> +The secondary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`> '</SAMP>. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Bash Variables"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC67"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 5.2 Bash Variables </H2> +<!--docid::SEC67::--> +<P> + +These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells +do not normally treat them specially. +</P><P> + +A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +variables for controlling the job control facilities +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A>). +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<A NAME="IDX132"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX133"></A> +The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX134"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX135"></A> +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option to the +<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>). +The options appearing in <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE> are those reported +as <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by <SAMP>`shopt'</SAMP>. +If this variable is in the environment when Bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX136"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASHPID</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX137"></A> +Expands to the process id of the current Bash process. +This differs from <CODE>$$</CODE> under certain circumstances, such as subshells +that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX138"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX139"></A> +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the <CODE>alias</CODE> builtin +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array +elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX140"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX141"></A> +An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of +parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed +with <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE>) is at the top of the stack. When a +subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto +<CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE>. +The shell sets <CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> only when in extended debugging mode +(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> +for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> +builtin). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX142"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX143"></A> +An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash +execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call +is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is +at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied +are pushed onto <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE>. +The shell sets <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> only when in extended debugging mode +(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> +for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> +builtin). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX144"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX145"></A> +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array +elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX146"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX147"></A> +The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, +in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX148"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX149"></A> +If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell +script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file +to read before executing the script. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX150"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX151"></A> +The command argument to the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> invocation option. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX152"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX153"></A> +An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +corresponding to each member of <VAR>FUNCNAME</VAR>. +<CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</CODE> is the line number in the source file where +<CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> was called (or <CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}</CODE> if +referenced within another shell function). +The corresponding source file name is <CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</CODE>. +Use <CODE>LINENO</CODE> to obtain the current line number. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX154"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX155"></A> +An array variable whose members are assigned by the <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> binary +operator to the <CODE>[[</CODE> conditional command +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>). +The element with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element with index <VAR>n</VAR> is the portion of the +string matching the <VAR>n</VAR>th parenthesized subexpression. +This variable is read-only. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX156"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX157"></A> +An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding +to the elements in the <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> array variable. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX158"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX159"></A> +Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. +The initial value is 0. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX160"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX161"></A> +A readonly array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>) +whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash. +The values assigned to the array members are as follows: +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[0]</CODE> +<DD>The major version number (the <VAR>release</VAR>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[1]</CODE> +<DD>The minor version number (the <VAR>version</VAR>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[2]</CODE> +<DD>The patch level. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[3]</CODE> +<DD>The build version. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[4]</CODE> +<DD>The release status (e.g., <VAR>beta1</VAR>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO[5]</CODE> +<DD>The value of <CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE>. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX162"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX163"></A> +The version number of the current instance of Bash. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX164"></A> +<DT><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX165"></A> +If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash +will write the trace output generated when <SAMP>`set -x'</SAMP> +is enabled to that file descriptor. +This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error +messages. +The file descriptor is closed when <CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE> is unset or assigned +a new value. +Unsetting <CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE> or assigning it the empty string causes the +trace output to be sent to the standard error. +Note that setting <CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE> to 2 (the standard error file +descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error +being closed. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX166"></A> +<DT><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX167"></A> +Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> builtin command to determine the terminal width +when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +<CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX168"></A> +<DT><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX169"></A> +An index into <CODE>${COMP_WORDS}</CODE> of the word containing the current +cursor position. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX170"></A> +<DT><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX171"></A> +The current command line. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX172"></A> +<DT><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX173"></A> +The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +the current command. +If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, +the value of this variable is equal to <CODE>${#COMP_LINE}</CODE>. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX174"></A> +<DT><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX175"></A> +Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +that caused a completion function to be called: +<VAR>TAB</VAR>, for normal completion, +<SAMP>`?'</SAMP>, for listing completions after successive tabs, +<SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +<SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +or +<SAMP>`%'</SAMP>, for menu completion. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX176"></A> +<DT><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX177"></A> +The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +completion function. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX178"></A> +<DT><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX179"></A> +The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word +separators when performing word completion. +If <CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX180"></A> +<DT><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX181"></A> +An array variable consisting of the individual +words in the current command line. +The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using +<CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE> as described above. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX182"></A> +<DT><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX183"></A> +An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions +generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion +facility (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX184"></A> +<DT><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX185"></A> +An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack. +Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the +<CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin. +Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify +directories already in the stack, but the <CODE>pushd</CODE> and <CODE>popd</CODE> +builtins must be used to add and remove directories. +Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. +If <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX186"></A> +<DT><CODE>EMACS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX187"></A> +If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell +starts with value <SAMP>`t'</SAMP>, it assumes that the shell is running in an +emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX188"></A> +<DT><CODE>EUID</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX189"></A> +The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable +is readonly. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX190"></A> +<DT><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX191"></A> +The editor used as a default by the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>fc</CODE> +builtin command. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX192"></A> +<DT><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX193"></A> +A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +filename completion. +A file name whose suffix matches one of the entries in +<CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> +is excluded from the list of matched file names. A sample +value is <SAMP>`.o:~'</SAMP> +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX194"></A> +<DT><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX195"></A> +An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +currently in the execution call stack. +The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing +shell function. +The bottom-most element is <CODE>"main"</CODE>. +This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. +Assignments to <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> have no effect and return an error status. +If <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX196"></A> +<DT><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX197"></A> +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +be ignored by filename expansion. +If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one +of the patterns in <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>, it is removed from the list +of matches. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX198"></A> +<DT><CODE>GROUPS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX199"></A> +An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +user is a member. +Assignments to <CODE>GROUPS</CODE> have no effect and return an error status. +If <CODE>GROUPS</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX200"></A> +<DT><CODE>histchars</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX201"></A> +Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick +substitution, and tokenization (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +The first character is the +<VAR>history expansion</VAR> character, that is, the character which signifies the +start of a history expansion, normally <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>. The second character is the +character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first +character on a line, normally <SAMP>`^'</SAMP>. The optional third character is the +character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when +found as the first character of a word, usually <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>. The history +comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell +parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX202"></A> +<DT><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX203"></A> +The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. If <CODE>HISTCMD</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX204"></A> +<DT><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX205"></A> +A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +the history list. +If the list of values includes <SAMP>`ignorespace'</SAMP>, lines which begin +with a space character are not saved in the history list. +A value of <SAMP>`ignoredups'</SAMP> causes lines which match the previous +history entry to not be saved. +A value of <SAMP>`ignoreboth'</SAMP> is shorthand for +<SAMP>`ignorespace'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`ignoredups'</SAMP>. +A value of <SAMP>`erasedups'</SAMP> causes all previous lines matching the +current line to be removed from the history list before that line +is saved. +Any value not in the above list is ignored. +If <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> is unset, or does not include a valid value, +all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, +subject to the value of <CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE>. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +<CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX206"></A> +<DT><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX207"></A> +The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The +default value is <TT>`~/.bash_history'</TT>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX208"></A> +<DT><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX209"></A> +The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this +variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if +necessary, by removing the oldest entries, +to contain no more than that number of lines. +The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when an interactive shell exits. +The default value is 500. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX210"></A> +<DT><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX211"></A> +A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command +lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is +anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete +line (no implicit <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended). Each pattern is tested +against the line after the checks specified by <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> +are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching +characters, <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> matches the previous history line. <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> +may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed +before attempting a match. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +<CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE>. +<P> + +<CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> subsumes the function of <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>. A +pattern of <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> is identical to <CODE>ignoredups</CODE>, and a +pattern of <SAMP>`[ ]*'</SAMP> is identical to <CODE>ignorespace</CODE>. +Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, +provides the functionality of <CODE>ignoreboth</CODE>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="IDX212"></A> +<DT><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX213"></A> +The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. +The default value is 500. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX214"></A> +<DT><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX215"></A> +If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for <VAR>strftime</VAR> to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the <CODE>history</CODE> builtin. +If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX216"></A> +<DT><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX217"></A> +Contains the name of a file in the same format as <TT>`/etc/hosts'</TT> that +should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. +The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell +is running; +the next time hostname completion is attempted after the +value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the +existing list. +If <CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +Bash attempts to read +<TT>`/etc/hosts'</TT> to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When <CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> is unset, the hostname list is cleared. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX218"></A> +<DT><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX219"></A> +The name of the current host. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX220"></A> +<DT><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX221"></A> +A string describing the machine Bash is running on. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX222"></A> +<DT><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX223"></A> +Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <CODE>EOF</CODE> character +as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number +of consecutive <CODE>EOF</CODE> characters that can be read as the +first character on an input line +before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not +have a numeric value (or has no value) then the default is 10. +If the variable does not exist, then <CODE>EOF</CODE> signifies the end of +input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX224"></A> +<DT><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX225"></A> +The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default +of <TT>`~/.inputrc'</TT>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX226"></A> +<DT><CODE>LANG</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX227"></A> +Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with <CODE>LC_</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX228"></A> +<DT><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX229"></A> +This variable overrides the value of <CODE>LANG</CODE> and any other +<CODE>LC_</CODE> variable specifying a locale category. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX230"></A> +<DT><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX231"></A> +This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +results of filename expansion, and +determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, +and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX232"></A> +<DT><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX233"></A> +This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern +matching (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX234"></A> +<DT><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX235"></A> +This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX236"></A> +<DT><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX237"></A> +This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX238"></A> +<DT><CODE>LINENO</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX239"></A> +The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX240"></A> +<DT><CODE>LINES</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX241"></A> +Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> builtin command to determine the column length +for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +<CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX242"></A> +<DT><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX243"></A> +A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash +is executing, in the standard GNU <VAR>cpu-company-system</VAR> format. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX244"></A> +<DT><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX245"></A> +How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the +files specified in the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> or <CODE>MAIL</CODE> variables. +The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check +for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. +If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number +greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX246"></A> +<DT><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX247"></A> +The previous working directory as set by the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX248"></A> +<DT><CODE>OPTERR</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX249"></A> +If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages +generated by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin command. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX250"></A> +<DT><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX251"></A> +A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX252"></A> +<DT><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX253"></A> +An array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>) +containing a list of exit status values from the processes +in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may +contain only a single command). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX254"></A> +<DT><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX255"></A> +If this variable is in the environment when <CODE>bash</CODE> starts, the shell +enters POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>) before reading the +startup files, as if the <SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> invocation option had been supplied. +If it is set while the shell is running, <CODE>bash</CODE> enables POSIX mode, +as if the command +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>set -o posix</CODE> +</pre></td></tr></table>had been executed. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX256"></A> +<DT><CODE>PPID</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX257"></A> +The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable +is readonly. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX258"></A> +<DT><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX259"></A> +If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute +before the printing of each primary prompt (<CODE>$PS1</CODE>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX260"></A> +<DT><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX261"></A> +If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <CODE>\w</CODE> and +<CODE>\W</CODE> prompt string escapes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>). +Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX262"></A> +<DT><CODE>PS3</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX263"></A> +The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the +<CODE>select</CODE> command. If this variable is not set, the +<CODE>select</CODE> command prompts with <SAMP>`#? '</SAMP> +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX264"></A> +<DT><CODE>PS4</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX265"></A> +The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed +when the <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +The first character of <CODE>PS4</CODE> is replicated multiple times, as +necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. +The default is <SAMP>`+ '</SAMP>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX266"></A> +<DT><CODE>PWD</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX267"></A> +The current working directory as set by the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX268"></A> +<DT><CODE>RANDOM</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX269"></A> +Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer +between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this +variable seeds the random number generator. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX270"></A> +<DT><CODE>REPLY</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX271"></A> +The default variable for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX272"></A> +<DT><CODE>SECONDS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX273"></A> +This variable expands to the number of seconds since the +shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets +the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value +becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds +since the assignment. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX274"></A> +<DT><CODE>SHELL</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX275"></A> +The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable. +If it is not set when the shell starts, +Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX276"></A> +<DT><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX277"></A> +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the +<CODE>set</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +The options appearing in <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE> are those reported +as <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by <SAMP>`set -o'</SAMP>. +If this variable is in the environment when Bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX278"></A> +<DT><CODE>SHLVL</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX279"></A> +Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is +intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX280"></A> +<DT><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX281"></A> +The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the <CODE>time</CODE> +reserved word should be displayed. +The <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> character introduces an +escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other +information. +The escape sequences and their meanings are as +follows; the braces denote optional portions. +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>%%</CODE> +<DD>A literal <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>%[<VAR>p</VAR>][l]R</CODE> +<DD>The elapsed time in seconds. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>%[<VAR>p</VAR>][l]U</CODE> +<DD>The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>%[<VAR>p</VAR>][l]S</CODE> +<DD>The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>%P</CODE> +<DD>The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. +</DL> +<P> + +The optional <VAR>p</VAR> is a digit specifying the precision, the number of +fractional digits after a decimal point. +A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. +At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values +of <VAR>p</VAR> greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If <VAR>p</VAR> is not specified, the value 3 is used. +</P><P> + +The optional <CODE>l</CODE> specifies a longer format, including minutes, of +the form <VAR>MM</VAR>m<VAR>SS</VAR>.<VAR>FF</VAR>s. +The value of <VAR>p</VAR> determines whether or not the fraction is included. +</P><P> + +If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'</CODE> +</pre></td></tr></table>If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="IDX282"></A> +<DT><CODE>TMOUT</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX283"></A> +If set to a value greater than zero, <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> is treated as the +default timeout for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +The <CODE>select</CODE> command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>) terminates +if input does not arrive after <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> seconds when input is coming +from a terminal. +<P> + +In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as +the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary +prompt when the shell is interactive. +Bash terminates after that number of seconds if input does +not arrive. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="IDX284"></A> +<DT><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX285"></A> +If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which +Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX286"></A> +<DT><CODE>UID</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX287"></A> +The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Bash Features"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC68"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 6. Bash Features </H1> +<!--docid::SEC68::--> +<P> + +This section describes features unique to Bash. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command line options that you can give + to Bash.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">When and how Bash executes scripts.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What an interactive shell is.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Primitives used in composing expressions for + the <CODE>test</CODE> builtin.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Arithmetic on shell variables.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Substituting one command for another.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Array Variables.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">History of visited directories.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Controlling the PS1 string.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A more controlled mode of shell execution.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Making Bash behave more closely to what + the POSIX standard specifies.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Invoking Bash"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC69"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.1 Invoking Bash </H2> +<!--docid::SEC69::--> +<P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>] +bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_option</VAR>] -c <VAR>string</VAR> [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>] +bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +In addition to the single-character shell command-line options +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), there are several multi-character +options that you can use. These options must appear on the command +line before the single-character options to be recognized. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>--debugger</CODE> +<DD>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> +for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> +builtin) and shell function tracing +(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A> for a description of the <CODE>-o functrace</CODE> +option). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--dump-po-strings</CODE> +<DD>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> +is printed on the standard output +in the GNU <CODE>gettext</CODE> PO (portable object) file format. +Equivalent to <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> except for the output format. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--dump-strings</CODE> +<DD>Equivalent to <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--help</CODE> +<DD>Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--init-file <VAR>filename</VAR></CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>--rcfile <VAR>filename</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Execute commands from <VAR>filename</VAR> (instead of <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>) +in an interactive shell. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--login</CODE> +<DD>Equivalent to <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--noediting</CODE> +<DD>Do not use the GNU Readline library (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>) +to read command lines when the shell is interactive. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--noprofile</CODE> +<DD>Don't load the system-wide startup file <TT>`/etc/profile'</TT> +or any of the personal initialization files +<TT>`~/.bash_profile'</TT>, <TT>`~/.bash_login'</TT>, or <TT>`~/.profile'</TT> +when Bash is invoked as a login shell. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--norc</CODE> +<DD>Don't read the <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT> initialization file in an +interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is +invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--posix</CODE> +<DD>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This +is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that +standard. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>, for a description of the Bash +POSIX mode. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--restricted</CODE> +<DD>Make the shell a restricted shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--verbose</CODE> +<DD>Equivalent to <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP>. Print shell input lines as they're read. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--version</CODE> +<DD>Show version information for this instance of +Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-c <VAR>string</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Read and execute commands from <VAR>string</VAR> after processing the +options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are assigned to the +positional parameters, starting with <CODE>$0</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-i</CODE> +<DD>Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are +described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-l</CODE> +<DD>Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. +When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a +login shell with <SAMP>`exec -l bash'</SAMP>. +When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will +be executed. +<SAMP>`exec bash -l'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`exec bash --login'</SAMP> +will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>, for a description of the special behavior +of a login shell. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-r</CODE> +<DD>Make the shell a restricted shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +processing, then commands are read from the standard input. +This option allows the positional parameters to be set +when invoking an interactive shell. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-D</CODE> +<DD>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> +is printed on the standard output. +These are the strings that +are subject to language translation when the current locale +is not <CODE>C</CODE> or <CODE>POSIX</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>). +This implies the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option; no commands will be executed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>[-+]O [<VAR>shopt_option</VAR>]</CODE> +<DD><VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is one of the shell options accepted by the +<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>). +If <VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is present, <SAMP>`-O'</SAMP> sets the value of that option; +<SAMP>`+O'</SAMP> unsets it. +If <VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by <CODE>shopt</CODE> are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is <SAMP>`+O'</SAMP>, the output is displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--</CODE> +<DD>A <CODE>--</CODE> signals the end of options and disables further option +processing. +Any arguments after the <CODE>--</CODE> are treated as filenames and arguments. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX288"></A> +A <EM>login</EM> shell is one whose first character of argument zero is +<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, or one invoked with the <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="IDX289"></A> +An <EM>interactive</EM> shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is specified, +without specifying the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option, and whose input and output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by <CODE>isatty(3)</CODE>), or one +started with the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>, for more +information. +</P><P> + +If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +<SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> nor the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> +option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, <CODE>$0</CODE> +is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters +are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. +Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed +in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Bash Startup Files"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC70"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.2 Bash Startup Files </H2> +<!--docid::SEC70::--> +<P> + +This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. +If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. +Tildes are expanded in file names as described above under +Tilde Expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>). +</P><P> + +Interactive shells are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="SEC71"></A> +<H4> Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> </H4> +<!--docid::SEC71::--> +<P> + +When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file <TT>`/etc/profile'</TT>, if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for <TT>`~/.bash_profile'</TT>, +<TT>`~/.bash_login'</TT>, and <TT>`~/.profile'</TT>, in that order, and reads +and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. +The <SAMP>`--noprofile'</SAMP> option may be used when the shell is started to +inhibit this behavior. +</P><P> + +When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from +the file <TT>`~/.bash_logout'</TT>, if it exists. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="SEC72"></A> +<H4> Invoked as an interactive non-login shell </H4> +<!--docid::SEC72::--> +<P> + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the <SAMP>`--norc'</SAMP> option. +The <SAMP>`--rcfile <VAR>file</VAR>'</SAMP> option will force Bash to read and +execute commands from <VAR>file</VAR> instead of <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>. +</P><P> + +So, typically, your <TT>`~/.bash_profile'</TT> contains the line +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi</CODE> +</pre></td></tr></table>after (or before) any login-specific initializations. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="SEC73"></A> +<H4> Invoked non-interactively </H4> +<!--docid::SEC73::--> +<P> + +When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, +for example, it looks for the variable <CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE> in the environment, +expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as +the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the +following command were executed: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi</CODE> +</pre></td></tr></table>but the value of the <CODE>PATH</CODE> variable is not used to search for the +file name. +</P><P> + +As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +<SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +login shell startup files. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="SEC74"></A> +<H4> Invoked with name <CODE>sh</CODE> </H4> +<!--docid::SEC74::--> +<P> + +If Bash is invoked with the name <CODE>sh</CODE>, it tries to mimic the +startup behavior of historical versions of <CODE>sh</CODE> as closely as +possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. +</P><P> + +When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option, it first attempts to read +and execute commands from <TT>`/etc/profile'</TT> and <TT>`~/.profile'</TT>, in +that order. +The <SAMP>`--noprofile'</SAMP> option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <CODE>sh</CODE>, Bash +looks for the variable <CODE>ENV</CODE>, expands its value if it is defined, +and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Since a shell invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE> does not attempt to read and execute +commands from any other startup files, the <SAMP>`--rcfile'</SAMP> option has +no effect. +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name <CODE>sh</CODE> does not attempt +to read any other startup files. +</P><P> + +When invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>, Bash enters POSIX mode after +the startup files are read. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="SEC75"></A> +<H4> Invoked in POSIX mode </H4> +<!--docid::SEC75::--> +<P> + +When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the +<SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> command line option, it follows the POSIX standard +for startup files. +In this mode, interactive shells expand the <CODE>ENV</CODE> variable +and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the +expanded value. +No other startup files are read. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="SEC76"></A> +<H4> Invoked by remote shell daemon </H4> +<!--docid::SEC76::--> +<P> + +Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell +daemon, usually <CODE>rshd</CODE>, or the secure shell daemon <CODE>sshd</CODE>. +If Bash determines it is being run in +this fashion, it reads and executes commands from <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>, if that +file exists and is readable. +It will not do this if invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>. +The <SAMP>`--norc'</SAMP> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +<SAMP>`--rcfile'</SAMP> option may be used to force another file to be read, but +<CODE>rshd</CODE> does not generally invoke the shell with those options or +allow them to be specified. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="SEC77"></A> +<H4> Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs </H4> +<!--docid::SEC77::--> +<P> + +If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the <CODE>-p</CODE> option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +the <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE>, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective +user id is set to the real user id. +If the <CODE>-p</CODE> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +the same, but the effective user id is not reset. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Interactive Shells"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC78"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.3 Interactive Shells </H2> +<!--docid::SEC78::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What determines whether a shell is Interactive.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to tell if a shell is interactive.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What changes in a interactive shell?</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="What is an Interactive Shell?"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC79"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? </H3> +<!--docid::SEC79::--> +<P> + +An interactive shell +is one started without non-option arguments, unless <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is +specified, without specifying the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option, and +whose input and error output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by <CODE>isatty(3)</CODE>), +or one started with the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option. +</P><P> + +An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's +terminal. +</P><P> + +The <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters +when an interactive shell is started. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Is this Shell Interactive?"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC80"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? </H3> +<!--docid::SEC80::--> +<P> + +To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is +running interactively, +test the value of the <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> special parameter. +It contains <CODE>i</CODE> when the shell is interactive. For example: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>case "$-" in +*i*) echo This shell is interactive ;; +*) echo This shell is not interactive ;; +esac +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable +<CODE>PS1</CODE>; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in +interactive shells. Thus: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then + echo This shell is not interactive +else + echo This shell is interactive +fi +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<A NAME="Interactive Shell Behavior"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC81"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior </H3> +<!--docid::SEC81::--> +<P> + +When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in +several ways. +</P><P> + +<OL> +<LI> +Startup files are read and executed as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>. +<P> + +<LI> +Job Control (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>) is enabled by default. When job +control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control +signals <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash expands and displays <CODE>PS1</CODE> before reading the first line +of a command, and expands and displays <CODE>PS2</CODE> before reading the +second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash executes the value of the <CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> variable as a command +before printing the primary prompt, <CODE>$PS1</CODE> +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>) is used to read commands from +the user's terminal. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash inspects the value of the <CODE>ignoreeof</CODE> option to <CODE>set -o</CODE> +instead of exiting immediately when it receives an <CODE>EOF</CODE> on its +standard input when reading a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) +and history expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>) +are enabled by default. +Bash will save the command history to the file named by <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE> +when an interactive shell exits. +<P> + +<LI> +Alias expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>) is performed by default. +<P> + +<LI> +In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores <CODE>SIGTERM</CODE> +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +In the absence of any traps, <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> is caught and handled +((see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>). +<CODE>SIGINT</CODE> will interrupt some shell builtins. +<P> + +<LI> +An interactive login shell sends a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs on exit +if the <CODE>huponexit</CODE> shell option has been enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> invocation option is ignored, and <SAMP>`set -n'</SAMP> has +no effect (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the +<CODE>MAIL</CODE>, <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE> shell variables +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after +<SAMP>`set -u'</SAMP> has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by <VAR>var</VAR> being unset +or null in <CODE>${<VAR>var</VAR>:?<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> expansions +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the +shell to exit. +<P> + +<LI> +When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error +status will not cause the shell to exit (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +A failed <CODE>exec</CODE> will not cause the shell to exit +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. +<P> + +<LI> +Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the <CODE>cd</CODE> +builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the <CODE>cdspell</CODE> +option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The shell will check the value of the <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> variable and exit +if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after +printing <CODE>$PS1</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). +<P> + +</OL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Bash Conditional Expressions"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC82"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions </H2> +<!--docid::SEC82::--> +<P> + +Conditional expressions are used by the <CODE>[[</CODE> compound command +and the <CODE>test</CODE> and <CODE>[</CODE> builtin commands. +</P><P> + +Expressions may be unary or binary. +Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. +There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. +If the <VAR>file</VAR> argument to one of the primaries is of the form +<TT>`/dev/fd/<VAR>N</VAR>'</TT>, then file descriptor <VAR>N</VAR> is checked. +If the <VAR>file</VAR> argument to one of the primaries is one of +<TT>`/dev/stdin'</TT>, <TT>`/dev/stdout'</TT>, or <TT>`/dev/stderr'</TT>, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. +</P><P> + +When used with <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>, The <SAMP>`<'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`>'</SAMP> operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. +</P><P> + +Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-a <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-b <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a block special file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-c <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a character special file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-d <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a directory. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-e <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-f <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a regular file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-g <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and its set-group-id bit is set. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-h <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a symbolic link. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-k <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and its "sticky" bit is set. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-p <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-r <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is readable. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-s <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and has a size greater than zero. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-t <VAR>fd</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if file descriptor <VAR>fd</VAR> is open and refers to a terminal. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-u <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and its set-user-id bit is set. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-w <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is writable. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-x <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is executable. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-O <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is owned by the effective user id. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-G <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is owned by the effective group id. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-L <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a symbolic link. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-S <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a socket. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-N <VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and has been modified since it was last read. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -nt <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file1</VAR> is newer (according to modification date) +than <VAR>file2</VAR>, or if <VAR>file1</VAR> exists and <VAR>file2</VAR> does not. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -ot <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file1</VAR> is older than <VAR>file2</VAR>, +or if <VAR>file2</VAR> exists and <VAR>file1</VAR> does not. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -ef <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>file1</VAR> and <VAR>file2</VAR> refer to the same device and +inode numbers. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-o <VAR>optname</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if shell option <VAR>optname</VAR> is enabled. +The list of options appears in the description of the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> +option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-z <VAR>string</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if the length of <VAR>string</VAR> is zero. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-n <VAR>string</VAR></CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE><VAR>string</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if the length of <VAR>string</VAR> is non-zero. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> == <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> = <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if the strings are equal. +<SAMP>`='</SAMP> should be used with the <CODE>test</CODE> command for POSIX conformance. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> != <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if the strings are not equal. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> < <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>string1</VAR> sorts before <VAR>string2</VAR> lexicographically. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>string1</VAR> > <VAR>string2</VAR></CODE> +<DD>True if <VAR>string1</VAR> sorts after <VAR>string2</VAR> lexicographically. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>arg1</VAR> OP <VAR>arg2</VAR></CODE> +<DD><CODE>OP</CODE> is one of +<SAMP>`-eq'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-ne'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-lt'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-le'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-gt'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`-ge'</SAMP>. +These arithmetic binary operators return true if <VAR>arg1</VAR> +is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, +greater than, or greater than or equal to <VAR>arg2</VAR>, +respectively. <VAR>Arg1</VAR> and <VAR>arg2</VAR> +may be positive or negative integers. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Shell Arithmetic"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC83"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.5 Shell Arithmetic </H2> +<!--docid::SEC83::--> +<P> + +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of +the shell expansions or by the <CODE>let</CODE> and the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option +to the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtins. +</P><P> + +Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. +The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values +are the same as in the C language. +The following list of operators is grouped into levels of +equal-precedence operators. +The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>id</VAR>++ <VAR>id</VAR>--</CODE> +<DD>variable post-increment and post-decrement +<P> + +<DT><CODE>++<VAR>id</VAR> --<VAR>id</VAR></CODE> +<DD>variable pre-increment and pre-decrement +<P> + +<DT><CODE>- +</CODE> +<DD>unary minus and plus +<P> + +<DT><CODE>! ~</CODE> +<DD>logical and bitwise negation +<P> + +<DT><CODE>**</CODE> +<DD>exponentiation +<P> + +<DT><CODE>* / %</CODE> +<DD>multiplication, division, remainder +<P> + +<DT><CODE>+ -</CODE> +<DD>addition, subtraction +<P> + +<DT><CODE><< >></CODE> +<DD>left and right bitwise shifts +<P> + +<DT><CODE><= >= < ></CODE> +<DD>comparison +<P> + +<DT><CODE>== !=</CODE> +<DD>equality and inequality +<P> + +<DT><CODE>&</CODE> +<DD>bitwise AND +<P> + +<DT><CODE>^</CODE> +<DD>bitwise exclusive OR +<P> + +<DT><CODE>|</CODE> +<DD>bitwise OR +<P> + +<DT><CODE>&&</CODE> +<DD>logical AND +<P> + +<DT><CODE>||</CODE> +<DD>logical OR +<P> + +<DT><CODE>expr ? expr : expr</CODE> +<DD>conditional operator +<P> + +<DT><CODE>= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=</CODE> +<DD>assignment +<P> + +<DT><CODE>expr1 , expr2</CODE> +<DD>comma +</DL> +<P> + +Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. +Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name +without using the parameter expansion syntax. +A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced +by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. +The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression +when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the +<VAR>integer</VAR> attribute using <SAMP>`declare -i'</SAMP> is assigned a value. +A null value evaluates to 0. +A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on +to be used in an expression. +</P><P> + +Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading <SAMP>`0x'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`0X'</SAMP> denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, +numbers take the form [<VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE>]<VAR>n</VAR>, where <VAR>base</VAR> +is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic +base, and <VAR>n</VAR> is a number in that base. If <VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE> is +omitted, then base 10 is used. +The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`_'</SAMP>, in that order. +If <VAR>base</VAR> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 +and 35. +</P><P> + +Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence +rules above. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Aliases"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC84"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.6 Aliases </H2> +<!--docid::SEC84::--> +<P> + +<VAR>Aliases</VAR> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +as the first word of a simple command. +The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with +the <CODE>alias</CODE> and <CODE>unalias</CODE> builtin commands. +</P><P> + +The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +if it has an alias. +If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. +The characters <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`='</SAMP> and any of the +shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear +in an alias name. +The replacement text may contain any valid +shell input, including shell metacharacters. +The first word of the replacement text is tested for +aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded +is not expanded a second time. +This means that one may alias <CODE>ls</CODE> to <CODE>"ls -F"</CODE>, +for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the +replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a +space or tab character, then the next command word following the +alias is also checked for alias expansion. +</P><P> + +Aliases are created and listed with the <CODE>alias</CODE> +command, and removed with the <CODE>unalias</CODE> command. +</P><P> + +There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, +as in <CODE>csh</CODE>. +If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>). +</P><P> + +Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, +unless the <CODE>expand_aliases</CODE> shell option is set using +<CODE>shopt</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>). +</P><P> + +The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +somewhat confusing. Bash +always reads at least one complete line +of input before executing any +of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another +command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. +The commands following the alias definition +on that line are not affected by the new alias. +This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, +not when the function is executed, because a function definition +is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases +defined in a function are not available until after that +function is executed. To be safe, always put +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use <CODE>alias</CODE> +in compound commands. +</P><P> + +For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Arrays"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC85"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.7 Arrays </H2> +<!--docid::SEC85::--> +<P> + +Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; +the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin will explicitly declare an array. +There is no maximum +limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members +be indexed or assigned contiguously. +Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic +expressions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>) and are zero-based; +associative arrays use arbitrary strings. +</P><P> + +An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +using the syntax +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>name[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=<VAR>value</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +The <VAR>subscript</VAR> +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number +greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>declare -a <VAR>name</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table>The syntax +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>declare -a <VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>is also accepted; the <VAR>subscript</VAR> is ignored. +</P><P> + +Associative arrays are created using +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>declare -A <VAR>name</VAR>. +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the <CODE>declare</CODE> and +<CODE>readonly</CODE> builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of +an array. +</P><P> + +Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>name=(value<VAR>1</VAR> <small>...</small> value<VAR>n</VAR>) +</pre></td></tr></table>where each +<VAR>value</VAR> is of the form <CODE>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]=</CODE><VAR>string</VAR>. +Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. +When assigning to indexed arrays, if +the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; +otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned +to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. +</P><P> + +When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. +</P><P> + +This syntax is also accepted by the <CODE>declare</CODE> +builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the +<CODE>name[</CODE><VAR>subscript</VAR><CODE>]=</CODE><VAR>value</VAR> syntax introduced above. +</P><P> + +Any element of an array may be referenced using +<CODE>${name[</CODE><VAR>subscript</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>. +The braces are required to avoid +conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the +<VAR>subscript</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the word expands to all members +of the array <VAR>name</VAR>. These subscripts differ only when the word +appears within double quotes. +If the word is double-quoted, +<CODE>${name[*]}</CODE> expands to a single word with +the value of each array member separated by the first character of the +<CODE>IFS</CODE> variable, and <CODE>${name[@]}</CODE> expands each element of +<VAR>name</VAR> to a separate word. When there are no array members, +<CODE>${name[@]}</CODE> expands to nothing. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +This is analogous to the +expansion of the special parameters <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`*'</SAMP>. +<CODE>${#name[</CODE><VAR>subscript</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE> expands to the length of +<CODE>${name[</CODE><VAR>subscript</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>. +If <VAR>subscript</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> or +<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing with a subscript of 0. +</P><P> + +An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +value. The null string is a valid value. +</P><P> + +The <CODE>unset</CODE> builtin is used to destroy arrays. +<CODE>unset</CODE> <VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>] +destroys the array element at index <VAR>subscript</VAR>. +Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename +expansion. +<CODE>unset</CODE> <VAR>name</VAR>, where <VAR>name</VAR> is an array, removes the +entire array. A subscript of <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> also removes the +entire array. +</P><P> + +The <CODE>declare</CODE>, <CODE>local</CODE>, and <CODE>readonly</CODE> +builtins each accept a <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option to specify an indexed +array and a <SAMP>`-A'</SAMP> option to specify an associative array. +The <CODE>read</CODE> builtin accepts a <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> +option to assign a list of words read from the standard input +to an array, and can read values from the standard input into +individual array elements. The <CODE>set</CODE> and <CODE>declare</CODE> +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be +reused as input. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="The Directory Stack"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC86"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.8 The Directory Stack </H2> +<!--docid::SEC86::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Bash builtin commands to manipulate + the directory stack.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +<CODE>pushd</CODE> builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes +the current directory, and the <CODE>popd</CODE> builtin removes specified +directories from the stack and changes the current directory to +the directory removed. The <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin displays the contents +of the directory stack. +</P><P> + +The contents of the directory stack are also visible +as the value of the <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> shell variable. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Directory Stack Builtins"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC87"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins </H3> +<!--docid::SEC87::--> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>dirs</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX290"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>dirs [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>] [-clpv] +</pre></td></tr></table>Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories +are added to the list with the <CODE>pushd</CODE> command; the +<CODE>popd</CODE> command removes directories from the list. +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Displays the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE> when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +<DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Displays the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE> when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +<DT><CODE>-c</CODE> +<DD>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. +<DT><CODE>-l</CODE> +<DD>Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a +tilde to denote the home directory. +<DT><CODE>-p</CODE> +<DD>Causes <CODE>dirs</CODE> to print the directory stack with one entry per +line. +<DT><CODE>-v</CODE> +<DD>Causes <CODE>dirs</CODE> to print the directory stack with one entry per +line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +</DL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>popd</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX291"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>popd [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>] [-n] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and <CODE>cd</CODE> +to the new top directory. +When no arguments are given, <CODE>popd</CODE> +removes the top directory from the stack and +performs a <CODE>cd</CODE> to the new top directory. The +elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with +<CODE>dirs</CODE>; i.e., <CODE>popd</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>popd +0</CODE>. +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Removes the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>), starting with zero. +<DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Removes the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>), starting with zero. +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX292"></A> +<DT><CODE>pushd</CODE> +<DD><TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>pushd [-n] [<VAR>+N</VAR> | <VAR>-N</VAR> | <VAR>dir</VAR> ] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack +and then <CODE>cd</CODE> to <VAR>dir</VAR>. +With no arguments, <CODE>pushd</CODE> exchanges the top two directories. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories +to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +<DT><CODE>+<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Brings the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>, starting with zero) to the top of +the list by rotating the stack. +<DT><CODE>-<VAR>N</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Brings the <VAR>N</VAR>th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by <CODE>dirs</CODE>, starting with zero) to the top of +the list by rotating the stack. +<DT><CODE><VAR>dir</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, and then +executes the equivalent of `<CODE>cd</CODE> <VAR>dir</VAR>'. +<CODE>cd</CODE>s to <VAR>dir</VAR>. +</DL> +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Printing a Prompt"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC88"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.9 Controlling the Prompt </H2> +<!--docid::SEC88::--> +<P> + +The value of the variable <CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> is examined just before +Bash prints each primary prompt. If <CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> is set and +has a non-null value, then the +value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. +</P><P> + +In addition, the following table describes the special characters which +can appear in the prompt variables: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>\a</CODE> +<DD>A bell character. +<DT><CODE>\d</CODE> +<DD>The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). +<DT><CODE>\D{<VAR>format</VAR>}</CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>format</VAR> is passed to <CODE>strftime</CODE>(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty <VAR>format</VAR> results in a locale-specific +time representation. The braces are required. +<DT><CODE>\e</CODE> +<DD>An escape character. +<DT><CODE>\h</CODE> +<DD>The hostname, up to the first `.'. +<DT><CODE>\H</CODE> +<DD>The hostname. +<DT><CODE>\j</CODE> +<DD>The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. +<DT><CODE>\l</CODE> +<DD>The basename of the shell's terminal device name. +<DT><CODE>\n</CODE> +<DD>A newline. +<DT><CODE>\r</CODE> +<DD>A carriage return. +<DT><CODE>\s</CODE> +<DD>The name of the shell, the basename of <CODE>$0</CODE> (the portion +following the final slash). +<DT><CODE>\t</CODE> +<DD>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. +<DT><CODE>\T</CODE> +<DD>The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. +<DT><CODE>\@</CODE> +<DD>The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. +<DT><CODE>\A</CODE> +<DD>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. +<DT><CODE>\u</CODE> +<DD>The username of the current user. +<DT><CODE>\v</CODE> +<DD>The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) +<DT><CODE>\V</CODE> +<DD>The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) +<DT><CODE>\w</CODE> +<DD>The current working directory, with <CODE>$HOME</CODE> abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the <CODE>$PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE> variable). +<DT><CODE>\W</CODE> +<DD>The basename of <CODE>$PWD</CODE>, with <CODE>$HOME</CODE> abbreviated with a tilde. +<DT><CODE>\!</CODE> +<DD>The history number of this command. +<DT><CODE>\#</CODE> +<DD>The command number of this command. +<DT><CODE>\$</CODE> +<DD>If the effective uid is 0, <CODE>#</CODE>, otherwise <CODE>$</CODE>. +<DT><CODE>\<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The character whose ASCII code is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR>. +<DT><CODE>\\</CODE> +<DD>A backslash. +<DT><CODE>\[</CODE> +<DD>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to +embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. +<DT><CODE>\]</CODE> +<DD>End a sequence of non-printing characters. +</DL> +<P> + +The command number and the history number are usually different: +the history number of a command is its position in the history +list, which may include commands restored from the history file +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>), while the command number is +the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current +shell session. +</P><P> + +After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the +<CODE>promptvars</CODE> shell option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +</P><P> + +<A NAME="The Restricted Shell"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC89"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.10 The Restricted Shell </H2> +<!--docid::SEC89::--> +<P> + +If Bash is started with the name <CODE>rbash</CODE>, or the +<SAMP>`--restricted'</SAMP> +or +<SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> +option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. +A restricted shell is used to +set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. +A restricted shell behaves identically to <CODE>bash</CODE> +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +</P><P> + +<UL> +<LI> +Changing directories with the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin. +<LI> +Setting or unsetting the values of the <CODE>SHELL</CODE>, <CODE>PATH</CODE>, +<CODE>ENV</CODE>, or <CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE> variables. +<LI> +Specifying command names containing slashes. +<LI> +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <CODE>.</CODE> +builtin command. +<LI> +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> +option to the <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin command. +<LI> +Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. +<LI> +Parsing the value of <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE> from the shell environment at startup. +<LI> +Redirecting output using the <SAMP>`>'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`>|'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`<>'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`>&'</SAMP>, +<SAMP>`&>'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`>>'</SAMP> redirection operators. +<LI> +Using the <CODE>exec</CODE> builtin to replace the shell with another command. +<LI> +Adding or deleting builtin commands with the +<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> options to the <CODE>enable</CODE> builtin. +<LI> +Using the <CODE>enable</CODE> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins. +<LI> +Specifying the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>command</CODE> builtin. +<LI> +Turning off restricted mode with <SAMP>`set +r'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`set +o restricted'</SAMP>. +</UL> +<P> + +These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. +</P><P> + +When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>rbash</CODE> turns off any restrictions in +the shell spawned to execute the script. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Bash POSIX Mode"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC90"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode </H2> +<!--docid::SEC90::--> +<P> + +Starting Bash with the <SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> command-line option or executing +<SAMP>`set -o posix'</SAMP> while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more +closely to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to +match that specified by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. +</P><P> + +When invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>, Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +startup files. +</P><P> + +The following list is what's changed when `POSIX mode' is in effect: +</P><P> + +<OL> +<LI> +When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search +<CODE>$PATH</CODE> to find the new location. This is also available with +<SAMP>`shopt -s checkhash'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<LI> +The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'. +<P> + +<LI> +The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +is stopped is `Stopped(<VAR>signame</VAR>)', where <VAR>signame</VAR> is, for +example, <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>bg</CODE> builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed +in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job +is the current or previous job. +<P> + +<LI> +Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized +do not undergo alias expansion. +<P> + +<LI> +The POSIX <CODE>PS1</CODE> and <CODE>PS2</CODE> expansions of <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> to +the history number and <SAMP>`!!'</SAMP> to <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> are enabled, +and parameter expansion is performed on the values of <CODE>PS1</CODE> and +<CODE>PS2</CODE> regardless of the setting of the <CODE>promptvars</CODE> option. +<P> + +<LI> +The POSIX startup files are executed (<CODE>$ENV</CODE>) rather than +the normal Bash files. +<P> + +<LI> +Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command +name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. +<P> + +<LI> +The default history file is <TT>`~/.sh_history'</TT> (this is the +default value of <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>). +<P> + +<LI> +The output of <SAMP>`kill -l'</SAMP> prints all the signal names on a single line, +separated by spaces, without the <SAMP>`SIG'</SAMP> prefix. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>kill</CODE> builtin does not accept signal names with a <SAMP>`SIG'</SAMP> +prefix. +<P> + +<LI> +Non-interactive shells exit if <VAR>filename</VAR> in <CODE>.</CODE> <VAR>filename</VAR> +is not found. +<P> + +<LI> +Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion +results in an invalid expression. +<P> + +<LI> +Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word +in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. +<P> + +<LI> +Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the +redirection. +<P> + +<LI> +Function names must be valid shell <CODE>name</CODE>s. That is, they may not +contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and +may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name +causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. +<P> + +<LI> +POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions +during command lookup. +<P> + +<LI> +If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a +non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in +the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, +redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding +the command name, and so on. +<P> + +<LI> +If <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is set, the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin will not implicitly +append the current directory to it. This means that <CODE>cd</CODE> will +fail if no valid directory name can be constructed from +any of the entries in <CODE>$CDPATH</CODE>, even if the a directory with +the same name as the name given as an argument to <CODE>cd</CODE> exists +in the current directory. +<P> + +<LI> +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable +assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment +statements. +A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign +a value to a readonly variable. +<P> + +<LI> +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration +variable in a <CODE>for</CODE> statement or the selection variable in a +<CODE>select</CODE> statement is a readonly variable. +<P> + +<LI> +Process substitution is not available. +<P> + +<LI> +Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins +persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. +<P> + +<LI> +Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the +shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX +special builtin command had been executed. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>export</CODE> and <CODE>readonly</CODE> builtin commands display their +output in the format required by POSIX. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin displays signal names without the leading +<CODE>SIG</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible +signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original +disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and +is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given +signal to the original disposition, they should use <SAMP>`-'</SAMP> as the +first argument. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>.</CODE> and <CODE>source</CODE> builtins do not search the current directory +for the filename argument if it is not found by searching <CODE>PATH</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, +Bash clears the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option in such subshells. +<P> + +<LI> +Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. +<P> + +<LI> +When the <CODE>alias</CODE> builtin displays alias definitions, it does not +display them with a leading <SAMP>`alias '</SAMP> unless the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option +is supplied. +<P> + +<LI> +When the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is invoked without options, it does not display +shell function names and definitions. +<P> + +<LI> +When the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is invoked without options, it displays +variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, +even if the result contains nonprinting characters. +<P> + +<LI> +When the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin is invoked in <VAR>logical</VAR> mode, and the pathname +constructed from <CODE>$PWD</CODE> and the directory name supplied as an argument +does not refer to an existing directory, <CODE>cd</CODE> will fail instead of +falling back to <VAR>physical</VAR> mode. +<P> + +<LI> +When the <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtin is supplied the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option, it resets +<CODE>$PWD</CODE> to a pathname containing no symlinks. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the +current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the +<SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option. +<P> + +<LI> +When listing the history, the <CODE>fc</CODE> builtin does not include an +indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. +<P> + +<LI> +The default editor used by <CODE>fc</CODE> is <CODE>ed</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>type</CODE> and <CODE>command</CODE> builtins will not report a non-executable +file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a +file if it is the only so-named file found in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>vi</CODE> editing mode will invoke the <CODE>vi</CODE> editor directly when +the <SAMP>`v'</SAMP> command is run, instead of checking <CODE>$VISUAL</CODE> and +<CODE>$EDITOR</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +When the <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret +any arguments to <CODE>echo</CODE> as options. Each argument is displayed, after +escape characters are converted. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>ulimit</CODE> builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> +and <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> options. +<P> + +<LI> +The arrival of <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE> when a trap is set on <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE> does +not interrupt the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin and cause it to return immediately. +The trap command is run once for each child that exits. +<P> + +</OL> +<P> + +There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by +default even when in POSIX mode. +Specifically: +</P><P> + +<OL> + +<LI> +The <CODE>fc</CODE> builtin checks <CODE>$EDITOR</CODE> as a program to edit history +entries if <CODE>FCEDIT</CODE> is unset, rather than defaulting directly to +<CODE>ed</CODE>. <CODE>fc</CODE> uses <CODE>ed</CODE> if <CODE>EDITOR</CODE> is unset. +<P> + +<LI> +As noted above, Bash requires the <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> option to be enabled for +the <CODE>echo</CODE> builtin to be fully conformant. +<P> + +</OL> +<P> + +Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying +the <SAMP>`--enable-strict-posix-default'</SAMP> to <CODE>configure</CODE> when building +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.8 Optional Features</A>). +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Job Control"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC91"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 7. Job Control </H1> +<!--docid::SEC91::--> +<P> + +This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how +Bash allows you to access its facilities. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How job control works.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Bash builtin commands used to interact + with job control.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables Bash uses to customize job + control.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Job Control Basics"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC92"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 7.1 Job Control Basics </H2> +<!--docid::SEC92::--> +<P> + +Job control +refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) +the execution of processes and continue (resume) +their execution at a later point. A user typically employs +this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly +by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and Bash. +</P><P> + +The shell associates a <VAR>job</VAR> with each pipeline. It keeps a +table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the +<CODE>jobs</CODE> command. When Bash starts a job +asynchronously, it prints a line that looks +like: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>[1] 25647 +</pre></td></tr></table>indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID +of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is +25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of +the same job. Bash uses the <VAR>job</VAR> abstraction as the +basis for job control. +</P><P> + +To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group +ID) receive keyboard-generated signals such as <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>. +These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background +processes are those whose process group ID differs from the +terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated +signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if +the user so specifies with <CODE>stty tostop</CODE>, write to the terminal. +Background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when <CODE>stty tostop</CODE> is in effect) the +terminal are sent a <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE> (<CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>) +signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +which, unless caught, suspends the process. +</P><P> + +If the operating system on which Bash is running supports +job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the +<VAR>suspend</VAR> character (typically <SAMP>`^Z'</SAMP>, Control-Z) while a +process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns +control to Bash. Typing the <VAR>delayed suspend</VAR> character +(typically <SAMP>`^Y'</SAMP>, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped +when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to +be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of +this job, using the <CODE>bg</CODE> command to continue it in the +background, the <CODE>fg</CODE> command to continue it in the +foreground, or the <CODE>kill</CODE> command to kill it. A <SAMP>`^Z'</SAMP> +takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of +causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. +</P><P> + +There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> introduces a job specification (<VAR>jobspec</VAR>). +</P><P> + +Job number <CODE>n</CODE> may be referred to as <SAMP>`%n'</SAMP>. +The symbols <SAMP>`%%'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`%+'</SAMP> refer to the shell's notion of the +current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground +or started in the background. +A single <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> (with no accompanying job specification) also refers +to the current job. +The previous job may be referenced using <SAMP>`%-'</SAMP>. +If there is only a single job, <SAMP>`%+'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`%-'</SAMP> can both be used +to refer to that job. +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the <CODE>jobs</CODE> +command), the current job is always flagged with a <SAMP>`+'</SAMP>, and the +previous job with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +A job may also be referred to +using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring +that appears in its command line. For example, <SAMP>`%ce'</SAMP> refers +to a stopped <CODE>ce</CODE> job. Using <SAMP>`%?ce'</SAMP>, on the +other hand, refers to any job containing the string <SAMP>`ce'</SAMP> in +its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, +Bash reports an error. +</P><P> + +Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: +<SAMP>`%1'</SAMP> is a synonym for <SAMP>`fg %1'</SAMP>, bringing job 1 from the +background into the foreground. Similarly, <SAMP>`%1 &'</SAMP> resumes +job 1 in the background, equivalent to <SAMP>`bg %1'</SAMP> +</P><P> + +The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt +before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt +any other output. +If the <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is enabled, +Bash reports such changes immediately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +Any trap on <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE> is executed for each child process +that exits. +</P><P> + +If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if +the <CODE>checkjobs</CODE> option is enabled -- see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), the +shell prints a warning message, and if the <CODE>checkjobs</CODE> option is +enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. +The <CODE>jobs</CODE> command may then be used to inspect their status. +If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, +Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Job Control Builtins"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC93"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 7.2 Job Control Builtins </H2> +<!--docid::SEC93::--> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>bg</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX293"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bg [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Resume each suspended job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the background, as if it +had been started with <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>. +If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the current job is used. +The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not +enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any +<VAR>jobspec</VAR> was not found or specifies a job +that was started without job control. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>fg</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX294"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>fg [<VAR>jobspec</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Resume the job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the foreground and make it the current job. +If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the current job is used. +The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, +or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, <VAR>jobspec</VAR> does not specify a valid job or +<VAR>jobspec</VAR> specifies a job that was started without job control. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>jobs</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX295"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>jobs [-lnprs] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR>] +jobs -x <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the +following meanings: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-l</CODE> +<DD>List process IDs in addition to the normal information. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +the user was last notified of their status. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-p</CODE> +<DD>List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-r</CODE> +<DD>Restrict output to running jobs. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>Restrict output to stopped jobs. +</DL> +<P> + +If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is given, +output is restricted to information about that job. +If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the status of all jobs is +listed. +</P><P> + +If the <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> option is supplied, <CODE>jobs</CODE> replaces any +<VAR>jobspec</VAR> found in <VAR>command</VAR> or <VAR>arguments</VAR> with the +corresponding process group ID, and executes <VAR>command</VAR>, +passing it <VAR>argument</VAR>s, returning its exit status. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>kill</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX296"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>kill [-s <VAR>sigspec</VAR>] [-n <VAR>signum</VAR>] [-<VAR>sigspec</VAR>] <VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR> +kill -l [<VAR>exit_status</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Send a signal specified by <VAR>sigspec</VAR> or <VAR>signum</VAR> to the process +named by job specification <VAR>jobspec</VAR> or process ID <VAR>pid</VAR>. +<VAR>sigspec</VAR> is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +<CODE>SIGINT</CODE> (with or without the <CODE>SIG</CODE> prefix) +or a signal number; <VAR>signum</VAR> is a signal number. +If <VAR>sigspec</VAR> and <VAR>signum</VAR> are not present, <CODE>SIGTERM</CODE> is used. +The <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> option lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> is given, the names of the +signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status +is zero. +<VAR>exit_status</VAR> is a number specifying a signal number or the exit +status of a process terminated by a signal. +The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent, +or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>wait</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX297"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>wait [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR> ...] +</pre></td></tr></table>Wait until the child process specified by each process ID <VAR>pid</VAR> +or job specification <VAR>jobspec</VAR> exits and return the exit status of the +last command waited for. +If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. +If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are +waited for, and the return status is zero. +If neither <VAR>jobspec</VAR> nor <VAR>pid</VAR> specifies an active child process +of the shell, the return status is 127. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>disown</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX298"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>disown [-ar] [-h] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> <small>...</small>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Without options, each <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is removed from the table of +active jobs. +If the <SAMP>`-h'</SAMP> option is given, the job is not removed from the table, +but is marked so that <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> is not sent to the job if the shell +receives a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>. +If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not present, and neither the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> nor <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> +option is supplied, the current job is used. +If no <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is supplied, the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option means to remove or +mark all jobs; the <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option without a <VAR>jobspec</VAR> +argument restricts operation to running jobs. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>suspend</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX299"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>suspend [-f] +</pre></td></tr></table>Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +<CODE>SIGCONT</CODE> signal. +A login shell cannot be suspended; the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> +option can be used to override this and force the suspension. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +When job control is not active, the <CODE>kill</CODE> and <CODE>wait</CODE> +builtins do not accept <VAR>jobspec</VAR> arguments. They must be +supplied process IDs. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Job Control Variables"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC94"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 7.3 Job Control Variables </H2> +<!--docid::SEC94::--> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<A NAME="IDX300"></A> +<DT><CODE>auto_resume</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX301"></A> +This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +job control. If this variable exists then single word simple +commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption +of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is +more than one job beginning with the string typed, then +the most recently accessed job will be selected. +The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line +used to start it. If this variable is set to the value <SAMP>`exact'</SAMP>, +the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; +if set to <SAMP>`substring'</SAMP>, +the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a +stopped job. The <SAMP>`substring'</SAMP> value provides functionality +analogous to the <SAMP>`%?'</SAMP> job ID (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A>). +If set to any other value, the supplied string must +be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality +analogous to the <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> job ID. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX302"></A> +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Command Line Editing"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC95"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 8. Command Line Editing </H1> +<!--docid::SEC95::--> +<P> + +This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU +command line editing interface. +Command line editing is provided by the Readline library, which is +used by several different programs, including Bash. +Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell, +unless the <SAMP>`--noediting'</SAMP> option is supplied at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option to the +<CODE>read</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. +A vi-style line editing interface is also available. +Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <SAMP>`-o emacs'</SAMP> or +<SAMP>`-o vi'</SAMP> options to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), or disabled using the <SAMP>`+o emacs'</SAMP> or +<SAMP>`+o vi'</SAMP> options to <CODE>set</CODE>. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Notation used in this text.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The minimum set of commands for editing a line.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Customizing Readline from a user's view.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A description of most of the Readline commands + available for binding</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.5 Readline vi Mode</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A short description of how to make Readline + behave like the vi editor.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify the possible completions for + a specific command.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands to specify how to + complete arguments for a particular command.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Introduction and Notation"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC96"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.1 Introduction to Line Editing </H2> +<!--docid::SEC96::--> +<P> + +The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +keystrokes. +</P><P> + +The text <KBD>C-k</KBD> is read as `Control-K' and describes the character +produced when the <KBD>k</KBD> key is pressed while the Control key +is depressed. +</P><P> + +The text <KBD>M-k</KBD> is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character +produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <KBD>k</KBD> +key is pressed. +The Meta key is labeled <KBD>ALT</KBD> on many keyboards. +On keyboards with two keys labeled <KBD>ALT</KBD> (usually to either side of +the space bar), the <KBD>ALT</KBD> on the left side is generally set to +work as a Meta key. +The <KBD>ALT</KBD> key on the right may also be configured to work as a +Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a +Compose key for typing accented characters. +</P><P> + +If you do not have a Meta or <KBD>ALT</KBD> key, or another key working as +a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <KBD>ESC</KBD> +<EM>first</EM>, and then typing <KBD>k</KBD>. +Either process is known as <EM>metafying</EM> the <KBD>k</KBD> key. +</P><P> + +The text <KBD>M-C-k</KBD> is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the +character produced by <EM>metafying</EM> <KBD>C-k</KBD>. +</P><P> + +In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, +<KBD>DEL</KBD>, <KBD>ESC</KBD>, <KBD>LFD</KBD>, <KBD>SPC</KBD>, <KBD>RET</KBD>, and <KBD>TAB</KBD> all +stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A>). +If your keyboard lacks a <KBD>LFD</KBD> key, typing <KBD>C-j</KBD> will +produce the desired character. +The <KBD>RET</KBD> key may be labeled <KBD>Return</KBD> or <KBD>Enter</KBD> on +some keyboards. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Readline Interaction"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC97"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.2 Readline Interaction </H2> +<!--docid::SEC97::--> +<P> + +Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The +Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text +as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing +you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, +you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or +insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with +the line, you simply press <KBD>RET</KBD>. You do not have to be at the +end of the line to press <KBD>RET</KBD>; the entire line is accepted +regardless of the location of the cursor within the line. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The least you need to know about Readline.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Moving about the input line.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to delete text, and how to get it back!</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Giving numeric arguments to commands.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Searching through previous lines.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Readline Bare Essentials"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC98"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials </H3> +<!--docid::SEC98::--> +<P> + +In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed +character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one +space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your +erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character. +</P><P> + +Sometimes you may mistype a character, and +not notice the error until you have typed several other characters. In +that case, you can type <KBD>C-b</KBD> to move the cursor to the left, and then +correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right +with <KBD>C-f</KBD>. +</P><P> + +When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters +to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text +that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, +characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the +blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the bare +essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><KBD>C-b</KBD> +<DD>Move back one character. +<DT><KBD>C-f</KBD> +<DD>Move forward one character. +<DT><KBD>DEL</KBD> or <KBD>Backspace</KBD> +<DD>Delete the character to the left of the cursor. +<DT><KBD>C-d</KBD> +<DD>Delete the character underneath the cursor. +<DT>Printing characters +<DD>Insert the character into the line at the cursor. +<DT><KBD>C-_</KBD> or <KBD>C-x C-u</KBD> +<DD>Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an +empty line. +</DL> +<P> + +(Depending on your configuration, the <KBD>Backspace</KBD> key be set to +delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <KBD>DEL</KBD> key set +to delete the character underneath the cursor, like <KBD>C-d</KBD>, rather +than the character to the left of the cursor.) +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Readline Movement Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC99"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands </H3> +<!--docid::SEC99::--> +<P> + +The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need +in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many +other commands have been added in addition to <KBD>C-b</KBD>, <KBD>C-f</KBD>, +<KBD>C-d</KBD>, and <KBD>DEL</KBD>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly +about the line. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><KBD>C-a</KBD> +<DD>Move to the start of the line. +<DT><KBD>C-e</KBD> +<DD>Move to the end of the line. +<DT><KBD>M-f</KBD> +<DD>Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits. +<DT><KBD>M-b</KBD> +<DD>Move backward a word. +<DT><KBD>C-l</KBD> +<DD>Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. +</DL> +<P> + +Notice how <KBD>C-f</KBD> moves forward a character, while <KBD>M-f</KBD> moves +forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes +operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Readline Killing Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC100"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands </H3> +<!--docid::SEC100::--> +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX303"></A> +<A NAME="IDX304"></A> +</P><P> + +<EM>Killing</EM> text means to delete the text from the line, but to save +it away for later use, usually by <EM>yanking</EM> (re-inserting) +it back into the line. +(`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and `yank'.) +</P><P> + +If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can +be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) +place later. +</P><P> + +When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a <EM>kill-ring</EM>. +Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so +that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill +ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously +typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing +another line. +<A NAME="IDX305"></A> +</P><P> + +Here is the list of commands for killing text. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><KBD>C-k</KBD> +<DD>Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. +<P> + +<DT><KBD>M-d</KBD> +<DD>Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by <KBD>M-f</KBD>. +<P> + +<DT><KBD>M-<KBD>DEL</KBD></KBD> +<DD>Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between +words, to the start of the previous word. +Word boundaries are the same as those used by <KBD>M-b</KBD>. +<P> + +<DT><KBD>C-w</KBD> +<DD>Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than +<KBD>M-<KBD>DEL</KBD></KBD> because the word boundaries differ. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +Here is how to <EM>yank</EM> the text back into the line. Yanking +means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><KBD>C-y</KBD> +<DD>Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. +<P> + +<DT><KBD>M-y</KBD> +<DD>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +the prior command is <KBD>C-y</KBD> or <KBD>M-y</KBD>. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Readline Arguments"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC101"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.2.4 Readline Arguments </H3> +<!--docid::SEC101::--> +<P> + +You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the <I>sign</I> of the +argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a +command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will +act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the +start of the line, you might type <SAMP>`M-- C-k'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta +digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus +sign (<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once +you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type +the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give +the <KBD>C-d</KBD> command an argument of 10, you could type <SAMP>`M-1 0 C-d'</SAMP>, +which will delete the next ten characters on the input line. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Searching"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC102"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History </H3> +<!--docid::SEC102::--> +<P> + +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) +for lines containing a specified string. +There are two search modes: <EM>incremental</EM> and <EM>non-incremental</EM>. +</P><P> + +Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. +As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays +the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. +An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to +find the desired history entry. +To search backward in the history for a particular string, type +<KBD>C-r</KBD>. Typing <KBD>C-s</KBD> searches forward through the history. +The characters present in the value of the <CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE> variable +are used to terminate an incremental search. +If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <KBD>ESC</KBD> and +<KBD>C-J</KBD> characters will terminate an incremental search. +<KBD>C-g</KBD> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. +When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the +search string becomes the current line. +</P><P> + +To find other matching entries in the history list, type <KBD>C-r</KBD> or +<KBD>C-s</KBD> as appropriate. +This will search backward or forward in the history for the next +entry matching the search string typed so far. +Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate +the search and execute that command. +For instance, a <KBD>RET</KBD> will terminate the search and accept +the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. +A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found +the current line, and begin editing. +</P><P> + +Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two +<KBD>C-r</KBD>s are typed without any intervening characters defining a new +search string, any remembered search string is used. +</P><P> + +Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting +to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Readline Init File"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC103"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.3 Readline Init File </H2> +<!--docid::SEC103::--> +<P> + +Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like +keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set +of keybindings. +Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting +commands in an <EM>inputrc</EM> file, conventionally in his home directory. +The name of this +file is taken from the value of the shell variable <CODE>INPUTRC</CODE>. If +that variable is unset, the default is <TT>`~/.inputrc'</TT>. If that +file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is +<TT>`/etc/inputrc'</TT>. +</P><P> + +When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the +init file is read, and the key bindings are set. +</P><P> + +In addition, the <CODE>C-x C-r</CODE> command re-reads this init file, thus +incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.</TD></TR> +</TABLE> + +<br> +<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.</TD></TR> +</TABLE> + +<br> +<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.3 Sample Init File</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">An example inputrc file.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Readline Init File Syntax"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC104"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax </H3> +<!--docid::SEC104::--> +<P> + +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the +Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored. +Lines beginning with a <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> are comments. +Lines beginning with a <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> indicate conditional +constructs (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A>). Other lines +denote variable settings and key bindings. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT>Variable Settings +<DD>You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by +altering the values of variables in Readline +using the <CODE>set</CODE> command within the init file. +The syntax is simple: +<P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>set <VAR>variable</VAR> <VAR>value</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +Here, for example, is how to +change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use +<CODE>vi</CODE> line editing commands: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>set editing-mode vi +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard +to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored. +</P><P> + +Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if +the value is null or empty, <VAR>on</VAR> (case-insensitive), or 1. Any other +value results in the variable being set to off. +</P><P> + +The <CODE>bind -V</CODE> command lists the current Readline variable names +and values. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>. +</P><P> + +A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following +variables. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="IDX306"></A> +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>bell-style</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX307"></A> +Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell. +If set to <SAMP>`none'</SAMP>, Readline never rings the bell. If set to +<SAMP>`visible'</SAMP>, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available. +If set to <SAMP>`audible'</SAMP> (the default), Readline attempts to ring +the terminal's bell. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX308"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline attempts to bind the control characters +treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their Readline +equivalents. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>comment-begin</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX309"></A> +The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the +<CODE>insert-comment</CODE> command is executed. The default value +is <CODE>"#"</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE> +<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline performs filename matching and completion +in a case-insensitive fashion. +The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX310"></A> +The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible +completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a +value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are +replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX311"></A> +The number of possible completions that determines when the user is +asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed. +If the number of possible completions is greater than this value, +Readline will ask the user whether or not he wishes to view +them; otherwise, they are simply listed. +This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to 0. +A negative value means Readline should never ask. +The default limit is <CODE>100</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>convert-meta</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX312"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will convert characters with the +eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth +bit and prefixing an <KBD>ESC</KBD> character, converting them to a +meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>disable-completion</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX313"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will inhibit word completion. +Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had +been mapped to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>editing-mode</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX314"></A> +The <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable controls which default set of +key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing +mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be +set to either <SAMP>`emacs'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`vi'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>echo-control-characters</CODE> +<DD>When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, on operating systems that indicate they support it, +readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the +keyboard. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX315"></A> +When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable the application +keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the +arrow keys. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>enable-meta-key</CODE> +<DD>When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier +key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals, +the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters. +The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX316"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, tilde expansion is performed when Readline +attempts word completion. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX317"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, the history code attempts to place the point (the +current cursor position) at the +same location on each history line retrieved with <CODE>previous-history</CODE> +or <CODE>next-history</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>history-size</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX318"></A> +Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If +set to zero, the number of entries in the history list is not limited. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX319"></A> +This variable can be set to either <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. Setting it +to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll +horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width +of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. By default, +this variable is set to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>input-meta</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX320"></A> +<A NAME="IDX321"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it +will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), +regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The +default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. The name <CODE>meta-flag</CODE> is a +synonym for this variable. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX322"></A> +The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without +subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>). +If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and +<KBD>C-J</KBD> will terminate an incremental search. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>keymap</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX323"></A> +Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands. +Acceptable <CODE>keymap</CODE> names are +<CODE>emacs</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-meta</CODE>, +<CODE>emacs-ctlx</CODE>, +<CODE>vi</CODE>, +<CODE>vi-move</CODE>, +<CODE>vi-command</CODE>, and +<CODE>vi-insert</CODE>. +<CODE>vi</CODE> is equivalent to <CODE>vi-command</CODE>; <CODE>emacs</CODE> is +equivalent to <CODE>emacs-standard</CODE>. The default value is <CODE>emacs</CODE>. +The value of the <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable also affects the +default keymap. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>mark-directories</CODE> +<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed directory names have a slash +appended. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX324"></A> +This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to display an +asterisk (<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>) at the start of history lines which have been modified. +This variable is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP> by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX325"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed names which are symbolic links +to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of +<CODE>mark-directories</CODE>). +The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX326"></A> +This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to match files whose +names begin with a <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> (hidden files) when performing filename +completion, unless the leading <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> is +supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. +This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>output-meta</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX327"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display characters with the +eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape +sequence. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>page-completions</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX328"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal <CODE>more</CODE>-like pager +to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. +This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>print-completions-horizontally</CODE> +<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display completions with matches +sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. +The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX329"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will undo all changes to history lines +before returning when <CODE>accept-line</CODE> is executed. By default, +history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across +calls to <CODE>readline</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX330"></A> +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If +set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, +words which have more than one possible completion cause the +matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. +The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX331"></A> +This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in +a fashion similar to <VAR>show-all-if-ambiguous</VAR>. +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, +words which have more than one possible completion without any +possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share +a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead +of ringing the bell. +The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX332"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, this alters the default completion behavior when +inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when +performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline +does not insert characters from the completion that match characters +after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word +following the cursor are not duplicated. +For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor +is after the <SAMP>`e'</SAMP> in <SAMP>`Makefile'</SAMP> will result in <SAMP>`Makefile'</SAMP> +rather than <SAMP>`Makefilefile'</SAMP>, assuming there is a single possible +completion. +The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>visible-stats</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX333"></A> +If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, a character denoting a file's type +is appended to the filename when listing possible +completions. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<DT>Key Bindings +<DD>The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is +simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you +want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command +name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what +the command does. +<P> + +Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line +in the init file the name of the key +you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the +command. +There can be no space between the key name and the colon -- that will be +interpreted as part of the key name. +The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on +what you find most comfortable. +</P><P> + +In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound +to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <VAR>macro</VAR>). +</P><P> + +The <CODE>bind -p</CODE> command displays Readline function names and +bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization file. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><VAR>keyname</VAR>: <VAR>function-name</VAR> or <VAR>macro</VAR> +<DD><VAR>keyname</VAR> is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>Control-u: universal-argument +Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word +Control-o: "> output" +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +In the above example, <KBD>C-u</KBD> is bound to the function +<CODE>universal-argument</CODE>, +<KBD>M-DEL</KBD> is bound to the function <CODE>backward-kill-word</CODE>, and +<KBD>C-o</KBD> is bound to run the macro +expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text +<SAMP>`> output'</SAMP> into the line). +</P><P> + +A number of symbolic character names are recognized while +processing this key binding syntax: +<VAR>DEL</VAR>, +<VAR>ESC</VAR>, +<VAR>ESCAPE</VAR>, +<VAR>LFD</VAR>, +<VAR>NEWLINE</VAR>, +<VAR>RET</VAR>, +<VAR>RETURN</VAR>, +<VAR>RUBOUT</VAR>, +<VAR>SPACE</VAR>, +<VAR>SPC</VAR>, +and +<VAR>TAB</VAR>. +</P><P> + +<DT>"<VAR>keyseq</VAR>": <VAR>function-name</VAR> or <VAR>macro</VAR> +<DD><VAR>keyseq</VAR> differs from <VAR>keyname</VAR> above in that strings +denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing +the key sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key +escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the +special character names are not recognized. +<P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>"\C-u": universal-argument +"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file +"\e[11~": "Function Key 1" +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +In the above example, <KBD>C-u</KBD> is again bound to the function +<CODE>universal-argument</CODE> (just as it was in the first example), +<SAMP>`<KBD>C-x</KBD> <KBD>C-r</KBD>'</SAMP> is bound to the function <CODE>re-read-init-file</CODE>, +and <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> <KBD>[</KBD> <KBD>1</KBD> <KBD>1</KBD> <KBD>~</KBD>'</SAMP> is bound to insert +the text <SAMP>`Function Key 1'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when +specifying key sequences: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE><KBD>\C-</KBD></CODE> +<DD>control prefix +<DT><CODE><KBD>\M-</KBD></CODE> +<DD>meta prefix +<DT><CODE><KBD>\e</KBD></CODE> +<DD>an escape character +<DT><CODE><KBD>\\</KBD></CODE> +<DD>backslash +<DT><CODE><KBD>\"</KBD></CODE> +<DD><KBD>"</KBD>, a double quotation mark +<DT><CODE><KBD>\'</KBD></CODE> +<DD><KBD>'</KBD>, a single quote or apostrophe +</DL> +<P> + +In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second +set of backslash escapes is available: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>\a</CODE> +<DD>alert (bell) +<DT><CODE>\b</CODE> +<DD>backspace +<DT><CODE>\d</CODE> +<DD>delete +<DT><CODE>\f</CODE> +<DD>form feed +<DT><CODE>\n</CODE> +<DD>newline +<DT><CODE>\r</CODE> +<DD>carriage return +<DT><CODE>\t</CODE> +<DD>horizontal tab +<DT><CODE>\v</CODE> +<DD>vertical tab +<DT><CODE>\<VAR>nnn</VAR></CODE> +<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <VAR>nnn</VAR> +(one to three digits) +<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>HH</VAR></CODE> +<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR> +(one or two hex digits) +</DL> +<P> + +When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must +be used to indicate a macro definition. +Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. +In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. +Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, +including <SAMP>`"'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`''</SAMP>. +For example, the following binding will make <SAMP>`<KBD>C-x</KBD> \'</SAMP> +insert a single <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> into the line: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>"\C-x\\": "\\" +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Conditional Init Constructs"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC105"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs </H3> +<!--docid::SEC105::--> +<P> + +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key +bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result +of tests. There are four parser directives used. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>$if</CODE> +<DD>The <CODE>$if</CODE> construct allows bindings to be made based on the +editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using +Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; +no characters are required to isolate it. +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>mode</CODE> +<DD>The <CODE>mode=</CODE> form of the <CODE>$if</CODE> directive is used to test +whether Readline is in <CODE>emacs</CODE> or <CODE>vi</CODE> mode. +This may be used in conjunction +with the <SAMP>`set keymap'</SAMP> command, for instance, to set bindings in +the <CODE>emacs-standard</CODE> and <CODE>emacs-ctlx</CODE> keymaps only if +Readline is starting out in <CODE>emacs</CODE> mode. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>term</CODE> +<DD>The <CODE>term=</CODE> form may be used to include terminal-specific +key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the +terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the +<SAMP>`='</SAMP> is tested against both the full name of the terminal and +the portion of the terminal name before the first <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. This +allows <CODE>sun</CODE> to match both <CODE>sun</CODE> and <CODE>sun-cmd</CODE>, +for instance. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>application</CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>application</VAR> construct is used to include +application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline +library sets the <VAR>application name</VAR>, and you can test for +a particular value. +This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for +a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a +key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>$if Bash +# Quote the current or previous word +"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" +$endif +</pre></td></tr></table></DL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>$endif</CODE> +<DD>This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an +<CODE>$if</CODE> command. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>$else</CODE> +<DD>Commands in this branch of the <CODE>$if</CODE> directive are executed if +the test fails. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>$include</CODE> +<DD>This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands +and bindings from that file. +For example, the following directive reads from <TT>`/etc/inputrc'</TT>: +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>$include /etc/inputrc +</pre></td></tr></table></DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Sample Init File"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC106"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.3.3 Sample Init File </H3> +<!--docid::SEC106::--> +<P> + +Here is an example of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This illustrates key +binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax. +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre># This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for +# programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing +# programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB. +# +# You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. +# Lines beginning with '#' are comments. +# +# First, include any systemwide bindings and variable +# assignments from /etc/Inputrc +$include /etc/Inputrc + +# +# Set various bindings for emacs mode. + +set editing-mode emacs + +$if mode=emacs + +Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored + +# +# Arrow keys in keypad mode +# +#"\M-OD": backward-char +#"\M-OC": forward-char +#"\M-OA": previous-history +#"\M-OB": next-history +# +# Arrow keys in ANSI mode +# +"\M-[D": backward-char +"\M-[C": forward-char +"\M-[A": previous-history +"\M-[B": next-history +# +# Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode +# +#"\M-\C-OD": backward-char +#"\M-\C-OC": forward-char +#"\M-\C-OA": previous-history +#"\M-\C-OB": next-history +# +# Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode +# +#"\M-\C-[D": backward-char +#"\M-\C-[C": forward-char +#"\M-\C-[A": previous-history +#"\M-\C-[B": next-history + +C-q: quoted-insert + +$endif + +# An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. +TAB: complete + +# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction +$if Bash +# edit the path +"\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" +# prepare to type a quoted word -- +# insert open and close double quotes +# and move to just after the open quote +"\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" +# insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes +# in sequences and macros) +"\C-x\\": "\\" +# Quote the current or previous word +"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" +# Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound +"\C-xr": redraw-current-line +# Edit variable on current line. +"\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" +$endif + +# use a visible bell if one is available +set bell-style visible + +# don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading +set input-meta on + +# allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather +# than converted to prefix-meta sequences +set convert-meta off + +# display characters with the eighth bit set directly +# rather than as meta-prefixed characters +set output-meta on + +# if there are more than 150 possible completions for +# a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them +set completion-query-items 150 + +# For FTP +$if Ftp +"\C-xg": "get \M-?" +"\C-xt": "put \M-?" +"\M-.": yank-last-arg +$endif +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<A NAME="Bindable Readline Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC107"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.4 Bindable Readline Commands </H2> +<!--docid::SEC107::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Moving about the line.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Getting at previous lines.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for changing text.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for killing and yanking.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Getting Readline to do the typing for you.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Saving and re-executing typed characters</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Other miscellaneous commands.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key +sequences. +You can list your key bindings by executing +<CODE>bind -P</CODE> or, for a more terse format, suitable for an +<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, <CODE>bind -p</CODE>. (See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.) +Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default. +</P><P> + +In the following descriptions, <EM>point</EM> refers to the current cursor +position, and <EM>mark</EM> refers to a cursor position saved by the +<CODE>set-mark</CODE> command. +The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <EM>region</EM>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Commands For Moving"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC108"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.4.1 Commands For Moving </H3> +<!--docid::SEC108::--> +<DL COMPACT> +<A NAME="IDX334"></A> +<DT><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX335"></A> +Move to the start of the current line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX336"></A> +<DT><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX337"></A> +Move to the end of the line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX338"></A> +<DT><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX339"></A> +Move forward a character. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX340"></A> +<DT><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX341"></A> +Move back a character. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX342"></A> +<DT><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX343"></A> +Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are composed of letters and digits. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX344"></A> +<DT><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX345"></A> +Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are composed of letters and digits. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX346"></A> +<DT><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX347"></A> +Move forward to the end of the next word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX348"></A> +<DT><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX349"></A> +Move back to the start of the current or previous word. +Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX350"></A> +<DT><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX351"></A> +Clear the screen and redraw the current line, +leaving the current line at the top of the screen. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX352"></A> +<DT><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX353"></A> +Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Commands For History"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC109"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History </H3> +<!--docid::SEC109::--> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<A NAME="IDX354"></A> +<DT><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX355"></A> +Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. +If this line is +non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of +the <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> and <CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> variables. +If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line +to its original state. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX356"></A> +<DT><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX357"></A> +Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX358"></A> +<DT><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX359"></A> +Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX360"></A> +<DT><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-<)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX361"></A> +Move to the first line in the history. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX362"></A> +<DT><CODE>end-of-history (M->)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX363"></A> +Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently +being entered. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX364"></A> +<DT><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX365"></A> +Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through +the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX366"></A> +<DT><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX367"></A> +Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through +the the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX368"></A> +<DT><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX369"></A> +Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' +through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search +for a string supplied by the user. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX370"></A> +<DT><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX371"></A> +Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' +through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search +for a string supplied by the user. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX372"></A> +<DT><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX373"></A> +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +This is a non-incremental search. +By default, this command is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX374"></A> +<DT><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX375"></A> +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. This +is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX376"></A> +<DT><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX377"></A> +Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually +the second word on the previous line) at point. +With an argument <VAR>n</VAR>, +insert the <VAR>n</VAR>th word from the previous command (the words +in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument +inserts the <VAR>n</VAR>th word from the end of the previous command. +Once the argument <VAR>n</VAR> is computed, the argument is extracted +as if the <SAMP>`!<VAR>n</VAR>'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX378"></A> +<DT><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX379"></A> +Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the +previous history entry). With an +argument, behave exactly like <CODE>yank-nth-arg</CODE>. +Successive calls to <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE> move back through the history +list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn. +The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, +as if the <SAMP>`!$'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Commands For Text"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC110"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text </H3> +<!--docid::SEC110::--> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<A NAME="IDX380"></A> +<DT><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX381"></A> +Delete the character at point. If point is at the +beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and +the last character typed was not bound to <CODE>delete-char</CODE>, then +return EOF. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX382"></A> +<DT><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX383"></A> +Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means +to kill the characters instead of deleting them. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX384"></A> +<DT><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX385"></A> +Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the +end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is +deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX386"></A> +<DT><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX387"></A> +Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is +how to insert key sequences like <KBD>C-q</KBD>, for example. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX388"></A> +<DT><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX389"></A> +Insert yourself. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX390"></A> +<DT><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX391"></A> +Drag the character before the cursor forward over +the character at the cursor, moving the +cursor forward as well. If the insertion point +is at the end of the line, then this +transposes the last two characters of the line. +Negative arguments have no effect. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX392"></A> +<DT><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX393"></A> +Drag the word before point past the word after point, +moving point past that word as well. +If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes +the last two words on the line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX394"></A> +<DT><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX395"></A> +Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX396"></A> +<DT><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX397"></A> +Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX398"></A> +<DT><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX399"></A> +Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, +capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX400"></A> +<DT><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX401"></A> +Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, +switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric +argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only +<CODE>emacs</CODE> mode; <CODE>vi</CODE> mode does overwrite differently. +Each call to <CODE>readline()</CODE> starts in insert mode. +<P> + +In overwrite mode, characters bound to <CODE>self-insert</CODE> replace +the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. +Characters bound to <CODE>backward-delete-char</CODE> replace the character +before point with a space. +</P><P> + +By default, this command is unbound. +</P><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Commands For Killing"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC111"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.4.4 Killing And Yanking </H3> +<!--docid::SEC111::--> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<A NAME="IDX402"></A> +<DT><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX403"></A> +Kill the text from point to the end of the line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX404"></A> +<DT><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX405"></A> +Kill backward to the beginning of the line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX406"></A> +<DT><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX407"></A> +Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX408"></A> +<DT><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX409"></A> +Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. +By default, this is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX410"></A> +<DT><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX411"></A> +Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX412"></A> +<DT><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX413"></A> +Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX414"></A> +<DT><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX415"></A> +Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between +words, to the end of the next word. +Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-forward-word</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX416"></A> +<DT><CODE>backward-kill-word ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX417"></A> +Kill the word behind point. +Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-backward-word</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX418"></A> +<DT><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX419"></A> +Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX420"></A> +<DT><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX421"></A> +Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character +as the word boundaries. +The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX422"></A> +<DT><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX423"></A> +Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX424"></A> +<DT><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX425"></A> +Kill the text in the current region. +By default, this command is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX426"></A> +<DT><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX427"></A> +Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked +right away. By default, this command is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX428"></A> +<DT><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX429"></A> +Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>. +By default, this command is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX430"></A> +<DT><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX431"></A> +Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. +The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>. +By default, this command is unbound. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX432"></A> +<DT><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX433"></A> +Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX434"></A> +<DT><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX435"></A> +Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if +the prior command is <CODE>yank</CODE> or <CODE>yank-pop</CODE>. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Numeric Arguments"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC112"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments </H3> +<!--docid::SEC112::--> +<DL COMPACT> + +<A NAME="IDX436"></A> +<DT><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX437"></A> +Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new +argument. <KBD>M--</KBD> starts a negative argument. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX438"></A> +<DT><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX439"></A> +This is another way to specify an argument. +If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a +leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. +If the command is followed by digits, executing <CODE>universal-argument</CODE> +again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. +As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a +character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count +for the next command is multiplied by four. +The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the +first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the +argument count sixteen, and so on. +By default, this is not bound to a key. +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Commands For Completion"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC113"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You </H3> +<!--docid::SEC113::--> +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<A NAME="IDX440"></A> +<DT><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX441"></A> +Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. +The actual completion performed is application-specific. +Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the +text begins with <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>), username (if the text begins with +<SAMP>`~'</SAMP>), hostname (if the text begins with <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>), or +command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none +of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX442"></A> +<DT><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX443"></A> +List the possible completions of the text before point. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX444"></A> +<DT><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX445"></A> +Insert all completions of the text before point that would have +been generated by <CODE>possible-completions</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX446"></A> +<DT><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX447"></A> +Similar to <CODE>complete</CODE>, but replaces the word to be completed +with a single match from the list of possible completions. +Repeated execution of <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> steps through the list +of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. +At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung +(subject to the setting of <CODE>bell-style</CODE>) +and the original text is restored. +An argument of <VAR>n</VAR> moves <VAR>n</VAR> positions forward in the list +of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward +through the list. +This command is intended to be bound to <KBD>TAB</KBD>, but is unbound +by default. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX448"></A> +<DT><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX449"></A> +Identical to <CODE>menu-complete</CODE>, but moves backward through the list +of possible completions, as if <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> had been given a +negative argument. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX450"></A> +<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX451"></A> +Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or +end of the line (like <CODE>delete-char</CODE>). +If at the end of the line, behaves identically to +<CODE>possible-completions</CODE>. +This command is unbound by default. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX452"></A> +<DT><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX453"></A> +Attempt filename completion on the text before point. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX454"></A> +<DT><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX455"></A> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a filename. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX456"></A> +<DT><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX457"></A> +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a username. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX458"></A> +<DT><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX459"></A> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a username. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX460"></A> +<DT><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX461"></A> +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a shell variable. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX462"></A> +<DT><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX463"></A> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a shell variable. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX464"></A> +<DT><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX465"></A> +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a hostname. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX466"></A> +<DT><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX467"></A> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a hostname. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX468"></A> +<DT><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX469"></A> +Attempt completion on the text before point, treating +it as a command name. Command completion attempts to +match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell +functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, +in that order. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX470"></A> +<DT><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX471"></A> +List the possible completions of the text before point, +treating it as a command name. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX472"></A> +<DT><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX473"></A> +Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX474"></A> +<DT><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX475"></A> +Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing +the text against lines from the history list for possible +completion matches. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX476"></A> +<DT><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX477"></A> +Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions +enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>). +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Keyboard Macros"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC114"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.4.7 Keyboard Macros </H3> +<!--docid::SEC114::--> +<DL COMPACT> + +<A NAME="IDX478"></A> +<DT><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX479"></A> +Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX480"></A> +<DT><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX481"></A> +Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro +and save the definition. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX482"></A> +<DT><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX483"></A> +Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters +in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Miscellaneous Commands"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC115"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands </H3> +<!--docid::SEC115::--> +<DL COMPACT> + +<A NAME="IDX484"></A> +<DT><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX485"></A> +Read in the contents of the <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, and incorporate +any bindings or variable assignments found there. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX486"></A> +<DT><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX487"></A> +Abort the current editing command and +ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of +<CODE>bell-style</CODE>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX488"></A> +<DT><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX489"></A> +If the metafied character <VAR>x</VAR> is lowercase, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX490"></A> +<DT><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX491"></A> +Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards +without a meta key. Typing <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> f'</SAMP> is equivalent to typing +<KBD>M-f</KBD>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX492"></A> +<DT><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX493"></A> +Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX494"></A> +<DT><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX495"></A> +Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <CODE>undo</CODE> +command enough times to get back to the beginning. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX496"></A> +<DT><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX497"></A> +Perform tilde expansion on the current word. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX498"></A> +<DT><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX499"></A> +Set the mark to the point. If a +numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX500"></A> +<DT><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX501"></A> +Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to +the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX502"></A> +<DT><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX503"></A> +A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that +character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX504"></A> +<DT><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX505"></A> +A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence +of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent +occurrences. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX506"></A> +<DT><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX507"></A> +Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those +defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a +Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is +bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect +unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting +stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default, +but usually bound to ESC-[. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX508"></A> +<DT><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX509"></A> +Without a numeric argument, the value of the <CODE>comment-begin</CODE> +variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. +If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if +the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value +of <CODE>comment-begin</CODE>, the value is inserted, otherwise +the characters in <CODE>comment-begin</CODE> are deleted from the beginning of +the line. +In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. +The default value of <CODE>comment-begin</CODE> causes this command +to make the current line a shell comment. +If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line +will be executed by the shell. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX510"></A> +<DT><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX511"></A> +Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the +Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX512"></A> +<DT><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX513"></A> +Print all of the settable variables and their values to the +Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX514"></A> +<DT><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX515"></A> +Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the +strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, +the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part +of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX516"></A> +<DT><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX517"></A> +The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to +generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX518"></A> +<DT><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX519"></A> +The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, +and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. +If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before +pathname expansion. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX520"></A> +<DT><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX521"></A> +The list of expansions that would have been generated by +<CODE>glob-expand-word</CODE> is displayed, and the line is redrawn. +If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before +pathname expansion. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX522"></A> +<DT><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX523"></A> +Display version information about the current instance of Bash. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX524"></A> +<DT><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX525"></A> +Expand the line as the shell does. +This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell +word expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX526"></A> +<DT><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX527"></A> +Perform history expansion on the current line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX528"></A> +<DT><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX529"></A> +Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX530"></A> +<DT><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX531"></A> +Perform alias expansion on the current line (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>). +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX532"></A> +<DT><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX533"></A> +Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX534"></A> +<DT><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX535"></A> +A synonym for <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE>. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX536"></A> +<DT><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX537"></A> +Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line +relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any +argument is ignored. +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX538"></A> +<DT><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX539"></A> +Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell +commands. +Bash attempts to invoke +<CODE>$VISUAL</CODE>, <CODE>$EDITOR</CODE>, and <CODE>emacs</CODE> +as the editor, in that order. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Readline vi Mode"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC116"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.5 Readline vi Mode </H2> +<!--docid::SEC116::--> +<P> + +While the Readline library does not have a full set of <CODE>vi</CODE> +editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing +of the line. The Readline <CODE>vi</CODE> mode behaves as specified in +the POSIX 1003.2 standard. +</P><P> + +In order to switch interactively between <CODE>emacs</CODE> and <CODE>vi</CODE> +editing modes, use the <SAMP>`set -o emacs'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`set -o vi'</SAMP> +commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +The Readline default is <CODE>emacs</CODE> mode. +</P><P> + +When you enter a line in <CODE>vi</CODE> mode, you are already placed in +`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an <SAMP>`i'</SAMP>. Pressing <KBD>ESC</KBD> +switches you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the +line with the standard <CODE>vi</CODE> movement keys, move to previous +history lines with <SAMP>`k'</SAMP> and subsequent lines with <SAMP>`j'</SAMP>, and +so forth. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Programmable Completion"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC117"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.6 Programmable Completion </H2> +<!--docid::SEC117::--> +<P> + +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a <VAR>compspec</VAR>) has been defined +using the <CODE>complete</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>), +the programmable completion facilities are invoked. +</P><P> + +First, the command name is identified. +If a compspec has been defined for that command, the +compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. +If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the +beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with +the <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> option to <CODE>complete</CODE> is used. +If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full +pathname is searched for first. +If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to +find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. +If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with +the <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option to <CODE>complete</CODE> is used as the default. +</P><P> + +Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. +If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion +described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>) is performed. +</P><P> + +First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. +Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are +returned. +When the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option is used for filename or +directory name completion, the shell variable <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> is +used to filter the matches. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>. +</P><P> + +Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the +<SAMP>`-G'</SAMP> option are generated next. +The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. +The <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE> shell variable is not used to filter the matches, +but the <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> shell variable is used. +</P><P> + +Next, the string specified as the argument to the <SAMP>`-W'</SAMP> option +is considered. +The string is first split using the characters in the <CODE>IFS</CODE> +special variable as delimiters. +Shell quoting is honored. +Each word is then expanded using +brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, +as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>). +The results are split using the rules described above +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>). +The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being +completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. +</P><P> + +After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command +specified with the <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> options is invoked. +When the command or function is invoked, the <CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE>, +<CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE>, <CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE>, and <CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE> variables are +assigned values as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). +If a shell function is being invoked, the <CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE> and +<CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE> variables are also set. +When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the +name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the +second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument +is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. +No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed +is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating +the matches. +</P><P> + +Any function specified with <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> is invoked first. +The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the +<CODE>compgen</CODE> and <CODE>compopt</CODE> builtins described below +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>), to generate the matches. +It must put the possible completions in the <CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> array +variable. +</P><P> + +Next, any command specified with the <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> option is invoked +in an environment equivalent to command substitution. +It should print a list of completions, one per line, to +the standard output. +Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. +</P><P> + +After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the <SAMP>`-X'</SAMP> option is applied to the list. +The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> +in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. +A literal <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash +is removed before attempting a match. +Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. +A leading <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> negates the pattern; in this case any completion +not matching the pattern will be removed. +</P><P> + +Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is +returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. +</P><P> + +If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the +<SAMP>`-o dirnames'</SAMP> option was supplied to <CODE>complete</CODE> when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. +</P><P> + +If the <SAMP>`-o plusdirs'</SAMP> option was supplied to <CODE>complete</CODE> when +the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +</P><P> + +By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to +the completion code as the full set of possible completions. +The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default +of filename completion is disabled. +If the <SAMP>`-o bashdefault'</SAMP> option was supplied to <CODE>complete</CODE> when +the compspec was defined, the default Bash completions are attempted +if the compspec generates no matches. +If the <SAMP>`-o default'</SAMP> option was supplied to <CODE>complete</CODE> when the +compspec was defined, Readline's default completion will be performed +if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) +generate no matches. +</P><P> + +When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the <VAR>mark-directories</VAR> Readline variable, regardless +of the setting of the <VAR>mark-symlinked-directories</VAR> Readline variable. +</P><P> + +There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP>. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes +the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed), +programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than +being loaded all at once. +</P><P> + +For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a +file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default +completion function would load completions dynamically: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>_completion_loader() +{ + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 +} +complete -D -F _completion_loader +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<A NAME="Programmable Completion Builtins"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC118"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins </H2> +<!--docid::SEC118::--> +<P> + +Two builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion +facilities. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>compgen</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX540"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compgen [<VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>word</VAR>]</CODE> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Generate possible completion matches for <VAR>word</VAR> according to +the <VAR>option</VAR>s, which may be any option accepted by the +<CODE>complete</CODE> +builtin with the exception of <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP>, and write +the matches to the standard output. +When using the <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> options, the various shell variables +set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not +have useful values. +</P><P> + +The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable +completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification +with the same flags. +If <VAR>word</VAR> is specified, only those completions matching <VAR>word</VAR> +will be displayed. +</P><P> + +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no +matches were generated. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>complete</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX541"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <VAR>comp-option</VAR>] [-DE] [-A <VAR>action</VAR>] [-G <VAR>globpat</VAR>] [-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR>] +[-F <VAR>function</VAR>] [-C <VAR>command</VAR>] [-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR>] +[-P <VAR>prefix</VAR>] [-S <VAR>suffix</VAR>] <VAR>name</VAR> [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]</CODE> +<CODE>complete -pr [-DE] [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]</CODE> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Specify how arguments to each <VAR>name</VAR> should be completed. +If the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing +completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be +reused as input. +The <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option removes a completion specification for +each <VAR>name</VAR>, or, if no <VAR>name</VAR>s are supplied, all +completion specifications. +The <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +apply to the "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> option indicates that the remaining options and actions should +apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +</P><P> + +The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion +is attempted is described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). The +<SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option takes precedence over <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. +The arguments to the <SAMP>`-G'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-W'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`-X'</SAMP> options +(and, if necessary, the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-S'</SAMP> options) +should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the +<CODE>complete</CODE> builtin is invoked. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-o <VAR>comp-option</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>comp-option</VAR> controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior +beyond the simple generation of completions. +<VAR>comp-option</VAR> may be one of: +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>bashdefault</CODE> +<DD>Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec +generates no matches. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>default</CODE> +<DD>Use Readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates +no matches. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>dirnames</CODE> +<DD>Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>filenames</CODE> +<DD>Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any +filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names +quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). +This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified +with <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>nospace</CODE> +<DD>Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at +the end of the line. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>plusdirs</CODE> +<DD>After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, +directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-A <VAR>action</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>action</VAR> may be one of the following to generate a list of possible +completions: +<P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>alias</CODE> +<DD>Alias names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>arrayvar</CODE> +<DD>Array variable names. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>binding</CODE> +<DD>Readline key binding names (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>builtin</CODE> +<DD>Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>command</CODE> +<DD>Command names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>directory</CODE> +<DD>Directory names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>disabled</CODE> +<DD>Names of disabled shell builtins. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>enabled</CODE> +<DD>Names of enabled shell builtins. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>export</CODE> +<DD>Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>file</CODE> +<DD>File names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>function</CODE> +<DD>Names of shell functions. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>group</CODE> +<DD>Group names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>helptopic</CODE> +<DD>Help topics as accepted by the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>hostname</CODE> +<DD>Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the +<CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> shell variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>job</CODE> +<DD>Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-j'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>keyword</CODE> +<DD>Shell reserved words. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>running</CODE> +<DD>Names of running jobs, if job control is active. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>service</CODE> +<DD>Service names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>setopt</CODE> +<DD>Valid arguments for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>shopt</CODE> +<DD>Shell option names as accepted by the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>signal</CODE> +<DD>Signal names. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>stopped</CODE> +<DD>Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>user</CODE> +<DD>User names. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>variable</CODE> +<DD>Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP>. +</DL> +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-G <VAR>globpat</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The filename expansion pattern <VAR>globpat</VAR> is expanded to generate +the possible completions. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>wordlist</VAR> is split using the characters in the +<CODE>IFS</CODE> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word +is expanded. +The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which +match the word being completed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-C <VAR>command</VAR></CODE> +<DD><VAR>command</VAR> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is +used as the possible completions. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-F <VAR>function</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The shell function <VAR>function</VAR> is executed in the current shell +environment. +When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value +of the <CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> array variable. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR></CODE> +<DD><VAR>filterpat</VAR> is a pattern as used for filename expansion. +It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the +preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching +<VAR>filterpat</VAR> is removed from the list. +A leading <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> in <VAR>filterpat</VAR> negates the pattern; in this +case, any completion not matching <VAR>filterpat</VAR> is removed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-P <VAR>prefix</VAR></CODE> +<DD><VAR>prefix</VAR> is added at the beginning of each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-S <VAR>suffix</VAR></CODE> +<DD><VAR>suffix</VAR> is appended to each possible completion +after all other options have been applied. +</DL> +<P> + +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option +other than <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> is supplied without a <VAR>name</VAR> +argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for +a <VAR>name</VAR> for which no specification exists, or +an error occurs adding a completion specification. +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>compopt</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX542"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compopt</CODE> [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-DE] [+o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR>] +</pre></td></tr></table>Modify completion options for each <VAR>name</VAR> according to the +<VAR>option</VAR>s, or for the currently-execution completion if no <VAR>name</VAR>s +are supplied. +If no <VAR>option</VAR>s are given, display the completion options for each +<VAR>name</VAR> or the current completion. +The possible values of <VAR>option</VAR> are those valid for the <CODE>complete</CODE> +builtin described above. +The <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option indicates that the remaining options should +apply to the "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted +on a command for which no completion has previously been defined. +The <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP> option indicates that the remaining options should +apply to "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a +blank line. +<P> + +The <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option takes precedence over <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt +is made to modify the options for a <VAR>name</VAR> for which no completion +specification exists, or an output error occurs. +</P><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="IDX543"></A> +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Using History Interactively"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC119"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 9. Using History Interactively </H1> +<!--docid::SEC119::--> +<P> + +This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library +interactively, from a user's standpoint. +It should be considered a user's guide. +For information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, +see the GNU Readline Library Manual. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash lets you manipulate your command + history.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate + the command history.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What it feels like using History as a user.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Bash History Facilities"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC120"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 9.1 Bash History Facilities </H2> +<!--docid::SEC120::--> +<P> + +When the <SAMP>`-o history'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin +is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), +the shell provides access to the <EM>command history</EM>, +the list of commands previously typed. +The value of the <CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE> shell variable is used as the +number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last <CODE>$HISTSIZE</CODE> +commands (default 500) is saved. +The shell stores each command in the history list prior to +parameter and variable expansion +but after history expansion is performed, subject to the +values of the shell variables +<CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> and <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>. +</P><P> + +When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the +file named by the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> variable (default <TT>`~/.bash_history'</TT>). +The file named by the value of <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> is truncated, if +necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by +the value of the <CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> variable. +When an interactive shell exits, the last +<CODE>$HISTSIZE</CODE> lines are copied from the history list to the file +named by <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>. +If the <CODE>histappend</CODE> shell option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>), +the lines are appended to the history file, +otherwise the history file is overwritten. +If <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> +is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is +not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated +to contain no more than <CODE>$HISTFILESIZE</CODE> +lines. If <CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> is not set, no truncation is performed. +</P><P> + +If the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> is set, the time stamp information +associated with each history entry is written to the history file, +marked with the history comment character. +When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history +comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted +as timestamps for the previous history line. +</P><P> + +The builtin command <CODE>fc</CODE> may be used to list or edit and re-execute +a portion of the history list. +The <CODE>history</CODE> builtin may be used to display or modify the history +list and manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands +are available in each editing mode that provide access to the +history list (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A>). +</P><P> + +The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The <CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE> and <CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE> +variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the +commands entered. +The <CODE>cmdhist</CODE> +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each +line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding +semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. +The <CODE>lithist</CODE> +shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. +The <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin is used to set these options. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of <CODE>shopt</CODE>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Bash History Builtins"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC121"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 9.2 Bash History Builtins </H2> +<!--docid::SEC121::--> +<P> + +Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the +history list and history file. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>fc</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX544"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre><CODE>fc [-e <VAR>ename</VAR>] [-lnr] [<VAR>first</VAR>] [<VAR>last</VAR>]</CODE> +<CODE>fc -s [<VAR>pat</VAR>=<VAR>rep</VAR>] [<VAR>command</VAR>]</CODE> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from <VAR>first</VAR> to +<VAR>last</VAR> is selected from the history list. Both <VAR>first</VAR> and +<VAR>last</VAR> may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent +command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the +history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the +current command number). If <VAR>last</VAR> is not specified it is set to +<VAR>first</VAR>. If <VAR>first</VAR> is not specified it is set to the previous +command for editing and -16 for listing. If the <SAMP>`-l'</SAMP> flag is +given, the commands are listed on standard output. The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> flag +suppresses the command numbers when listing. The <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> flag +reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by +<VAR>ename</VAR> is invoked on a file containing those commands. If +<VAR>ename</VAR> is not given, the value of the following variable expansion +is used: <CODE>${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}</CODE>. This says to use the +value of the <CODE>FCEDIT</CODE> variable if set, or the value of the +<CODE>EDITOR</CODE> variable if that is set, or <CODE>vi</CODE> if neither is set. +When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. +</P><P> + +In the second form, <VAR>command</VAR> is re-executed after each instance +of <VAR>pat</VAR> in the selected command is replaced by <VAR>rep</VAR>. +</P><P> + +A useful alias to use with the <CODE>fc</CODE> command is <CODE>r='fc -s'</CODE>, so +that typing <SAMP>`r cc'</SAMP> runs the last command beginning with <CODE>cc</CODE> +and typing <SAMP>`r'</SAMP> re-executes the last command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>). +</P><P> + +<DT><CODE>history</CODE> +<DD><A NAME="IDX545"></A> +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>history [<VAR>n</VAR>] +history -c +history -d <VAR>offset</VAR> +history [-anrw] [<VAR>filename</VAR>] +history -ps <VAR>arg</VAR> +</pre></td></tr></table><P> + +With no options, display the history list with line numbers. +Lines prefixed with a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> have been modified. +An argument of <VAR>n</VAR> lists only the last <VAR>n</VAR> lines. +If the shell variable <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> is set and not null, +it is used as a format string for <VAR>strftime</VAR> to display +the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. +No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp +and the history line. +</P><P> + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>-c</CODE> +<DD>Clear the history list. This may be combined +with the other options to replace the history list completely. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-d <VAR>offset</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Delete the history entry at position <VAR>offset</VAR>. +<VAR>offset</VAR> should be specified as it appears when the history is +displayed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-a</CODE> +<DD>Append the new +history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the +current Bash session) to the history file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-n</CODE> +<DD>Append the history lines not already read from the history file +to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history +file since the beginning of the current Bash session. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-r</CODE> +<DD>Read the current history file and append its contents to +the history list. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-w</CODE> +<DD>Write out the current history to the history file. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-p</CODE> +<DD>Perform history substitution on the <VAR>arg</VAR>s and display the result +on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>-s</CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>arg</VAR>s are added to the end of +the history list as a single entry. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +When any of the <SAMP>`-w'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> options is +used, if <VAR>filename</VAR> +is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, then +the value of the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> variable is used. +</P><P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="History Interaction"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC122"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 9.3 History Expansion </H2> +<!--docid::SEC122::--> +<P> + +The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by <CODE>csh</CODE>. This section +describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information. +</P><P> + +History expansions introduce words from the history list into +the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the +arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or +fix errors in previous commands quickly. +</P><P> + +History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine +which line from the history list should be used during substitution. +The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the +current one. The line selected from the history is called the +<EM>event</EM>, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are +called <EM>words</EM>. Various <EM>modifiers</EM> are available to manipulate +the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion +that Bash does, so that several words +surrounded by quotes are considered one word. +History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the +history expansion character, which is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> by default. +Only <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`''</SAMP> may be used to escape the history expansion +character. +</P><P> + +Several shell options settable with the <CODE>shopt</CODE> +builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>) may be used to tailor +the behavior of history expansion. If the +<CODE>histverify</CODE> shell option is enabled, and Readline +is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to +the shell parser. +Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline +editing buffer for further modification. +If Readline is being used, and the <CODE>histreedit</CODE> +shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be +reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. +The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>history</CODE> builtin command +may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. +The <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>history</CODE> builtin may be used to +add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing +them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. +This is most useful in conjunction with Readline. +</P><P> + +The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism with the <CODE>histchars</CODE> variable, +as explained above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). The shell uses +the history comment character to mark history timestamps when +writing the history file. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify which history line to use.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.2 Word Designators</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying which words are of interest.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.3 Modifiers</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modifying the results of substitution.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Event Designators"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC123"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 9.3.1 Event Designators </H3> +<!--docid::SEC123::--> +<P> + +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. +<A NAME="IDX546"></A> +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>!</CODE> +<DD>Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, +the end of the line, <SAMP>`='</SAMP> or <SAMP>`('</SAMP> (when the +<CODE>extglob</CODE> shell option is enabled using the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!<VAR>n</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Refer to command line <VAR>n</VAR>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!-<VAR>n</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Refer to the command <VAR>n</VAR> lines back. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!!</CODE> +<DD>Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for <SAMP>`!-1'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!<VAR>string</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Refer to the most recent command starting with <VAR>string</VAR>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!?<VAR>string</VAR>[?]</CODE> +<DD>Refer to the most recent command containing <VAR>string</VAR>. The trailing +<SAMP>`?'</SAMP> may be omitted if the <VAR>string</VAR> is followed immediately by +a newline. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>^<VAR>string1</VAR>^<VAR>string2</VAR>^</CODE> +<DD>Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing <VAR>string1</VAR> +with <VAR>string2</VAR>. Equivalent to +<CODE>!!:s/<VAR>string1</VAR>/<VAR>string2</VAR>/</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!#</CODE> +<DD>The entire command line typed so far. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Word Designators"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC124"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 9.3.2 Word Designators </H3> +<!--docid::SEC124::--> +<P> + +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. +A <SAMP>`:'</SAMP> separates the event specification from the word designator. It +may be omitted if the word designator begins with a <SAMP>`^'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, +<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, or <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>. Words are numbered from the beginning +of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are +inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. +</P><P> + +For example, +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>!!</CODE> +<DD>designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding +command is repeated in toto. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!!:$</CODE> +<DD>designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be +shortened to <CODE>!$</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>!fi:2</CODE> +<DD>designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with +the letters <CODE>fi</CODE>. +</DL> +<P> + +Here are the word designators: + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>0 (zero)</CODE> +<DD>The <CODE>0</CODE>th word. For many applications, this is the command word. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>n</VAR></CODE> +<DD>The <VAR>n</VAR>th word. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>^</CODE> +<DD>The first argument; that is, word 1. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>$</CODE> +<DD>The last argument. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>%</CODE> +<DD>The word matched by the most recent <SAMP>`?<VAR>string</VAR>?'</SAMP> search. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>-<VAR>y</VAR></CODE> +<DD>A range of words; <SAMP>`-<VAR>y</VAR>'</SAMP> abbreviates <SAMP>`0-<VAR>y</VAR>'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>*</CODE> +<DD>All of the words, except the <CODE>0</CODE>th. This is a synonym for <SAMP>`1-$'</SAMP>. +It is not an error to use <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> if there is just one word in the event; +the empty string is returned in that case. +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>*</CODE> +<DD>Abbreviates <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>-$'</SAMP> +<P> + +<DT><CODE><VAR>x</VAR>-</CODE> +<DD>Abbreviates <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>-$'</SAMP> like <SAMP>`<VAR>x</VAR>*'</SAMP>, but omits the last word. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Modifiers"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC125"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H3> 9.3.3 Modifiers </H3> +<!--docid::SEC125::--> +<P> + +After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more +of the following modifiers, each preceded by a <SAMP>`:'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>h</CODE> +<DD>Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>t</CODE> +<DD>Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>r</CODE> +<DD>Remove a trailing suffix of the form <SAMP>`.<VAR>suffix</VAR>'</SAMP>, leaving +the basename. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>e</CODE> +<DD>Remove all but the trailing suffix. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>p</CODE> +<DD>Print the new command but do not execute it. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>q</CODE> +<DD>Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>x</CODE> +<DD>Quote the substituted words as with <SAMP>`q'</SAMP>, +but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>s/<VAR>old</VAR>/<VAR>new</VAR>/</CODE> +<DD>Substitute <VAR>new</VAR> for the first occurrence of <VAR>old</VAR> in the +event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of <SAMP>`/'</SAMP>. +The delimiter may be quoted in <VAR>old</VAR> and <VAR>new</VAR> +with a single backslash. If <SAMP>`&'</SAMP> appears in <VAR>new</VAR>, +it is replaced by <VAR>old</VAR>. A single backslash will quote +the <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last +character on the input line. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>&</CODE> +<DD>Repeat the previous substitution. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>g</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>a</CODE> +<DD>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in +conjunction with <SAMP>`s'</SAMP>, as in <CODE>gs/<VAR>old</VAR>/<VAR>new</VAR>/</CODE>, +or with <SAMP>`&'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>G</CODE> +<DD>Apply the following <SAMP>`s'</SAMP> modifier once to each word in the event. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +<A NAME="Installing Bash"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC126"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> 10. Installing Bash </H1> +<!--docid::SEC126::--> +<P> + +This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on +the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the +GNU operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several +non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix. +Other independent ports exist for +MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. +</P><P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Installation instructions.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.2 Compilers and Options</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set special options for various + systems.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to compile Bash for more + than one kind of system from + the same source tree.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.4 Installation Names</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set the various paths used by the installation.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to configure Bash for a particular system.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to share default configuration values among GNU + programs.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.7 Operation Controls</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Options recognized by the configuration program.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.8 Optional Features</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to enable and disable optional features when + building Bash.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Basic Installation"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC127"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 10.1 Basic Installation </H2> +<!--docid::SEC127::--> +<P> + +These are installation instructions for Bash. +</P><P> + +The simplest way to compile Bash is: +</P><P> + +<OL> +<LI> +<CODE>cd</CODE> to the directory containing the source code and type +<SAMP>`./configure'</SAMP> to configure Bash for your system. If you're +using <CODE>csh</CODE> on an old version of System V, you might need to +type <SAMP>`sh ./configure'</SAMP> instead to prevent <CODE>csh</CODE> from trying +to execute <CODE>configure</CODE> itself. +<P> + +Running <CODE>configure</CODE> takes some time. +While running, it prints messages telling which features it is +checking for. +</P><P> + +<LI> +Type <SAMP>`make'</SAMP> to compile Bash and build the <CODE>bashbug</CODE> bug +reporting script. +<P> + +<LI> +Optionally, type <SAMP>`make tests'</SAMP> to run the Bash test suite. +<P> + +<LI> +Type <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP> to install <CODE>bash</CODE> and <CODE>bashbug</CODE>. +This will also install the manual pages and Info file. +<P> + +</OL> +<P> + +The <CODE>configure</CODE> shell script attempts to guess correct +values for various system-dependent variables used during +compilation. It uses those values to create a <TT>`Makefile'</TT> in +each directory of the package (the top directory, the +<TT>`builtins'</TT>, <TT>`doc'</TT>, and <TT>`support'</TT> directories, +each directory under <TT>`lib'</TT>, and several others). It also creates a +<TT>`config.h'</TT> file containing system-dependent definitions. +Finally, it creates a shell script named <CODE>config.status</CODE> that you +can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a +file <TT>`config.cache'</TT> that saves the results of its tests to +speed up reconfiguring, and a file <TT>`config.log'</TT> containing +compiler output (useful mainly for debugging <CODE>configure</CODE>). +If at some point +<TT>`config.cache'</TT> contains results you don't want to keep, you +may remove or edit it. +</P><P> + +To find out more about the options and arguments that the +<CODE>configure</CODE> script understands, type +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bash-2.04$ ./configure --help +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. +</P><P> + +If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please +try to figure out how <CODE>configure</CODE> could check whether or not +to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to +<A HREF="mailto:bash-maintainers@gnu.org">bash-maintainers@gnu.org</A> so they can be +considered for the next release. +</P><P> + +The file <TT>`configure.in'</TT> is used to create <CODE>configure</CODE> +by a program called Autoconf. You only need +<TT>`configure.in'</TT> if you want to change it or regenerate +<CODE>configure</CODE> using a newer version of Autoconf. If +you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or +newer. +</P><P> + +You can remove the program binaries and object files from the +source code directory by typing <SAMP>`make clean'</SAMP>. To also remove the +files that <CODE>configure</CODE> created (so you can compile Bash for +a different kind of computer), type <SAMP>`make distclean'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Compilers and Options"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC128"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 10.2 Compilers and Options </H2> +<!--docid::SEC128::--> +<P> + +Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking +that the <CODE>configure</CODE> script does not know about. You can +give <CODE>configure</CODE> initial values for variables by setting +them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you +can do that on the command line like this: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +On systems that have the <CODE>env</CODE> program, you can do it like this: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it +is available. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Compiling For Multiple Architectures"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC129"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures </H2> +<!--docid::SEC129::--> +<P> + +You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the +same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their +own directory. To do this, you must use a version of <CODE>make</CODE> that +supports the <CODE>VPATH</CODE> variable, such as GNU <CODE>make</CODE>. +<CODE>cd</CODE> to the +directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run +the <CODE>configure</CODE> script from the source directory. You may need to +supply the <SAMP>`--srcdir=PATH'</SAMP> argument to tell <CODE>configure</CODE> where the +source files are. <CODE>configure</CODE> automatically checks for the +source code in the directory that <CODE>configure</CODE> is in and in `..'. +</P><P> + +If you have to use a <CODE>make</CODE> that does not supports the <CODE>VPATH</CODE> +variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a +time in the source code directory. After you have installed +Bash for one architecture, use <SAMP>`make distclean'</SAMP> before +reconfiguring for another architecture. +</P><P> + +Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the +<TT>`support/mkclone'</TT> script to create a build tree which has +symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an +example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a +source directory <TT>`/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0'</TT>: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +The <CODE>mkclone</CODE> script requires Bash, so you must have already built +Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build +directories for other architectures. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Installation Names"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC130"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 10.4 Installation Names </H2> +<!--docid::SEC130::--> +<P> + +By default, <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP> will install into +<TT>`/usr/local/bin'</TT>, <TT>`/usr/local/man'</TT>, etc. You can +specify an installation prefix other than <TT>`/usr/local'</TT> by +giving <CODE>configure</CODE> the option <SAMP>`--prefix=<VAR>PATH</VAR>'</SAMP>, +or by specifying a value for the <CODE>DESTDIR</CODE> <SAMP>`make'</SAMP> +variable when running <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +You can specify separate installation prefixes for +architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. +If you give <CODE>configure</CODE> the option +<SAMP>`--exec-prefix=<VAR>PATH</VAR>'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP> will use +<VAR>PATH</VAR> as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Specifying the System Type"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC131"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 10.5 Specifying the System Type </H2> +<!--docid::SEC131::--> +<P> + +There may be some features <CODE>configure</CODE> can not figure out +automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash +will run on. Usually <CODE>configure</CODE> can figure that +out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host +type, give it the <SAMP>`--host=TYPE'</SAMP> option. <SAMP>`TYPE'</SAMP> can +either be a short name for the system type, such as <SAMP>`sun4'</SAMP>, +or a canonical name with three fields: <SAMP>`CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM'</SAMP> +(e.g., <SAMP>`i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'</SAMP>). +</P><P> + +See the file <TT>`support/config.sub'</TT> for the possible +values of each field. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Sharing Defaults"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC132"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 10.6 Sharing Defaults </H2> +<!--docid::SEC132::--> +<P> + +If you want to set default values for <CODE>configure</CODE> scripts to +share, you can create a site shell script called +<CODE>config.site</CODE> that gives default values for variables like +<CODE>CC</CODE>, <CODE>cache_file</CODE>, and <CODE>prefix</CODE>. <CODE>configure</CODE> +looks for <TT>`PREFIX/share/config.site'</TT> if it exists, then +<TT>`PREFIX/etc/config.site'</TT> if it exists. Or, you can set the +<CODE>CONFIG_SITE</CODE> environment variable to the location of the site +script. A warning: the Bash <CODE>configure</CODE> looks for a site script, +but not all <CODE>configure</CODE> scripts do. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Operation Controls"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC133"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 10.7 Operation Controls </H2> +<!--docid::SEC133::--> +<P> + +<CODE>configure</CODE> recognizes the following options to control how it +operates. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> + +<DT><CODE>--cache-file=<VAR>file</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Use and save the results of the tests in +<VAR>file</VAR> instead of <TT>`./config.cache'</TT>. Set <VAR>file</VAR> to +<TT>`/dev/null'</TT> to disable caching, for debugging +<CODE>configure</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--help</CODE> +<DD>Print a summary of the options to <CODE>configure</CODE>, and exit. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--quiet</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>--silent</CODE> +<DD><DT><CODE>-q</CODE> +<DD>Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--srcdir=<VAR>dir</VAR></CODE> +<DD>Look for the Bash source code in directory <VAR>dir</VAR>. Usually +<CODE>configure</CODE> can determine that directory automatically. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--version</CODE> +<DD>Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the <CODE>configure</CODE> +script, and exit. +</DL> +<P> + +<CODE>configure</CODE> also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. <SAMP>`configure --help'</SAMP> prints the complete list. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Optional Features"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC134"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> 10.8 Optional Features </H2> +<!--docid::SEC134::--> +<P> + +The Bash <CODE>configure</CODE> has a number of <SAMP>`--enable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP> +options, where <VAR>feature</VAR> indicates an optional part of Bash. +There are also several <SAMP>`--with-<VAR>package</VAR>'</SAMP> options, +where <VAR>package</VAR> is something like <SAMP>`bash-malloc'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`purify'</SAMP>. +To turn off the default use of a package, use +<SAMP>`--without-<VAR>package</VAR>'</SAMP>. To configure Bash without a feature +that is enabled by default, use <SAMP>`--disable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +Here is a complete list of the <SAMP>`--enable-'</SAMP> and +<SAMP>`--with-'</SAMP> options that the Bash <CODE>configure</CODE> recognizes. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>--with-afs</CODE> +<DD>Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--with-bash-malloc</CODE> +<DD>Use the Bash version of +<CODE>malloc</CODE> in the directory <TT>`lib/malloc'</TT>. This is not the same +<CODE>malloc</CODE> that appears in GNU libc, but an older version +originally derived from the 4.2 BSD <CODE>malloc</CODE>. This <CODE>malloc</CODE> +is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. +This option is enabled by default. +The <TT>`NOTES'</TT> file contains a list of systems for +which this should be turned off, and <CODE>configure</CODE> disables this +option automatically for a number of systems. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--with-curses</CODE> +<DD>Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should +be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap +database. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--with-gnu-malloc</CODE> +<DD>A synonym for <CODE>--with-bash-malloc</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--with-installed-readline[=<VAR>PREFIX</VAR>]</CODE> +<DD>Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline +rather than the version in <TT>`lib/readline'</TT>. This works only with +Readline 5.0 and later versions. If <VAR>PREFIX</VAR> is <CODE>yes</CODE> or not +supplied, <CODE>configure</CODE> uses the values of the make variables +<CODE>includedir</CODE> and <CODE>libdir</CODE>, which are subdirectories of <CODE>prefix</CODE> +by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in +the standard system include and library directories. +If <VAR>PREFIX</VAR> is <CODE>no</CODE>, Bash links with the version in +<TT>`lib/readline'</TT>. +If <VAR>PREFIX</VAR> is set to any other value, <CODE>configure</CODE> treats it as +a directory pathname and looks for +the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory +(include files in <VAR>PREFIX</VAR>/<CODE>include</CODE> and the library in +<VAR>PREFIX</VAR>/<CODE>lib</CODE>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--with-purify</CODE> +<DD>Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational +Software. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-minimal-config</CODE> +<DD>This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical +Bourne shell. +</DL> +<P> + +There are several <SAMP>`--enable-'</SAMP> options that alter how Bash is +compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>--enable-largefile</CODE> +<DD>Enable support for <A HREF="http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html">large files</A> if the operating system requires special compiler options +to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by +default, if the operating system provides large file support. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-profiling</CODE> +<DD>This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be +processed by <CODE>gprof</CODE> each time it is executed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-static-link</CODE> +<DD>This causes Bash to be linked statically, if <CODE>gcc</CODE> is being used. +This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. +</DL> +<P> + +The <SAMP>`minimal-config'</SAMP> option can be used to disable all of +the following options, but it is processed first, so individual +options may be enabled using <SAMP>`enable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP>. +</P><P> + +All of the following options except for <SAMP>`disabled-builtins'</SAMP> and +<SAMP>`xpg-echo-default'</SAMP> are +enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the +necessary support. +</P><P> + +<DL COMPACT> +<DT><CODE>--enable-alias</CODE> +<DD>Allow alias expansion and include the <CODE>alias</CODE> and <CODE>unalias</CODE> +builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-arith-for-command</CODE> +<DD>Include support for the alternate form of the <CODE>for</CODE> command +that behaves like the C language <CODE>for</CODE> statement +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-array-variables</CODE> +<DD>Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-bang-history</CODE> +<DD>Include support for <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history substitution +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-brace-expansion</CODE> +<DD>Include <CODE>csh</CODE>-like brace expansion +( <CODE>b{a,b}c</CODE> ==> <CODE>bac bbc</CODE> ). +See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>, for a complete description. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-casemod-attributes</CODE> +<DD>Include support for case-modifying attributes in the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin +and assignment statements. Variables with the <VAR>uppercase</VAR> attribute, +for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-casemod-expansion</CODE> +<DD>Include support for case-modifying word expansions. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-command-timing</CODE> +<DD>Include support for recognizing <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word and for +displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following <CODE>time</CODE> +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>). +This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-cond-command</CODE> +<DD>Include support for the <CODE>[[</CODE> conditional command. +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-cond-regexp</CODE> +<DD>Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the +<SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> binary operator in the <CODE>[[</CODE> conditional command. +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-coprocesses</CODE> +<DD>Include support for coprocesses and the <CODE>coproc</CODE> reserved word +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-debugger</CODE> +<DD>Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-directory-stack</CODE> +<DD>Include support for a <CODE>csh</CODE>-like directory stack and the +<CODE>pushd</CODE>, <CODE>popd</CODE>, and <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtins +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-disabled-builtins</CODE> +<DD>Allow builtin commands to be invoked via <SAMP>`builtin xxx'</SAMP> +even after <CODE>xxx</CODE> has been disabled using <SAMP>`enable -n xxx'</SAMP>. +See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for details of the <CODE>builtin</CODE> and +<CODE>enable</CODE> builtin commands. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-dparen-arithmetic</CODE> +<DD>Include support for the <CODE>((<small>...</small>))</CODE> command +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-extended-glob</CODE> +<DD>Include support for the extended pattern matching features described +above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-extended-glob-default</CODE> +<DD>Set the default value of the <VAR>extglob</VAR> shell option described +above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-help-builtin</CODE> +<DD>Include the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and +variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-history</CODE> +<DD>Include command history and the <CODE>fc</CODE> and <CODE>history</CODE> +builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-job-control</CODE> +<DD>This enables the job control features (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>), +if the operating system supports them. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-multibyte</CODE> +<DD>This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating +system provides the necessary support. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-net-redirections</CODE> +<DD>This enables the special handling of filenames of the form +<CODE>/dev/tcp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE> and +<CODE>/dev/udp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE> +when used in redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-process-substitution</CODE> +<DD>This enables process substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>) if +the operating system provides the necessary support. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-progcomp</CODE> +<DD>Enable the programmable completion facilities +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). +If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</CODE> +<DD>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters +in the <CODE>$PS1</CODE>, <CODE>$PS2</CODE>, <CODE>$PS3</CODE>, and <CODE>$PS4</CODE> prompt +strings. See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for a complete list of prompt +string escape sequences. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-readline</CODE> +<DD>Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash +version of the Readline library (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-restricted</CODE> +<DD>Include support for a <EM>restricted shell</EM>. If this is enabled, Bash, +when called as <CODE>rbash</CODE>, enters a restricted mode. See +<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>, for a description of restricted mode. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-select</CODE> +<DD>Include the <CODE>select</CODE> builtin, which allows the generation of simple +menus (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-separate-helpfiles</CODE> +<DD>Use external files for the documentation displayed by the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin +instead of storing the text internally. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-single-help-strings</CODE> +<DD>Store the text displayed by the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin as a single string for +each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages. +You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string +literals. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-strict-posix-default</CODE> +<DD>Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>). +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-usg-echo-default</CODE> +<DD>A synonym for <CODE>--enable-xpg-echo-default</CODE>. +<P> + +<DT><CODE>--enable-xpg-echo-default</CODE> +<DD>Make the <CODE>echo</CODE> builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, +without requiring the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option. +This sets the default value of the <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> shell option to <CODE>on</CODE>, +which makes the Bash <CODE>echo</CODE> behave more like the version specified in +the Single Unix Specification, version 3. +See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of the escape sequences that +<CODE>echo</CODE> recognizes. +<P> + +</DL> +<P> + +The file <TT>`config-top.h'</TT> contains C Preprocessor +<SAMP>`#define'</SAMP> statements for options which are not settable from +<CODE>configure</CODE>. +Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if +you do. +Read the comments associated with each definition for more +information about its effect. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Reporting Bugs"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC135"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> A. Reporting Bugs </H1> +<!--docid::SEC135::--> +<P> + +Please report all bugs you find in Bash. +But first, you should +make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest +version of Bash. +The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from +<A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</A>. +</P><P> + +Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +<CODE>bashbug</CODE> command to submit a bug report. +If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! +Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed +to <A HREF="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</A> or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup <CODE>gnu.bash.bug</CODE>. +</P><P> + +All bug reports should include: +<UL> +<LI> +The version number of Bash. +<LI> +The hardware and operating system. +<LI> +The compiler used to compile Bash. +<LI> +A description of the bug behaviour. +<LI> +A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used +to reproduce it. +</UL> +<P> + +<CODE>bashbug</CODE> inserts the first three items automatically into +the template it provides for filing a bug report. +</P><P> + +Please send all reports concerning this manual to +<A HREF="mailto:chet.ramey@case.edu">chet.ramey@case.edu</A>. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Major Differences From The Bourne Shell"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC136"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell </H1> +<!--docid::SEC136::--> +<P> + +Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and +variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. +Bash uses the POSIX standard as the specification of +how these features are to be implemented. There are some +differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this +section quickly details the differences of significance. A +number of these differences are explained in greater depth in +previous sections. +This section uses the version of <CODE>sh</CODE> included in SVR4.2 (the +last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference. +</P><P> + +<UL> + +<LI> +Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification +differs from traditional <CODE>sh</CODE> behavior (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash has multi-character invocation options (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash has command-line editing (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>) and +the <CODE>bind</CODE> builtin. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>), and builtin commands +<CODE>complete</CODE>, <CODE>compgen</CODE>, and <CODE>compopt</CODE>, to +manipulate it. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash has command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) and the +<CODE>history</CODE> and <CODE>fc</CODE> builtins to manipulate it. +The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the +value of the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable to display it. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash implements <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history expansion +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>), and the +appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. +Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. +Bash provides a number of built-in array variables. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>$'<small>...</small>'</CODE> quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C +backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes, +is supported (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash supports the <CODE>$"<small>...</small>"</CODE> quoting syntax to do +locale-specific translation of the characters between the double +quotes. The <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`--dump-strings'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`--dump-po-strings'</SAMP> +invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash implements the <CODE>!</CODE> keyword to negate the return value of +a pipeline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>). +Very useful when an <CODE>if</CODE> statement needs to act only if a test fails. +The Bash <SAMP>`-o pipefail'</SAMP> option to <CODE>set</CODE> will cause a pipeline to +return a failure status if any command fails. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash has the <CODE>time</CODE> reserved word and command timing (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A>). +The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the +<CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash implements the <CODE>for (( <VAR>expr1</VAR> ; <VAR>expr2</VAR> ; <VAR>expr3</VAR> ))</CODE> +arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes the <CODE>select</CODE> compound command, which allows the +generation of simple menus (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes the <CODE>[[</CODE> compound command, which makes conditional +testing part of the shell grammar (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>), including +optional regular expression matching. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the <CODE>case</CODE> and +<CODE>[[</CODE> constructs. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes brace expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>) and tilde +expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash implements command aliases and the <CODE>alias</CODE> and <CODE>unalias</CODE> +builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash provides shell arithmetic, the <CODE>((</CODE> compound command +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>), +and arithmetic expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically +exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does not normally do +this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the <CODE>export</CODE> +command. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash supports the <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> assignment operator, which appends to the value +of the variable named on the left hand side. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`%%'</SAMP> +and <SAMP>`##'</SAMP> expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from +variable values (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The expansion <CODE>${#xx}</CODE>, which returns the length of <CODE>${xx}</CODE>, +is supported (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The expansion <CODE>${var:</CODE><VAR>offset</VAR><CODE>[:</CODE><VAR>length</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>, +which expands to the substring of <CODE>var</CODE>'s value of length +<VAR>length</VAR>, beginning at <VAR>offset</VAR>, is present +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The expansion +<CODE>${var/[/]</CODE><VAR>pattern</VAR><CODE>[/</CODE><VAR>replacement</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>, +which matches <VAR>pattern</VAR> and replaces it with <VAR>replacement</VAR> in +the value of <CODE>var</CODE>, is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The expansion <CODE>${!<VAR>prefix}*</VAR></CODE> expansion, which expands to +the names of all shell variables whose names begin with <VAR>prefix</VAR>, +is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash has <VAR>indirect</VAR> variable expansion using <CODE>${!word}</CODE> +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <CODE>$9</CODE> using +<CODE>${<VAR>num</VAR>}</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +The POSIX <CODE>$()</CODE> form of command substitution +is implemented (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A>), +and preferred to the Bourne shell's <CODE>"</CODE> (which +is also implemented for backwards compatibility). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash has process substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the +current user (<CODE>UID</CODE>, <CODE>EUID</CODE>, and <CODE>GROUPS</CODE>), the current host +(<CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE>, <CODE>OSTYPE</CODE>, <CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE>, and <CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE>), +and the instance of Bash that is running (<CODE>BASH</CODE>, +<CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE>, and <CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE>). See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, +for details. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>IFS</CODE> variable is used to split only the results of expansion, +not all words (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>). +This closes a longstanding shell security hole. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, +including <VAR>character classes</VAR>, <VAR>equivalence classes</VAR>, and +<VAR>collating symbols</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the <CODE>extglob</CODE> +shell option is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name; +<CODE>sh</CODE> does not separate the two name spaces. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the +<CODE>local</CODE> builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even +builtins and functions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A>). +In <CODE>sh</CODE>, all variable assignments +preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the +file system. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands +to input and output redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash contains the <SAMP>`<>'</SAMP> redirection operator, allowing a file to be +opened for both reading and writing, and the <SAMP>`&>'</SAMP> redirection +operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same +file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes the <SAMP>`<<<'</SAMP> redirection operator, allowing a string to +be used as the standard input to a command. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash implements the <SAMP>`[n]<&<VAR>word</VAR>'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`[n]>&<VAR>word</VAR>'</SAMP> +redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are +used in redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services +with the redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>noclobber</CODE> option is available to avoid overwriting existing +files with output redirection (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +The <SAMP>`>|'</SAMP> redirection operator may be used to override <CODE>noclobber</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +The Bash <CODE>cd</CODE> and <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) +each take <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> options to switch between logical and +physical modes. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides +access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the +<CODE>builtin</CODE> and <CODE>command</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>command</CODE> builtin allows selective disabling of functions +when command lookup is performed (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the <CODE>enable</CODE> +builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The Bash <CODE>exec</CODE> builtin takes additional options that allow users +to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed +command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment +using <CODE>export -f</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The Bash <CODE>export</CODE>, <CODE>readonly</CODE>, and <CODE>declare</CODE> builtins can +take a <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to act on shell functions, a <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to +display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be +used as shell input, a <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option to remove various variable +attributes, and <SAMP>`name=value'</SAMP> arguments to set variable attributes +and values simultaneously. +<P> + +<LI> +The Bash <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin allows a name to be associated with +an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by +searching the <CODE>$PATH</CODE>, using <SAMP>`hash -p'</SAMP> +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes a <CODE>help</CODE> builtin for quick reference to shell +facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>printf</CODE> builtin is available to display formatted output +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The Bash <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>) +will read a line ending in <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> with +the <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option, and will use the <CODE>REPLY</CODE> variable as a +default if no non-option arguments are supplied. +The Bash <CODE>read</CODE> builtin +also accepts a prompt string with the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option and will use +Readline to obtain the line when given the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option. +The <CODE>read</CODE> builtin also has additional options to control input: +the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option will turn off echoing of input characters as +they are read, the <SAMP>`-t'</SAMP> option will allow <CODE>read</CODE> to time out +if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the +<SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option will allow reading only a specified number of +characters rather than a full line, and the <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option will read +until a particular character rather than newline. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>return</CODE> builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts +executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin, for finer control of shell +optional capabilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), and allows these options +to be set and unset at shell invocation (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the <CODE>set</CODE> +builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> (<CODE>xtrace</CODE>) option displays commands other than +simple commands when performing an execution trace +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>test</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) +is slightly different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, +which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes the <CODE>caller</CODE> builtin, which displays the context of +any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with +the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins). This supports the bash +debugger. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows a +<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <CODE>EXIT</CODE>. +Commands specified with a <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap are executed before every +simple command, <CODE>for</CODE> command, <CODE>case</CODE> command, +<CODE>select</CODE> command, every arithmetic <CODE>for</CODE> command, and before +the first command executes in a shell function. +The <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +function has been given the <CODE>trace</CODE> attribute or the +<CODE>functrace</CODE> option has been enabled using the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin. +The <CODE>extdebug</CODE> shell option has additional effects on the +<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap. +<P> + +The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows an +<CODE>ERR</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <CODE>EXIT</CODE> and <CODE>DEBUG</CODE>. +Commands specified with an <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap are executed after a simple +command fails, with a few exceptions. +The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +<CODE>-o errtrace</CODE> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is enabled. +</P><P> + +The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows a +<CODE>RETURN</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to +<CODE>EXIT</CODE> and <CODE>DEBUG</CODE>. +Commands specified with an <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap are executed before +execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with +<CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> returns. +The <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +function has been given the <CODE>trace</CODE> attribute or the +<CODE>functrace</CODE> option has been enabled using the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin. +</P><P> + +<LI> +The Bash <CODE>type</CODE> builtin is more extensive and gives more information +about the names it finds (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The Bash <CODE>umask</CODE> builtin permits a <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to cause +the output to be displayed in the form of a <CODE>umask</CODE> command +that may be reused as input (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +Bash implements a <CODE>csh</CODE>-like directory stack, and provides the +<CODE>pushd</CODE>, <CODE>popd</CODE>, and <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtins to manipulate it +(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>). +Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the +<CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> shell variable. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt +strings when interactive (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>). +<P> + +<LI> +The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>); +the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. +<P> + +<LI> +The <CODE>disown</CODE> builtin can remove a job from the internal shell +job table (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>) or suppress the sending +of <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to a job when the shell exits as the result of a +<CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for +shell scripts. +<P> + +<LI> +The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins +(<CODE>mldmode</CODE> and <CODE>priv</CODE>) not present in Bash. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash does not have the <CODE>stop</CODE> or <CODE>newgrp</CODE> builtins. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash does not use the <CODE>SHACCT</CODE> variable or perform shell accounting. +<P> + +<LI> +The SVR4.2 <CODE>sh</CODE> uses a <CODE>TIMEOUT</CODE> variable like Bash uses +<CODE>TMOUT</CODE>. +<P> + +</UL> +<P> + +More features unique to Bash may be found in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">6. Bash Features</A>. +</P><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC137"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell </H2> +<!--docid::SEC137::--> +<P> + +Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from +many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: +</P><P> + +<UL> + +<LI> +Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of +a shell control structure such as an <CODE>if</CODE> or <CODE>while</CODE> +statement. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently +insert a needed closing quote at <CODE>EOF</CODE> under certain circumstances. +This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. +<P> + +<LI> +The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on +trapping <CODE>SIGSEGV</CODE>. If the shell is started from a process with +<CODE>SIGSEGV</CODE> blocked (e.g., by using the <CODE>system()</CODE> C library +function call), it misbehaves badly. +<P> + +<LI> +In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, +when invoked without the <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option, will alter its real +and effective UID and GID if they are less than some +magic threshold value, commonly 100. +This can lead to unexpected results. +<P> + +<LI> +The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap <CODE>SIGSEGV</CODE>, +<CODE>SIGALRM</CODE>, or <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE>. +<P> + +<LI> +The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the <CODE>IFS</CODE>, <CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE>, +<CODE>PATH</CODE>, <CODE>PS1</CODE>, or <CODE>PS2</CODE> variables to be unset. +<P> + +<LI> +The SVR4.2 shell treats <SAMP>`^'</SAMP> as the undocumented equivalent of +<SAMP>`|'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<LI> +Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (<CODE>-x -v</CODE>); +the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (<CODE>-xv</CODE>). In +fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins +with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>. +<P> + +<LI> +The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits +a script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and +only for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard. +<P> + +<LI> +The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <CODE>jsh</CODE> +(it turns on job control). +</UL> +<P> + +<A NAME="GNU Free Documentation License"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC138"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> >> </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> C. GNU Free Documentation License </H1> +<!--docid::SEC138::--> +<P> + +<center> + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 +</center> +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=display><pre style="font-family: serif">Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +<A HREF="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</A> + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies +of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. +</pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +<OL> +<LI> +PREAMBLE +<P> + +The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other +functional and useful document <EM>free</EM> in the sense of freedom: to +assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, +with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. +Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way +to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible +for modifications made by others. +</P><P> + +This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative +works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. 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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. +</FONT></pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, +replace the "with<small>...</small>Texts." line with this: +</P><P> + +<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=smallexample><FONT SIZE=-1><pre> with the Invariant Sections being <VAR>list their titles</VAR>, with + the Front-Cover Texts being <VAR>list</VAR>, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being <VAR>list</VAR>. +</FONT></pre></td></tr></table></P><P> + +If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. +</P><P> + +If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, +to permit their use in free software. +</P><P> + +<A NAME="Indexes"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC140"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1> D. Indexes </H1> +<!--docid::SEC140::--> +<P> + +<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash builtin commands.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash reserved words.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Quick reference helps you find the + variable you want.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.4 Function Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of bindable Readline functions.</TD></TR> +<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.5 Concept Index</A></TD><TD> </TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">General index for concepts described in + this manual.</TD></TR> +</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE> +<P> + +<A NAME="Builtin Index"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC141"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands </H2> +<!--docid::SEC141::--> +<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#bt_." style="text-decoration:none"><b>.</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_:" style="text-decoration:none"><b>:</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_[" style="text-decoration:none"><b>[</b></A> + +<BR> +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P></P> +<TABLE border=0> +<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_."></A>.</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX69"><CODE>.</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_:"></A>:</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX68"><CODE>:</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_["></A>[</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX84"><CODE>[</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX89"><CODE>alias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX293"><CODE>bg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX90"><CODE>bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX70"><CODE>break</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX91"><CODE>builtin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX92"><CODE>caller</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX71"><CODE>cd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX93"><CODE>command</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX540"><CODE>compgen</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX541"><CODE>complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX542"><CODE>compopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX72"><CODE>continue</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX94"><CODE>declare</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX290"><CODE>dirs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX298"><CODE>disown</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX95"><CODE>echo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX96"><CODE>enable</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX73"><CODE>eval</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX74"><CODE>exec</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX75"><CODE>exit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX76"><CODE>export</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX544"><CODE>fc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX294"><CODE>fg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX77"><CODE>getopts</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX78"><CODE>hash</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX97"><CODE>help</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX545"><CODE>history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX295"><CODE>jobs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX296"><CODE>kill</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX98"><CODE>let</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX99"><CODE>local</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX100"><CODE>logout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX101"><CODE>mapfile</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX291"><CODE>popd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX102"><CODE>printf</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX292"><CODE>pushd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX79"><CODE>pwd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX103"><CODE>read</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX104"><CODE>readarray</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX80"><CODE>readonly</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX81"><CODE>return</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX110"><CODE>set</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX82"><CODE>shift</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX111"><CODE>shopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX105"><CODE>source</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX299"><CODE>suspend</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX83"><CODE>test</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX85"><CODE>times</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX86"><CODE>trap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX106"><CODE>type</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX107"><CODE>typeset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX108"><CODE>ulimit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX87"><CODE>umask</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX109"><CODE>unalias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX88"><CODE>unset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX297"><CODE>wait</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#bt_." style="text-decoration:none"><b>.</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_:" style="text-decoration:none"><b>:</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_[" style="text-decoration:none"><b>[</b></A> + +<BR> +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P> + +<A NAME="Reserved Word Index"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC142"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words </H2> +<!--docid::SEC142::--> +<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#rw_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_[" style="text-decoration:none"><b>[</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_]" style="text-decoration:none"><b>]</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_{" style="text-decoration:none"><b>{</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_}" style="text-decoration:none"><b>}</b></A> + +<BR> +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P></P> +<TABLE border=0> +<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_!"></A>!</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX25"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_["></A>[</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX41"><CODE>[[</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_]"></A>]</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX42"><CODE>]]</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_{"></A>{</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX43"><CODE>{</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_}"></A>}</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX44"><CODE>}</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX37"><CODE>case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX28"><CODE>do</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX29"><CODE>done</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX35"><CODE>elif</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX34"><CODE>else</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX39"><CODE>esac</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36"><CODE>fi</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX31"><CODE>for</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX45"><CODE>function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX32"><CODE>if</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX38"><CODE>in</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX40"><CODE>select</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX33"><CODE>then</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX24"><CODE>time</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX27"><CODE>until</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX30"><CODE>while</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#rw_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_[" style="text-decoration:none"><b>[</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_]" style="text-decoration:none"><b>]</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_{" style="text-decoration:none"><b>{</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_}" style="text-decoration:none"><b>}</b></A> + +<BR> +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P> + +<A NAME="Variable Index"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC143"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> D.3 Parameter and Variable Index </H2> +<!--docid::SEC143::--> +<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#vr_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_#" style="text-decoration:none"><b>#</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_$" style="text-decoration:none"><b>$</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_*" style="text-decoration:none"><b>*</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_-" style="text-decoration:none"><b>-</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_0" style="text-decoration:none"><b>0</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_?" style="text-decoration:none"><b>?</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_@" style="text-decoration:none"><b>@</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A> + +<BR> +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P></P> +<TABLE border=0> +<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_!"></A>!</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX59"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_#"></A>#</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_$"></A>$</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_*"></A>*</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_-"></A>-</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_0"></A>0</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX60"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX61"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_?"></A>?</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_@"></A>@</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr__"></A>_</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX62"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX63"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX300"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX301"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX132"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX133"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX138"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX139"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX140"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX141"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX142"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX143"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX144"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX145"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX146"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX147"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX148"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX149"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX150"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX151"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX152"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX153"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX154"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX155"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX156"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX157"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX158"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX159"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX160"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX161"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX162"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX163"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX164"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX165"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX134"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX135"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX136"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX137"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX307"><CODE>bell-style</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX308"><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX112"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX113"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX166"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX167"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX309"><CODE>comment-begin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX168"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX169"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX176"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX177"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX170"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX171"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX172"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX173"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX174"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX175"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX178"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX179"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX180"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX181"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX310"><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX311"><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX182"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX183"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX312"><CODE>convert-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX184"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX185"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX313"><CODE>disable-completion</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX314"><CODE>editing-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX186"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX187"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX315"><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX188"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX189"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX316"><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX190"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX191"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX192"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX193"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX194"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX195"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX196"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX197"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX198"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX199"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX200"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX201"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX202"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX203"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX204"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX205"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX206"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX207"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX208"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX209"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX210"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX211"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX317"><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX318"><CODE>history-size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX212"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX213"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX214"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX215"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX114"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX115"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX319"><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX216"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX217"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX218"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX219"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX220"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX221"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX116"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX117"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX222"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX223"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX320"><CODE>input-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX224"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX225"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX322"><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX323"><CODE>keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX226"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX227"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX228"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX229"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX230"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX231"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX232"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX233"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX21"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX234"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX235"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX236"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX237"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX238"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX239"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX240"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX241"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX242"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX243"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX118"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX119"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX244"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX245"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX120"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX121"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX324"><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX325"><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX326"><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX321"><CODE>meta-flag</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX246"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX247"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX122"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX123"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX248"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX249"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX124"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX125"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX250"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX251"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX327"><CODE>output-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX328"><CODE>page-completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX126"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX127"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX252"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX253"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX254"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX255"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX256"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX257"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX258"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX259"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX260"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX261"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX128"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX129"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX130"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX131"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX262"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX263"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX264"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX265"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX266"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX267"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX268"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX269"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX270"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX271"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX329"><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX272"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX273"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX274"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX275"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX276"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX277"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX278"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX279"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX330"><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX331"><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX332"><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX22"><CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX23"><CODE>TEXTDOMAINDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX280"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX281"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX282"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX283"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX284"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX285"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX286"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX287"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX333"><CODE>visible-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#vr_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_#" style="text-decoration:none"><b>#</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_$" style="text-decoration:none"><b>$</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_*" style="text-decoration:none"><b>*</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_-" style="text-decoration:none"><b>-</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_0" style="text-decoration:none"><b>0</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_?" style="text-decoration:none"><b>?</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_@" style="text-decoration:none"><b>@</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr__" style="text-decoration:none"><b>_</b></A> + +<BR> +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P> + +<A NAME="Function Index"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC144"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> > </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> << </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> D.4 Function Index </H2> +<!--docid::SEC144::--> +<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_G" style="text-decoration:none"><b>G</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_N" style="text-decoration:none"><b>N</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_Q" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Q</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_U" style="text-decoration:none"><b>U</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_Y" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Y</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P></P> +<TABLE border=0> +<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX486"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX487"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX354"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX355"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX530"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX531"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX340"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX341"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX382"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX383"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX404"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX405"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX416"><CODE>backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX417"><CODE>backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX412"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX413"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX344"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX345"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX360"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX361"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX334"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX335"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX482"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX483"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX398"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX399"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX502"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX503"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX504"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX505"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX350"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX351"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX440"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX441"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX468"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX469"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX452"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX453"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX464"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX465"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX476"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX477"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX456"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX457"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX460"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX461"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX428"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX429"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX430"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX431"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX426"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX427"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX474"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX475"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX380"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX381"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX450"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX451"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX422"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX423"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX436"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX437"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX522"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX523"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX488"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX489"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX396"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX397"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX510"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX511"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX514"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX515"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX512"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX513"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX472"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX473"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX538"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX539"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX480"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX481"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX362"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX363"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX336"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX337"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX500"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX501"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX384"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX385"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX338"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX339"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX366"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX367"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX342"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX343"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX516"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX517"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX518"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX519"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX520"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX521"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX532"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX533"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX526"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX527"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX374"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX375"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX372"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX373"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX508"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX509"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX444"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX445"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX534"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX535"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX402"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX403"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX424"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX425"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX408"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX409"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX410"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX411"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX528"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX529"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX446"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX447"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX448"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX449"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_N"></A>N</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX358"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX359"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX370"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX371"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX368"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX369"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX536"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX537"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX400"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX401"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX470"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX471"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX442"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX443"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX454"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX455"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX466"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX467"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX458"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX459"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX462"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX463"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX490"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX491"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX356"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX357"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX386"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX387"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX484"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX485"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX352"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX353"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX364"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX365"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX494"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX495"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX388"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX389"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX498"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX499"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX348"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX349"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX524"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX525"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX346"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX347"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX414"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX415"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX506"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX507"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX478"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX479"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX496"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX497"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX390"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX391"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX392"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX393"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX492"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX493"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX438"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX439"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX420"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX421"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX406"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX407"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX418"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX419"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX394"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX395"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Y"></A>Y</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX432"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX433"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX378"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX379"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX376"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX377"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX434"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX435"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A 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style="text-decoration:none"><b>Y</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P> + +<A NAME="Concept Index"></A> +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC145"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> < </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ > ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ << ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ >> ]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H2> D.5 Concept Index </H2> +<!--docid::SEC145::--> +<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_N" style="text-decoration:none"><b>N</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_Q" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Q</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_Y" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Y</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P></P> +<TABLE border=0> +<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">alias expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">arithmetic evaluation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">arithmetic expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">arithmetic, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">arrays</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">background</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">Bash configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">Bash installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">Bourne shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">brace expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX2">builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">command editing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">command execution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">command expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">command history</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">command search</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">command substitution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX26">command timing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">commands, compound</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">commands, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">commands, grouping</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">commands, lists</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">commands, looping</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">commands, pipelines</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">commands, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">commands, simple</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">comments, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">3.1.3 Comments</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">completion builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3">control operator</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">coprocess</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">directory stack</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">editing command lines</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">evaluation, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">event designators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">execution environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">expansion, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">expansion, brace</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX64">expansion, filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">expansion, parameter</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX65">expansion, pathname</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">expansion, tilde</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">expressions, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">expressions, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5">field</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX6">filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX66">filename expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">foreground</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">functions, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">history builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX546">history events</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">history expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">history list</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX543">History, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX11">identifier</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">initialization file, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">interaction, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX289">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">internationalization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX7">job</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX8">job control</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">job control</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX305">kill ring</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX303">killing text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">localization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX288">login shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">matching, pattern</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX9">metacharacter</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_N"></A>N</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX10">name</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">native languages</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">notation, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX12">operator, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">parameter expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">parameters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">parameters, positional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">parameters, special</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX67">pathname expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">pattern matching</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">pipeline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX1">POSIX</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX13">process group</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX14">process group ID</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">process substitution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">programmable completion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">prompting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">quoting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">3.1.2 Quoting</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">quoting, ANSI</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX302">Readline, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">redirection</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX15">reserved word</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">restricted shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX16">return status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">shell arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">shell function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">shell script</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">shell variable</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">shell, interactive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX17">signal</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">signal handling</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX18">special builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">special builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.4 Special Builtins</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">startup files</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">suspending jobs</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">tilde expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX19">token</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">translation, native languages</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">variable, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX306">variables, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX20">word</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">word splitting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_Y"></A>Y</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR> +<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX304">yanking text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR> +<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR> +</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_C" style="text-decoration:none"><b>C</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_D" style="text-decoration:none"><b>D</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_E" style="text-decoration:none"><b>E</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_F" style="text-decoration:none"><b>F</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_H" style="text-decoration:none"><b>H</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_I" style="text-decoration:none"><b>I</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_J" style="text-decoration:none"><b>J</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_K" style="text-decoration:none"><b>K</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_L" style="text-decoration:none"><b>L</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_M" style="text-decoration:none"><b>M</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_N" style="text-decoration:none"><b>N</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_O" style="text-decoration:none"><b>O</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_P" style="text-decoration:none"><b>P</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_Q" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Q</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_R" style="text-decoration:none"><b>R</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_S" style="text-decoration:none"><b>S</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_T" style="text-decoration:none"><b>T</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_V" style="text-decoration:none"><b>V</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_W" style="text-decoration:none"><b>W</b></A> + +<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_Y" style="text-decoration:none"><b>Y</b></A> + +</td></tr></table><br><P> + +<HR SIZE="6"> +<A NAME="SEC_Contents"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1>Table of Contents</H1> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC1" HREF="bashref.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC2" HREF="bashref.html#SEC2">1.1 What is Bash?</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC3" HREF="bashref.html#SEC3">1.2 What is a shell?</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC4" HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC5" HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC6" HREF="bashref.html#SEC6">3.1 Shell Syntax</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC7" HREF="bashref.html#SEC7">3.1.1 Shell Operation</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC8" HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">3.1.2 Quoting</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC9" HREF="bashref.html#SEC9">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC10" HREF="bashref.html#SEC10">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC11" HREF="bashref.html#SEC11">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC12" HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC13" HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC14" HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">3.1.3 Comments</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC15" HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC16" HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC17" HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC18" HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC19" HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC20" HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC21" HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC22" HREF="bashref.html#SEC22">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC23" HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC24" HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC25" HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC26" HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC27" HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC28" HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC29" HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC30" HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC31" HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC32" HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC33" HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC34" HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC35" HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC36" HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC37" HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC38" HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC39" HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC40" HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC41" HREF="bashref.html#SEC41">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC42" HREF="bashref.html#SEC42">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC43" HREF="bashref.html#SEC43">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC44" HREF="bashref.html#SEC44">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC45" HREF="bashref.html#SEC45">3.6.6 Here Documents</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC46" HREF="bashref.html#SEC46">3.6.7 Here Strings</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC47" HREF="bashref.html#SEC47">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC48" HREF="bashref.html#SEC48">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC49" HREF="bashref.html#SEC49">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC50" HREF="bashref.html#SEC50">3.7 Executing Commands</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC51" HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC52" HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC53" HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC54" HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC55" HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC56" HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC57" HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC58" HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC59" HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC60" HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC61" HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC62" HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC63" HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC64" HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.4 Special Builtins</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC65" HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">5. Shell Variables</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC66" HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC67" HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC68" HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">6. Bash Features</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC69" HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC70" HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC78" HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC79" HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC80" HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC81" HREF="bashref.html#SEC81">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC82" HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC83" HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC84" HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC85" HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC86" HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC87" HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC88" HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC89" HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC90" HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC91" HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC92" HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC93" HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC94" HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC95" HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC96" HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC97" HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.2 Readline Interaction</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC98" HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC99" HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC100" HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC101" HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC102" HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC103" HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC104" HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC105" HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC106" HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.3 Sample Init File</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC107" HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC108" HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC109" HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC110" HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC111" HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC112" HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC113" HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC114" HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC115" HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC116" HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.5 Readline vi Mode</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC117" HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC118" HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC119" HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">9. Using History Interactively</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC120" HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC121" HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC122" HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC123" HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3.1 Event Designators</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC124" HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.2 Word Designators</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC125" HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.3 Modifiers</A> +<BR> +</UL> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC126" HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">10. Installing Bash</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC127" HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC128" HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.2 Compilers and Options</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC129" HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC130" HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.4 Installation Names</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC131" HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC132" HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC133" HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.7 Operation Controls</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC134" HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.8 Optional Features</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">A. Reporting Bugs</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</A> +<BR> +</UL> +<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D. Indexes</A> +<BR> +<UL> +<A NAME="TOC141" HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC143" HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC144" HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.4 Function Index</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC145" HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.5 Concept Index</A> +<BR> +</UL> +</UL> +<HR SIZE=1> +<A NAME="SEC_OVERVIEW"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1>Short Table of Contents</H1> +<BLOCKQUOTE> +<A NAME="TOC1" HREF="bashref.html#SEC1">1. Introduction</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC4" HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC5" HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC58" HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC65" HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">5. Shell Variables</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC68" HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">6. Bash Features</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC91" HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC95" HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC119" HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">9. Using History Interactively</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC126" HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">10. Installing Bash</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">A. Reporting Bugs</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A> +<BR> +<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D. Indexes</A> +<BR> + +</BLOCKQUOTE> +<HR SIZE=1> +<A NAME="SEC_About"></A> +<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0> +<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD> +<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD> +</TR></TABLE> +<H1>About this document</H1> +This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 29 2009</I> +using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html +"><I>texi2html</I></A> +<P></P> +The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning: +<P></P> +<table border = "1"> +<TR> +<TH> Button </TH> +<TH> Name </TH> +<TH> Go to </TH> +<TH> From 1.2.3 go to</TH> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ < ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Back +</TD> +<TD> +previous section in reading order +</TD> +<TD> +1.2.2 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ > ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Forward +</TD> +<TD> +next section in reading order +</TD> +<TD> +1.2.4 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ << ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +FastBack +</TD> +<TD> +previous or up-and-previous section +</TD> +<TD> +1.1 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ Up ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Up +</TD> +<TD> +up section +</TD> +<TD> +1.2 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ >> ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +FastForward +</TD> +<TD> +next or up-and-next section +</TD> +<TD> +1.3 +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [Top] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Top +</TD> +<TD> +cover (top) of document +</TD> +<TD> + +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [Contents] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Contents +</TD> +<TD> +table of contents +</TD> +<TD> + +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [Index] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +Index +</TD> +<TD> +concept index +</TD> +<TD> + +</TD> +</TR> +<TR> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> + [ ? ] </TD> +<TD ALIGN="CENTER"> +About +</TD> +<TD> +this page +</TD> +<TD> + +</TD> +</TR> +</TABLE> +<P></P> +where the <STRONG> Example </STRONG> assumes that the current position +is at <STRONG> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </STRONG> of a document of +the following structure: +<UL> +<LI> 1. Section One </LI> +<UL> +<LI>1.1 Subsection One-One</LI> +<UL> +<LI> ... </LI> +</UL> +<LI>1.2 Subsection One-Two</LI> +<UL> +<LI>1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One +</LI><LI>1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two +</LI><LI>1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three <STRONG> +<== Current Position </STRONG> +</LI><LI>1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four +</LI></UL> +<LI>1.3 Subsection One-Three</LI> +<UL> +<LI> ... </LI> +</UL> +<LI>1.4 Subsection One-Four</LI> +</UL> +</UL> + +<HR SIZE=1> +<BR> +<FONT SIZE="-1"> +This document was generated +by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 29 2009</I> +using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html +"><I>texi2html</I></A> + +</BODY> +</HTML> diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..189e58b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashref.info @@ -0,0 +1,10348 @@ +This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from +/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi. + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in +the Bash shell (version 4.1, 23 December 2009). + + This is Edition 4.1, last updated 23 December 2009, of `The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.1. + + Copyright (C) 1988-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +preserved on all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this + document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, + Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software + Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts + being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) + below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled + "GNU Free Documentation License". + + (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You are free to copy and modify + this GNU manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in + developing GNU and promoting software freedom." + + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) + +Bash Features +************* + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in +the Bash shell (version 4.1, 23 December 2009). + + This is Edition 4.1, last updated 23 December 2009, of `The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.1. + + Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some +features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (`sh'), the Korn Shell +(`ksh'), and the C-shell (`csh' and its successor, `tcsh'). The +following menu breaks the features up into categories based upon which +one of these other shells inspired the feature. + + This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference +on shell behavior. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: An introduction to the shell. +* Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this + manual. +* Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks". +* Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell. +* Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash. +* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash. +* Job Control:: What job control is and how Bash allows you + to use it. +* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line + editing features. +* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion +* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system. +* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash. +* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences + between Bash and historical + versions of /bin/sh. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation. +* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Definitions, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 Introduction +************** + +* Menu: + +* What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash. +* What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: What is Bash?, Next: What is a shell?, Up: Introduction + +1.1 What is Bash? +================= + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU +operating system. The name is an acronym for the `Bourne-Again SHell', +a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the +current Unix shell `sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell +Labs Research version of Unix. + + Bash is largely compatible with `sh' and incorporates useful +features from the Korn shell `ksh' and the C shell `csh'. It is +intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and +Tools portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). +It offers functional improvements over `sh' for both interactive and +programming use. + + While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a +version of `csh', Bash is the default shell. Like other GNU software, +Bash is quite portable. It currently runs on nearly every version of +Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports +exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: What is a shell?, Prev: What is Bash?, Up: Introduction + +1.2 What is a shell? +==================== + +At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes +commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text and +symbols are expanded to create larger expressions. + + A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user +interface to the rich set of GNU utilities. The programming language +features allow these utilities to be combined. Files containing +commands can be created, and become commands themselves. These new +commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as +`/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to +automate their common tasks. + + Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. When +executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read from a file. + + A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and +asynchronously. The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete +before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute +in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional +commands. The "redirection" constructs permit fine-grained control of +the input and output of those commands. Moreover, the shell allows +control over the contents of commands' environments. + + Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins") +implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via +separate utilities. For example, `cd', `break', `continue', and +`exec') cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they +directly manipulate the shell itself. The `history', `getopts', +`kill', or `pwd' builtins, among others, could be implemented in +separate utilities, but they are more convenient to use as builtin +commands. All of the shell builtins are described in subsequent +sections. + + While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages. +Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow +control constructs, quoting, and functions. + + Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather +than to augment the programming language. These interactive features +include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases. +Each of these features is described in this manual. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Basic Shell Features, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +2 Definitions +************* + +These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. + +`POSIX' + A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash is + primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the + POSIX 1003.1 standard. + +`blank' + A space or tab character. + +`builtin' + A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, + rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. + +`control operator' + A `token' that performs a control function. It is a `newline' or + one of the following: `||', `&&', `&', `;', `;;', `|', `|&', `(', + or `)'. + +`exit status' + The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is + restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. + +`field' + A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. + After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields + are used as the command name and arguments. + +`filename' + A string of characters used to identify a file. + +`job' + A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes + descended from it, that are all in the same process group. + +`job control' + A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and + restart (resume) execution of processes. + +`metacharacter' + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter + is a `blank' or one of the following characters: `|', `&', `;', + `(', `)', `<', or `>'. + +`name' + A `word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, + and beginning with a letter or underscore. `Name's are used as + shell variable and function names. Also referred to as an + `identifier'. + +`operator' + A `control operator' or a `redirection operator'. *Note + Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators. Operators + contain at least one unquoted `metacharacter'. + +`process group' + A collection of related processes each having the same process + group ID. + +`process group ID' + A unique identifier that represents a `process group' during its + lifetime. + +`reserved word' + A `word' that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved + words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as `for' and + `while'. + +`return status' + A synonym for `exit status'. + +`signal' + A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an + event occurring in the system. + +`special builtin' + A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the + POSIX standard. + +`token' + A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. + It is either a `word' or an `operator'. + +`word' + A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. Words + may not include unquoted `metacharacters'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Shell Features, Next: Shell Builtin Commands, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top + +3 Basic Shell Features +********************** + +Bash is an acronym for `Bourne-Again SHell'. The Bourne shell is the +traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. All of +the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for +evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the +`standard' Unix shell. + + This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks': +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell +expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output +from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. + +* Menu: + +* Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell. +* Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use. +* Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name. +* Shell Parameters:: How the shell stores values. +* Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands parameters and the various + expansions available. +* Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go. +* Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command. +* Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Syntax, Next: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.1 Shell Syntax +================ + +* Menu: + +* Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell. +* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters. +* Comments:: How to specify comments. + + When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of +operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the +shell ignores the comment symbol (`#'), and the rest of that line. + + Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides +the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to +select which meanings to assign various words and characters. + + The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other +constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, +expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the +specified command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that +exit status available for further inspection or processing. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Operation, Next: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.1 Shell Operation +--------------------- + +The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it +reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the following: + + 1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string + supplied as an argument to the `-c' invocation option (*note + Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal. + + 2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting + rules described in *note Quoting::. These tokens are separated by + `metacharacters'. Alias expansion is performed by this step + (*note Aliases::). + + 3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell + Commands::). + + 4. Performs the various shell expansions (*note Shell Expansions::), + breaking the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (*note + Filename Expansion::) and commands and arguments. + + 5. Performs any necessary redirections (*note Redirections::) and + removes the redirection operators and their operands from the + argument list. + + 6. Executes the command (*note Executing Commands::). + + 7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit + status (*note Exit Status::). + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Quoting, Next: Comments, Prev: Shell Operation, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.2 Quoting +------------- + +* Menu: + +* Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single + character. +* Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence + of characters. +* Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a + sequence of characters. +* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings. +* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages. + + Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters +or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special +treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being +recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. + + Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special +meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. +When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note +History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually `!', +must be quoted to prevent history expansion. *Note Bash History +Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion. + + There are three quoting mechanisms: the ESCAPE CHARACTER, single +quotes, and double quotes. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Escape Character, Next: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.1 Escape Character +........................ + +A non-quoted backslash `\' is the Bash escape character. It preserves +the literal value of the next character that follows, with the +exception of `newline'. If a `\newline' pair appears, and the +backslash itself is not quoted, the `\newline' is treated as a line +continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and +effectively ignored). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Single Quotes, Next: Double Quotes, Prev: Escape Character, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.2 Single Quotes +..................... + +Enclosing characters in single quotes (`'') preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Double Quotes, Next: ANSI-C Quoting, Prev: Single Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.3 Double Quotes +..................... + +Enclosing characters in double quotes (`"') preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of `$', ``', +`\', and, when history expansion is enabled, `!'. The characters `$' +and ``' retain their special meaning within double quotes (*note Shell +Expansions::). The backslash retains its special meaning only when +followed by one of the following characters: `$', ``', `"', `\', or +`newline'. Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one +of these characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters +without a special meaning are left unmodified. A double quote may be +quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If +enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an `!' appearing in +double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash preceding +the `!' is not removed. + + The special parameters `*' and `@' have special meaning when in +double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: ANSI-C Quoting, Next: Locale Translation, Prev: Double Quotes, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting +...................... + +Words of the form `$'STRING'' are treated specially. The word expands +to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by +the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are +decoded as follows: + +`\a' + alert (bell) + +`\b' + backspace + +`\e' +`\E' + an escape character (not ANSI C) + +`\f' + form feed + +`\n' + newline + +`\r' + carriage return + +`\t' + horizontal tab + +`\v' + vertical tab + +`\\' + backslash + +`\'' + single quote + +`\"' + double quote + +`\NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to + three digits) + +`\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH + (one or two hex digits) + +`\cX' + a control-X character + +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not +been present. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Locale Translation, Prev: ANSI-C Quoting, Up: Quoting + +3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation +................................... + +A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (`$') will cause the +string to be translated according to the current locale. If the +current locale is `C' or `POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored. If the +string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. + + Some systems use the message catalog selected by the `LC_MESSAGES' +shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the +value of the `TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of +`.mo'. If you use the `TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the +`TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files. +Still others use both variables in this fashion: +`TEXTDOMAINDIR'/`LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/`TEXTDOMAIN'.mo. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Quoting, Up: Shell Syntax + +3.1.3 Comments +-------------- + +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +`interactive_comments' option to the `shopt' builtin is enabled (*note +The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with `#' causes that word and +all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive +shell without the `interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow +comments. The `interactive_comments' option is on by default in +interactive shells. *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of +what makes a shell interactive. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Commands, Next: Shell Functions, Prev: Shell Syntax, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.2 Shell Commands +================== + +A simple shell command such as `echo a b c' consists of the command +itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. + + More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged +together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one +command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional +construct, or in some other grouping. + +* Menu: + +* Simple Commands:: The most common type of command. +* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several + commands. +* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially. +* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow. +* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.1 Simple Commands +--------------------- + +A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. It's +just a sequence of words separated by `blank's, terminated by one of +the shell's control operators (*note Definitions::). The first word +generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the +words being that command's arguments. + + The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its +exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 `waitpid' function, or +128+N if the command was terminated by signal N. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Pipelines, Next: Lists, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.2 Pipelines +--------------- + +A `pipeline' is a sequence of simple commands separated by one of the +control operators `|' or `|&'. + + The format for a pipeline is + [`time' [`-p']] [`!'] COMMAND1 [ [`|' or `|&'] COMMAND2 ...] + +The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to +the input of the next command. That is, each command reads the +previous command's output. This connection is performed before any +redirections specified by the command. + + If `|&' is used, the standard error of COMMAND1 is connected to +COMMAND2's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for `2>&1 +|'. This implicit redirection of the standard error is performed after +any redirections specified by the command. + + The reserved word `time' causes timing statistics to be printed for +the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of +elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the +command's execution. The `-p' option changes the output format to that +specified by POSIX. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a format +string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed. +*Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available formats. +The use of `time' as a reserved word permits the timing of shell +builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external `time' command +cannot time these easily. + + If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the +shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. + + Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note +Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the +exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the `pipefail' +option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If `pipefail' is enabled, +the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) +command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit +successfully. If the reserved word `!' precedes the pipeline, the exit +status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before +returning a value. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.3 Lists of Commands +----------------------- + +A `list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the +operators `;', `&', `&&', or `||', and optionally terminated by one of +`;', `&', or a `newline'. + + Of these list operators, `&&' and `||' have equal precedence, +followed by `;' and `&', which have equal precedence. + + A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a `list' to delimit +commands, equivalent to a semicolon. + + If a command is terminated by the control operator `&', the shell +executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. This is known as +executing the command in the BACKGROUND. The shell does not wait for +the command to finish, and the return status is 0 (true). When job +control is not active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for +asynchronous commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is +redirected from `/dev/null'. + + Commands separated by a `;' are executed sequentially; the shell +waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. + + AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by +the control operators `&&' and `||', respectively. AND and OR lists +are executed with left associativity. + + An AND list has the form + COMMAND1 && COMMAND2 + +COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status +of zero. + + An OR list has the form + COMMAND1 || COMMAND2 + +COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns a non-zero exit +status. + + The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last +command executed in the list. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.4 Compound Commands +----------------------- + +* Menu: + +* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action. +* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. +* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. + + Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each +construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any +redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly +overridden. + + Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and +mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Looping Constructs, Next: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs +.......................... + +Bash supports the following looping constructs. + + Note that wherever a `;' appears in the description of a command's +syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. + +`until' + The syntax of the `until' command is: + until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit + status which is not zero. The return status is the exit status of + the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none + was executed. + +`while' + The syntax of the `while' command is: + while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done + + Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit + status of zero. The return status is the exit status of the last + command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was + executed. + +`for' + The syntax of the `for' command is: + + for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done + Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the + resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If `in + WORDS' is not present, the `for' command executes the COMMANDS + once for each positional parameter that is set, as if `in "$@"' + had been specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return + status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If + there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are + executed, and the return status is zero. + + An alternate form of the `for' command is also supported: + + for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done + First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to + the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). The + arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it + evaluates to zero. Each time EXPR2 evaluates to a non-zero value, + COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is + evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it + evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last + command in LIST that is executed, or false if any of the + expressions is invalid. + + + The `break' and `continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) +may be used to control loop execution. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: Looping Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs +.............................. + +`if' + The syntax of the `if' command is: + + if TEST-COMMANDS; then + CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; + [elif MORE-TEST-COMMANDS; then + MORE-CONSEQUENTS;] + [else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS;] + fi + + The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is + zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed. If TEST-COMMANDS + returns a non-zero status, each `elif' list is executed in turn, + and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS + is executed and the command completes. If `else + ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the + final `if' or `elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then + ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed. The return status is the exit + status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition + tested true. + +`case' + The syntax of the `case' command is: + + `case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac' + + `case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to + the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the shell option + `nocasematch' (see the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt + Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to + the case of alphabetic characters. The `|' is used to separate + multiple patterns, and the `)' operator terminates a pattern list. + A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a + CLAUSE. + + Each clause must be terminated with `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. The + WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before + matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion, + parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic + expansion. + + There may be an arbitrary number of `case' clauses, each terminated + by a `;;', `;&', or `;;&'. The first pattern that matches + determines the command-list that is executed. + + Here is an example using `case' in a script that could be used to + describe one interesting feature of an animal: + + echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " + read ANIMAL + echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " + case $ANIMAL in + horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; + man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; + *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; + esac + echo " legs." + + If the `;;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted + after the first pattern match. Using `;&' in place of `;;' + causes execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with + the next clause, if any. Using `;;&' in place of `;;' causes the + shell to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute + any associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match. + + The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched. Otherwise, the + return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed. + +`select' + The `select' construct allows the easy generation of menus. It + has almost the same syntax as the `for' command: + + select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done + + The list of words following `in' is expanded, generating a list of + items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error + output stream, each preceded by a number. If the `in WORDS' is + omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if `in "$@"' + had been specified. The `PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line + is read from the standard input. If the line consists of a number + corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of + NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and + prompt are displayed again. If `EOF' is read, the `select' + command completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to + null. The line read is saved in the variable `REPLY'. + + The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a `break' + command is executed, at which point the `select' command completes. + + Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the + current directory, and displays the name and index of the file + selected. + + select fname in *; + do + echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\) + break; + done + +`((...))' + (( EXPRESSION )) + + The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules + described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the value of the + expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the + return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to + let "EXPRESSION" + *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the `let' builtin. + +`[[...]]' + [[ EXPRESSION ]] + + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional + Expressions::. Word splitting and filename expansion are not + performed on the words between the `[[' and `]]'; tilde expansion, + parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command + substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are + performed. Conditional operators such as `-f' must be unquoted to + be recognized as primaries. + + When used with `[[', The `<' and `>' operators sort + lexicographically using the current locale. + + When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right + of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::. If the + shell option `nocasematch' (see the description of `shopt' in + *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed + without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return + value is 0 if the string matches (`==') or does not match + (`!=')the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may + be quoted to force it to be matched as a string. + + An additional binary operator, `=~', is available, with the same + precedence as `==' and `!='. When it is used, the string to the + right of the operator is considered an extended regular expression + and matched accordingly (as in regex3)). The return value is 0 if + the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular + expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional + expression's return value is 2. If the shell option `nocasematch' + (see the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is + enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of + alphabetic characters. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to + force it to be matched as a string. Substrings matched by + parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are + saved in the array variable `BASH_REMATCH'. The element of + `BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the portion of the string matching + the entire regular expression. The element of `BASH_REMATCH' with + index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth + parenthesized subexpression. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed + in decreasing order of precedence: + + `( EXPRESSION )' + Returns the value of EXPRESSION. This may be used to + override the normal precedence of operators. + + `! EXPRESSION' + True if EXPRESSION is false. + + `EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2' + True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true. + + `EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2' + True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true. + The `&&' and `||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the + value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value + of the entire conditional expression. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Grouping, Prev: Conditional Constructs, Up: Compound Commands + +3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands +......................... + +Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a +unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the +entire command list. For example, the output of all the commands in +the list may be redirected to a single stream. + +`()' + ( LIST ) + + Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell + environment to be created (*note Command Execution Environment::), + and each of the commands in LIST to be executed in that subshell. + Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do + not remain in effect after the subshell completes. + +`{}' + { LIST; } + + Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to + be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. + The semicolon (or newline) following LIST is required. + + In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle +difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The +braces are `reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by +`blank's or other shell metacharacters. The parentheses are +`operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if +they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace. + + The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +LIST. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Coprocesses, Prev: Compound Commands, Up: Shell Commands + +3.2.5 Coprocesses +----------------- + +A `coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the `coproc' reserved word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the `&' control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. + + The format for a coprocess is: + `coproc' [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS] + +This creates a coprocess named NAME. If NAME is not supplied, the +default name is COPROC. NAME must not be supplied if COMMAND is a +simple command (*note Simple Commands::); otherwise, it is interpreted +as the first word of the simple command. + + When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(*note Arrays::) named NAME in the context of the executing shell. The +standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor +in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to NAME[0]. +The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file +descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned +to NAME[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified +by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be +utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard +word expansions. + + The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable NAME_PID. The `wait' builtin +command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. + + The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.3 Shell Functions +=================== + +Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a +single name for the group. They are executed just like a "regular" +command. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command +name, the list of commands associated with that function name is +executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; +no new process is created to interpret them. + + Functions are declared using this syntax: + [ `function' ] NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ] + + This defines a shell function named NAME. The reserved word +`function' is optional. If the `function' reserved word is supplied, +the parentheses are optional. The BODY of the function is the compound +command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::). That command is +usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound +command listed above. COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is +specified as the name of a command. Any redirections (*note +Redirections::) associated with the shell function are performed when +the function is executed. + + A function definition may be deleted using the `-f' option to the +`unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax +error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. + + Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly +braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from +the body by `blank's or newlines. This is because the braces are +reserved words and are only recognized as such when they are separated +from the command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. +Also, when using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, +a `&', or a newline. + + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become +the positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional +Parameters::). The special parameter `#' that expands to the number of +positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. Special +parameter `0' is unchanged. The first element of the `FUNCNAME' +variable is set to the name of the function while the function is +executing. + + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical +between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the `DEBUG' +and `RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given +the `trace' attribute using the `declare' builtin or the `-o functrace' +option has been enabled with the `set' builtin, (in which case all +functions inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps), and the `ERR' trap +is not inherited unless the `-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled. +*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the `trap' +builtin. + + If the builtin command `return' is executed in a function, the +function completes and execution resumes with the next command after +the function call. Any command associated with the `RETURN' trap is +executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the +values of the positional parameters and the special parameter `#' are +restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. If +a numeric argument is given to `return', that is the function's return +status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of +the last command executed before the `return'. + + Variables local to the function may be declared with the `local' +builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the +commands it invokes. + + Function names and definitions may be listed with the `-f' option to +the `declare' or `typeset' builtin commands (*note Bash Builtins::). +The `-F' option to `declare' or `typeset' will list the function names +only (and optionally the source file and line number, if the `extdebug' +shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells +automatically have them defined with the `-f' option to the `export' +builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Note that shell functions and +variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named +entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should +be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. + + Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of +recursive calls. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameters, Next: Shell Expansions, Prev: Shell Functions, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.4 Shell Parameters +==================== + +* Menu: + +* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments. +* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters. + + A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values. It can be a `name', a +number, or one of the special characters listed below. A VARIABLE is a +parameter denoted by a `name'. A variable has a VALUE and zero or more +ATTRIBUTES. Attributes are assigned using the `declare' builtin command +(see the description of the `declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::). + + A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string +is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the `unset' builtin command. + + A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form + NAME=[VALUE] + If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed +below). If the variable has its `integer' attribute set, then VALUE is +evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the `$((...))' expansion +is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::). Word splitting is not +performed, with the exception of `"$@"' as explained below. Filename +expansion is not performed. Assignment statements may also appear as +arguments to the `alias', `declare', `typeset', `export', `readonly', +and `local' builtin commands. + + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to +a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the `+=' operator can +be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. When +`+=' is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been +set, VALUE is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the +variable's current value, which is also evaluated. When `+=' is +applied to an array variable using compound assignment (*note +Arrays::), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using `='), +and new values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than +the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional +key-value pairs in an associative array. When applied to a +string-valued variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the +variable's value. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Positional Parameters, Next: Special Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters + +3.4.1 Positional Parameters +--------------------------- + +A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, +other than the single digit `0'. Positional parameters are assigned +from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned +using the `set' builtin command. Positional parameter `N' may be +referenced as `${N}', or as `$N' when `N' consists of a single digit. +Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. +The `set' and `shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note +Shell Builtin Commands::). The positional parameters are temporarily +replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::). + + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit +is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Special Parameters, Prev: Positional Parameters, Up: Shell Parameters + +3.4.2 Special Parameters +------------------------ + +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + +`*' + Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the + expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word + with the value of each parameter separated by the first character + of the `IFS' special variable. That is, `"$*"' is equivalent to + `"$1C$2C..."', where C is the first character of the value of the + `IFS' variable. If `IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated + by spaces. If `IFS' is null, the parameters are joined without + intervening separators. + +`@' + Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the + expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a + separate word. That is, `"$@"' is equivalent to `"$1" "$2" ...'. + If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion + of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the + original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the original word. When there are no + positional parameters, `"$@"' and `$@' expand to nothing (i.e., + they are removed). + +`#' + Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + +`?' + Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground + pipeline. + +`-' + (A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon + invocation, by the `set' builtin command, or those set by the + shell itself (such as the `-i' option). + +`$' + Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a `()' subshell, it + expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the subshell. + +`!' + Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background + (asynchronous) command. + +`0' + Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at + shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands + (*note Shell Scripts::), `$0' is set to the name of that file. If + Bash is started with the `-c' option (*note Invoking Bash::), then + `$0' is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, + if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the filename used to + invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. + +`_' + (An underscore.) At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname + used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed + in the environment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the + last argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set + to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and + placed in the environment exported to that command. When checking + mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Expansions, Next: Redirections, Prev: Shell Parameters, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.5 Shell Expansions +==================== + +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +`token's. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: + * brace expansion + + * tilde expansion + + * parameter and variable expansion + + * command substitution + + * arithmetic expansion + + * word splitting + + * filename expansion + +* Menu: + +* Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces. +* Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character. +* Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values. +* Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument. +* Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions. +* Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a + command. +* Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate + arguments. +* Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns. +* Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from + words. + + The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, +parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution +(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename +expansion. + + On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION. This is performed at the same time as +parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command substitution. + + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can +change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a +single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the +expansions of `"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and `"${NAME[@]}"' +(*note Arrays::). + + After all expansions, `quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is +performed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Brace Expansion, Next: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.1 Brace Expansion +--------------------- + +Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be +generated. This mechanism is similar to FILENAME EXPANSION (*note +Filename Expansion::), but the file names generated need not exist. +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE, +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a seqeunce +expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and +the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left +to right. + + Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string +are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, + bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e + ade ace abe + + A sequence expression takes the form `{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y +are either integers or single characters, and INCR, an optional +increment, is an integer. When integers are supplied, the expression +expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive. Supplied integers +may be prefixed with `0' to force each term to have the same width. +When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all +generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding +where necessary. When characters are supplied, the expression expands +to each character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive. Note +that both X and Y must be of the same type. When the increment is +supplied, it is used as the difference between each term. The default +increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. + + Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any +characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It +is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation +to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. To +avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string `${' is not +considered eligible for brace expansion. + + A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and +closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence +expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. + + A { or `,' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being +considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with +parameter expansion, the string `${' is not considered eligible for +brace expansion. + + This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix +of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: + mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} + or + chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Tilde Expansion, Next: Shell Parameter Expansion, Prev: Brace Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.2 Tilde Expansion +--------------------- + +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~'), all of the +characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there +is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX. If none of the +characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the +tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the `HOME' shell variable. If `HOME' is unset, the home +directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. + + If the tilde-prefix is `~+', the value of the shell variable `PWD' +replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is `~-', the value of +the shell variable `OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted. + + If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of +a number N, optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is +replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it +would be displayed by the `dirs' builtin invoked with the characters +following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory +Stack::). If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number +without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. + + If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word +is left unchanged. + + Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes +immediately following a `:' or the first `='. In these cases, tilde +expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with +tildes in assignments to `PATH', `MAILPATH', and `CDPATH', and the +shell assigns the expanded value. + + The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: + +`~' + The value of `$HOME' + +`~/foo' + `$HOME/foo' + +`~fred/foo' + The subdirectory `foo' of the home directory of the user `fred' + +`~+/foo' + `$PWD/foo' + +`~-/foo' + `${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo' + +`~N' + The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N' + +`~+N' + The string that would be displayed by `dirs +N' + +`~-N' + The string that would be displayed by `dirs -N' + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Parameter Expansion, Next: Command Substitution, Prev: Tilde Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion +------------------------------- + +The `$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, +or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded +may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the +variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which +could be interpreted as part of the name. + + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}' not +escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. + + The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}. The value of +PARAMETER is substituted. The braces are required when PARAMETER is a +positional parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is +followed by a character that is not to be interpreted as part of its +name. + + If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), a +level of variable indirection is introduced. Bash uses the value of +the variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the +variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the +rest of the substitution, rather than the value of PARAMETER itself. +This is known as `indirect expansion'. The exceptions to this are the +expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The +exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. + + In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + + When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below, Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. Omitting the +colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. Put +another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both +PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is +omitted, the operator tests only for existence. + +`${PARAMETER:-WORD}' + If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is + substituted. Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted. + +`${PARAMETER:=WORD}' + If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned + to PARAMETER. The value of PARAMETER is then substituted. + Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to + in this way. + +`${PARAMETER:?WORD}' + If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message + to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard + error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, + the value of PARAMETER is substituted. + +`${PARAMETER:+WORD}' + If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise + the expansion of WORD is substituted. + +`${PARAMETER:OFFSET}' +`${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}' + Expands to up to LENGTH characters of PARAMETER starting at the + character specified by OFFSET. If LENGTH is omitted, expands to + the substring of PARAMETER starting at the character specified by + OFFSET. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). This is referred to as Substring Expansion. + + LENGTH must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. + If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used + as an offset from the end of the value of PARAMETER. If PARAMETER + is `@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters beginning at + OFFSET. If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by `@' + or `*', the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning + with `${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative + to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + undefined results. + + Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at + least one space to avoid being confused with the `:-' expansion. + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters + are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If + OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, `$@' is + prefixed to the list. + +`${!PREFIX*}' +`${!PREFIX@}' + Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX, + separated by the first character of the `IFS' special variable. + When `@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + each variable name expands to a separate word. + +`${!NAME[@]}' +`${!NAME[*]}' + If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices + (keys) assigned in NAME. If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if + NAME is set and null otherwise. When `@' is used and the + expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a + separate word. + +`${#PARAMETER}' + The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is + substituted. If PARAMETER is `*' or `@', the value substituted is + the number of positional parameters. If PARAMETER is an array + name subscripted by `*' or `@', the value substituted is the + number of elements in the array. + +`${PARAMETER#WORD}' +`${PARAMETER##WORD}' + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename + expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches + the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result + of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the + shortest matching pattern (the `#' case) or the longest matching + pattern (the `##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter + in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is + an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the pattern removal + operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the + expansion is the resultant list. + +`${PARAMETER%WORD}' +`${PARAMETER%%WORD}' + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename + expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the + expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is + the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the `%' + case) or the longest matching pattern (the `%%' case) deleted. If + PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied + to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted + with `@' or `*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each + member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. + +`${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}' + The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename + expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN + against its value is replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins with + `/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally + only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with `#', it + must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. + If PATTERN begins with `%', it must match at the end of the + expanded value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of + PATTERN are deleted and the `/' following PATTERN may be omitted. + If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied + to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted + with `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied to each + member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant + list. + +`${PARAMETER^PATTERN}' +`${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}' +`${PARAMETER,PATTERN}' +`${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}' + This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in + PARAMETER. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in + filename expansion. The `^' operator converts lowercase letters + matching PATTERN to uppercase; the `,' operator converts matching + uppercase letters to lowercase. The `^^' and `,,' expansions + convert each matched character in the expanded value; the `^' and + `,' expansions match and convert only the first character in the + expanded value. If PATTERN is omitted, it is treated like a `?', + which matches every character. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the + case modification operation is applied to each positional + parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If + PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the + case modification operation is applied to each member of the array + in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.4 Command Substitution +-------------------------- + +Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the +command itself. Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed +as follows: + $(COMMAND) + or + `COMMAND` + +Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND and replacing the +command substitution with the standard output of the command, with any +trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they +may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution `$(cat +FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent but faster `$(< FILE)'. + + When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash +retains its literal meaning except when followed by `$', ``', or `\'. +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command +substitution. When using the `$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between +the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. + + Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the +backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. + + If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +filename expansion are not performed on the results. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Arithmetic Expansion, Next: Process Substitution, Prev: Command Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion +-------------------------- + +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic +expansion is: + + $(( EXPRESSION )) + + The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a +double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All +tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, command +substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. + + The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(*note Shell Arithmetic::). If the expression is invalid, Bash prints +a message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution +occurs. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Process Substitution, Next: Word Splitting, Prev: Arithmetic Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.6 Process Substitution +-------------------------- + +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named pipes +(FIFOs) or the `/dev/fd' method of naming open files. It takes the +form of + <(LIST) + or + >(LIST) + The process LIST is run with its input or output connected to a FIFO +or some file in `/dev/fd'. The name of this file is passed as an +argument to the current command as the result of the expansion. If the +`>(LIST)' form is used, writing to the file will provide input for +LIST. If the `<(LIST)' form is used, the file passed as an argument +should be read to obtain the output of LIST. Note that no space may +appear between the `<' or `>' and the left parenthesis, otherwise the +construct would be interpreted as a redirection. + + When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Word Splitting, Next: Filename Expansion, Prev: Process Substitution, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.7 Word Splitting +-------------------- + +The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command +substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double +quotes for word splitting. + + The shell treats each character of `$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits +the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If +`IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly `<space><tab><newline>', the +default, then sequences of ` <space>', `<tab>', and `<newline>' at the +beginning and end of the results of the previous expansions are +ignored, and any sequence of `IFS' characters not at the beginning or +end serves to delimit words. If `IFS' has a value other than the +default, then sequences of the whitespace characters `space' and `tab' +are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the +whitespace character is in the value of `IFS' (an `IFS' whitespace +character). Any character in `IFS' that is not `IFS' whitespace, along +with any adjacent `IFS' whitespace characters, delimits a field. A +sequence of `IFS' whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of `IFS' is null, no word splitting occurs. + + Explicit null arguments (`""' or `''') are retained. Unquoted +implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters +that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is +expanded within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained. + + Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Filename Expansion, Next: Quote Removal, Prev: Word Splitting, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.8 Filename Expansion +------------------------ + +* Menu: + +* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns. + + After word splitting, unless the `-f' option has been set (*note The +Set Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters `*', `?', and +`['. If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as +a PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of file +names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, and +the shell option `nullglob' is disabled, the word is left unchanged. +If the `nullglob' option is set, and no matches are found, the word is +removed. If the `failglob' shell option is set, and no matches are +found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed. If +the shell option `nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is performed +without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + + When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character `.' at +the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be +matched explicitly, unless the shell option `dotglob' is set. When +matching a file name, the slash character must always be matched +explicitly. In other cases, the `.' character is not treated specially. + + See the description of `shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a +description of the `nocaseglob', `nullglob', `failglob', and `dotglob' +options. + + The `GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of +filenames matching a pattern. If `GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching +filename that also matches one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE' is +removed from the list of matches. The filenames `.' and `..' are +always ignored when `GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null. However, setting +`GLOBIGNORE' to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the +`dotglob' shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a `.' +will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning +with a `.', make `.*' one of the patterns in `GLOBIGNORE'. The +`dotglob' option is disabled when `GLOBIGNORE' is unset. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Pattern Matching, Up: Filename Expansion + +3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching +........................ + +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not +occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern +characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. + + The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +`*' + Matches any string, including the null string. When the + `globstar' shell option is enabled, and `*' is used in a filename + expansion context, two adjacent `*'s used as a single pattern will + match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. + If followed by a `/', two adjacent `*'s will match only + directories and subdirectories. + +`?' + Matches any single character. + +`[...]' + Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters + separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character + that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using the + current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. + If the first character following the `[' is a `!' or a `^' then + any character not enclosed is matched. A `-' may be matched by + including it as the first or last character in the set. A `]' may + be matched by including it as the first character in the set. The + sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by + the current locale and the value of the `LC_COLLATE' shell + variable, if set. + + For example, in the default C locale, `[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to + `[abcdxyz]'. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, + and in these locales `[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to + `[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to `[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for + example. To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in + bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by + setting the `LC_COLLATE' or `LC_ALL' environment variable to the + value `C'. + + Within `[' and `]', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the + syntax `[:'CLASS`:]', where CLASS is one of the following classes + defined in the POSIX standard: + alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower + print punct space upper word xdigit + A character class matches any character belonging to that class. + The `word' character class matches letters, digits, and the + character `_'. + + Within `[' and `]', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using + the syntax `[='C`=]', which matches all characters with the same + collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the + character C. + + Within `[' and `]', the syntax `[.'SYMBOL`.]' matches the + collating symbol SYMBOL. + + If the `extglob' shell option is enabled using the `shopt' builtin, +several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the +following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns +separated by a `|'. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more +of the following sub-patterns: + +`?(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. + +`*(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +`+(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +`@(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches one of the given patterns. + +`!(PATTERN-LIST)' + Matches anything except one of the given patterns. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions + +3.5.9 Quote Removal +------------------- + +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters `\', `'', and `"' that did not result from one of the above +expansions are removed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Redirections, Next: Executing Commands, Prev: Shell Expansions, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.6 Redirections +================ + +Before a command is executed, its input and output may be REDIRECTED +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may +also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution +environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear +anywhere within a simple command or may follow a command. Redirections +are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. + + Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, +for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will +allocate a file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. +If >&- or <&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines +the file descriptor to close. + + In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is `<', +the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If +the first character of the redirection operator is `>', the redirection +refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). + + The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. If +it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. + + Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command + ls > DIRLIST 2>&1 + directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command + ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST + directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the +standard error was made a copy of the standard output before the +standard output was redirected to DIRLIST. + + Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table: + +`/dev/fd/FD' + If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated. + +`/dev/stdin' + File descriptor 0 is duplicated. + +`/dev/stdout' + File descriptor 1 is duplicated. + +`/dev/stderr' + File descriptor 2 is duplicated. + +`/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' + If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a TCP + connection to the corresponding socket. + +`/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' + If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an + integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a UDP + connection to the corresponding socket. + + + A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. + + Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used +with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. + +3.6.1 Redirecting Input +----------------------- + +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the +expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor `n', or +the standard input (file descriptor 0) if `n' is not specified. + + The general format for redirecting input is: + [N]<WORD + +3.6.2 Redirecting Output +------------------------ + +Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the +expansion of WORD to be opened for writing on file descriptor N, or the +standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. If the file +does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero +size. + + The general format for redirecting output is: + [N]>[|]WORD + + If the redirection operator is `>', and the `noclobber' option to +the `set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the +file whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a +regular file. If the redirection operator is `>|', or the redirection +operator is `>' and the `noclobber' option is not enabled, the +redirection is attempted even if the file named by WORD exists. + +3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output +--------------------------------- + +Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name +results from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file +descriptor N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not +specified. If the file does not exist it is created. + + The general format for appending output is: + [N]>>WORD + +3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error +---------------------------------------------------- + +This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the +file whose name is the expansion of WORD. + + There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard +error: + &>WORD + and + >&WORD + Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically +equivalent to + >WORD 2>&1 + +3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error +-------------------------------------------------- + +This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the +file whose name is the expansion of WORD. + + The format for appending standard output and standard error is: + &>>WORD + This is semantically equivalent to + >>WORD 2>&1 + +3.6.6 Here Documents +-------------------- + +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing +blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used +as the standard input for a command. + + The format of here-documents is: + <<[-]WORD + HERE-DOCUMENT + DELIMITER + + No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +or filename expansion is performed on WORD. If any characters in WORD +are quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD, and +the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If WORD is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, +the character sequence `\newline' is ignored, and `\' must be used to +quote the characters `\', `$', and ``'. + + If the redirection operator is `<<-', then all leading tab +characters are stripped from input lines and the line containing +DELIMITER. This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be +indented in a natural fashion. + +3.6.7 Here Strings +------------------ + +A variant of here documents, the format is: + <<< WORD + + The WORD is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard +input. + +3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors +---------------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<&WORD + is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If WORD expands to one +or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy +of that file descriptor. If the digits in WORD do not specify a file +descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If WORD +evaluates to `-', file descriptor N is closed. If N is not specified, +the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. + + The operator + [N]>&WORD + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If N is not +specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the +digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a +redirection error occurs. As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD +does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. + +3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors +----------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<&DIGIT- + moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the +standard input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified. DIGIT is +closed after being duplicated to N. + + Similarly, the redirection operator + [N]>&DIGIT- + moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the +standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified. + +3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing +------------------------------------------------------- + +The redirection operator + [N]<>WORD + causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for +both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0 +if N is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Executing Commands, Next: Shell Scripts, Prev: Redirections, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.7 Executing Commands +====================== + +* Menu: + +* Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before + executing them. +* Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them. +* Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash + executes commands that are not + shell builtins. +* Environment:: The environment given to a command. +* Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash + interprets it. +* Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs + receives a signal. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Simple Command Expansion, Next: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion +------------------------------ + +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. + + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those + preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later + processing. + + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded (*note Shell Expansions::). If any words remain after + expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command + and the remaining words are the arguments. + + 3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note + Redirections::). + + 4. The text after the `=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde + expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. + + If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the +current shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the +environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell +environment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a +readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a +non-zero status. + + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. + + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds +as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the +expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the +command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. +If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status +of zero. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Search and Execution, Next: Command Execution Environment, Prev: Simple Command Expansion, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.2 Command Search and Execution +---------------------------------- + +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple +command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are +taken. + + 1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to + locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that + function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::. + + 2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it + in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin + is invoked. + + 3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and + contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of `$PATH' for a + directory containing an executable file by that name. Bash uses a + hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable files to + avoid multiple `PATH' searches (see the description of `hash' in + *note Bourne Shell Builtins::). A full search of the directories + in `$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the + hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for + a defined shell function named `command_not_found_handle'. If + that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and + the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the + function's exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If + that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message + and returns an exit status of 127. + + 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one + or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a + separate execution environment. Argument 0 is set to the name + given, and the remaining arguments to the command are set to the + arguments supplied, if any. + + 5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable + format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a + SHELL SCRIPT and the shell executes it as described in *note Shell + Scripts::. + + 6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for + the command to complete and collects its exit status. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Execution Environment, Next: Environment, Prev: Command Search and Execution, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.3 Command Execution Environment +----------------------------------- + +The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following: + + * open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by + redirections supplied to the `exec' builtin + + * the current working directory as set by `cd', `pushd', or `popd', + or inherited by the shell at invocation + + * the file creation mode mask as set by `umask' or inherited from + the shell's parent + + * current traps set by `trap' + + * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with `set' + or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + + * shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the + shell's parent in the environment + + * options enabled at invocation (either by default or with + command-line arguments) or by `set' + + * options enabled by `shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::) + + * shell aliases defined with `alias' (*note Aliases::) + + * various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note + Lists::), the value of `$$', and the value of `$PPID' + + + When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to +be executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that +consists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are +inherited from the shell. + + * the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions + specified by redirections to the command + + * the current working directory + + * the file creation mode mask + + * shell variables and functions marked for export, along with + variables exported for the command, passed in the environment + (*note Environment::) + + * traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from + the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + + + A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. + + Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and +asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a +duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the +shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent +at invocation. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline +are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the +subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. + + Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value +of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX mode, Bash +clears the `-e' option in such subshells. + + If a command is followed by a `&' and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file `/dev/null'. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the +calling shell as modified by redirections. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Environment, Next: Exit Status, Prev: Command Execution Environment, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.4 Environment +----------------- + +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the +ENVIRONMENT. This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form +`name=value'. + + Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On +invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter +for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child +processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. The `export' +and `declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to +and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the +environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, +replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command +consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be +modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the `unset' and +`export -n' commands, plus any additions via the `export' and `declare +-x' commands. + + The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented +temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in +*note Shell Parameters::. These assignment statements affect only the +environment seen by that command. + + If the `-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not +just those that precede the command name. + + When Bash invokes an external command, the variable `$_' is set to +the full path name of the command and passed to that command in its +environment. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Exit Status, Next: Signals, Prev: Environment, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.5 Exit Status +----------------- + +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +WAITPID system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses fall between +0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above +125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands +are also limited to this range. Under certain circumstances, the shell +will use special values to indicate specific failure modes. + + For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit +status has succeeded. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. This +seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined +way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various +failure modes. When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose +number is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status. + + If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it +returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, +the return status is 126. + + If a command fails because of an error during expansion or +redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. + + The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands (*note +Conditional Constructs::) and some of the list constructs (*note +Lists::). + + All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they +succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the +conditional and list constructs. All builtins return an exit status of +2 to indicate incorrect usage. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Signals, Prev: Exit Status, Up: Executing Commands + +3.7.6 Signals +------------- + +When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +`SIGTERM' (so that `kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and +`SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the `wait' builtin is +interruptible). When Bash receives a `SIGINT', it breaks out of any +executing loops. In all cases, Bash ignores `SIGQUIT'. If job control +is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', +and `SIGTSTP'. + + Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not +in effect, asynchronous commands ignore `SIGINT' and `SIGQUIT' in +addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of +command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals +`SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'. + + The shell exits by default upon receipt of a `SIGHUP'. Before +exiting, an interactive shell resends the `SIGHUP' to all jobs, running +or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent `SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive +the `SIGHUP'. To prevent the shell from sending the `SIGHUP' signal to +a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the +`disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not +receive `SIGHUP' using `disown -h'. + + If the `huponexit' shell option has been set with `shopt' (*note +The Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a `SIGHUP' to all jobs when an +interactive login shell exits. + + If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the +command completes. When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command +via the `wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has +been set will cause the `wait' builtin to return immediately with an +exit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is +executed. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Scripts, Prev: Executing Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features + +3.8 Shell Scripts +================= + +A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such a +file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and +neither the `-c' nor `-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::), +Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This mode +of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first searches +for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in +`$PATH' if not found there. + + When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter `0' to +the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the +positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are +given. If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional +parameters are unset. + + A shell script may be made executable by using the `chmod' command +to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while +searching the `$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute +it. In other words, executing + filename ARGUMENTS + is equivalent to executing + bash filename ARGUMENTS + +if `filename' is an executable shell script. This subshell +reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been +invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations +of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of `hash' in +*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child. + + Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's +command execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with +the two characters `#!', the remainder of the line specifies an +interpreter for the program. Thus, you can specify Bash, `awk', Perl, +or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that +language. + + The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional +argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the script +file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of +the arguments. Bash will perform this action on operating systems that +do not handle it themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix +limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters. + + Bash scripts often begin with `#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has +been installed in `/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to +interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Builtin Commands, Next: Shell Variables, Prev: Basic Shell Features, Up: Top + +4 Shell Builtin Commands +************************ + +* Menu: + +* Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne + Shell. +* Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash. +* Modifying Shell Behavior:: Builtins to modify shell attributes and + optional behavior. +* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by + POSIX. + + Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. When the +name of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command +(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly, +without invoking another program. Builtin commands are necessary to +implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with +separate utilities. + + This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to +or have been extended in Bash. + + Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities +(*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory +Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::), +and the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable +Completion Builtins::). + + Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash. + + Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by `-' accepts `--' to signify the end of the options. +The `:', `true', `false', and `test' builtins do not accept options and +do not treat `--' specially. The `exit', `logout', `break', +`continue', `let', and `shift' builtins accept and process arguments +beginning with `-' without requiring `--'. Other builtins that accept +arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret +arguments beginning with `-' as invalid options and require `--' to +prevent this interpretation. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins +========================= + +The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne +Shell. These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX +standard. + +`: (a colon)' + : [ARGUMENTS] + Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections. + The return status is zero. + +`. (a period)' + . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS] + Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the + current shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the + `PATH' variable is used to find FILENAME. When Bash is not in + POSIX mode, the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not + found in `$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the + positional parameters when FILENAME is executed. Otherwise the + positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the + exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands + are executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the + return status is non-zero. This builtin is equivalent to `source'. + +`break' + break [N] + Exit from a `for', `while', `until', or `select' loop. If N is + supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited. N must be greater + than or equal to 1. The return status is zero unless N is not + greater than or equal to 1. + +`cd' + cd [-L|-P] [DIRECTORY] + Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY + is not given, the value of the `HOME' shell variable is used. If + the shell variable `CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path. + If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, `CDPATH' is not used. + + The `-P' option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic links + are followed by default or with the `-L' option. If DIRECTORY is + `-', it is equivalent to `$OLDPWD'. + + If a non-empty directory name from `CDPATH' is used, or if `-' is + the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the + absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the + standard output. + + The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, + non-zero otherwise. + +`continue' + continue [N] + Resume the next iteration of an enclosing `for', `while', `until', + or `select' loop. If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth + enclosing loop is resumed. N must be greater than or equal to 1. + The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to + 1. + +`eval' + eval [ARGUMENTS] + The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, + which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as + the exit status of `eval'. If there are no arguments or only + empty arguments, the return status is zero. + +`exec' + exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]] + If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a + new process. If the `-l' option is supplied, the shell places a + dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND. + This is what the `login' program does. The `-c' option causes + COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment. If `-a' is + supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND. + If no COMMAND is specified, redirections may be used to affect the + current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the + return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. + +`exit' + exit [N] + Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. If + N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. + Any trap on `EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates. + +`export' + export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] + Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment. + If the `-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell + functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. The `-n' + option means to no longer mark each NAME for export. If no NAMES + are supplied, or if the `-p' option is given, a list of exported + names is displayed. The `-p' option displays output in a form + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, + one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or `-f' is + supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +`getopts' + getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS] + `getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. + OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a + character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an + argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The + colon (`:') and question mark (`?') may not be used as option + characters. Each time it is invoked, `getopts' places the next + option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does + not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into + the variable `OPTIND'. `OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the + shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an + argument, `getopts' places that argument into the variable + `OPTARG'. The shell does not reset `OPTIND' automatically; it + must be manually reset between multiple calls to `getopts' within + the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. + + When the end of options is encountered, `getopts' exits with a + return value greater than zero. `OPTIND' is set to the index of + the first non-option argument, and `name' is set to `?'. + + `getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are given in ARGS, `getopts' parses those instead. + + `getopts' can report errors in two ways. If the first character of + OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used. In normal + operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or + missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable `OPTERR' + is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first + character of `optstring' is not a colon. + + If an invalid option is seen, `getopts' places `?' into NAME and, + if not silent, prints an error message and unsets `OPTARG'. If + `getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in + `OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed. + + If a required argument is not found, and `getopts' is not silent, + a question mark (`?') is placed in NAME, `OPTARG' is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If `getopts' is silent, then a + colon (`:') is placed in NAME and `OPTARG' is set to the option + character found. + +`hash' + hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME] + Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as NAME + arguments, so they need not be searched for on subsequent + invocations. The commands are found by searching through the + directories listed in `$PATH'. The `-p' option inhibits the path + search, and FILENAME is used as the location of NAME. The `-r' + option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The + `-d' option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of + each NAME. If the `-t' option is supplied, the full pathname to + which each NAME corresponds is printed. If multiple NAME + arguments are supplied with `-t' the NAME is printed before the + hashed full pathname. The `-l' option causes output to be + displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no + arguments are given, or if only `-l' is supplied, information + about remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero + unless a NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied. + +`pwd' + pwd [-LP] + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If + the `-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain + symbolic links. If the `-L' option is supplied, the pathname + printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is zero + unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the + current directory or an invalid option is supplied. + +`readonly' + readonly [-aApf] [NAME[=VALUE]] ... + Mark each NAME as readonly. The values of these names may not be + changed by subsequent assignment. If the `-f' option is supplied, + each NAME refers to a shell function. The `-a' option means each + NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the `-A' option means + each NAME refers to an associative array variable. If no NAME + arguments are given, or if the `-p' option is supplied, a list of + all readonly names is printed. The `-p' option causes output to + be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If a + variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is + set to VALUE. The return status is zero unless an invalid option + is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a valid shell + variable or function name, or the `-f' option is supplied with a + name that is not a shell function. + +`return' + return [N] + Cause a shell function to exit with the return value N. If N is + not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the last + command executed in the function. This may also be used to + terminate execution of a script being executed with the `.' (or + `source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the + last command executed within the script as the exit status of the + script. Any command associated with the `RETURN' trap is executed + before execution resumes after the function or script. The return + status is non-zero if `return' is used outside a function and not + during the execution of a script by `.' or `source'. + +`shift' + shift [N] + Shift the positional parameters to the left by N. The positional + parameters from N+1 ... `$#' are renamed to `$1' ... `$#'-N. + Parameters represented by the numbers `$#' to `$#'-N+1 are unset. + N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to `$#'. If N + is zero or greater than `$#', the positional parameters are not + changed. If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. The return + status is zero unless N is greater than `$#' or less than zero, + non-zero otherwise. + +`test' +`[' + Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR. Each operator and operand + must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the + primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::. + `test' does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + an argument of `--' as signifying the end of options. + + When the `[' form is used, the last argument to the command must + be a `]'. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed + in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the + number of arguments; see below. + + `! EXPR' + True if EXPR is false. + + `( EXPR )' + Returns the value of EXPR. This may be used to override the + normal precedence of operators. + + `EXPR1 -a EXPR2' + True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true. + + `EXPR1 -o EXPR2' + True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true. + + The `test' and `[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using + a set of rules based on the number of arguments. + + 0 arguments + The expression is false. + + 1 argument + The expression is true if and only if the argument is not + null. + + 2 arguments + If the first argument is `!', the expression is true if and + only if the second argument is null. If the first argument + is one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash + Conditional Expressions::), the expression is true if the + unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid + unary operator, the expression is false. + + 3 arguments + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result + of the expression is the result of the binary test using the + first and third arguments as operands. The `-a' and `-o' + operators are considered binary operators when there are + three arguments. If the first argument is `!', the value is + the negation of the two-argument test using the second and + third arguments. If the first argument is exactly `(' and + the third argument is exactly `)', the result is the + one-argument test of the second argument. Otherwise, the + expression is false. + + 4 arguments + If the first argument is `!', the result is the negation of + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated + according to precedence using the rules listed above. + + 5 or more arguments + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence + using the rules listed above. + +`times' + times + Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its + children. The return status is zero. + +`trap' + trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...] + The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal SIGSPEC. If ARG is absent (and there is a single + SIGSPEC) or equal to `-', each specified signal's disposition is + reset to the value it had when the shell was started. If ARG is + the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is + ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. If ARG is not + present and `-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap + commands associated with each SIGSPEC. If no arguments are + supplied, or only `-p' is given, `trap' prints the list of commands + associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as + shell input. The `-l' option causes the shell to print a list of + signal names and their corresponding numbers. Each SIGSPEC is + either a signal name or a signal number. Signal names are case + insensitive and the `SIG' prefix is optional. + + If a SIGSPEC is `0' or `EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell + exits. If a SIGSPEC is `DEBUG', the command ARG is executed + before every simple command, `for' command, `case' command, + `select' command, every arithmetic `for' command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function. Refer to the + description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt' builtin (*note + The Shopt Builtin::) for details of its effect on the `DEBUG' trap. + If a SIGSPEC is `RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a + shell function or a script executed with the `.' or `source' + builtins finishes executing. + + If a SIGSPEC is `ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a + simple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the + following conditions. The `ERR' trap is not executed if the + failed command is part of the command list immediately following + an `until' or `while' keyword, part of the test following the `if' + or `elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a `&&' or + `||' list, or if the command's return status is being inverted + using `!'. These are the same conditions obeyed by the `errexit' + option. + + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. + Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their + original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is + created. + + The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a + valid signal. + +`umask' + umask [-p] [-S] [MODE] + Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE. If MODE + begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, + it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted + by the `chmod' command. If MODE is omitted, the current value of + the mask is printed. If the `-S' option is supplied without a + MODE argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format. If the + `-p' option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a + form that may be reused as input. The return status is zero if + the mode is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is + supplied, and non-zero otherwise. + + Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each + number of the umask is subtracted from `7'. Thus, a umask of `022' + results in permissions of `755'. + +`unset' + unset [-fv] [NAME] + Each variable or function NAME is removed. If no options are + supplied, or the `-v' option is given, each NAME refers to a shell + variable. If the `-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell + functions, and the function definition is removed. Readonly + variables and functions may not be unset. The return status is + zero unless a NAME is readonly. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Builtins, Next: Modifying Shell Behavior, Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.2 Bash Builtin Commands +========================= + +This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have +been extended in Bash. Some of these commands are specified in the +POSIX standard. + +`alias' + alias [`-p'] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + Without arguments or with the `-p' option, `alias' prints the list + of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be + reused as input. If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined + for each NAME whose VALUE is given. If no VALUE is given, the name + and value of the alias is printed. Aliases are described in *note + Aliases::. + +`bind' + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSV] + bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ] + bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME + bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND + bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME + bind READLINE-COMMAND + + Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and + function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or + macro, or set a Readline variable. Each non-option argument is a + command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file + (*note Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be + passed as a separate argument; e.g., + `"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + `-m KEYMAP' + Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent + bindings. Acceptable KEYMAP names are `emacs', + `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move', + `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to + `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'. + + `-l' + List the names of all Readline functions. + + `-p' + Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way + that they can be used as input or in a Readline + initialization file. + + `-P' + List current Readline function names and bindings. + + `-v' + Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that + they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization + file. + + `-V' + List current Readline variable names and values. + + `-s' + Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be used as + input or in a Readline initialization file. + + `-S' + Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. + + `-f FILENAME' + Read key bindings from FILENAME. + + `-q FUNCTION' + Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION. + + `-u FUNCTION' + Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION. + + `-r KEYSEQ' + Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ. + + `-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND' + Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered. + When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the + `READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line + buffer and the `READLINE_POINT' variable to the current + location of the insertion point. If the executed command + changes the value of `READLINE_LINE' or `READLINE_POINT', + those new values will be reflected in the editing state. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or + an error occurs. + +`builtin' + builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]] + Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status. + This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name + as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin + within the function. The return status is non-zero if + SHELL-BUILTIN is not a shell builtin command. + +`caller' + caller [EXPR] + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell + function or a script executed with the `.' or `source' builtins). + + Without EXPR, `caller' displays the line number and source + filename of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative + integer is supplied as EXPR, `caller' displays the line number, + subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in + the current execution call stack. This extra information may be + used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is + frame 0. + + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a + subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in + the call stack. + +`command' + command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...] + Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named + COMMAND. Only shell builtin commands or commands found by + searching the `PATH' are executed. If there is a shell function + named `ls', running `command ls' within the function will execute + the external command `ls' instead of calling the function + recursively. The `-p' option means to use a default value for + `PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. + The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found + or an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise. + + If either the `-V' or `-v' option is supplied, a description of + COMMAND is printed. The `-v' option causes a single word + indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be + displayed; the `-V' option produces a more verbose description. + In this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and + non-zero if not. + +`declare' + declare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + + Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are + given, then display the values of variables instead. + + The `-p' option will display the attributes and values of each + NAME. When `-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options + are ignored. + + When `-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, `declare' will + display the attributes and values of all variables having the + attributes specified by the additional options. If no other + options are supplied with `-p', `declare' will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The `-f' option + will restrict the display to shell functions. + + The `-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only + the function name and attributes are printed. If the `extdebug' + shell option is enabled using `shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::), + the source file name and line number where the function is defined + are displayed as well. `-F' implies `-f'. The following options + can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified + attributes or to give variables attributes: + + `-a' + Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::). + + `-A' + Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::). + + `-f' + Use function names only. + + `-i' + The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic + evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the + variable is assigned a value. + + `-l' + When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + attribute is disabled. + + `-r' + Make NAMEs readonly. These names cannot then be assigned + values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + + `-t' + Give each NAME the `trace' attribute. Traced functions + inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps from the calling shell. + The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. + + `-u' + When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + attribute is disabled. + + `-x' + Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the + environment. + + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the + exceptions that `+a' may not be used to destroy an array variable + and `+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a + function, `declare' makes each NAME local, as with the `local' + command. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of + the variable is set to VALUE. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, + an attempt is made to define a function using `-f foo=bar', an + attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an + attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without + using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the + NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to + turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is + made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt + is made to display a non-existent function with `-f'. + +`echo' + echo [-neE] [ARG ...] + Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline. + The return status is always 0. If `-n' is specified, the trailing + newline is suppressed. If the `-e' option is given, + interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is + enabled. The `-E' option disables the interpretation of these + escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by + default. The `xpg_echo' shell option may be used to dynamically + determine whether or not `echo' expands these escape characters by + default. `echo' does not interpret `--' to mean the end of + options. + + `echo' interprets the following escape sequences: + `\a' + alert (bell) + + `\b' + backspace + + `\c' + suppress further output + + `\e' + escape + + `\f' + form feed + + `\n' + new line + + `\r' + carriage return + + `\t' + horizontal tab + + `\v' + vertical tab + + `\\' + backslash + + `\0NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (zero to three octal digits) + + `\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits) + +`enable' + enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...] + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the + shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If + `-n' is used, the NAMEs become disabled. Otherwise NAMEs are + enabled. For example, to use the `test' binary found via `$PATH' + instead of the shell builtin version, type `enable -n test'. + + If the `-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a + list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the + list consists of all enabled shell builtins. The `-a' option + means to list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it + is enabled. + + The `-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from + shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading. + The `-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with `-f'. + + If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. + The `-s' option restricts `enable' to the POSIX special builtins. + If `-s' is used with `-f', the new builtin becomes a special + builtin (*note Special Builtins::). + + The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or + there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. + +`help' + help [-dms] [PATTERN] + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is + specified, `help' gives detailed help on all commands matching + PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + `-d' + Display a short description of each PATTERN + + `-m' + Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like + format + + `-s' + Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN + + The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN. + +`let' + let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION] + The `let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell + variables. Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules + given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::. If the last EXPRESSION + evaluates to 0, `let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned. + +`local' + local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ... + For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and + assigned VALUE. The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by + `declare'. `local' can only be used within a function; it makes + the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function + and its children. The return status is zero unless `local' is + used outside a function, an invalid NAME is supplied, or NAME is a + readonly variable. + +`logout' + logout [N] + Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent. + +`mapfile' + mapfile [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD] [ + -C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable + ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the `-u' option is supplied. + The variable `MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY. Options, if + supplied, have the following meanings: + `-n' + Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are + copied. + + `-O' + Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index + is 0. + + `-s' + Discard the first COUNT lines read. + + `-t' + Remove a trailing newline from each line read. + + `-u' + Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard + input. + + `-C' + Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The + `-c' option specifies QUANTUM. + + `-c' + Specify the number of lines read between each call to + CALLBACK. + + If `-C' is specified without `-c', the default quantum is 5000. + When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next + array element to be assigned as an additional argument. CALLBACK + is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element + is assigned. + + If not supplied with an explicit origin, `mapfile' will clear ARRAY + before assigning to it. + + `mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY + is not an indexed array. + +`printf' + printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS] + Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the + control of the FORMAT. The FORMAT is a character string which + contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are + simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, + which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format + specifications, each of which causes printing of the next + successive ARGUMENT. In addition to the standard `printf(1)' + formats, `%b' causes `printf' to expand backslash escape sequences + in the corresponding ARGUMENT, (except that `\c' terminates + output, backslashes in `\'', `\"', and `\?' are not removed, and + octal escapes beginning with `\0' may contain up to four digits), + and `%q' causes `printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a + format that can be reused as shell input. + + The `-v' option causes the output to be assigned to the variable + VAR rather than being printed to the standard output. + + The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS. + If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra + format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as + appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on + success, non-zero on failure. + +`read' + read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS] [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...] + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the `-u' option, and the + first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the + second NAME, and so on, with leftover words and their intervening + separators assigned to the last NAME. If there are fewer words + read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are + assigned empty values. The characters in the value of the `IFS' + variable are used to split the line into words. The backslash + character `\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the + next character read and for line continuation. If no names are + supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable `REPLY'. The + return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, `read' + times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or + an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to `-u'. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + `-a ANAME' + The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array + variable ANAME, starting at 0. All elements are removed from + ANAME before the assignment. Other NAME arguments are + ignored. + + `-d DELIM' + The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input + line, rather than newline. + + `-e' + Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the + line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing + was not previously active) editing settings. + + `-i TEXT' + If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed + into the editing buffer before editing begins. + + `-n NCHARS' + `read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter + if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter. + + `-N NCHARS' + `read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather + than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is + encountered or `read' times out. Delimiter characters + encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not + cause `read' to return until NCHARS characters are read. + + `-p PROMPT' + Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting + to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is + coming from a terminal. + + `-r' + If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape + character. The backslash is considered to be part of the + line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be + used as a line continuation. + + `-s' + Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters + are not echoed. + + `-t TIMEOUT' + Cause `read' to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. TIMEOUT + may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following + the decimal point. This option is only effective if `read' + is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If + TIMEOUT is 0, `read' returns success if input is available on + the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. The exit + status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. + + `-u FD' + Read input from file descriptor FD. + + +`readarray' + readarray [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT] [-t] [-u FD] [ + -C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable + ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the `-u' option is supplied. + + A synonym for `mapfile'. + +`source' + source FILENAME + A synonym for `.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + +`type' + type [-afptP] [NAME ...] + For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a + command name. + + If the `-t' option is used, `type' prints a single word which is + one of `alias', `function', `builtin', `file' or `keyword', if + NAME is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or + shell reserved word, respectively. If the NAME is not found, then + nothing is printed, and `type' returns a failure status. + + If the `-p' option is used, `type' either returns the name of the + disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `-t' would not + return `file'. + + The `-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if `-t' + would not return `file'. + + If a command is hashed, `-p' and `-P' print the hashed value, not + necessarily the file that appears first in `$PATH'. + + If the `-a' option is used, `type' returns all of the places that + contain an executable named FILE. This includes aliases and + functions, if and only if the `-p' option is not also used. + + If the `-f' option is used, `type' does not attempt to find shell + functions, as with the `command' builtin. + + The return status is zero if all of the NAMES are found, non-zero + if any are not found. + +`typeset' + typeset [-afFrxi] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...] + The `typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn + shell; however, it has been deprecated in favor of the `declare' + builtin command. + +`ulimit' + ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [LIMIT] + `ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes + started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an + option is given, it is interpreted as follows: + `-S' + Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. + + `-H' + Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. + + `-a' + All current limits are reported. + + `-b' + The maximum socket buffer size. + + `-c' + The maximum size of core files created. + + `-d' + The maximum size of a process's data segment. + + `-e' + The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). + + `-f' + The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + children. + + `-i' + The maximum number of pending signals. + + `-l' + The maximum size that may be locked into memory. + + `-m' + The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this + limit). + + `-n' + The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do + not allow this value to be set). + + `-p' + The pipe buffer size. + + `-q' + The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. + + `-r' + The maximum real-time scheduling priority. + + `-s' + The maximum stack size. + + `-t' + The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. + + `-u' + The maximum number of processes available to a single user. + + `-v' + The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process. + + `-x' + The maximum number of file locks. + + `-T' + The maximum number of threads. + + + If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; + the special LIMIT values `hard', `soft', and `unlimited' stand for + the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, + respectively. A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user + once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of + the hard limit. Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit + for the specified resource is printed, unless the `-H' option is + supplied. When setting new limits, if neither `-H' nor `-S' is + supplied, both the hard and soft limits are set. If no option is + given, then `-f' is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, + except for `-t', which is in seconds, `-p', which is in units of + 512-byte blocks, and `-n' and `-u', which are unscaled values. + + The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is + supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. + +`unalias' + unalias [-a] [NAME ... ] + + Remove each NAME from the list of aliases. If `-a' is supplied, + all aliases are removed. Aliases are described in *note Aliases::. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Modifying Shell Behavior, Next: Special Builtins, Prev: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior +============================ + +* Menu: + +* The Set Builtin:: Change the values of shell attributes and + positional parameters. +* The Shopt Builtin:: Modify shell optional behavior. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: The Set Builtin, Next: The Shopt Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior + +4.3.1 The Set Builtin +--------------------- + +This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. `set' +allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional +parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. + +`set' + set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + + If no options or arguments are supplied, `set' displays the names + and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according + to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for + setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only + variables cannot be reset. In POSIX mode, only shell variables + are listed. + + When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. + Options, if specified, have the following meanings: + + `-a' + Mark variables and function which are modified or created for + export to the environment of subsequent commands. + + `-b' + Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported + immediately, rather than before printing the next primary + prompt. + + `-e' + Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may + consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::), + a subshell command enclosed in parentheses (*note Command + Grouping::), or one of the commands executed as part of a + command list enclosed by braces (*note Command Grouping::) + returns a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the + command that fails is part of the command list immediately + following a `while' or `until' keyword, part of the test in + an `if' statement, part of any command executed in a `&&' or + `||' list except the command following the final `&&' or `||', + any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's + return status is being inverted with `!'. A trap on `ERR', + if set, is executed before the shell exits. + + This option applies to the shell environment and each + subshell environment separately (*note Command Execution + Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before + executing all the commands in the subshell. + + `-f' + Disable filename expansion (globbing). + + `-h' + Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for + execution. This option is enabled by default. + + `-k' + All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed + in the environment for a command, not just those that precede + the command name. + + `-m' + Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::). + + `-n' + Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to + check a script for syntax errors. This option is ignored by + interactive shells. + + `-o OPTION-NAME' + Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME: + + `allexport' + Same as `-a'. + + `braceexpand' + Same as `-B'. + + `emacs' + Use an `emacs'-style line editing interface (*note + Command Line Editing::). This also affects the editing + interface used for `read -e'. + + `errexit' + Same as `-e'. + + `errtrace' + Same as `-E'. + + `functrace' + Same as `-T'. + + `hashall' + Same as `-h'. + + `histexpand' + Same as `-H'. + + `history' + Enable command history, as described in *note Bash + History Facilities::. This option is on by default in + interactive shells. + + `ignoreeof' + An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. + + `keyword' + Same as `-k'. + + `monitor' + Same as `-m'. + + `noclobber' + Same as `-C'. + + `noexec' + Same as `-n'. + + `noglob' + Same as `-f'. + + `nolog' + Currently ignored. + + `notify' + Same as `-b'. + + `nounset' + Same as `-u'. + + `onecmd' + Same as `-t'. + + `physical' + Same as `-P'. + + `pipefail' + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of + the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero + status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit + successfully. This option is disabled by default. + + `posix' + Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation + differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard + (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). This is intended to make + Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. + + `privileged' + Same as `-p'. + + `verbose' + Same as `-v'. + + `vi' + Use a `vi'-style line editing interface. This also + affects the editing interface used for `read -e'. + + `xtrace' + Same as `-x'. + + `-p' + Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the `$BASH_ENV' and + `$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not + inherited from the environment, and the `SHELLOPTS', + `BASHOPTS', `CDPATH' and `GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the + real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, + these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to + the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at startup, + the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off + causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real + user and group ids. + + `-t' + Exit after reading and executing one command. + + `-u' + Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special + parameters `@' or `*' as an error when performing parameter + expansion. An error message will be written to the standard + error, and a non-interactive shell will exit. + + `-v' + Print shell input lines as they are read. + + `-x' + Print a trace of simple commands, `for' commands, `case' + commands, `select' commands, and arithmetic `for' commands + and their arguments or associated word lists after they are + expanded and before they are executed. The value of the `PS4' + variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before + the command and its expanded arguments. + + `-B' + The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace + Expansion::). This option is on by default. + + `-C' + Prevent output redirection using `>', `>&', and `<>' from + overwriting existing files. + + `-E' + If set, any trap on `ERR' is inherited by shell functions, + command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell + environment. The `ERR' trap is normally not inherited in + such cases. + + `-H' + Enable `!' style history substitution (*note History + Interaction::). This option is on by default for interactive + shells. + + `-P' + If set, do not follow symbolic links when performing commands + such as `cd' which change the current directory. The + physical directory is used instead. By default, Bash follows + the logical chain of directories when performing commands + which change the current directory. + + For example, if `/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to + `/usr/local/sys' then: + $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD + /usr/sys + $ cd ..; pwd + /usr + + If `set -P' is on, then: + $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD + /usr/local/sys + $ cd ..; pwd + /usr/local + + `-T' + If set, any trap on `DEBUG' and `RETURN' are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed + in a subshell environment. The `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps + are normally not inherited in such cases. + + `--' + If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters + are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a + `-'. + + `-' + Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to + be assigned to the positional parameters. The `-x' and `-v' + options are turned off. If there are no arguments, the + positional parameters remain unchanged. + + Using `+' rather than `-' causes these options to be turned off. + The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The + current set of options may be found in `$-'. + + The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are + assigned, in order, to `$1', `$2', ... `$N'. The special + parameter `#' is set to N. + + The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is + supplied. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: The Shopt Builtin, Prev: The Set Builtin, Up: Modifying Shell Behavior + +4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin +----------------------- + +This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. + +`shopt' + shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...] + Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. + With no options, or with the `-p' option, a list of all settable + options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is + set. The `-p' option causes output to be displayed in a form that + may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: + + `-s' + Enable (set) each OPTNAME. + + `-u' + Disable (unset) each OPTNAME. + + `-q' + Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether + the OPTNAME is set or unset. If multiple OPTNAME arguments + are given with `-q', the return status is zero if all + OPTNAMES are enabled; non-zero otherwise. + + `-o' + Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the + `-o' option to the `set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). + + If either `-s' or `-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, the + display is limited to those options which are set or unset, + respectively. + + Unless otherwise noted, the `shopt' options are disabled (off) by + default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are + enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, + the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell + option. + + The list of `shopt' options is: + `autocd' + If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is + executed as if it were the argument to the `cd' command. + This option is only used by interactive shells. + + `cdable_vars' + If this is set, an argument to the `cd' builtin command that + is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + whose value is the directory to change to. + + `cdspell' + If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component + in a `cd' command will be corrected. The errors checked for + are transposed characters, a missing character, and a + character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected + path is printed, and the command proceeds. This option is + only used by interactive shells. + + `checkhash' + If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash + table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is performed. + + `checkjobs' + If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs + before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are + running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a second + exit is attempted without an intervening command (*note Job + Control::). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs + are stopped. + + `checkwinsize' + If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, + if necessary, updates the values of `LINES' and `COLUMNS'. + + `cmdhist' + If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line + command in the same history entry. This allows easy + re-editing of multi-line commands. + + `compat31' + If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with + respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's =~ + operator. + + `dirspell' + If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names + during word completion if the directory name initially + supplied does not exist. + + `dotglob' + If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the + results of filename expansion. + + `execfail' + If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it + cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the `exec' + builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if `exec' + fails. + + `expand_aliases' + If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, + *note Aliases::. This option is enabled by default for + interactive shells. + + `extdebug' + If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: + + 1. The `-F' option to the `declare' builtin (*note Bash + Builtins::) displays the source file name and line + number corresponding to each function name supplied as + an argument. + + 2. If the command run by the `DEBUG' trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not + executed. + + 3. If the command run by the `DEBUG' trap returns a value + of 2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a + shell function or a shell script executed by the `.' or + `source' builtins), a call to `return' is simulated. + + 4. `BASH_ARGC' and `BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in + their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::). + + 5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND + )' inherit the `DEBUG' and `RETURN' traps. + + 6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell + functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND )' + inherit the `ERROR' trap. + + `extglob' + If set, the extended pattern matching features described above + (*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled. + + `extquote' + If set, `$'STRING'' and `$"STRING"' quoting is performed + within `${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes. + This option is enabled by default. + + `failglob' + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + filename expansion result in an expansion error. + + `force_fignore' + If set, the suffixes specified by the `FIGNORE' shell variable + cause words to be ignored when performing word completion + even if the ignored words are the only possible completions. + *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of `FIGNORE'. This + option is enabled by default. + + `globstar' + If set, the pattern `**' used in a filename expansion context + will match a files and zero or more directories and + subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a `/', only + directories and subdirectories match. + + `gnu_errfmt' + If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU + error message format. + + `histappend' + If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the + value of the `HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather + than overwriting the file. + + `histreedit' + If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the + opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. + + `histverify' + If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history + substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. + Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline + editing buffer, allowing further modification. + + `hostcomplete' + If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to + perform hostname completion when a word containing a `@' is + being completed (*note Commands For Completion::). This + option is enabled by default. + + `huponexit' + If set, Bash will send `SIGHUP' to all jobs when an + interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::). + + `interactive_comments' + Allow a word beginning with `#' to cause that word and all + remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an + interactive shell. This option is enabled by default. + + `lithist' + If enabled, and the `cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line + commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines + rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + + `login_shell' + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell + (*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed. + + `mailwarn' + If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been + accessed since the last time it was checked, the message + `"The mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed. + + `no_empty_cmd_completion' + If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to + search the `PATH' for possible completions when completion is + attempted on an empty line. + + `nocaseglob' + If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion + when performing filename expansion. + + `nocasematch' + If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion + when performing matching while executing `case' or `[[' + conditional commands. + + `nullglob' + If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to + expand to a null string, rather than themselves. + + `progcomp' + If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note + Programmable Completion::) are enabled. This option is + enabled by default. + + `promptvars' + If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after + being expanded as described below (*note Printing a Prompt::). + This option is enabled by default. + + `restricted_shell' + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode + (*note The Restricted Shell::). The value may not be changed. + This is not reset when the startup files are executed, + allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell + is restricted. + + `shift_verbose' + If this is set, the `shift' builtin prints an error message + when the shift count exceeds the number of positional + parameters. + + `sourcepath' + If set, the `source' builtin uses the value of `PATH' to find + the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. + This option is enabled by default. + + `xpg_echo' + If set, the `echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences + by default. + + + The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are + enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, + the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell + option. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Special Builtins, Prev: Modifying Shell Behavior, Up: Shell Builtin Commands + +4.4 Special Builtins +==================== + +For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified several +builtin commands as _special_. When Bash is executing in POSIX mode, +the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three +respects: + + 1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command + lookup. + + 2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive + shell exits. + + 3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the + shell environment after the command completes. + + When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no +differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. The Bash POSIX +mode is described in *note Bash POSIX Mode::. + + These are the POSIX special builtins: + break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set + shift trap unset + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Variables, Next: Bash Features, Prev: Shell Builtin Commands, Up: Top + +5 Shell Variables +***************** + +* Menu: + +* Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way + as the Bourne Shell. +* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash. + + This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. Bash +automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Variables, Next: Bash Variables, Up: Shell Variables + +5.1 Bourne Shell Variables +========================== + +Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. + +`CDPATH' + A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for + the `cd' builtin command. + +`HOME' + The current user's home directory; the default for the `cd' builtin + command. The value of this variable is also used by tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + +`IFS' + A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell + splits words as part of expansion. + +`MAIL' + If this parameter is set to a filename and the `MAILPATH' variable + is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in the + specified file. + +`MAILPATH' + A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically + checks for new mail. Each list entry can specify the message that + is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating + the file name from the message with a `?'. When used in the text + of the message, `$_' expands to the name of the current mail file. + +`OPTARG' + The value of the last option argument processed by the `getopts' + builtin. + +`OPTIND' + The index of the last option argument processed by the `getopts' + builtin. + +`PATH' + A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for + commands. A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of + `PATH' indicates the current directory. A null directory name may + appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. + +`PS1' + The primary prompt string. The default value is `\s-\v\$ '. + *Note Printing a Prompt::, for the complete list of escape + sequences that are expanded before `PS1' is displayed. + +`PS2' + The secondary prompt string. The default value is `> '. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables + +5.2 Bash Variables +================== + +These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not +normally treat them specially. + + A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control +Variables::). + +`BASH' + The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. + +`BASHOPTS' + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the + list is a valid argument for the `-s' option to the `shopt' + builtin command (*note The Shopt Builtin::). The options + appearing in `BASHOPTS' are those reported as `on' by `shopt'. If + this variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + startup files. This variable is readonly. + +`BASHPID' + Expands to the process id of the current Bash process. This + differs from `$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. + +`BASH_ALIASES' + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the `alias' builtin + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array + appear in the alias list; unsetting array elements cause aliases + to be removed from the alias list. + +`BASH_ARGC' + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each + frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of + parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script + executed with `.' or `source') is at the top of the stack. When a + subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed + onto `BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets `BASH_ARGC' only when in + extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a + description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt' builtin). + +`BASH_ARGV' + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current + bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of + the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, + the parameters supplied are pushed onto `BASH_ARGV'. The shell + sets `BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note + The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the `extdebug' option to + the `shopt' builtin). + +`BASH_CMDS' + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal hash table of commands as maintained by the `hash' builtin + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array + appear in the hash table; unsetting array elements cause commands + to be removed from the hash table. + +`BASH_COMMAND' + The command currently being executed or about to be executed, + unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, + in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. + +`BASH_ENV' + If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell + script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup + file to read before executing the script. *Note Bash Startup + Files::. + +`BASH_EXECUTION_STRING' + The command argument to the `-c' invocation option. + +`BASH_LINENO' + An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source + files corresponding to each member of FUNCNAME. + `${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file where + `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or `${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if + referenced within another shell function). The corresponding + source file name is `${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}'. Use `LINENO' to obtain + the current line number. + +`BASH_REMATCH' + An array variable whose members are assigned by the `=~' binary + operator to the `[[' conditional command (*note Conditional + Constructs::). The element with index 0 is the portion of the + string matching the entire regular expression. The element with + index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth + parenthesized subexpression. This variable is read-only. + +`BASH_SOURCE' + An array variable whose members are the source filenames + corresponding to the elements in the `FUNCNAME' array variable. + +`BASH_SUBSHELL' + Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is + spawned. The initial value is 0. + +`BASH_VERSINFO' + A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold + version information for this instance of Bash. The values + assigned to the array members are as follows: + + `BASH_VERSINFO[0]' + The major version number (the RELEASE). + + `BASH_VERSINFO[1]' + The minor version number (the VERSION). + + `BASH_VERSINFO[2]' + The patch level. + + `BASH_VERSINFO[3]' + The build version. + + `BASH_VERSINFO[4]' + The release status (e.g., BETA1). + + `BASH_VERSINFO[5]' + The value of `MACHTYPE'. + + +`BASH_VERSION' + The version number of the current instance of Bash. + +`BASH_XTRACEFD' + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash + will write the trace output generated when `set -x' is enabled to + that file descriptor. This allows tracing output to be separated + from diagnostic and error messages. The file descriptor is closed + when `BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + `BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + `BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then + unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. + +`COLUMNS' + Used by the `select' builtin command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon + receipt of a `SIGWINCH'. + +`COMP_CWORD' + An index into `${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current + cursor position. This variable is available only in shell + functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note + Programmable Completion::). + +`COMP_LINE' + The current command line. This variable is available only in + shell functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +`COMP_POINT' + The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning + of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the + end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to + `${#COMP_LINE}'. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +`COMP_TYPE' + Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion + attempted that caused a completion function to be called: TAB, for + normal completion, `?', for listing completions after successive + tabs, `!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion, + `@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or `%', + for menu completion. This variable is available only in shell + functions and external commands invoked by the programmable + completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::). + +`COMP_KEY' + The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current + completion function. + +`COMP_WORDBREAKS' + The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word + separators when performing word completion. If `COMP_WORDBREAKS' + is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is + subsequently reset. + +`COMP_WORDS' + An array variable consisting of the individual words in the + current command line. The line is split into words as Readline + would split it, using `COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above. This + variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the + programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable + Completion::). + +`COMPREPLY' + An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable + completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::). + +`DIRSTACK' + An array variable containing the current contents of the directory + stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are + displayed by the `dirs' builtin. Assigning to members of this + array variable may be used to modify directories already in the + stack, but the `pushd' and `popd' builtins must be used to add and + remove directories. Assignment to this variable will not change + the current directory. If `DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +`EMACS' + If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value `t', it assumes that the shell is running in an + emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. + +`EUID' + The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable + is readonly. + +`FCEDIT' + The editor used as a default by the `-e' option to the `fc' + builtin command. + +`FIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + filename completion. A file name whose suffix matches one of the + entries in `FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched file + names. A sample value is `.o:~' + +`FUNCNAME' + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 + is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The + bottom-most element is `"main"'. This variable exists only when a + shell function is executing. Assignments to `FUNCNAME' have no + effect and return an error status. If `FUNCNAME' is unset, it + loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +`GLOBIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to + be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a + filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in + `GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. + +`GROUPS' + An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + current user is a member. Assignments to `GROUPS' have no effect + and return an error status. If `GROUPS' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +`histchars' + Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick + substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::). The + first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the + character which signifies the start of a history expansion, + normally `!'. The second character is the character which + signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first character on + a line, normally `^'. The optional third character is the + character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a + comment when found as the first character of a word, usually `#'. + The history comment character causes history substitution to be + skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not + necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line + as a comment. + +`HISTCMD' + The history number, or index in the history list, of the current + command. If `HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties, + even if it is subsequently reset. + +`HISTCONTROL' + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes + `ignorespace', lines which begin with a space character are not + saved in the history list. A value of `ignoredups' causes lines + which match the previous history entry to not be saved. A value + of `ignoreboth' is shorthand for `ignorespace' and `ignoredups'. + A value of `erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the + current line to be removed from the history list before that line + is saved. Any value not in the above list is ignored. If + `HISTCONTROL' is unset, or does not include a valid value, all + lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, + subject to the value of `HISTIGNORE'. The second and subsequent + lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are + added to the history regardless of the value of `HISTCONTROL'. + +`HISTFILE' + The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The + default value is `~/.bash_history'. + +`HISTFILESIZE' + The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, + if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain no more + than that number of lines. The history file is also truncated to + this size after writing it when an interactive shell exits. The + default value is 500. + +`HISTIGNORE' + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is + anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete + line (no implicit `*' is appended). Each pattern is tested + against the line after the checks specified by `HISTCONTROL' are + applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching + characters, `&' matches the previous history line. `&' may be + escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before + attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a + multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the + history regardless of the value of `HISTIGNORE'. + + `HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of `HISTCONTROL'. A pattern of + `&' is identical to `ignoredups', and a pattern of `[ ]*' is + identical to `ignorespace'. Combining these two patterns, + separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of + `ignoreboth'. + +`HISTSIZE' + The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. + The default value is 500. + +`HISTTIMEFORMAT' + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + format string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with + each history entry displayed by the `history' builtin. If this + variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so + they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses the + history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other + history lines. + +`HOSTFILE' + Contains the name of a file in the same format as `/etc/hosts' that + should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The + list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the + shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted + after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file + to the existing list. If `HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or + does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read `/etc/hosts' + to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When + `HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared. + +`HOSTNAME' + The name of the current host. + +`HOSTTYPE' + A string describing the machine Bash is running on. + +`IGNOREEOF' + Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an `EOF' character + as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of + consecutive `EOF' characters that can be read as the first + character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the + variable exists but does not have a numeric value (or has no + value) then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, + then `EOF' signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only + in effect for interactive shells. + +`INPUTRC' + The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the + default of `~/.inputrc'. + +`LANG' + Used to determine the locale category for any category not + specifically selected with a variable starting with `LC_'. + +`LC_ALL' + This variable overrides the value of `LANG' and any other `LC_' + variable specifying a locale category. + +`LC_COLLATE' + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the + results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of + range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences + within filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename + Expansion::). + +`LC_CTYPE' + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the + behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern + matching (*note Filename Expansion::). + +`LC_MESSAGES' + This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted + strings preceded by a `$' (*note Locale Translation::). + +`LC_NUMERIC' + This variable determines the locale category used for number + formatting. + +`LINENO' + The line number in the script or shell function currently + executing. + +`LINES' + Used by the `select' builtin command to determine the column length + for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a + `SIGWINCH'. + +`MACHTYPE' + A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is + executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format. + +`MAILCHECK' + How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the + files specified in the `MAILPATH' or `MAIL' variables. The + default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater + than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. + +`OLDPWD' + The previous working directory as set by the `cd' builtin. + +`OPTERR' + If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by + the `getopts' builtin command. + +`OSTYPE' + A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. + +`PIPESTATUS' + An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). + +`POSIXLY_CORRECT' + If this variable is in the environment when `bash' starts, the + shell enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading + the startup files, as if the `--posix' invocation option had been + supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, `bash' enables + POSIX mode, as if the command + `set -o posix' + had been executed. + +`PPID' + The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable is + readonly. + +`PROMPT_COMMAND' + If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before + the printing of each primary prompt (`$PS1'). + +`PROMPT_DIRTRIM' + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding + the `\w' and `\W' prompt string escapes (*note Printing a + Prompt::). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + +`PS3' + The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the `select' + command. If this variable is not set, the `select' command + prompts with `#? ' + +`PS4' + The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed + when the `-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first + character of `PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to + indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is `+ '. + +`PWD' + The current working directory as set by the `cd' builtin. + +`RANDOM' + Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 + and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds + the random number generator. + +`REPLY' + The default variable for the `read' builtin. + +`SECONDS' + This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was + started. Assignment to this variable resets the count to the + value assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned + plus the number of seconds since the assignment. + +`SHELL' + The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment + variable. If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to + it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. + +`SHELLOPTS' + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the + list is a valid argument for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin + command (*note The Set Builtin::). The options appearing in + `SHELLOPTS' are those reported as `on' by `set -o'. If this + variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell + option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup + files. This variable is readonly. + +`SHLVL' + Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. + This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are + nested. + +`TIMEFORMAT' + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying + how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the `time' + reserved word should be displayed. The `%' character introduces an + escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other + information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as + follows; the braces denote optional portions. + + `%%' + A literal `%'. + + `%[P][l]R' + The elapsed time in seconds. + + `%[P][l]U' + The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. + + `%[P][l]S' + The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. + + `%P' + The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. + + The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of + fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no + decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places + after the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than + 3 are changed to 3. If P is not specified, the value 3 is used. + + The optional `l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form MMmSS.FFs. The value of P determines whether or not the + fraction is included. + + If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value + `$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'' + If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A + trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. + +`TMOUT' + If set to a value greater than zero, `TMOUT' is treated as the + default timeout for the `read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + The `select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates + if input does not arrive after `TMOUT' seconds when input is coming + from a terminal. + + In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of + seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt when + the shell is interactive. Bash terminates after that number of + seconds if input does not arrive. + +`TMPDIR' + If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which + Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. + +`UID' + The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is + readonly. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Features, Next: Job Control, Prev: Shell Variables, Up: Top + +6 Bash Features +*************** + +This section describes features unique to Bash. + +* Menu: + +* Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give + to Bash. +* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts. +* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is. +* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for + the `test' builtin. +* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables. +* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. +* Arrays:: Array Variables. +* The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. +* Printing a Prompt:: Controlling the PS1 string. +* The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. +* Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what + the POSIX standard specifies. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Invoking Bash, Next: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features + +6.1 Invoking Bash +================= + + bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...] + bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...] + + In addition to the single-character shell command-line options +(*note The Set Builtin::), there are several multi-character options +that you can use. These options must appear on the command line before +the single-character options to be recognized. + +`--debugger' + Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt + Builtin:: for a description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt' + builtin) and shell function tracing (see *note The Set Builtin:: + for a description of the `-o functrace' option). + +`--dump-po-strings' + A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on + the standard output in the GNU `gettext' PO (portable object) file + format. Equivalent to `-D' except for the output format. + +`--dump-strings' + Equivalent to `-D'. + +`--help' + Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. + +`--init-file FILENAME' +`--rcfile FILENAME' + Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of `~/.bashrc') in an + interactive shell. + +`--login' + Equivalent to `-l'. + +`--noediting' + Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::) + to read command lines when the shell is interactive. + +`--noprofile' + Don't load the system-wide startup file `/etc/profile' or any of + the personal initialization files `~/.bash_profile', + `~/.bash_login', or `~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login + shell. + +`--norc' + Don't read the `~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive + shell. This is on by default if the shell is invoked as `sh'. + +`--posix' + Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs + from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This is intended + to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard. *Note + Bash POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode. + +`--restricted' + Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). + +`--verbose' + Equivalent to `-v'. Print shell input lines as they're read. + +`--version' + Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard + output and exit successfully. + + + There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the `set' builtin. + +`-c STRING' + Read and execute commands from STRING after processing the + options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are assigned to the + positional parameters, starting with `$0'. + +`-i' + Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are + described in *note Interactive Shells::. + +`-l' + Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. + When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a + login shell with `exec -l bash'. When the shell is not + interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed. + `exec bash -l' or `exec bash --login' will replace the current + shell with a Bash login shell. *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a + description of the special behavior of a login shell. + +`-r' + Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::). + +`-s' + If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option + processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This + option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an + interactive shell. + +`-D' + A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on + the standard output. These are the strings that are subject to + language translation when the current locale is not `C' or `POSIX' + (*note Locale Translation::). This implies the `-n' option; no + commands will be executed. + +`[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]' + SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the `shopt' + builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::). If SHOPT_OPTION is present, + `-O' sets the value of that option; `+O' unsets it. If + SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell + options accepted by `shopt' are printed on the standard output. + If the invocation option is `+O', the output is displayed in a + format that may be reused as input. + +`--' + A `--' signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the `--' are treated as filenames + and arguments. + + + A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is +`-', or one invoked with the `--login' option. + + An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless `-s' is specified, without specifying the `-c' option, and whose +input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by +`isatty(3)'), or one started with the `-i' option. *Note Interactive +Shells::, for more information. + + If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the `-c' +nor the `-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, `$0' is set to the name of the +file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. Bash's +exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the +script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Startup Files, Next: Interactive Shells, Prev: Invoking Bash, Up: Bash Features + +6.2 Bash Startup Files +====================== + +This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. If any of +the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes are +expanded in file names as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note +Tilde Expansion::). + + Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::. + +Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with `--login' +........................................................ + +When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the `--login' option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file `/etc/profile', if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for `~/.bash_profile', +`~/.bash_login', and `~/.profile', in that order, and reads and +executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The +`--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit +this behavior. + + When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from the +file `~/.bash_logout', if it exists. + +Invoked as an interactive non-login shell +......................................... + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the `--norc' option. The `--rcfile +FILE' option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE +instead of `~/.bashrc'. + + So, typically, your `~/.bash_profile' contains the line + `if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi' + after (or before) any login-specific initializations. + +Invoked non-interactively +......................... + +When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for +example, it looks for the variable `BASH_ENV' in the environment, +expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as +the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the +following command were executed: + `if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi' + but the value of the `PATH' variable is not used to search for the +file name. + + As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +`--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +login shell startup files. + +Invoked with name `sh' +...................... + +If Bash is invoked with the name `sh', it tries to mimic the startup +behavior of historical versions of `sh' as closely as possible, while +conforming to the POSIX standard as well. + + When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the `--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute +commands from `/etc/profile' and `~/.profile', in that order. The +`--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When +invoked as an interactive shell with the name `sh', Bash looks for the +variable `ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the +expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a +shell invoked as `sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands +from any other startup files, the `--rcfile' option has no effect. A +non-interactive shell invoked with the name `sh' does not attempt to +read any other startup files. + + When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files +are read. + +Invoked in POSIX mode +..................... + +When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the `--posix' command line +option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, +interactive shells expand the `ENV' variable and commands are read and +executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other +startup files are read. + +Invoked by remote shell daemon +.............................. + +Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell daemon, +usually `rshd', or the secure shell daemon `sshd'. If Bash determines +it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from +`~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this +if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used to inhibit this +behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to force another file +to be read, but `rshd' does not generally invoke the shell with those +options or allow them to be specified. + +Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs +................................................ + +If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +the `SHELLOPTS', `BASHOPTS', `CDPATH', and `GLOBIGNORE' variables, if +they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id +is set to the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at +invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id +is not reset. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Interactive Shells, Next: Bash Conditional Expressions, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features + +6.3 Interactive Shells +====================== + +* Menu: + +* What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive. +* Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive. +* Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in a interactive shell? + + +File: bashref.info, Node: What is an Interactive Shell?, Next: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? +----------------------------------- + +An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless `-s' is specified, without specifying the `-c' option, and whose +input and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined +by `isatty(3)'), or one started with the `-i' option. + + An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's +terminal. + + The `-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional +parameters when an interactive shell is started. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Is this Shell Interactive?, Next: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: What is an Interactive Shell?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? +-------------------------------- + +To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running +interactively, test the value of the `-' special parameter. It +contains `i' when the shell is interactive. For example: + + case "$-" in + *i*) echo This shell is interactive ;; + *) echo This shell is not interactive ;; + esac + + Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable `PS1'; it is +unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus: + + if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then + echo This shell is not interactive + else + echo This shell is interactive + fi + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Interactive Shell Behavior, Prev: Is this Shell Interactive?, Up: Interactive Shells + +6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior +-------------------------------- + +When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in +several ways. + + 1. Startup files are read and executed as described in *note Bash + Startup Files::. + + 2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default. When job + control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job + control signals `SIGTTIN', `SIGTTOU', and `SIGTSTP'. + + 3. Bash expands and displays `PS1' before reading the first line of a + command, and expands and displays `PS2' before reading the second + and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. + + 4. Bash executes the value of the `PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a + command before printing the primary prompt, `$PS1' (*note Bash + Variables::). + + 5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands + from the user's terminal. + + 6. Bash inspects the value of the `ignoreeof' option to `set -o' + instead of exiting immediately when it receives an `EOF' on its + standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history + expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default. + Bash will save the command history to the file named by `$HISTFILE' + when an interactive shell exits. + + 8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default. + + 9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores `SIGTERM' (*note + Signals::). + + 10. In the absence of any traps, `SIGINT' is caught and handled + ((*note Signals::). `SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins. + + 11. An interactive login shell sends a `SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if + the `huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::). + + 12. The `-n' invocation option is ignored, and `set -n' has no effect + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + 13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of + the `MAIL', `MAILPATH', and `MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note + Bash Variables::). + + 14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after + `set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit (*note + The Set Builtin::). + + 15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being + unset or null in `${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter + Expansion::). + + 16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the + shell to exit. + + 17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error + status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + + 18. A failed `exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne + Shell Builtins::). + + 19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. + + 20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the `cd' + builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the `cdspell' + option to the `shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::). + + 21. The shell will check the value of the `TMOUT' variable and exit if + a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after + printing `$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::). + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Conditional Expressions, Next: Shell Arithmetic, Prev: Interactive Shells, Up: Bash Features + +6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions +================================ + +Conditional expressions are used by the `[[' compound command and the +`test' and `[' builtin commands. + + Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often +used to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and +numeric comparison operators as well. If the FILE argument to one of +the primaries is of the form `/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is +checked. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of +`/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', or `/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or +2, respectively, is checked. + + When used with `[[', The `<' and `>' operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. + + Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow +symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the +link itself. + +`-a FILE' + True if FILE exists. + +`-b FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a block special file. + +`-c FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a character special file. + +`-d FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a directory. + +`-e FILE' + True if FILE exists. + +`-f FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a regular file. + +`-g FILE' + True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set. + +`-h FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. + +`-k FILE' + True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set. + +`-p FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). + +`-r FILE' + True if FILE exists and is readable. + +`-s FILE' + True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero. + +`-t FD' + True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal. + +`-u FILE' + True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set. + +`-w FILE' + True if FILE exists and is writable. + +`-x FILE' + True if FILE exists and is executable. + +`-O FILE' + True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id. + +`-G FILE' + True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id. + +`-L FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. + +`-S FILE' + True if FILE exists and is a socket. + +`-N FILE' + True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read. + +`FILE1 -nt FILE2' + True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than + FILE2, or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not. + +`FILE1 -ot FILE2' + True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1 + does not. + +`FILE1 -ef FILE2' + True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers. + +`-o OPTNAME' + True if shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options + appears in the description of the `-o' option to the `set' builtin + (*note The Set Builtin::). + +`-z STRING' + True if the length of STRING is zero. + +`-n STRING' +`STRING' + True if the length of STRING is non-zero. + +`STRING1 == STRING2' +`STRING1 = STRING2' + True if the strings are equal. `=' should be used with the `test' + command for POSIX conformance. + +`STRING1 != STRING2' + True if the strings are not equal. + +`STRING1 < STRING2' + True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically. + +`STRING1 > STRING2' + True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically. + +`ARG1 OP ARG2' + `OP' is one of `-eq', `-ne', `-lt', `-le', `-gt', or `-ge'. These + arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not + equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or + greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be + positive or negative integers. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features + +6.5 Shell Arithmetic +==================== + +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the +shell expansions or by the `let' and the `-i' option to the `declare' +builtins. + + Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for +overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The +operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same +as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into +levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order +of decreasing precedence. + +`ID++ ID--' + variable post-increment and post-decrement + +`++ID --ID' + variable pre-increment and pre-decrement + +`- +' + unary minus and plus + +`! ~' + logical and bitwise negation + +`**' + exponentiation + +`* / %' + multiplication, division, remainder + +`+ -' + addition, subtraction + +`<< >>' + left and right bitwise shifts + +`<= >= < >' + comparison + +`== !=' + equality and inequality + +`&' + bitwise AND + +`^' + bitwise exclusive OR + +`|' + bitwise OR + +`&&' + logical AND + +`||' + logical OR + +`expr ? expr : expr' + conditional operator + +`= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=' + assignment + +`expr1 , expr2' + comma + + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, +shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the +parameter expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset +evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter +expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an +arithmetic expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which +has been given the INTEGER attribute using `declare -i' is assigned a +value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have +its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. + + Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A +leading `0x' or `0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the +form [BASE`#']N, where BASE is a decimal number between 2 and 64 +representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base. If +BASE`#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 +are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, `@', +and `_', in that order. If BASE is less than or equal to 36, lowercase +and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers +between 10 and 35. + + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules +above. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Aliases, Next: Arrays, Prev: Shell Arithmetic, Up: Bash Features + +6.6 Aliases +=========== + +ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as +the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of +aliases that may be set and unset with the `alias' and `unalias' +builtin commands. + + The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the +alias. The characters `/', `$', ``', `=' and any of the shell +metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an +alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, +including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text +is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being +expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias +`ls' to `"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively +expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value +is a space or tab character, then the next command word following the +alias is also checked for alias expansion. + + Aliases are created and listed with the `alias' command, and removed +with the `unalias' command. + + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, +as in `csh'. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used +(*note Shell Functions::). + + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless +the `expand_aliases' shell option is set using `shopt' (*note The Shopt +Builtin::). + + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat +confusing. Bash always reads at least one complete line of input +before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are +expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does not +take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands +following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new +alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the +function is executed, because a function definition is itself a +compound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are +not available until after that function is executed. To be safe, +always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use `alias' +in compound commands. + + For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Arrays, Next: The Directory Stack, Prev: Aliases, Up: Bash Features + +6.7 Arrays +========== + +Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the `declare' builtin +will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the +size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or +assigned contiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers +(including arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::) and are +zero-based; associative arrays use arbitrary strings. + + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is +assigned to using the syntax + name[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE + +The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate +to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an +array, use + declare -a NAME + The syntax + declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT] + is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored. + + Associative arrays are created using + declare -A NAME. + + Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the +`declare' and `readonly' builtins. Each attribute applies to all +members of an array. + + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + name=(value1 ... valueN) + where each VALUE is of the form `[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING. Indexed array +assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. When assigning +to indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is +assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last +index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + + When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. + + This syntax is also accepted by the `declare' builtin. Individual +array elements may be assigned to using the `name['SUBSCRIPT`]='VALUE +syntax introduced above. + + Any element of an array may be referenced using +`${name['SUBSCRIPT`]}'. The braces are required to avoid conflicts +with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the SUBSCRIPT is `@' +or `*', the word expands to all members of the array NAME. These +subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If +the word is double-quoted, `${name[*]}' expands to a single word with +the value of each array member separated by the first character of the +`IFS' variable, and `${name[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a +separate word. When there are no array members, `${name[@]}' expands +to nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the +expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of +the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined +with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the +expansion of the special parameters `@' and `*'. +`${#name['SUBSCRIPT`]}' expands to the length of `${name['SUBSCRIPT`]}'. +If SUBSCRIPT is `@' or `*', the expansion is the number of elements in +the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is +equivalent to referencing with a subscript of 0. + + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned +a value. The null string is a valid value. + + The `unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. `unset' +NAME[SUBSCRIPT] destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. Care +must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename +expansion. `unset' NAME, where NAME is an array, removes the entire +array. A subscript of `*' or `@' also removes the entire array. + + The `declare', `local', and `readonly' builtins each accept a `-a' +option to specify an indexed array and a `-A' option to specify an +associative array. The `read' builtin accepts a `-a' option to assign +a list of words read from the standard input to an array, and can read +values from the standard input into individual array elements. The +`set' and `declare' builtins display array values in a way that allows +them to be reused as input. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: The Directory Stack, Next: Printing a Prompt, Prev: Arrays, Up: Bash Features + +6.8 The Directory Stack +======================= + +* Menu: + +* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate + the directory stack. + + The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +`pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current +directory, and the `popd' builtin removes specified directories from +the stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed. +The `dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack. + + The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of +the `DIRSTACK' shell variable. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Directory Stack Builtins, Up: The Directory Stack + +6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins +------------------------------ + +`dirs' + dirs [+N | -N] [-clpv] + Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories + are added to the list with the `pushd' command; the `popd' command + removes directories from the list. + `+N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the + list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting + with zero. + + `-N' + Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the + list printed by `dirs' when invoked without options), starting + with zero. + + `-c' + Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. + + `-l' + Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a + tilde to denote the home directory. + + `-p' + Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per + line. + + `-v' + Causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per + line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. + +`popd' + popd [+N | -N] [-n] + + Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and `cd' to the new + top directory. When no arguments are given, `popd' removes the + top directory from the stack and performs a `cd' to the new top + directory. The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first + directory listed with `dirs'; i.e., `popd' is equivalent to `popd + +0'. + `+N' + Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by `dirs'), starting with zero. + + `-N' + Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the + list printed by `dirs'), starting with zero. + + `-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + +`pushd' + pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR ] + + Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and + then `cd' to DIR. With no arguments, `pushd' exchanges the top + two directories. + + `-n' + Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding + directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + + `+N' + Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list + printed by `dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list + by rotating the stack. + + `-N' + Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list + printed by `dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list + by rotating the stack. + + `DIR' + Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, + and then executes the equivalent of ``cd' DIR'. `cd's to DIR. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Printing a Prompt, Next: The Restricted Shell, Prev: The Directory Stack, Up: Bash Features + +6.9 Controlling the Prompt +========================== + +The value of the variable `PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash +prints each primary prompt. If `PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a +non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed +on the command line. + + In addition, the following table describes the special characters +which can appear in the prompt variables: + +`\a' + A bell character. + +`\d' + The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). + +`\D{FORMAT}' + The FORMAT is passed to `strftime'(3) and the result is inserted + into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a + locale-specific time representation. The braces are required. + +`\e' + An escape character. + +`\h' + The hostname, up to the first `.'. + +`\H' + The hostname. + +`\j' + The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. + +`\l' + The basename of the shell's terminal device name. + +`\n' + A newline. + +`\r' + A carriage return. + +`\s' + The name of the shell, the basename of `$0' (the portion following + the final slash). + +`\t' + The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. + +`\T' + The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. + +`\@' + The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. + +`\A' + The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. + +`\u' + The username of the current user. + +`\v' + The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) + +`\V' + The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) + +`\w' + The current working directory, with `$HOME' abbreviated with a + tilde (uses the `$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable). + +`\W' + The basename of `$PWD', with `$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde. + +`\!' + The history number of this command. + +`\#' + The command number of this command. + +`\$' + If the effective uid is 0, `#', otherwise `$'. + +`\NNN' + The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN. + +`\\' + A backslash. + +`\[' + Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. + +`\]' + End a sequence of non-printing characters. + + The command number and the history number are usually different: the +history number of a command is its position in the history list, which +may include commands restored from the history file (*note Bash History +Facilities::), while the command number is the position in the sequence +of commands executed during the current shell session. + + After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject +to the value of the `promptvars' shell option (*note Bash Builtins::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: The Restricted Shell, Next: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: Printing a Prompt, Up: Bash Features + +6.10 The Restricted Shell +========================= + +If Bash is started with the name `rbash', or the `--restricted' or `-r' +option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A +restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than +the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to `bash' +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: + + * Changing directories with the `cd' builtin. + + * Setting or unsetting the values of the `SHELL', `PATH', `ENV', or + `BASH_ENV' variables. + + * Specifying command names containing slashes. + + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `.' + builtin command. + + * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the `-p' + option to the `hash' builtin command. + + * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at + startup. + + * Parsing the value of `SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at + startup. + + * Redirecting output using the `>', `>|', `<>', `>&', `&>', and `>>' + redirection operators. + + * Using the `exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command. + + * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the `-f' and `-d' options + to the `enable' builtin. + + * Using the `enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell + builtins. + + * Specifying the `-p' option to the `command' builtin. + + * Turning off restricted mode with `set +r' or `set +o restricted'. + + These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note +Shell Scripts::), `rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell +spawned to execute the script. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash POSIX Mode, Prev: The Restricted Shell, Up: Bash Features + +6.11 Bash POSIX Mode +==================== + +Starting Bash with the `--posix' command-line option or executing `set +-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely +to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified +by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs. + + When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the +startup files. + + The following list is what's changed when `POSIX mode' is in effect: + + 1. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will + re-search `$PATH' to find the new location. This is also + available with `shopt -s checkhash'. + + 2. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'. + + 3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job + is stopped is `Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example, + `SIGTSTP'. + + 4. The `bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job + placed in the background, which does not include an indication of + whether the job is the current or previous job. + + 5. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are + recognized do not undergo alias expansion. + + 6. The POSIX `PS1' and `PS2' expansions of `!' to the history number + and `!!' to `!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed + on the values of `PS1' and `PS2' regardless of the setting of the + `promptvars' option. + + 7. The POSIX startup files are executed (`$ENV') rather than the + normal Bash files. + + 8. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a + command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + + 9. The default history file is `~/.sh_history' (this is the default + value of `$HISTFILE'). + + 10. The output of `kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single + line, separated by spaces, without the `SIG' prefix. + + 11. The `kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a `SIG' + prefix. + + 12. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in `.' FILENAME is not + found. + + 13. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic + expansion results in an invalid expression. + + 14. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word + in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + + 15. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in + the redirection. + + 16. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not + contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and + may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid + name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + + 17. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during + command lookup. + + 18. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a + non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in + the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect + options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for + assignments preceding the command name, and so on. + + 19. If `CDPATH' is set, the `cd' builtin will not implicitly append + the current directory to it. This means that `cd' will fail if no + valid directory name can be constructed from any of the entries in + `$CDPATH', even if the a directory with the same name as the name + given as an argument to `cd' exists in the current directory. + + 20. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable + assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment + statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when + trying to assign a value to a readonly variable. + + 21. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration + variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a + `select' statement is a readonly variable. + + 22. Process substitution is not available. + + 23. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in + the shell environment after the builtin completes. + + 24. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the + shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX + special builtin command had been executed. + + 25. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output + in the format required by POSIX. + + 26. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'. + + 27. The `trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible + signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original + disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of + digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the + handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they + should use `-' as the first argument. + + 28. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory + for the filename argument if it is not found by searching `PATH'. + + 29. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the + value of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX + mode, Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells. + + 30. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + + 31. When the `alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not + display them with a leading `alias ' unless the `-p' option is + supplied. + + 32. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not + display shell function names and definitions. + + 33. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays + variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell + metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + + 34. When the `cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname + constructed from `$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an + argument does not refer to an existing directory, `cd' will fail + instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode. + + 35. When the `pwd' builtin is supplied the `-P' option, it resets + `$PWD' to a pathname containing no symlinks. + + 36. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as + the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file + system with the `-P' option. + + 37. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an + indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. + + 38. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'. + + 39. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable + file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to + execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in + `$PATH'. + + 40. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when + the `v' command is run, instead of checking `$VISUAL' and + `$EDITOR'. + + 41. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to + interpret any arguments to `echo' as options. Each argument is + displayed, after escape characters are converted. + + 42. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c' + and `-f' options. + + 43. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not + interrupt the `wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately. + The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + + + There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by +default even when in POSIX mode. Specifically: + + 1. The `fc' builtin checks `$EDITOR' as a program to edit history + entries if `FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to + `ed'. `fc' uses `ed' if `EDITOR' is unset. + + 2. As noted above, Bash requires the `xpg_echo' option to be enabled + for the `echo' builtin to be fully conformant. + + + Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by +specifying the `--enable-strict-posix-default' to `configure' when +building (*note Optional Features::). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: Bash Features, Up: Top + +7 Job Control +************* + +This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash +allows you to access its facilities. + +* Menu: + +* Job Control Basics:: How job control works. +* Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact + with job control. +* Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job + control. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Basics, Next: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control + +7.1 Job Control Basics +====================== + +Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the +execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later +point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive +interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal +driver and Bash. + + The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline. It keeps a table of +currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the `jobs' command. +When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like: + [1] 25647 + indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of +the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. +All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. +Bash uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control. + + To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group ID. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) +receive keyboard-generated signals such as `SIGINT'. These processes +are said to be in the foreground. Background processes are those whose +process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune +to keyboard-generated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed +to read from or, if the user so specifies with `stty tostop', write to +the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write +to when `stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a `SIGTTIN' +(`SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless +caught, suspends the process. + + If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job +control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the SUSPEND +character (typically `^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes +that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash. Typing the +DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically `^Y', Control-Y) causes the +process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, +and control to be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the +state of this job, using the `bg' command to continue it in the +background, the `fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the +`kill' command to kill it. A `^Z' takes effect immediately, and has +the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to +be discarded. + + There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character `%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC). + + Job number `n' may be referred to as `%n'. The symbols `%%' and +`%+' refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last +job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background. +A single `%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to +the current job. The previous job may be referenced using `%-'. If +there is only a single job, `%+' and `%-' can both be used to refer to +that job. In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the `jobs' +command), the current job is always flagged with a `+', and the +previous job with a `-'. + + A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to +start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For +example, `%ce' refers to a stopped `ce' job. Using `%?ce', on the other +hand, refers to any job containing the string `ce' in its command line. +If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an +error. + + Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: +`%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into +the foreground. Similarly, `%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background, +equivalent to `bg %1' + + The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before +reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other +output. If the `-b' option to the `set' builtin is enabled, Bash +reports such changes immediately (*note The Set Builtin::). Any trap +on `SIGCHLD' is executed for each child process that exits. + + If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or +running, if the `checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt +Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the `checkjobs' +option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. The `jobs' +command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt +to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print +another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Basics, Up: Job Control + +7.2 Job Control Builtins +======================== + +`bg' + bg [JOBSPEC ...] + Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had + been started with `&'. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current + job is used. The return status is zero unless it is run when job + control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any + JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without + job control. + +`fg' + fg [JOBSPEC] + Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current + job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used. The + return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, + or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with + job control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or + JOBSPEC specifies a job that was started without job control. + +`jobs' + jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC] + jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS] + + The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the + following meanings: + + `-l' + List process IDs in addition to the normal information. + + `-n' + Display information only about jobs that have changed status + since the user was last notified of their status. + + `-p' + List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. + + `-r' + Restrict output to running jobs. + + `-s' + Restrict output to stopped jobs. + + If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is + listed. + + If the `-x' option is supplied, `jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found + in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID, + and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit + status. + +`kill' + kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID + kill -l [EXIT_STATUS] + Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named + by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID. SIGSPEC is either + a case-insensitive signal name such as `SIGINT' (with or without + the `SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number. + If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, `SIGTERM' is used. The + `-l' option lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied + when `-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the + arguments are listed, and the return status is zero. EXIT_STATUS + is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a + process terminated by a signal. The return status is zero if at + least one signal was successfully sent, or non-zero if an error + occurs or an invalid option is encountered. + +`wait' + wait [JOBSPEC or PID ...] + Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or + job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the + last command waited for. If a job spec is given, all processes in + the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently + active child processes are waited for, and the return status is + zero. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID specifies an active child process + of the shell, the return status is 127. + +`disown' + disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ...] + Without options, each JOBSPEC is removed from the table of active + jobs. If the `-h' option is given, the job is not removed from + the table, but is marked so that `SIGHUP' is not sent to the job + if the shell receives a `SIGHUP'. If JOBSPEC is not present, and + neither the `-a' nor `-r' option is supplied, the current job is + used. If no JOBSPEC is supplied, the `-a' option means to remove + or mark all jobs; the `-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument + restricts operation to running jobs. + +`suspend' + suspend [-f] + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a `SIGCONT' + signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the `-f' option can be + used to override this and force the suspension. + + + When job control is not active, the `kill' and `wait' builtins do +not accept JOBSPEC arguments. They must be supplied process IDs. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Builtins, Up: Job Control + +7.3 Job Control Variables +========================= + +`auto_resume' + This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and + job control. If this variable exists then single word simple + commands without redirections are treated as candidates for + resumption of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if + there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then + the most recently accessed job will be selected. The name of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start + it. If this variable is set to the value `exact', the string + supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to + `substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the + name of a stopped job. The `substring' value provides + functionality analogous to the `%?' job ID (*note Job Control + Basics::). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be + a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality + analogous to the `%' job ID. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Using History Interactively, Prev: Job Control, Up: Top + +8 Command Line Editing +********************** + +This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line +editing interface. Command line editing is provided by the Readline +library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash. +Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive +shell, unless the `--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation. +Line editing is also used when using the `-e' option to the `read' +builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing +commands are similar to those of emacs. A vi-style line editing +interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time +using the `-o emacs' or `-o vi' options to the `set' builtin command +(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the `+o emacs' or `+o vi' +options to `set'. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text. +* Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line. +* Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view. +* Bindable Readline Commands:: A description of most of the Readline commands + available for binding +* Readline vi Mode:: A short description of how to make Readline + behave like the vi editor. + +* Programmable Completion:: How to specify the possible completions for + a specific command. +* Programmable Completion Builtins:: Builtin commands to specify how to + complete arguments for a particular command. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.1 Introduction to Line Editing +================================ + +The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent +keystrokes. + + The text `C-k' is read as `Control-K' and describes the character +produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed. + + The text `M-k' is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character +produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k> +key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards. On +keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the +space bar), the <ALT> on the left side is generally set to work as a +Meta key. The <ALT> key on the right may also be configured to work as +a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a +Compose key for typing accented characters. + + If you do not have a Meta or <ALT> key, or another key working as a +Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC> +_first_, and then typing <k>. Either process is known as "metafying" +the <k> key. + + The text `M-C-k' is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the +character produced by "metafying" `C-k'. + + In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, +<DEL>, <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves +when seen in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::). +If your keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the +desired character. The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on +some keyboards. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.2 Readline Interaction +======================== + +Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, +only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The +Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text +as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing +you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, +you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or +insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with +the line, you simply press <RET>. You do not have to be at the end of +the line to press <RET>; the entire line is accepted regardless of the +location of the cursor within the line. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline. +* Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line. +* Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back! +* Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands. +* Searching:: Searching through previous lines. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials +------------------------------ + +In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed +character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one +space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase +character to back up and delete the mistyped character. + + Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error +until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can +type `C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your +mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with `C-f'. + + When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that +characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room +for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text +behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled +back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A +list of the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line +follows. + +`C-b' + Move back one character. + +`C-f' + Move forward one character. + +<DEL> or <Backspace> + Delete the character to the left of the cursor. + +`C-d' + Delete the character underneath the cursor. + +Printing characters + Insert the character into the line at the cursor. + +`C-_' or `C-x C-u' + Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an + empty line. + +(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key be set to delete +the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to delete +the character underneath the cursor, like `C-d', rather than the +character to the left of the cursor.) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands +-------------------------------- + +The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in +order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many +other commands have been added in addition to `C-b', `C-f', `C-d', and +<DEL>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line. + +`C-a' + Move to the start of the line. + +`C-e' + Move to the end of the line. + +`M-f' + Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and + digits. + +`M-b' + Move backward a word. + +`C-l' + Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. + + Notice how `C-f' moves forward a character, while `M-f' moves +forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes +operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands +------------------------------- + +"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it +away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into +the line. (`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and +`yank'.) + + If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you +can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) +place later. + + When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". +Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so +that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line +specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is +available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. + + Here is the list of commands for killing text. + +`C-k' + Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the + line. + +`M-d' + Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as those used by `M-f'. + +`M-<DEL>' + Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between + words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries are the + same as those used by `M-b'. + +`C-w' + Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is + different than `M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ. + + + Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking means to +copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer. + +`C-y' + Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the + cursor. + +`M-y' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is `C-y' or `M-y'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Next: Searching, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.4 Readline Arguments +------------------------ + +You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the +argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the +argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a +command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will +act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the +start of the line, you might type `M-- C-k'. + + The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type +meta digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus +sign (`-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you +have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the +remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give +the `C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type `M-1 0 C-d', which +will delete the next ten characters on the input line. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Searching, Prev: Readline Arguments, Up: Readline Interaction + +8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History +------------------------------------------- + +Readline provides commands for searching through the command history +(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified +string. There are two search modes: "incremental" and +"non-incremental". + + Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the +search string. As each character of the search string is typed, +Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string +typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters +as needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the +history for a particular string, type `C-r'. Typing `C-s' searches +forward through the history. The characters present in the value of +the `isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental +search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and +`C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search. `C-g' will +abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the +search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string +becomes the current line. + + To find other matching entries in the history list, type `C-r' or +`C-s' as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the +history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. +Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the +search and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate +the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the +history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the +last line found the current line, and begin editing. + + Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two +`C-r's are typed without any intervening characters defining a new +search string, any remembered search string is used. + + Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before +starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be +typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Init File, Next: Bindable Readline Commands, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.3 Readline Init File +====================== + +Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like +keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set +of keybindings. Any user can customize programs that use Readline by +putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home +directory. The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell +variable `INPUTRC'. If that variable is unset, the default is +`~/.inputrc'. If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the +ultimate default is `/etc/inputrc'. + + When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init +file is read, and the key bindings are set. + + In addition, the `C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus +incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. + +* Menu: + +* Readline Init File Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file. + +* Conditional Init Constructs:: Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file. + +* Sample Init File:: An example inputrc file. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline Init File Syntax, Next: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax +------------------------------- + +There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init +file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a `#' are +comments. Lines beginning with a `$' indicate conditional constructs +(*note Conditional Init Constructs::). Other lines denote variable +settings and key bindings. + +Variable Settings + You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the + values of variables in Readline using the `set' command within the + init file. The syntax is simple: + + set VARIABLE VALUE + + Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like + key binding to use `vi' line editing commands: + + set editing-mode vi + + Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized + without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + + Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to + on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1. + Any other value results in the variable being set to off. + + The `bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names + and values. *Note Bash Builtins::. + + A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following + variables. + + `bell-style' + Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the + terminal bell. If set to `none', Readline never rings the + bell. If set to `visible', Readline uses a visible bell if + one is available. If set to `audible' (the default), + Readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. + + `bind-tty-special-chars' + If set to `on', Readline attempts to bind the control + characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver + to their Readline equivalents. + + `comment-begin' + The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the + `insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is + `"#"'. + + `completion-ignore-case' + If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and + completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value + is `off'. + + `completion-prefix-display-length' + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of + possible completions that is displayed without modification. + When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer + than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying + possible completions. + + `completion-query-items' + The number of possible completions that determines when the + user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be + displayed. If the number of possible completions is greater + than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he + wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed. This + variable must be set to an integer value greater than or + equal to 0. A negative value means Readline should never ask. + The default limit is `100'. + + `convert-meta' + If set to `on', Readline will convert characters with the + eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the + eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them + to a meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is `on'. + + `disable-completion' + If set to `On', Readline will inhibit word completion. + Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if + they had been mapped to `self-insert'. The default is `off'. + + `editing-mode' + The `editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key + bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs + editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. + This variable can be set to either `emacs' or `vi'. + + `echo-control-characters' + When set to `on', on operating systems that indicate they + support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a + signal generated from the keyboard. The default is `on'. + + `enable-keypad' + When set to `on', Readline will try to enable the application + keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable + the arrow keys. The default is `off'. + + `enable-meta-key' + When set to `on', Readline will try to enable any meta + modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is + called. On many terminals, the meta key is used to send + eight-bit characters. The default is `on'. + + `expand-tilde' + If set to `on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline + attempts word completion. The default is `off'. + + `history-preserve-point' + If set to `on', the history code attempts to place the point + (the current cursor position) at the same location on each + history line retrieved with `previous-history' or + `next-history'. The default is `off'. + + `history-size' + Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the + history list. If set to zero, the number of entries in the + history list is not limited. + + `horizontal-scroll-mode' + This variable can be set to either `on' or `off'. Setting it + to `on' means that the text of the lines being edited will + scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are + longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto + a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to `off'. + + `input-meta' + If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will + not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), + regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The + default value is `off'. The name `meta-flag' is a synonym + for this variable. + + `isearch-terminators' + The string of characters that should terminate an incremental + search without subsequently executing the character as a + command (*note Searching::). If this variable has not been + given a value, the characters <ESC> and `C-J' will terminate + an incremental search. + + `keymap' + Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding + commands. Acceptable `keymap' names are `emacs', + `emacs-standard', `emacs-meta', `emacs-ctlx', `vi', `vi-move', + `vi-command', and `vi-insert'. `vi' is equivalent to + `vi-command'; `emacs' is equivalent to `emacs-standard'. The + default value is `emacs'. The value of the `editing-mode' + variable also affects the default keymap. + + `mark-directories' + If set to `on', completed directory names have a slash + appended. The default is `on'. + + `mark-modified-lines' + This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to display an + asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been + modified. This variable is `off' by default. + + `mark-symlinked-directories' + If set to `on', completed names which are symbolic links to + directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of + `mark-directories'). The default is `off'. + + `match-hidden-files' + This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to match + files whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when + performing filename completion, unless the leading `.' is + supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. This + variable is `on' by default. + + `output-meta' + If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the + eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape + sequence. The default is `off'. + + `page-completions' + If set to `on', Readline uses an internal `more'-like pager + to display a screenful of possible completions at a time. + This variable is `on' by default. + + `print-completions-horizontally' + If set to `on', Readline will display completions with matches + sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down + the screen. The default is `off'. + + `revert-all-at-newline' + If set to `on', Readline will undo all changes to history + lines before returning when `accept-line' is executed. By + default, history lines may be modified and retain individual + undo lists across calls to `readline'. The default is `off'. + + `show-all-if-ambiguous' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. + If set to `on', words which have more than one possible + completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead + of ringing the bell. The default value is `off'. + + `show-all-if-unmodified' + This alters the default behavior of the completion functions + in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS. If set to + `on', words which have more than one possible completion + without any possible partial completion (the possible + completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to + be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. The + default value is `off'. + + `skip-completed-text' + If set to `on', this alters the default completion behavior + when inserting a single match into the line. It's only + active when performing completion in the middle of a word. + If enabled, readline does not insert characters from the + completion that match characters after point in the word + being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor + are not duplicated. For instance, if this is enabled, + attempting completion when the cursor is after the `e' in + `Makefile' will result in `Makefile' rather than + `Makefilefile', assuming there is a single possible + completion. The default value is `off'. + + `visible-stats' + If set to `on', a character denoting a file's type is + appended to the filename when listing possible completions. + The default is `off'. + + +Key Bindings + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is + simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you + want to change. The following sections contain tables of the + command name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short + description of what the command does. + + Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in + the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, + a colon, and then the name of the command. There can be no space + between the key name and the colon - that will be interpreted as + part of the key name. The name of the key can be expressed in + different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable. + + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to + a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO). + + The `bind -p' command displays Readline function names and + bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization + file. *Note Bash Builtins::. + + KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For + example: + Control-u: universal-argument + Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word + Control-o: "> output" + + In the above example, `C-u' is bound to the function + `universal-argument', `M-DEL' is bound to the function + `backward-kill-word', and `C-o' is bound to run the macro + expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text + `> output' into the line). + + A number of symbolic character names are recognized while + processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, + NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB. + + "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO + KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an + entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key + sequence in double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes + can be used, as in the following example, but the special + character names are not recognized. + + "\C-u": universal-argument + "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file + "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" + + In the above example, `C-u' is again bound to the function + `universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example), + `C-x C-r' is bound to the function `re-read-init-file', and + `<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text `Function + Key 1'. + + + The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when + specifying key sequences: + + `\C-' + control prefix + + `\M-' + meta prefix + + `\e' + an escape character + + `\\' + backslash + + `\"' + <">, a double quotation mark + + `\'' + <'>, a single quote or apostrophe + + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set + of backslash escapes is available: + + `\a' + alert (bell) + + `\b' + backspace + + `\d' + delete + + `\f' + form feed + + `\n' + newline + + `\r' + carriage return + + `\t' + horizontal tab + + `\v' + vertical tab + + `\NNN' + the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN + (one to three digits) + + `\xHH' + the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value + HH (one or two hex digits) + + When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be + used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to + be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes + described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other + character in the macro text, including `"' and `''. For example, + the following binding will make `C-x \' insert a single `\' into + the line: + "\C-x\\": "\\" + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Init Constructs, Next: Sample Init File, Prev: Readline Init File Syntax, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs +--------------------------------- + +Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional +compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings +and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There +are four parser directives used. + +`$if' + The `$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the + editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using + Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no + characters are required to isolate it. + + `mode' + The `mode=' form of the `$if' directive is used to test + whether Readline is in `emacs' or `vi' mode. This may be + used in conjunction with the `set keymap' command, for + instance, to set bindings in the `emacs-standard' and + `emacs-ctlx' keymaps only if Readline is starting out in + `emacs' mode. + + `term' + The `term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key + bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the + terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the + `=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and + the portion of the terminal name before the first `-'. This + allows `sun' to match both `sun' and `sun-cmd', for instance. + + `application' + The APPLICATION construct is used to include + application-specific settings. Each program using the + Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test + for a particular value. This could be used to bind key + sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For + instance, the following command adds a key sequence that + quotes the current or previous word in Bash: + $if Bash + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + $endif + +`$endif' + This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an `$if' + command. + +`$else' + Commands in this branch of the `$if' directive are executed if the + test fails. + +`$include' + This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads + commands and bindings from that file. For example, the following + directive reads from `/etc/inputrc': + $include /etc/inputrc + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Sample Init File, Prev: Conditional Init Constructs, Up: Readline Init File + +8.3.3 Sample Init File +---------------------- + +Here is an example of an INPUTRC file. This illustrates key binding, +variable assignment, and conditional syntax. + + + # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for + # programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing + # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB. + # + # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. + # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. + # + # First, include any systemwide bindings and variable + # assignments from /etc/Inputrc + $include /etc/Inputrc + + # + # Set various bindings for emacs mode. + + set editing-mode emacs + + $if mode=emacs + + Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored + + # + # Arrow keys in keypad mode + # + #"\M-OD": backward-char + #"\M-OC": forward-char + #"\M-OA": previous-history + #"\M-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in ANSI mode + # + "\M-[D": backward-char + "\M-[C": forward-char + "\M-[A": previous-history + "\M-[B": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode + # + #"\M-\C-OD": backward-char + #"\M-\C-OC": forward-char + #"\M-\C-OA": previous-history + #"\M-\C-OB": next-history + # + # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode + # + #"\M-\C-[D": backward-char + #"\M-\C-[C": forward-char + #"\M-\C-[A": previous-history + #"\M-\C-[B": next-history + + C-q: quoted-insert + + $endif + + # An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. + TAB: complete + + # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction + $if Bash + # edit the path + "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" + # prepare to type a quoted word -- + # insert open and close double quotes + # and move to just after the open quote + "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" + # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes + # in sequences and macros) + "\C-x\\": "\\" + # Quote the current or previous word + "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" + # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound + "\C-xr": redraw-current-line + # Edit variable on current line. + "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" + $endif + + # use a visible bell if one is available + set bell-style visible + + # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading + set input-meta on + + # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather + # than converted to prefix-meta sequences + set convert-meta off + + # display characters with the eighth bit set directly + # rather than as meta-prefixed characters + set output-meta on + + # if there are more than 150 possible completions for + # a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them + set completion-query-items 150 + + # For FTP + $if Ftp + "\C-xg": "get \M-?" + "\C-xt": "put \M-?" + "\M-.": yank-last-arg + $endif + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bindable Readline Commands, Next: Readline vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init File, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.4 Bindable Readline Commands +============================== + +* Menu: + +* Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line. +* Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines. +* Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text. +* Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking. +* Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. +* Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you. +* Keyboard Macros:: Saving and re-executing typed characters +* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscellaneous commands. + + This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key +sequences. You can list your key bindings by executing `bind -P' or, +for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, `bind -p'. +(*Note Bash Builtins::.) Command names without an accompanying key +sequence are unbound by default. + + In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor +position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the +`set-mark' command. The text between the point and mark is referred to +as the "region". + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.1 Commands For Moving +------------------------- + +`beginning-of-line (C-a)' + Move to the start of the current line. + +`end-of-line (C-e)' + Move to the end of the line. + +`forward-char (C-f)' + Move forward a character. + +`backward-char (C-b)' + Move back a character. + +`forward-word (M-f)' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of + letters and digits. + +`backward-word (M-b)' + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are + composed of letters and digits. + +`shell-forward-word ()' + Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are delimited by + non-quoted shell metacharacters. + +`shell-backward-word ()' + Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are + delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + +`clear-screen (C-l)' + Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current + line at the top of the screen. + +`redraw-current-line ()' + Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History +------------------------------------------- + +`accept-line (Newline or Return)' + Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is + non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of + the `HISTCONTROL' and `HISTIGNORE' variables. If this line is a + modified history line, then restore the history line to its + original state. + +`previous-history (C-p)' + Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous + command. + +`next-history (C-n)' + Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command. + +`beginning-of-history (M-<)' + Move to the first line in the history. + +`end-of-history (M->)' + Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently + being entered. + +`reverse-search-history (C-r)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. + +`forward-search-history (C-s)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the the history as necessary. This is an incremental + search. + +`non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)' + Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' + through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search + for a string supplied by the user. + +`non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)' + Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' + through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search + for a string supplied by the user. + +`history-search-forward ()' + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +`history-search-backward ()' + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. This is a + non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. + +`yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)' + Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the + second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument N, + insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the + previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts + the Nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the + argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the `!N' + history expansion had been specified. + +`yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)' + Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the + previous history entry). With an argument, behave exactly like + `yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to `yank-last-arg' move back + through the history list, inserting the last argument of each line + in turn. The history expansion facilities are used to extract the + last argument, as if the `!$' history expansion had been specified. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text +-------------------------------- + +`delete-char (C-d)' + Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of + the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last + character typed was not bound to `delete-char', then return EOF. + +`backward-delete-char (Rubout)' + Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means + to kill the characters instead of deleting them. + +`forward-backward-delete-char ()' + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the + end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is + deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key. + +`quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)' + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to + insert key sequences like `C-q', for example. + +`self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)' + Insert yourself. + +`transpose-chars (C-t)' + Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at + the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well. If the insertion + point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two + characters of the line. Negative arguments have no effect. + +`transpose-words (M-t)' + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point + past that word as well. If the insertion point is at the end of + the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. + +`upcase-word (M-u)' + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +`downcase-word (M-l)' + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +`capitalize-word (M-c)' + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor. + +`overwrite-mode ()' + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument, + switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric + argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only + `emacs' mode; `vi' mode does overwrite differently. Each call to + `readline()' starts in insert mode. + + In overwrite mode, characters bound to `self-insert' replace the + text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. + Characters bound to `backward-delete-char' replace the character + before point with a space. + + By default, this command is unbound. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.4 Killing And Yanking +------------------------- + +`kill-line (C-k)' + Kill the text from point to the end of the line. + +`backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)' + Kill backward to the beginning of the line. + +`unix-line-discard (C-u)' + Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line. + +`kill-whole-line ()' + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. + By default, this is unbound. + +`kill-word (M-d)' + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as `forward-word'. + +`backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)' + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + `backward-word'. + +`shell-kill-word ()' + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same + as `shell-forward-word'. + +`backward-kill-word ()' + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + `shell-backward-word'. + +`unix-word-rubout (C-w)' + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary. + The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. + +`unix-filename-rubout ()' + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the + kill-ring. + +`delete-horizontal-space ()' + Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is + unbound. + +`kill-region ()' + Kill the text in the current region. By default, this command is + unbound. + +`copy-region-as-kill ()' + Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked + right away. By default, this command is unbound. + +`copy-backward-word ()' + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as `backward-word'. By default, this + command is unbound. + +`copy-forward-word ()' + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + boundaries are the same as `forward-word'. By default, this + command is unbound. + +`yank (C-y)' + Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. + +`yank-pop (M-y)' + Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this + if the prior command is `yank' or `yank-pop'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments +---------------------------------- + +`digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)' + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new + argument. `M--' starts a negative argument. + +`universal-argument ()' + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is + followed by digits, executing `universal-argument' again ends the + numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if + this command is immediately followed by a character that is + neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argument + count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so + on. By default, this is not bound to a key. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You +----------------------------------- + +`complete (<TAB>)' + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. The + actual completion performed is application-specific. Bash + attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text + begins with `$'), username (if the text begins with `~'), hostname + (if the text begins with `@'), or command (including aliases and + functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename + completion is attempted. + +`possible-completions (M-?)' + List the possible completions of the text before point. + +`insert-completions (M-*)' + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + been generated by `possible-completions'. + +`menu-complete ()' + Similar to `complete', but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of `menu-complete' steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list + of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of + `bell-style') and the original text is restored. An argument of N + moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by + default. + +`menu-complete-backward ()' + Identical to `menu-complete', but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if `menu-complete' had been given a + negative argument. + +`delete-char-or-list ()' + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or + end of the line (like `delete-char'). If at the end of the line, + behaves identically to `possible-completions'. This command is + unbound by default. + +`complete-filename (M-/)' + Attempt filename completion on the text before point. + +`possible-filename-completions (C-x /)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a filename. + +`complete-username (M-~)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + username. + +`possible-username-completions (C-x ~)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a username. + +`complete-variable (M-$)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + shell variable. + +`possible-variable-completions (C-x $)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a shell variable. + +`complete-hostname (M-@)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + hostname. + +`possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a hostname. + +`complete-command (M-!)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, + and finally executable filenames, in that order. + +`possible-command-completions (C-x !)' + List the possible completions of the text before point, treating + it as a command name. + +`dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)' + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + +`dabbrev-expand ()' + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + text against lines from the history list for possible completion + matches. + +`complete-into-braces (M-{)' + Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible + completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + shell (*note Brace Expansion::). + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Keyboard Macros, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.7 Keyboard Macros +--------------------- + +`start-kbd-macro (C-x ()' + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. + +`end-kbd-macro (C-x ))' + Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro + and save the definition. + +`call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)' + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the + characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bindable Readline Commands + +8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands +--------------------------------- + +`re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)' + Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any + bindings or variable assignments found there. + +`abort (C-g)' + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + (subject to the setting of `bell-style'). + +`do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)' + If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is + bound to the corresponding uppercase character. + +`prefix-meta (<ESC>)' + Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a + meta key. Typing `<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing `M-f'. + +`undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)' + Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. + +`revert-line (M-r)' + Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the + `undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning. + +`tilde-expand (M-&)' + Perform tilde expansion on the current word. + +`set-mark (C-@)' + Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + mark is set to that position. + +`exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)' + Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set + to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the + mark. + +`character-search (C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of + that character. A negative count searches for previous + occurrences. + +`character-search-backward (M-C-])' + A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence + of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent + occurrences. + +`skip-csi-sequence ()' + Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as + those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin + with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this + sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will + have no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, + instead of inserting stray characters into the editing buffer. + This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[. + +`insert-comment (M-#)' + Without a numeric argument, the value of the `comment-begin' + variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a + numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if + the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value + of `comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the + characters in `comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of + the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline + had been typed. The default value of `comment-begin' causes this + command to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric + argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will + be executed by the shell. + +`dump-functions ()' + Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline + output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is + formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC + file. This command is unbound by default. + +`dump-variables ()' + Print all of the settable variables and their values to the + Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. + +`dump-macros ()' + Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the + output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an + INPUTRC file. This command is unbound by default. + +`glob-complete-word (M-g)' + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is + used to generate a list of matching file names for possible + completions. + +`glob-expand-word (C-x *)' + The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname + expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, + replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is + appended before pathname expansion. + +`glob-list-expansions (C-x g)' + The list of expansions that would have been generated by + `glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a + numeric argument is supplied, a `*' is appended before pathname + expansion. + +`display-shell-version (C-x C-v)' + Display version information about the current instance of Bash. + +`shell-expand-line (M-C-e)' + Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and + history expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions + (*note Shell Expansions::). + +`history-expand-line (M-^)' + Perform history expansion on the current line. + +`magic-space ()' + Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space + (*note History Interaction::). + +`alias-expand-line ()' + Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::). + +`history-and-alias-expand-line ()' + Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. + +`insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)' + A synonym for `yank-last-arg'. + +`operate-and-get-next (C-o)' + Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line + relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any + argument is ignored. + +`edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)' + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke `$VISUAL', + `$EDITOR', and `emacs' as the editor, in that order. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Prev: Bindable Readline Commands, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.5 Readline vi Mode +==================== + +While the Readline library does not have a full set of `vi' editing +functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line. +The Readline `vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX 1003.2 +standard. + + In order to switch interactively between `emacs' and `vi' editing +modes, use the `set -o emacs' and `set -o vi' commands (*note The Set +Builtin::). The Readline default is `emacs' mode. + + When you enter a line in `vi' mode, you are already placed in +`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing <ESC> switches +you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with +the standard `vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with +`k' and subsequent lines with `j', and so forth. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion, Next: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Readline vi Mode, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.6 Programmable Completion +=========================== + +When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for +which a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using +the `complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the +programmable completion facilities are invoked. + + First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been +defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of +possible completions for the word. If the command word is the empty +string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any +compspec defined with the `-E' option to `complete' is used. If the +command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is +searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an +attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final +slash. If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec +defined with the `-D' option to `complete' is used as the default. + + Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of +matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion +described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed. + + First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches +which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the +`-f' or `-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion, +the shell variable `FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches. *Note Bash +Variables::, for a description of `FIGNORE'. + + Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the +`-G' option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern +need not match the word being completed. The `GLOBIGNORE' shell +variable is not used to filter the matches, but the `FIGNORE' shell +variable is used. + + Next, the string specified as the argument to the `-W' option is +considered. The string is first split using the characters in the `IFS' +special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word +is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as +described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split +using the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results +of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, +and the matching words become the possible completions. + + After these matches have been generated, any shell function or +command specified with the `-F' and `-C' options is invoked. When the +command or function is invoked, the `COMP_LINE', `COMP_POINT', +`COMP_KEY', and `COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described +above (*note Bash Variables::). If a shell function is being invoked, +the `COMP_WORDS' and `COMP_CWORD' variables are also set. When the +function or command is invoked, the first argument is the name of the +command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument is the +word being completed, and the third argument is the word preceding the +word being completed on the current command line. No filtering of the +generated completions against the word being completed is performed; +the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. + + Any function specified with `-F' is invoked first. The function may +use any of the shell facilities, including the `compgen' and `compopt' +builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to +generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the +`COMPREPLY' array variable. + + Next, any command specified with the `-C' option is invoked in an +environment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list +of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be +used to escape a newline, if necessary. + + After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter +specified with the `-X' option is applied to the list. The filter is a +pattern as used for pathname expansion; a `&' in the pattern is +replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal `&' may +be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting +a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from +the list. A leading `!' negates the pattern; in this case any +completion not matching the pattern will be removed. + + Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the `-P' and `-S' +options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result +is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible +completions. + + If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and +the `-o dirnames' option was supplied to `complete' when the compspec +was defined, directory name completion is attempted. + + If the `-o plusdirs' option was supplied to `complete' when the +compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any +matches are added to the results of the other actions. + + By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is +returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. +The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default +of filename completion is disabled. If the `-o bashdefault' option was +supplied to `complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash +completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the +`-o default' option was supplied to `complete' when the compspec was +defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the +compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no +matches. + + When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, +the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash +to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to +the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the +setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable. + + There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is +most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified +with `-D'. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion +handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an +exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the +compspec associated with the command on which completion is being +attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is +executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an +attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of +completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather +than being loaded all at once. + + For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each +kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following +default completion function would load completions dynamically: + + _completion_loader() + { + . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124 + } + complete -D -F _completion_loader + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Programmable Completion Builtins, Prev: Programmable Completion, Up: Command Line Editing + +8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins +==================================== + +Two builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable +completion facilities. + +`compgen' + `compgen [OPTION] [WORD]' + + Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the + OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the `complete' + builtin with the exception of `-p' and `-r', and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the `-F' or `-C' options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion + facilities, while available, will not have useful values. + + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the + programmable completion code had generated them directly from a + completion specification with the same flags. If WORD is + specified, only those completions matching WORD will be displayed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or + no matches were generated. + +`complete' + `complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DE] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT] [-W WORDLIST] + [-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT] + [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]' + `complete -pr [-DE] [NAME ...]' + + Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed. If the + `-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to + be reused as input. The `-r' option removes a completion + specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all + completion specifications. The `-D' option indicates that the + remaining options and actions should apply to the "default" + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for + which no completion has previously been defined. The `-E' option + indicates that the remaining options and actions should apply to + "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + blank line. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when word + completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable + Completion::). The `-D' option takes precedence over `-E'. + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the `-G', `-W', and `-X' options (and, if necessary, + the `-P' and `-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from + expansion before the `complete' builtin is invoked. + + `-o COMP-OPTION' + The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's + behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. + COMP-OPTION may be one of: + + `bashdefault' + Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the + compspec generates no matches. + + `default' + Use Readline's default filename completion if the + compspec generates no matches. + + `dirnames' + Perform directory name completion if the compspec + generates no matches. + + `filenames' + Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so + it can perform any filename-specific processing (like + adding a slash to directory names quoting special + characters, or suppressing trailing spaces). This + option is intended to be used with shell functions + specified with `-F'. + + `nospace' + Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to + words completed at the end of the line. + + `plusdirs' + After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, + directory name completion is attempted and any matches + are added to the results of the other actions. + + + `-A ACTION' + The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of + possible completions: + + `alias' + Alias names. May also be specified as `-a'. + + `arrayvar' + Array variable names. + + `binding' + Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline + Commands::). + + `builtin' + Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified + as `-b'. + + `command' + Command names. May also be specified as `-c'. + + `directory' + Directory names. May also be specified as `-d'. + + `disabled' + Names of disabled shell builtins. + + `enabled' + Names of enabled shell builtins. + + `export' + Names of exported shell variables. May also be + specified as `-e'. + + `file' + File names. May also be specified as `-f'. + + `function' + Names of shell functions. + + `group' + Group names. May also be specified as `-g'. + + `helptopic' + Help topics as accepted by the `help' builtin (*note + Bash Builtins::). + + `hostname' + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the + `HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::). + + `job' + Job names, if job control is active. May also be + specified as `-j'. + + `keyword' + Shell reserved words. May also be specified as `-k'. + + `running' + Names of running jobs, if job control is active. + + `service' + Service names. May also be specified as `-s'. + + `setopt' + Valid arguments for the `-o' option to the `set' builtin + (*note The Set Builtin::). + + `shopt' + Shell option names as accepted by the `shopt' builtin + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + `signal' + Signal names. + + `stopped' + Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. + + `user' + User names. May also be specified as `-u'. + + `variable' + Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as + `-v'. + + `-G GLOBPAT' + The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate + the possible completions. + + `-W WORDLIST' + The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the `IFS' + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is + expanded. The possible completions are the members of the + resultant list which match the word being completed. + + `-C COMMAND' + COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output + is used as the possible completions. + + `-F FUNCTION' + The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell + environment. When it finishes, the possible completions are + retrieved from the value of the `COMPREPLY' array variable. + + `-X FILTERPAT' + FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is + applied to the list of possible completions generated by the + preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching + FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading `!' in + FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion + not matching FILTERPAT is removed. + + `-P PREFIX' + PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion + after all other options have been applied. + + `-S SUFFIX' + SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all + other options have been applied. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + option other than `-p' or `-r' is supplied without a NAME + argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + for a NAME for which no specification exists, or an error occurs + adding a completion specification. + +`compopt' + `compopt' [-o OPTION] [-DE] [+o OPTION] [NAME] + Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs, + or for the currently-execution completion if no NAMEs are supplied. + If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each + NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are + those valid for the `complete' builtin described above. The `-D' + option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the + "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + command for which no completion has previously been defined. The + `-E' option indicates that the remaining options should apply to + "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a + blank line. + + The `-D' option takes precedence over `-E'. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no + completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Installing Bash, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top + +9 Using History Interactively +***************************** + +This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library +interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a +user's guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in +other programs, see the GNU Readline Library Manual. + +* Menu: + +* Bash History Facilities:: How Bash lets you manipulate your command + history. +* Bash History Builtins:: The Bash builtin commands that manipulate + the command history. +* History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Facilities, Next: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.1 Bash History Facilities +=========================== + +When the `-o history' option to the `set' builtin is enabled (*note The +Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the +list of commands previously typed. The value of the `HISTSIZE' shell +variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. +The text of the last `$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved. The +shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and +variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to +the values of the shell variables `HISTIGNORE' and `HISTCONTROL'. + + When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file +named by the `HISTFILE' variable (default `~/.bash_history'). The file +named by the value of `HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain +no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the +`HISTFILESIZE' variable. When an interactive shell exits, the last +`$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file named by +`$HISTFILE'. If the `histappend' shell option is set (*note Bash +Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the +history file is overwritten. If `HISTFILE' is unset, or if the history +file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the +history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than +`$HISTFILESIZE' lines. If `HISTFILESIZE' is not set, no truncation is +performed. + + If the `HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information +associated with each history entry is written to the history file, +marked with the history comment character. When the history file is +read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed +immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the previous +history line. + + The builtin command `fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute +a portion of the history list. The `history' builtin may be used to +display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. +When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each +editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands +For History::). + + The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history +list. The `HISTCONTROL' and `HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause +the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The `cmdhist' +shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line +of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons +where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The `lithist' shell +option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines +instead of semicolons. The `shopt' builtin is used to set these +options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of `shopt'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.2 Bash History Builtins +========================= + +Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list +and history file. + +`fc' + `fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]' + `fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]' + + Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from FIRST to + LAST is selected from the history list. Both FIRST and LAST may + be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command + beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the + history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the + current command number). If LAST is not specified it is set to + FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous + command for editing and -16 for listing. If the `-l' flag is + given, the commands are listed on standard output. The `-n' flag + suppresses the command numbers when listing. The `-r' flag + reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by + ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands. If ENAME is + not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used: + `${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'. This says to use the value of the + `FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the `EDITOR' variable if + that is set, or `vi' if neither is set. When editing is complete, + the edited commands are echoed and executed. + + In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of + PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP. + + A useful alias to use with the `fc' command is `r='fc -s'', so + that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and + typing `r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::). + +`history' + history [N] + history -c + history -d OFFSET + history [-anrw] [FILENAME] + history -ps ARG + + With no options, display the history list with line numbers. + Lines prefixed with a `*' have been modified. An argument of N + lists only the last N lines. If the shell variable + `HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set and not null, it is used as a format + string for STRFTIME to display the time stamp associated with each + displayed history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. + + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + + `-c' + Clear the history list. This may be combined with the other + options to replace the history list completely. + + `-d OFFSET' + Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should + be specified as it appears when the history is displayed. + + `-a' + Append the new history lines (history lines entered since the + beginning of the current Bash session) to the history file. + + `-n' + Append the history lines not already read from the history + file to the current history list. These are lines appended + to the history file since the beginning of the current Bash + session. + + `-r' + Read the current history file and append its contents to the + history list. + + `-w' + Write out the current history to the history file. + + `-p' + Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the + result on the standard output, without storing the results in + the history list. + + `-s' + The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single + entry. + + + When any of the `-w', `-r', `-a', or `-n' options is used, if + FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, + then the value of the `HISTFILE' variable is used. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Builtins, Up: Using History Interactively + +9.3 History Expansion +===================== + +The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar +to the history expansion provided by `csh'. This section describes the +syntax used to manipulate the history information. + + History expansions introduce words from the history list into the +input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments +to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in +previous commands quickly. + + History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to +determine which line from the history list should be used during +substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for +inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is +called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon +are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate +the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion +that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are +considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the +appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default. +Only `\' and `'' may be used to escape the history expansion character. + + Several shell options settable with the `shopt' builtin (*note Bash +Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. +If the `histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being +used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell +parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline +editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used, +and the `histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history +expansion will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for +correction. The `-p' option to the `history' builtin command may be +used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The `-s' +option to the `history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end +of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are +available for subsequent recall. This is most useful in conjunction +with Readline. + + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the +history expansion mechanism with the `histchars' variable, as explained +above (*note Bash Variables::). The shell uses the history comment +character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file. + +* Menu: + +* Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use. +* Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest. +* Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.1 Event Designators +----------------------- + +An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the +history list. + +`!' + Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, + the end of the line, `=' or `(' (when the `extglob' shell option + is enabled using the `shopt' builtin). + +`!N' + Refer to command line N. + +`!-N' + Refer to the command N lines back. + +`!!' + Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. + +`!STRING' + Refer to the most recent command starting with STRING. + +`!?STRING[?]' + Refer to the most recent command containing STRING. The trailing + `?' may be omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a + newline. + +`^STRING1^STRING2^' + Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1 + with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'. + +`!#' + The entire command line typed so far. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.2 Word Designators +---------------------- + +Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A +`:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may +be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or +`%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first +word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current +line separated by single spaces. + + For example, + +`!!' + designates the preceding command. When you type this, the + preceding command is repeated in toto. + +`!!:$' + designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be + shortened to `!$'. + +`!fi:2' + designates the second argument of the most recent command starting + with the letters `fi'. + + Here are the word designators: + +`0 (zero)' + The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word. + +`N' + The Nth word. + +`^' + The first argument; that is, word 1. + +`$' + The last argument. + +`%' + The word matched by the most recent `?STRING?' search. + +`X-Y' + A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'. + +`*' + All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'. + It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the + event; the empty string is returned in that case. + +`X*' + Abbreviates `X-$' + +`X-' + Abbreviates `X-$' like `X*', but omits the last word. + + + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the +previous command is used as the event. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction + +9.3.3 Modifiers +--------------- + +After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or +more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. + +`h' + Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. + +`t' + Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. + +`r' + Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.SUFFIX', leaving the + basename. + +`e' + Remove all but the trailing suffix. + +`p' + Print the new command but do not execute it. + +`q' + Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. + +`x' + Quote the substituted words as with `q', but break into words at + spaces, tabs, and newlines. + +`s/OLD/NEW/' + Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line. + Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be + quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If `&' appears in + NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the + `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character + on the input line. + +`&' + Repeat the previous substitution. + +`g' +`a' + Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in + conjunction with `s', as in `gs/OLD/NEW/', or with `&'. + +`G' + Apply the following `s' modifier once to each word in the event. + + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Installing Bash, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top + +10 Installing Bash +****************** + +This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the +various supported platforms. The distribution supports the GNU +operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix +systems such as BeOS and Interix. Other independent ports exist for +MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms. + +* Menu: + +* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions. +* Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various + systems. +* Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more + than one kind of system from + the same source tree. +* Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation. +* Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system. +* Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU + programs. +* Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program. +* Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when + building Bash. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Basic Installation, Next: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + +10.1 Basic Installation +======================= + +These are installation instructions for Bash. + + The simplest way to compile Bash is: + + 1. `cd' to the directory containing the source code and type + `./configure' to configure Bash for your system. If you're using + `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type `sh + ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute + `configure' itself. + + Running `configure' takes some time. While running, it prints + messages telling which features it is checking for. + + 2. Type `make' to compile Bash and build the `bashbug' bug reporting + script. + + 3. Optionally, type `make tests' to run the Bash test suite. + + 4. Type `make install' to install `bash' and `bashbug'. This will + also install the manual pages and Info file. + + + The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for +various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses +those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package +(the top directory, the `builtins', `doc', and `support' directories, +each directory under `lib', and several others). It also creates a +`config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it +creates a shell script named `config.status' that you can run in the +future to recreate the current configuration, a file `config.cache' +that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a +file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for +debugging `configure'). If at some point `config.cache' contains +results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. + + To find out more about the options and arguments that the +`configure' script understands, type + + bash-2.04$ ./configure --help + +at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. + + If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to +figure out how `configure' could check whether or not to do them, and +mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be +considered for the next release. + + The file `configure.in' is used to create `configure' by a program +called Autoconf. You only need `configure.in' if you want to change it +or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of Autoconf. If you do +this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer. + + You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source +code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the files that +`configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of +computer), type `make distclean'. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Compilers and Options, Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Installing Bash + +10.2 Compilers and Options +========================== + +Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that +the `configure' script does not know about. You can give `configure' +initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using +a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like +this: + + CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure + + On systems that have the `env' program, you can do it like this: + + env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure + + The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Next: Installation Names, Prev: Compilers and Options, Up: Installing Bash + +10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures +========================================= + +You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same +time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own +directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that supports +the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the directory where +you want the object files and executables to go and run the `configure' +script from the source directory. You may need to supply the +`--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell `configure' where the source files +are. `configure' automatically checks for the source code in the +directory that `configure' is in and in `..'. + + If you have to use a `make' that does not supports the `VPATH' +variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the +source code directory. After you have installed Bash for one +architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another +architecture. + + Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use +the `support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic +links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an example +that creates a build directory in the current directory from a source +directory `/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0': + + bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . + +The `mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash +for at least one architecture before you can create build directories +for other architectures. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Installation Names, Next: Specifying the System Type, Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures, Up: Installing Bash + +10.4 Installation Names +======================= + +By default, `make install' will install into `/usr/local/bin', +`/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an installation prefix other +than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the option `--prefix=PATH', or +by specifying a value for the `DESTDIR' `make' variable when running +`make install'. + + You can specify separate installation prefixes for +architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you +give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', `make install' will +use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Specifying the System Type, Next: Sharing Defaults, Prev: Installation Names, Up: Installing Bash + +10.5 Specifying the System Type +=============================== + +There may be some features `configure' can not figure out +automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run +on. Usually `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a +message saying it can not guess the host type, give it the +`--host=TYPE' option. `TYPE' can either be a short name for the system +type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name with three fields: +`CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g., `i386-unknown-freebsd4.2'). + + See the file `support/config.sub' for the possible values of each +field. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Sharing Defaults, Next: Operation Controls, Prev: Specifying the System Type, Up: Installing Bash + +10.6 Sharing Defaults +===================== + +If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, you +can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives default +values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'. `configure' +looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then +`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the +`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. +A warning: the Bash `configure' looks for a site script, but not all +`configure' scripts do. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Operation Controls, Next: Optional Features, Prev: Sharing Defaults, Up: Installing Bash + +10.7 Operation Controls +======================= + +`configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates. + +`--cache-file=FILE' + Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of + `./config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to disable caching, for + debugging `configure'. + +`--help' + Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit. + +`--quiet' +`--silent' +`-q' + Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. + +`--srcdir=DIR' + Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR. Usually + `configure' can determine that directory automatically. + +`--version' + Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure' + script, and exit. + + `configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. `configure --help' prints the complete list. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Optional Features, Prev: Operation Controls, Up: Installing Bash + +10.8 Optional Features +====================== + +The Bash `configure' has a number of `--enable-FEATURE' options, where +FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash. There are also several +`--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like `bash-malloc' +or `purify'. To turn off the default use of a package, use +`--without-PACKAGE'. To configure Bash without a feature that is +enabled by default, use `--disable-FEATURE'. + + Here is a complete list of the `--enable-' and `--with-' options +that the Bash `configure' recognizes. + +`--with-afs' + Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. + +`--with-bash-malloc' + Use the Bash version of `malloc' in the directory `lib/malloc'. + This is not the same `malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an + older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD `malloc'. This + `malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. + This option is enabled by default. The `NOTES' file contains a + list of systems for which this should be turned off, and + `configure' disables this option automatically for a number of + systems. + +`--with-curses' + Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should + be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap + database. + +`--with-gnu-malloc' + A synonym for `--with-bash-malloc'. + +`--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]' + Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of + Readline rather than the version in `lib/readline'. This works + only with Readline 5.0 and later versions. If PREFIX is `yes' or + not supplied, `configure' uses the values of the make variables + `includedir' and `libdir', which are subdirectories of `prefix' by + default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in + the standard system include and library directories. If PREFIX is + `no', Bash links with the version in `lib/readline'. If PREFIX is + set to any other value, `configure' treats it as a directory + pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in + subdirectories of that directory (include files in + PREFIX/`include' and the library in PREFIX/`lib'). + +`--with-purify' + Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from + Rational Software. + +`--enable-minimal-config' + This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the + historical Bourne shell. + + There are several `--enable-' options that alter how Bash is +compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. + +`--enable-largefile' + Enable support for large files + (http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html) if + the operating system requires special compiler options to build + programs which can access large files. This is enabled by + default, if the operating system provides large file support. + +`--enable-profiling' + This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be + processed by `gprof' each time it is executed. + +`--enable-static-link' + This causes Bash to be linked statically, if `gcc' is being used. + This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. + + The `minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the +following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may +be enabled using `enable-FEATURE'. + + All of the following options except for `disabled-builtins' and +`xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default, unless the operating system +does not provide the necessary support. + +`--enable-alias' + Allow alias expansion and include the `alias' and `unalias' + builtins (*note Aliases::). + +`--enable-arith-for-command' + Include support for the alternate form of the `for' command that + behaves like the C language `for' statement (*note Looping + Constructs::). + +`--enable-array-variables' + Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note + Arrays::). + +`--enable-bang-history' + Include support for `csh'-like history substitution (*note History + Interaction::). + +`--enable-brace-expansion' + Include `csh'-like brace expansion ( `b{a,b}c' ==> `bac bbc' ). + See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description. + +`--enable-casemod-attributes' + Include support for case-modifying attributes in the `declare' + builtin and assignment statements. Variables with the UPPERCASE + attribute, for example, will have their values converted to + uppercase upon assignment. + +`--enable-casemod-expansion' + Include support for case-modifying word expansions. + +`--enable-command-timing' + Include support for recognizing `time' as a reserved word and for + displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following `time' + (*note Pipelines::). This allows pipelines as well as shell + builtins and functions to be timed. + +`--enable-cond-command' + Include support for the `[[' conditional command. (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + +`--enable-cond-regexp' + Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the + `=~' binary operator in the `[[' conditional command. (*note + Conditional Constructs::). + +`--enable-coprocesses' + Include support for coprocesses and the `coproc' reserved word + (*note Pipelines::). + +`--enable-debugger' + Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). + +`--enable-directory-stack' + Include support for a `csh'-like directory stack and the `pushd', + `popd', and `dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::). + +`--enable-disabled-builtins' + Allow builtin commands to be invoked via `builtin xxx' even after + `xxx' has been disabled using `enable -n xxx'. See *note Bash + Builtins::, for details of the `builtin' and `enable' builtin + commands. + +`--enable-dparen-arithmetic' + Include support for the `((...))' command (*note Conditional + Constructs::). + +`--enable-extended-glob' + Include support for the extended pattern matching features + described above under *note Pattern Matching::. + +`--enable-extended-glob-default' + Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above + under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled. + +`--enable-help-builtin' + Include the `help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins + and variables (*note Bash Builtins::). + +`--enable-history' + Include command history and the `fc' and `history' builtin + commands (*note Bash History Facilities::). + +`--enable-job-control' + This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if + the operating system supports them. + +`--enable-multibyte' + This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating + system provides the necessary support. + +`--enable-net-redirections' + This enables the special handling of filenames of the form + `/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and `/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in + redirections (*note Redirections::). + +`--enable-process-substitution' + This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if + the operating system provides the necessary support. + +`--enable-progcomp' + Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable + Completion::). If Readline is not enabled, this option has no + effect. + +`--enable-prompt-string-decoding' + Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped + characters in the `$PS1', `$PS2', `$PS3', and `$PS4' prompt + strings. See *note Printing a Prompt::, for a complete list of + prompt string escape sequences. + +`--enable-readline' + Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash + version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::). + +`--enable-restricted' + Include support for a "restricted shell". If this is enabled, + Bash, when called as `rbash', enters a restricted mode. See *note + The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode. + +`--enable-select' + Include the `select' builtin, which allows the generation of simple + menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). + +`--enable-separate-helpfiles' + Use external files for the documentation displayed by the `help' + builtin instead of storing the text internally. + +`--enable-single-help-strings' + Store the text displayed by the `help' builtin as a single string + for each help topic. This aids in translating the text to + different languages. You may need to disable this if your + compiler cannot handle very long string literals. + +`--enable-strict-posix-default' + Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + +`--enable-usg-echo-default' + A synonym for `--enable-xpg-echo-default'. + +`--enable-xpg-echo-default' + Make the `echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by + default, without requiring the `-e' option. This sets the default + value of the `xpg_echo' shell option to `on', which makes the Bash + `echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix + Specification, version 3. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a + description of the escape sequences that `echo' recognizes. + + + The file `config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor `#define' statements +for options which are not settable from `configure'. Some of these are +not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do. Read +the comments associated with each definition for more information about +its effect. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Prev: Installing Bash, Up: Top + +Appendix A Reporting Bugs +************************* + +Please report all bugs you find in Bash. But first, you should make +sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version +of Bash. The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from +`ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/'. + + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +`bashbug' command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are +encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug +reports may be mailed to <bug-bash@gnu.org> or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup `gnu.bash.bug'. + + All bug reports should include: + * The version number of Bash. + + * The hardware and operating system. + + * The compiler used to compile Bash. + + * A description of the bug behaviour. + + * A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used + to reproduce it. + +`bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template +it provides for filing a bug report. + + Please send all reports concerning this manual to +<chet.ramey@case.edu>. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top + +Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell +************************************************** + +Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable +expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. Bash uses the +POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be +implemented. There are some differences between the traditional Bourne +shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of +significance. A number of these differences are explained in greater +depth in previous sections. This section uses the version of `sh' +included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as +the baseline reference. + + * Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification + differs from traditional `sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). + + * Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking + Bash::). + + * Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and + the `bind' builtin. + + * Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note + Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands `complete', + `compgen', and `compopt', to manipulate it. + + * Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the + `history' and `fc' builtins to manipulate it. The Bash history + list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the + `HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it. + + * Bash implements `csh'-like history expansion (*note History + Interaction::). + + * Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the + appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. + Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. Bash + provides a number of built-in array variables. + + * The `$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C + backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes, + is supported (*note ANSI-C Quoting::). + + * Bash supports the `$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific + translation of the characters between the double quotes. The + `-D', `--dump-strings', and `--dump-po-strings' invocation options + list the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale + Translation::). + + * Bash implements the `!' keyword to negate the return value of a + pipeline (*note Pipelines::). Very useful when an `if' statement + needs to act only if a test fails. The Bash `-o pipefail' option + to `set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any + command fails. + + * Bash has the `time' reserved word and command timing (*note + Pipelines::). The display of the timing statistics may be + controlled with the `TIMEFORMAT' variable. + + * Bash implements the `for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic + for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping + Constructs::). + + * Bash includes the `select' compound command, which allows the + generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::). + + * Bash includes the `[[' compound command, which makes conditional + testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional + Constructs::), including optional regular expression matching. + + * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the `case' and + `[[' constructs. + + * Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde + expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::). + + * Bash implements command aliases and the `alias' and `unalias' + builtins (*note Aliases::). + + * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the `((' compound command (*note + Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). + + * Variables present in the shell's initial environment are + automatically exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does + not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked + using the `export' command. + + * Bash supports the `+=' assignment operator, which appends to the + value of the variable named on the left hand side. + + * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal `%', `#', `%%' and `##' + expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable + values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion `${#xx}', which returns the length of `${xx}', is + supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion `${var:'OFFSET`[:'LENGTH`]}', which expands to the + substring of `var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET, + is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion `${var/[/]'PATTERN`[/'REPLACEMENT`]}', which matches + PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of `var', is + available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * The expansion `${!PREFIX}*' expansion, which expands to the names + of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available + (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::). + + * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using `${!word}' (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::). + + * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond `$9' using `${NUM}'. + + * The POSIX `$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note + Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's ```' + (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility). + + * Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::). + + * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information + about the current user (`UID', `EUID', and `GROUPS'), the current + host (`HOSTTYPE', `OSTYPE', `MACHTYPE', and `HOSTNAME'), and the + instance of Bash that is running (`BASH', `BASH_VERSION', and + `BASH_VERSINFO'). *Note Bash Variables::, for details. + + * The `IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion, + not all words (*note Word Splitting::). This closes a + longstanding shell security hole. + + * Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators, + including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING + SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::). + + * Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the + `extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::). + + * It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same + name; `sh' does not separate the two name spaces. + + * Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the + `local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, + even builtins and functions (*note Environment::). In `sh', all + variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the + command is executed from the file system. + + * Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands + to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash contains the `<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be + opened for both reading and writing, and the `&>' redirection + operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the + same file (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash includes the `<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to + be used as the standard input to a command. + + * Bash implements the `[n]<&WORD' and `[n]>&WORD' redirection + operators, which move one file descriptor to another. + + * Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in + redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and + services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::). + + * The `noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing + files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::). The `>|' + redirection operator may be used to override `noclobber'. + + * The Bash `cd' and `pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) + each take `-L' and `-P' options to switch between logical and + physical modes. + + * Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, + and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the + function via the `builtin' and `command' builtins (*note Bash + Builtins::). + + * The `command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when + command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the `enable' + builtin (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash `exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users + to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed + command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be + (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + * Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment + using `export -f' (*note Shell Functions::). + + * The Bash `export', `readonly', and `declare' builtins can take a + `-f' option to act on shell functions, a `-p' option to display + variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used + as shell input, a `-n' option to remove various variable + attributes, and `name=value' arguments to set variable attributes + and values simultaneously. + + * The Bash `hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an + arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by + searching the `$PATH', using `hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins::). + + * Bash includes a `help' builtin for quick reference to shell + facilities (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The `printf' builtin is available to display formatted output + (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash `read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line + ending in `\' with the `-r' option, and will use the `REPLY' + variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied. + The Bash `read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the `-p' + option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the + `-e' option. The `read' builtin also has additional options to + control input: the `-s' option will turn off echoing of input + characters as they are read, the `-t' option will allow `read' to + time out if input does not arrive within a specified number of + seconds, the `-n' option will allow reading only a specified + number of characters rather than a full line, and the `-d' option + will read until a particular character rather than newline. + + * The `return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts + executed with the `.' or `source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell + Builtins::). + + * Bash includes the `shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell + optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows + these options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note + Invoking Bash::). + + * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the `set' + builtin (*note The Set Builtin::). + + * The `-x' (`xtrace') option displays commands other than simple + commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set + Builtin::). + + * The `test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly + different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies + the behavior based on the number of arguments. + + * Bash includes the `caller' builtin, which displays the context of + any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed + with the `.' or `source' builtins). This supports the bash + debugger. + + * The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a + `DEBUG' pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT'. Commands + specified with a `DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple + command, `for' command, `case' command, `select' command, every + arithmetic `for' command, and before the first command executes in + a shell function. The `DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell + functions unless the function has been given the `trace' attribute + or the `functrace' option has been enabled using the `shopt' + builtin. The `extdebug' shell option has additional effects on the + `DEBUG' trap. + + The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an `ERR' + pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT' and `DEBUG'. + Commands specified with an `ERR' trap are executed after a simple + command fails, with a few exceptions. The `ERR' trap is not + inherited by shell functions unless the `-o errtrace' option to + the `set' builtin is enabled. + + The `trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a + `RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to `EXIT' and + `DEBUG'. Commands specified with an `RETURN' trap are executed + before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script + executed with `.' or `source' returns. The `RETURN' trap is not + inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given + the `trace' attribute or the `functrace' option has been enabled + using the `shopt' builtin. + + * The Bash `type' builtin is more extensive and gives more + information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::). + + * The Bash `umask' builtin permits a `-p' option to cause the output + to be displayed in the form of a `umask' command that may be + reused as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). + + * Bash implements a `csh'-like directory stack, and provides the + `pushd', `popd', and `dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The + Directory Stack::). Bash also makes the directory stack visible + as the value of the `DIRSTACK' shell variable. + + * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt + strings when interactive (*note Printing a Prompt::). + + * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted + Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. + + * The `disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job + table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of + `SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a `SIGHUP'. + + * Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger + for shell scripts. + + * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins (`mldmode' and + `priv') not present in Bash. + + * Bash does not have the `stop' or `newgrp' builtins. + + * Bash does not use the `SHACCT' variable or perform shell + accounting. + + * The SVR4.2 `sh' uses a `TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses `TMOUT'. + + +More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::. + +B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell +==================================================== + +Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from +many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: + + * Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a + shell control structure such as an `if' or `while' statement. + + * Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will + silently insert a needed closing quote at `EOF' under certain + circumstances. This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. + + * The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on + trapping `SIGSEGV'. If the shell is started from a process with + `SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the `system()' C library + function call), it misbehaves badly. + + * In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when + invoked without the `-p' option, will alter its real and effective + UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value, + commonly 100. This can lead to unexpected results. + + * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap `SIGSEGV', + `SIGALRM', or `SIGCHLD'. + + * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the `IFS', `MAILCHECK', `PATH', + `PS1', or `PS2' variables to be unset. + + * The SVR4.2 shell treats `^' as the undocumented equivalent of `|'. + + * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (`-x -v'); + the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (`-xv'). In + fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument + begins with a `-'. + + * The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a + script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only + for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard. + + * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as `jsh' (it + turns on job control). + + +File: bashref.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Indexes, Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell, Up: Top + +Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License +***************************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + `http://fsf.org/' + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other + functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to + assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, + with or without modifying it, either commercially or + noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the + author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not + being considered responsible for modifications made by others. + + This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative + works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. + It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft + license designed for free software. + + We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for + free software, because free software needs free documentation: a + free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms + that the software does. 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If your rights have been terminated and + not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of + the same material does not give you any rights to use it. + + 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of + the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new + versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may + differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. + + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version + number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered + version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you + have the option of following the terms and conditions either of + that specified version or of any later version that has been + published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If + the Document does not specify a version number of this License, + you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the + Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy + can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that + proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently + authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. + + 11. RELICENSING + + "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any + World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also + provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A + public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. + A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the + site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC + site. + + "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 + license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit + corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, + California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license + published by that same organization. + + "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or + in part, as part of another Document. + + An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this + License, and if all works that were first published under this + License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently + incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover + texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior + to November 1, 2008. + + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the + site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, + 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + + +ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +==================================================== + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to +permit their use in free software. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Appendix D Indexes +****************** + +* Menu: + +* Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands. +* Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words. +* Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the + variable you want. +* Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions. +* Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in + this manual. + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Builtin Index, Next: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes + +D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands +=================================== + + +* Menu: + +* .: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 16) +* :: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 11) +* [: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 213) +* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11) +* bg: Job Control Builtins. + (line 7) +* bind: Bash Builtins. (line 21) +* break: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 29) +* builtin: Bash Builtins. (line 98) +* caller: Bash Builtins. (line 106) +* cd: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 36) +* command: Bash Builtins. (line 123) +* compgen: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 10) +* complete: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 28) +* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 217) +* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 55) +* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 142) +* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 7) +* disown: Job Control Builtins. + (line 83) +* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 221) +* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 273) +* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 63) +* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 70) +* exit: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 82) +* export: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 88) +* fc: Bash History Builtins. + (line 10) +* fg: Job Control Builtins. + (line 16) +* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 103) +* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 145) +* help: Bash Builtins. (line 301) +* history: Bash History Builtins. + (line 39) +* jobs: Job Control Builtins. + (line 25) +* kill: Job Control Builtins. + (line 57) +* let: Bash Builtins. (line 321) +* local: Bash Builtins. (line 328) +* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 338) +* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 342) +* popd: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 37) +* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 388) +* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. + (line 58) +* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 163) +* read: Bash Builtins. (line 413) +* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 493) +* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 172) +* return: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 188) +* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11) +* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 201) +* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9) +* source: Bash Builtins. (line 501) +* suspend: Job Control Builtins. + (line 94) +* test: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 213) +* times: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 281) +* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 286) +* type: Bash Builtins. (line 505) +* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 536) +* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 542) +* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 332) +* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 630) +* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. + (line 349) +* wait: Job Control Builtins. + (line 73) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Reserved Word Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Builtin Index, Up: Indexes + +D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words +================================= + + +* Menu: + +* !: Pipelines. (line 9) +* [[: Conditional Constructs. + (line 117) +* ]]: Conditional Constructs. + (line 117) +* case: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* do: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* done: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* elif: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* else: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* esac: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* fi: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* for: Looping Constructs. (line 29) +* function: Shell Functions. (line 13) +* if: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* in: Conditional Constructs. + (line 28) +* select: Conditional Constructs. + (line 76) +* then: Conditional Constructs. + (line 7) +* time: Pipelines. (line 9) +* until: Looping Constructs. (line 12) +* while: Looping Constructs. (line 20) +* {: Command Grouping. (line 21) +* }: Command Grouping. (line 21) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: Reserved Word Index, Up: Indexes + +D.3 Parameter and Variable Index +================================ + + +* Menu: + +* !: Special Parameters. (line 46) +* #: Special Parameters. (line 30) +* $: Special Parameters. (line 42) +* *: Special Parameters. (line 9) +* -: Special Parameters. (line 37) +* 0: Special Parameters. (line 50) +* ?: Special Parameters. (line 33) +* @: Special Parameters. (line 19) +* _: Special Parameters. (line 59) +* auto_resume: Job Control Variables. + (line 6) +* BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13) +* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 30) +* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 37) +* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 47) +* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 57) +* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 64) +* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 69) +* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 75) +* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 78) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 87) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 95) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 99) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 103) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 127) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 130) +* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16) +* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25) +* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 38) +* bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 45) +* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 9) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 141) +* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 50) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 146) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 175) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 152) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 157) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 165) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 179) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 185) +* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 60) +* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 67) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 193) +* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 77) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 198) +* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 83) +* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 88) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 208) +* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 99) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 213) +* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 110) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 217) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 221) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 227) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 236) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 242) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 248) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 263) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 268) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 284) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 288) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 296) +* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 114) +* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 120) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 315) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 319) +* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 13) +* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 125) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 328) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 339) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 342) +* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 18) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 345) +* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 132) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 355) +* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 139) +* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 146) +* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 359) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 363) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 367) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 374) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Locale Translation. (line 11) +* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 379) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 383) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 387) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 391) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 396) +* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 22) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 400) +* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 27) +* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 159) +* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 164) +* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 169) +* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 132) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 408) +* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 34) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 411) +* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 38) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 415) +* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 176) +* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 181) +* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 42) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 418) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 423) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 432) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 436) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 440) +* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 48) +* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. + (line 53) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 446) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 451) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 457) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 460) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 465) +* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 191) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 468) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 474) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 479) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 488) +* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 197) +* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 203) +* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 212) +* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11) +* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 493) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 531) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 543) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 547) +* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 225) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes + +D.4 Function Index +================== + + +* Menu: + +* abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 10) +* accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. (line 6) +* backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15) +* backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 11) +* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. (line 9) +* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>): Commands For Killing. (line 24) +* backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. (line 22) +* beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. (line 20) +* beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. (line 6) +* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) +* capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 46) +* character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 41) +* character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 46) +* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34) +* complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion. + (line 6) +* copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 58) +* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 63) +* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. (line 54) +* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) +* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion. + (line 39) +* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. (line 46) +* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) +* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 14) +* downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 42) +* dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 73) +* dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 85) +* dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 79) +* end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) +* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. (line 23) +* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9) +* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 36) +* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 15) +* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12) +* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. (line 31) +* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18) +* history-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 51) +* history-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 46) +* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 60) +* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. + (line 18) +* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. (line 6) +* kill-region (): Commands For Killing. (line 50) +* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. (line 15) +* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. (line 19) +* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. + (line 22) +* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion. + (line 34) +* next-history (C-n): Commands For History. (line 17) +* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History. + (line 41) +* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. + (line 36) +* overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 50) +* possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. + (line 15) +* prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 18) +* previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. (line 13) +* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 20) +* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 6) +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38) +* reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 27) +* revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 25) +* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 24) +* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 32) +* skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 51) +* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) +* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 27) +* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 33) +* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 22) +* universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) +* unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. (line 41) +* unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. (line 12) +* unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. (line 37) +* upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. (line 38) +* yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. (line 68) +* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_): Commands For History. (line 65) +* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History. (line 56) +* yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing. (line 71) + + +File: bashref.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Indexes + +D.5 Concept Index +================= + + +* Menu: + +* alias expansion: Aliases. (line 6) +* arithmetic evaluation: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arithmetic expansion: Arithmetic Expansion. + (line 6) +* arithmetic, shell: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* arrays: Arrays. (line 6) +* background: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* Bash configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* Bash installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* Bourne shell: Basic Shell Features. + (line 6) +* brace expansion: Brace Expansion. (line 6) +* builtin: Definitions. (line 17) +* command editing: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* command execution: Command Search and Execution. + (line 6) +* command expansion: Simple Command Expansion. + (line 6) +* command history: Bash History Facilities. + (line 6) +* command search: Command Search and Execution. + (line 6) +* command substitution: Command Substitution. + (line 6) +* command timing: Pipelines. (line 9) +* commands, compound: Compound Commands. (line 6) +* commands, conditional: Conditional Constructs. + (line 6) +* commands, grouping: Command Grouping. (line 6) +* commands, lists: Lists. (line 6) +* commands, looping: Looping Constructs. (line 6) +* commands, pipelines: Pipelines. (line 6) +* commands, shell: Shell Commands. (line 6) +* commands, simple: Simple Commands. (line 6) +* comments, shell: Comments. (line 6) +* completion builtins: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 6) +* configuration: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* control operator: Definitions. (line 21) +* coprocess: Coprocesses. (line 6) +* directory stack: The Directory Stack. (line 6) +* editing command lines: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* environment: Environment. (line 6) +* evaluation, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* event designators: Event Designators. (line 6) +* execution environment: Command Execution Environment. + (line 6) +* exit status <1>: Exit Status. (line 6) +* exit status: Definitions. (line 26) +* expansion: Shell Expansions. (line 6) +* expansion, arithmetic: Arithmetic Expansion. + (line 6) +* expansion, brace: Brace Expansion. (line 6) +* expansion, filename: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* expansion, parameter: Shell Parameter Expansion. + (line 6) +* expansion, pathname: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* expansion, tilde: Tilde Expansion. (line 6) +* expressions, arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* expressions, conditional: Bash Conditional Expressions. + (line 6) +* field: Definitions. (line 30) +* filename: Definitions. (line 35) +* filename expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* foreground: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* functions, shell: Shell Functions. (line 6) +* history builtins: Bash History Builtins. + (line 6) +* history events: Event Designators. (line 7) +* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6) +* history list: Bash History Facilities. + (line 6) +* History, how to use: Programmable Completion Builtins. + (line 237) +* identifier: Definitions. (line 51) +* initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6) +* installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) +* interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. + (line 6) +* interactive shell <1>: Interactive Shells. (line 6) +* interactive shell: Invoking Bash. (line 127) +* internationalization: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* job: Definitions. (line 38) +* job control <1>: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* job control: Definitions. (line 42) +* kill ring: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 19) +* killing text: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 6) +* localization: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* login shell: Invoking Bash. (line 124) +* matching, pattern: Pattern Matching. (line 6) +* metacharacter: Definitions. (line 46) +* name: Definitions. (line 51) +* native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* notation, readline: Readline Bare Essentials. + (line 6) +* operator, shell: Definitions. (line 57) +* parameter expansion: Shell Parameter Expansion. + (line 6) +* parameters: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* parameters, positional: Positional Parameters. + (line 6) +* parameters, special: Special Parameters. (line 6) +* pathname expansion: Filename Expansion. (line 9) +* pattern matching: Pattern Matching. (line 6) +* pipeline: Pipelines. (line 6) +* POSIX: Definitions. (line 9) +* POSIX Mode: Bash POSIX Mode. (line 6) +* process group: Definitions. (line 62) +* process group ID: Definitions. (line 66) +* process substitution: Process Substitution. + (line 6) +* programmable completion: Programmable Completion. + (line 6) +* prompting: Printing a Prompt. (line 6) +* quoting: Quoting. (line 6) +* quoting, ANSI: ANSI-C Quoting. (line 6) +* Readline, how to use: Job Control Variables. + (line 24) +* redirection: Redirections. (line 6) +* reserved word: Definitions. (line 70) +* restricted shell: The Restricted Shell. + (line 6) +* return status: Definitions. (line 75) +* shell arithmetic: Shell Arithmetic. (line 6) +* shell function: Shell Functions. (line 6) +* shell script: Shell Scripts. (line 6) +* shell variable: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* shell, interactive: Interactive Shells. (line 6) +* signal: Definitions. (line 78) +* signal handling: Signals. (line 6) +* special builtin <1>: Special Builtins. (line 6) +* special builtin: Definitions. (line 82) +* startup files: Bash Startup Files. (line 6) +* suspending jobs: Job Control Basics. (line 6) +* tilde expansion: Tilde Expansion. (line 6) +* token: Definitions. (line 86) +* translation, native languages: Locale Translation. (line 6) +* variable, shell: Shell Parameters. (line 6) +* variables, readline: Readline Init File Syntax. + (line 37) +* word: Definitions. (line 90) +* word splitting: Word Splitting. (line 6) +* yanking text: Readline Killing Commands. + (line 6) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top1346 +Node: Introduction3185 +Node: What is Bash?3413 +Node: What is a shell?4526 +Node: Definitions7066 +Node: Basic Shell Features9984 +Node: Shell Syntax11203 +Node: Shell Operation12233 +Node: Quoting13527 +Node: Escape Character14830 +Node: Single Quotes15315 +Node: Double Quotes15663 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16788 +Node: Locale Translation17773 +Node: Comments18669 +Node: Shell Commands19287 +Node: Simple Commands20111 +Node: Pipelines20742 +Node: Lists22998 +Node: Compound Commands24727 +Node: Looping Constructs25531 +Node: Conditional Constructs27986 +Node: Command Grouping36099 +Node: Coprocesses37578 +Node: Shell Functions39222 +Node: Shell Parameters43776 +Node: Positional Parameters46192 +Node: Special Parameters47092 +Node: Shell Expansions50056 +Node: Brace Expansion51981 +Node: Tilde Expansion54736 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion57087 +Node: Command Substitution65988 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion67321 +Node: Process Substitution68171 +Node: Word Splitting69221 +Node: Filename Expansion70844 +Node: Pattern Matching72983 +Node: Quote Removal76622 +Node: Redirections76917 +Node: Executing Commands85442 +Node: Simple Command Expansion86112 +Node: Command Search and Execution88042 +Node: Command Execution Environment90379 +Node: Environment93365 +Node: Exit Status95025 +Node: Signals96646 +Node: Shell Scripts98614 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands101132 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins103160 +Node: Bash Builtins120536 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior145364 +Node: The Set Builtin145709 +Node: The Shopt Builtin155233 +Node: Special Builtins166095 +Node: Shell Variables167074 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables167514 +Node: Bash Variables169495 +Node: Bash Features192981 +Node: Invoking Bash193864 +Node: Bash Startup Files199673 +Node: Interactive Shells204685 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?205095 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?205744 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior206559 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions209839 +Node: Shell Arithmetic213488 +Node: Aliases216234 +Node: Arrays218806 +Node: The Directory Stack222764 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins223478 +Node: Printing a Prompt226370 +Node: The Restricted Shell229122 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode230954 +Node: Job Control239011 +Node: Job Control Basics239471 +Node: Job Control Builtins244188 +Node: Job Control Variables248552 +Node: Command Line Editing249710 +Node: Introduction and Notation251277 +Node: Readline Interaction252899 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials254090 +Node: Readline Movement Commands255879 +Node: Readline Killing Commands256844 +Node: Readline Arguments258764 +Node: Searching259808 +Node: Readline Init File261994 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax263141 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs277628 +Node: Sample Init File280161 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands283278 +Node: Commands For Moving284485 +Node: Commands For History285629 +Node: Commands For Text288784 +Node: Commands For Killing291457 +Node: Numeric Arguments293908 +Node: Commands For Completion295047 +Node: Keyboard Macros299007 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands299578 +Node: Readline vi Mode305384 +Node: Programmable Completion306298 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins313504 +Node: Using History Interactively322640 +Node: Bash History Facilities323324 +Node: Bash History Builtins326238 +Node: History Interaction330095 +Node: Event Designators332800 +Node: Word Designators333815 +Node: Modifiers335454 +Node: Installing Bash336858 +Node: Basic Installation337995 +Node: Compilers and Options340687 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures341428 +Node: Installation Names343092 +Node: Specifying the System Type343910 +Node: Sharing Defaults344626 +Node: Operation Controls345299 +Node: Optional Features346257 +Node: Reporting Bugs355816 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell357017 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License373704 +Node: Indexes398900 +Node: Builtin Index399354 +Node: Reserved Word Index406181 +Node: Variable Index408629 +Node: Function Index420722 +Node: Concept Index427731 + +End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bashref.pdf b/doc/bashref.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..61b2472 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashref.pdf diff --git a/doc/bashref.ps b/doc/bashref.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8eb5d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashref.ps @@ -0,0 +1,16298 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.95a Copyright 2005 Radical Eye Software +%%Title: bashref.dvi +%%Pages: 164 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 +%%DocumentFonts: CMBX12 CMR10 CMTT10 CMSL10 CMSY10 CMMI12 CMMI10 CMCSC10 +%%+ CMTI10 CMSLTT10 CMTT12 CMTT9 CMMI9 CMR9 +%%DocumentPaperSizes: Letter +%%EndComments +%DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) +%DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -D 600 -t letter -o bashref.ps bashref.dvi +%DVIPSParameters: dpi=600 +%DVIPSSource: TeX output 2009.12.29:1559 +%%BeginProcSet: tex.pro 0 0 +%! 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All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.00B) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMR10) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle 0 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMR10 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 11 /ff put +dup 12 /fi put +dup 13 /fl put +dup 14 /ffi put +dup 33 /exclam put +dup 34 /quotedblright put +dup 36 /dollar put +dup 37 /percent put +dup 38 /ampersand put +dup 39 /quoteright put +dup 40 /parenleft put +dup 41 /parenright put +dup 44 /comma put +dup 45 /hyphen put +dup 46 /period put +dup 47 /slash put +dup 48 /zero put +dup 49 /one put +dup 50 /two put +dup 51 /three put +dup 52 /four put +dup 53 /five put +dup 54 /six put +dup 55 /seven put +dup 56 /eight put +dup 57 /nine put +dup 58 /colon put +dup 59 /semicolon put +dup 61 /equal put +dup 63 /question put +dup 65 /A put +dup 66 /B put +dup 67 /C 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+TeXDict begin 158 163 bop eop end +%%Trailer + +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf8e3d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bashref.texi @@ -0,0 +1,7931 @@ +\input texinfo.tex @c -*- texinfo -*- +@c %**start of header +@setfilename bashref.info +@settitle Bash Reference Manual +@c %**end of header + +@setchapternewpage odd + +@include version.texi + +@copying +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in +the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}). + +This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, +of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual}, +for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}. + +Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +@quotation +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no +Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', +and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is +included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. + +(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You are free to copy and modify +this GNU manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in +developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' + +@end quotation +@end copying + +@defcodeindex bt +@defcodeindex rw +@set BashFeatures + +@dircategory Basics +@direntry +* Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. +@end direntry + +@finalout + +@titlepage +@title Bash Reference Manual +@subtitle Reference Documentation for Bash +@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for @code{Bash} Version @value{VERSION}. +@subtitle @value{UPDATED-MONTH} +@author Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University +@author Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation + +@page +@vskip 0pt plus 1filll +@insertcopying + +@sp 1 +Published by the Free Software Foundation @* +59 Temple Place, Suite 330, @* +Boston, MA 02111-1307 @* +USA @* + +@end titlepage + +@contents + +@ifnottex +@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) +@top Bash Features + +This text is a brief description of the features that are present in +the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}). + +This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, +of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual}, +for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}. + +Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some +features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has +borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (@file{sh}), the Korn Shell +(@file{ksh}), and the C-shell (@file{csh} and its successor, +@file{tcsh}). The following menu breaks the features up into +categories based upon which one of these other shells inspired the +feature. + +This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in +Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive +reference on shell behavior. + +@menu +* Introduction:: An introduction to the shell. +* Definitions:: Some definitions used in the rest of this + manual. +* Basic Shell Features:: The shell "building blocks". +* Shell Builtin Commands:: Commands that are a part of the shell. +* Shell Variables:: Variables used or set by Bash. +* Bash Features:: Features found only in Bash. +* Job Control:: What job control is and how Bash allows you + to use it. +* Command Line Editing:: Chapter describing the command line + editing features. +* Using History Interactively:: Command History Expansion +* Installing Bash:: How to build and install Bash on your system. +* Reporting Bugs:: How to report bugs in Bash. +* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell:: A terse list of the differences + between Bash and historical + versions of /bin/sh. +* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation. +* Indexes:: Various indexes for this manual. +@end menu +@end ifnottex + +@node Introduction +@chapter Introduction +@menu +* What is Bash?:: A short description of Bash. +* What is a shell?:: A brief introduction to shells. +@end menu + +@node What is Bash? +@section What is Bash? + +Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, +for the @sc{gnu} operating system. +The name is an acronym for the @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}, +a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of +the current Unix shell @code{sh}, +which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version +of Unix. + +Bash is largely compatible with @code{sh} and incorporates useful +features from the Korn shell @code{ksh} and the C shell @code{csh}. +It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the @sc{ieee} +@sc{posix} Shell and Tools portion of the @sc{ieee} @sc{posix} +specification (@sc{ieee} Standard 1003.1). +It offers functional improvements over @code{sh} for both interactive and +programming use. + +While the @sc{gnu} operating system provides other shells, including +a version of @code{csh}, Bash is the default shell. +Like other @sc{gnu} software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs +on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems @minus{} +independently-supported ports exist for @sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, +and Windows platforms. + +@node What is a shell? +@section What is a shell? + +At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes +commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text +and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions. + +A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming +language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user +interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities. The programming +language features allow these utilities to be combined. +Files containing commands can be created, and become +commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as +system commands in directories such as @file{/bin}, allowing users +or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common +tasks. + +Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In +interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard. +When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read +from a file. + +A shell allows execution of @sc{gnu} commands, both synchronously and +asynchronously. +The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting +more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel +with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands. +The @dfn{redirection} constructs permit +fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands. +Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands' +environments. + +Shells also provide a small set of built-in +commands (@dfn{builtins}) implementing functionality impossible +or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. +For example, @code{cd}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, and +@code{exec}) cannot be implemented outside of the shell because +they directly manipulate the shell itself. +The @code{history}, @code{getopts}, @code{kill}, or @code{pwd} +builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, +but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. +All of the shell builtins are described in +subsequent sections. + +While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and +complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming +languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides +variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. + +Shells offer features geared specifically for +interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. +These interactive features include job control, command line +editing, command history and aliases. Each of these features is +described in this manual. + +@node Definitions +@chapter Definitions +These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual. + +@table @code + +@item POSIX +@cindex POSIX +A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash +is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the +@sc{posix} 1003.1 standard. + +@item blank +A space or tab character. + +@item builtin +@cindex builtin +A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather +than by an executable program somewhere in the file system. + +@item control operator +@cindex control operator +A @code{token} that performs a control function. It is a @code{newline} +or one of the following: +@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;}, +@samp{|}, @samp{|&}, @samp{(}, or @samp{)}. + +@item exit status +@cindex exit status +The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted +to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255. + +@item field +@cindex field +A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After +expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as +the command name and arguments. + +@item filename +@cindex filename +A string of characters used to identify a file. + +@item job +@cindex job +A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended +from it, that are all in the same process group. + +@item job control +@cindex job control +A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart +(resume) execution of processes. + +@item metacharacter +@cindex metacharacter +A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is +a @code{blank} or one of the following characters: +@samp{|}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{(}, @samp{)}, @samp{<}, or +@samp{>}. + +@item name +@cindex name +@cindex identifier +A @code{word} consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores, +and beginning with a letter or underscore. @code{Name}s are used as +shell variable and function names. +Also referred to as an @code{identifier}. + +@item operator +@cindex operator, shell +A @code{control operator} or a @code{redirection operator}. +@xref{Redirections}, for a list of redirection operators. +Operators contain at least one unquoted @code{metacharacter}. + +@item process group +@cindex process group +A collection of related processes each having the same process +group @sc{id}. + +@item process group ID +@cindex process group ID +A unique identifier that represents a @code{process group} +during its lifetime. + +@item reserved word +@cindex reserved word +A @code{word} that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved +words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as @code{for} and +@code{while}. + +@item return status +@cindex return status +A synonym for @code{exit status}. + +@item signal +@cindex signal +A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel +of an event occurring in the system. + +@item special builtin +@cindex special builtin +A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the +@sc{posix} standard. + +@item token +@cindex token +A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell. +It is either a @code{word} or an @code{operator}. + +@item word +@cindex word +A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell. +Words may not include unquoted @code{metacharacters}. +@end table + +@node Basic Shell Features +@chapter Basic Shell Features +@cindex Bourne shell + +Bash is an acronym for @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}. +The Bourne shell is +the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne. +All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, +The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix} +specification for the `standard' Unix shell. + +This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks': +commands, control structures, shell functions, shell @i{parameters}, +shell expansions, +@i{redirections}, which are a way to direct input and output from +and to named files, and how the shell executes commands. + +@menu +* Shell Syntax:: What your input means to the shell. +* Shell Commands:: The types of commands you can use. +* Shell Functions:: Grouping commands by name. +* Shell Parameters:: How the shell stores values. +* Shell Expansions:: How Bash expands parameters and the various + expansions available. +* Redirections:: A way to control where input and output go. +* Executing Commands:: What happens when you run a command. +* Shell Scripts:: Executing files of shell commands. +@end menu + +@node Shell Syntax +@section Shell Syntax +@menu +* Shell Operation:: The basic operation of the shell. +* Quoting:: How to remove the special meaning from characters. +* Comments:: How to specify comments. +@end menu + +When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a +sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a +comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (@samp{#}), and the rest +of that line. + +Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and +divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules +to select which meanings to assign various words and characters. + +The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs, +removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands +others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified +command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status +available for further inspection or processing. + +@node Shell Operation +@subsection Shell Operation + +The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it +reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the +following: + +@enumerate +@item +Reads its input from a file (@pxref{Shell Scripts}), from a string +supplied as an argument to the @option{-c} invocation option +(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), or from the user's terminal. + +@item +Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules +described in @ref{Quoting}. These tokens are separated by +@code{metacharacters}. Alias expansion is performed by this step +(@pxref{Aliases}). + +@item +Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands +(@pxref{Shell Commands}). + +@item +Performs the various shell expansions (@pxref{Shell Expansions}), breaking +the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (@pxref{Filename Expansion}) +and commands and arguments. + +@item +Performs any necessary redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) and removes +the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list. + +@item +Executes the command (@pxref{Executing Commands}). + +@item +Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit +status (@pxref{Exit Status}). + +@end enumerate + +@node Quoting +@subsection Quoting +@cindex quoting +@menu +* Escape Character:: How to remove the special meaning from a single + character. +* Single Quotes:: How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence + of characters. +* Double Quotes:: How to suppress most of the interpretation of a + sequence of characters. +* ANSI-C Quoting:: How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings. +* Locale Translation:: How to translate strings into different languages. +@end menu + +Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain +characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to +disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent +reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent +parameter expansion. + +Each of the shell metacharacters (@pxref{Definitions}) +has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to +represent itself. +When the command history expansion facilities are being used +(@pxref{History Interaction}), the +@var{history expansion} character, usually @samp{!}, must be quoted +to prevent history expansion. @xref{Bash History Facilities}, for +more details concerning history expansion. + +There are three quoting mechanisms: the +@var{escape character}, single quotes, and double quotes. + +@node Escape Character +@subsubsection Escape Character +A non-quoted backslash @samp{\} is the Bash escape character. +It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, +with the exception of @code{newline}. If a @code{\newline} pair +appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the @code{\newline} +is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from +the input stream and effectively ignored). + +@node Single Quotes +@subsubsection Single Quotes + +Enclosing characters in single quotes (@samp{'}) preserves the literal value +of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur +between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. + +@node Double Quotes +@subsubsection Double Quotes + +Enclosing characters in double quotes (@samp{"}) preserves the literal value +of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of +@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{\}, +and, when history expansion is enabled, @samp{!}. +The characters @samp{$} and @samp{`} +retain their special meaning within double quotes (@pxref{Shell Expansions}). +The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of +the following characters: +@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{"}, @samp{\}, or @code{newline}. +Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these +characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a +special meaning are left unmodified. +A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with +a backslash. +If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an @samp{!} +appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. +The backslash preceding the @samp{!} is not removed. + +The special parameters @samp{*} and @samp{@@} have special meaning +when in double quotes (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@node ANSI-C Quoting +@subsubsection ANSI-C Quoting +@cindex quoting, ANSI + +Words of the form @code{$'@var{string}'} are treated specially. The +word expands to @var{string}, with backslash-escaped characters replaced +as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if +present, are decoded as follows: + +@table @code +@item \a +alert (bell) +@item \b +backspace +@item \e +@itemx \E +an escape character (not ANSI C) +@item \f +form feed +@item \n +newline +@item \r +carriage return +@item \t +horizontal tab +@item \v +vertical tab +@item \\ +backslash +@item \' +single quote +@item \" +double quote +@item \@var{nnn} +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn} +(one to three digits) +@item \x@var{HH} +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH} +(one or two hex digits) +@item \c@var{x} +a control-@var{x} character +@end table + +@noindent +The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not +been present. + +@node Locale Translation +@subsubsection Locale-Specific Translation +@cindex localization +@cindex internationalization +@cindex native languages +@cindex translation, native languages + +A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (@samp{$}) will cause +the string to be translated according to the current locale. +If the current locale is @code{C} or @code{POSIX}, the dollar sign +is ignored. +If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is +double-quoted. + +@vindex LC_MESSAGES +@vindex TEXTDOMAIN +@vindex TEXTDOMAINDIR +Some systems use the message catalog selected by the @env{LC_MESSAGES} +shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the +value of the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} shell variable, possibly adding a +suffix of @samp{.mo}. If you use the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} variable, you +may need to set the @env{TEXTDOMAINDIR} variable to the location of +the message catalog files. Still others use both variables in this +fashion: +@env{TEXTDOMAINDIR}/@env{LC_MESSAGES}/LC_MESSAGES/@env{TEXTDOMAIN}.mo. + +@node Comments +@subsection Comments +@cindex comments, shell + +In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the +@code{interactive_comments} option to the @code{shopt} +builtin is enabled (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), +a word beginning with @samp{#} +causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to +be ignored. An interactive shell without the @code{interactive_comments} +option enabled does not allow comments. The @code{interactive_comments} +option is on by default in interactive shells. +@xref{Interactive Shells}, for a description of what makes +a shell interactive. + +@node Shell Commands +@section Shell Commands +@cindex commands, shell + +A simple shell command such as @code{echo a b c} consists of the command +itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces. + +More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together +in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command +becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in +some other grouping. + +@menu +* Simple Commands:: The most common type of command. +* Pipelines:: Connecting the input and output of several + commands. +* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially. +* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow. +* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands. +@end menu + +@node Simple Commands +@subsection Simple Commands +@cindex commands, simple + +A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often. +It's just a sequence of words separated by @code{blank}s, terminated +by one of the shell's control operators (@pxref{Definitions}). The +first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the +rest of the words being that command's arguments. + +The return status (@pxref{Exit Status}) of a simple command is +its exit status as provided +by the @sc{posix} 1003.1 @code{waitpid} function, or 128+@var{n} if +the command was terminated by signal @var{n}. + +@node Pipelines +@subsection Pipelines +@cindex pipeline +@cindex commands, pipelines + +A @code{pipeline} is a sequence of simple commands separated by one of +the control operators @samp{|} or @samp{|&}. + +@rwindex time +@rwindex ! +@cindex command timing +The format for a pipeline is +@example +[@code{time} [@code{-p}]] [@code{!}] @var{command1} [ [@code{|} or @code{|&}] @var{command2} @dots{}] +@end example + +@noindent +The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe +to the input of the next command. +That is, each command reads the previous command's output. This +connection is performed before any redirections specified by the +command. + +If @samp{|&} is used, the standard error of @var{command1} is connected to +@var{command2}'s standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand for +@code{2>&1 |}. This implicit redirection of the standard error is +performed after any redirections specified by the command. + +The reserved word @code{time} causes timing statistics +to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes. +The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and +user and system time consumed by the command's execution. +The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified +by @sc{posix}. +The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be set to a format string that +specifies how the timing information should be displayed. +@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats. +The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of +shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external +@code{time} command cannot time these easily. + +If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (@pxref{Lists}), the +shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. + +Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell +(@pxref{Command Execution Environment}). The exit +status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the +pipeline, unless the @code{pipefail} option is enabled +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +If @code{pipefail} is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the +value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, +or zero if all commands exit successfully. +If the reserved word @samp{!} precedes the pipeline, the +exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described +above. +The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before +returning a value. + +@node Lists +@subsection Lists of Commands +@cindex commands, lists + +A @code{list} is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one +of the operators @samp{;}, @samp{&}, @samp{&&}, or @samp{||}, +and optionally terminated by one of @samp{;}, @samp{&}, or a +@code{newline}. + +Of these list operators, @samp{&&} and @samp{||} +have equal precedence, followed by @samp{;} and @samp{&}, +which have equal precedence. + +A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a @code{list} +to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon. + +If a command is terminated by the control operator @samp{&}, +the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell. +This is known as executing the command in the @var{background}. +The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return +status is 0 (true). +When job control is not active (@pxref{Job Control}), +the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any +explicit redirections, is redirected from @code{/dev/null}. + +Commands separated by a @samp{;} are executed sequentially; the shell +waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the +exit status of the last command executed. + +@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists are sequences of one or more pipelines +separated by the control operators @samp{&&} and @samp{||}, +respectively. @sc{and} and @sc{or} lists are executed with left +associativity. + +An @sc{and} list has the form +@example +@var{command1} && @var{command2} +@end example + +@noindent +@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1} +returns an exit status of zero. + +An @sc{or} list has the form +@example +@var{command1} || @var{command2} +@end example + +@noindent +@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1} +returns a non-zero exit status. + +The return status of +@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists is the exit status of the last command +executed in the list. + +@node Compound Commands +@subsection Compound Commands +@cindex commands, compound + +@menu +* Looping Constructs:: Shell commands for iterative action. +* Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. +* Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. +@end menu + +Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. +Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. +Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. + +Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms +to group commands and execute them as a unit. + +@node Looping Constructs +@subsubsection Looping Constructs +@cindex commands, looping + +Bash supports the following looping constructs. + +Note that wherever a @samp{;} appears in the description of a +command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. + +@table @code +@item until +@rwindex until +@rwindex do +@rwindex done +The syntax of the @code{until} command is: +@example +until @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done +@end example +Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as +@var{test-commands} has an exit status which is not zero. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed +in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed. + +@item while +@rwindex while +The syntax of the @code{while} command is: +@example +while @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done +@end example + +Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as +@var{test-commands} has an exit status of zero. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed +in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed. + +@item for +@rwindex for +The syntax of the @code{for} command is: + +@example +for @var{name} [ [in [@var{words} @dots{}] ] ; ] do @var{commands}; done +@end example +Expand @var{words}, and execute @var{commands} once for each member +in the resultant list, with @var{name} bound to the current member. +If @samp{in @var{words}} is not present, the @code{for} command +executes the @var{commands} once for each positional parameter that is +set, as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified +(@pxref{Special Parameters}). +The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +If there are no items in the expansion of @var{words}, no commands are +executed, and the return status is zero. + +An alternate form of the @code{for} command is also supported: + +@example +for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} )) ; do @var{commands} ; done +@end example +First, the arithmetic expression @var{expr1} is evaluated according +to the rules described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +The arithmetic expression @var{expr2} is then evaluated repeatedly +until it evaluates to zero. +Each time @var{expr2} evaluates to a non-zero value, @var{commands} are +executed and the arithmetic expression @var{expr3} is evaluated. +If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. +The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{list} +that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid. + +@end table + +The @code{break} and @code{continue} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) +may be used to control loop execution. + +@node Conditional Constructs +@subsubsection Conditional Constructs +@cindex commands, conditional + +@table @code +@item if +@rwindex if +@rwindex then +@rwindex else +@rwindex elif +@rwindex fi +The syntax of the @code{if} command is: + +@example +if @var{test-commands}; then + @var{consequent-commands}; +[elif @var{more-test-commands}; then + @var{more-consequents};] +[else @var{alternate-consequents};] +fi +@end example + +The @var{test-commands} list is executed, and if its return status is zero, +the @var{consequent-commands} list is executed. +If @var{test-commands} returns a non-zero status, each @code{elif} list +is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, +the corresponding @var{more-consequents} is executed and the +command completes. +If @samp{else @var{alternate-consequents}} is present, and +the final command in the final @code{if} or @code{elif} clause +has a non-zero exit status, then @var{alternate-consequents} is executed. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or +zero if no condition tested true. + +@item case +@rwindex case +@rwindex in +@rwindex esac +The syntax of the @code{case} command is: + +@example +@code{case @var{word} in [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-list} ;;]@dots{} esac} +@end example + +@code{case} will selectively execute the @var{command-list} corresponding to +the first @var{pattern} that matches @var{word}. +If the shell option @code{nocasematch} +(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The @samp{|} is used to separate multiple patterns, and the @samp{)} +operator terminates a pattern list. +A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known +as a @var{clause}. + +Each clause must be terminated with @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}. +The @var{word} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command +substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is +attempted. Each @var{pattern} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + +There may be an arbitrary number of @code{case} clauses, each terminated +by a @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}. +The first pattern that matches determines the +command-list that is executed. + +Here is an example using @code{case} in a script that could be used to +describe one interesting feature of an animal: + +@example +echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " +read ANIMAL +echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " +case $ANIMAL in + horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; + man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; + *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; +esac +echo " legs." +@end example + +@noindent + +If the @samp{;;} operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after +the first pattern match. +Using @samp{;&} in place of @samp{;;} causes execution to continue with +the @var{command-list} associated with the next clause, if any. +Using @samp{;;&} in place of @samp{;;} causes the shell to test the patterns +in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated @var{command-list} +on a successful match. + +The return status is zero if no @var{pattern} is matched. Otherwise, the +return status is the exit status of the @var{command-list} executed. + +@item select +@rwindex select + +The @code{select} construct allows the easy generation of menus. +It has almost the same syntax as the @code{for} command: + +@example +select @var{name} [in @var{words} @dots{}]; do @var{commands}; done +@end example + +The list of words following @code{in} is expanded, generating a list +of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard +error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the +@samp{in @var{words}} is omitted, the positional parameters are printed, +as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified. +The @env{PS3} prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the +standard input. +If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed +words, then the value of @var{name} is set to that word. +If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again. +If @code{EOF} is read, the @code{select} command completes. +Any other value read causes @var{name} to be set to null. +The line read is saved in the variable @env{REPLY}. + +The @var{commands} are executed after each selection until a +@code{break} command is executed, at which +point the @code{select} command completes. + +Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the +current directory, and displays the name and index of the file +selected. + +@example +select fname in *; +do + echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\) + break; +done +@end example + +@item ((@dots{})) +@example +(( @var{expression} )) +@end example + +The arithmetic @var{expression} is evaluated according to the rules +described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; +otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to +@example +let "@var{expression}" +@end example +@noindent +@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a full description of the @code{let} builtin. + +@item [[@dots{}]] +@rwindex [[ +@rwindex ]] +@example +[[ @var{expression} ]] +@end example + +Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of +the conditional expression @var{expression}. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in +@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}. +Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words +between the @samp{[[} and @samp{]]}; tilde expansion, parameter and +variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process +substitution, and quote removal are performed. +Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized +as primaries. + +When used with @samp{[[}, The @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. + +When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the +right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according +to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}. +If the shell option @code{nocasematch} +(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +The return value is 0 if the string matches (@samp{==}) or does not +match (@samp{!=})the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a +string. + +An additional binary operator, @samp{=~}, is available, with the same +precedence as @samp{==} and @samp{!=}. +When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered +an extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in @i{regex}3)). +The return value is 0 if the string matches +the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional +expression's return value is 2. +If the shell option @code{nocasematch} +(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) +is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case +of alphabetic characters. +Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a +string. +Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular +expression are saved in the array variable @code{BASH_REMATCH}. +The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index @var{n} is the portion of the +string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression. + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed +in decreasing order of precedence: + +@table @code +@item ( @var{expression} ) +Returns the value of @var{expression}. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. + +@item ! @var{expression} +True if @var{expression} is false. + +@item @var{expression1} && @var{expression2} +True if both @var{expression1} and @var{expression2} are true. + +@item @var{expression1} || @var{expression2} +True if either @var{expression1} or @var{expression2} is true. +@end table +@noindent +The @code{&&} and @code{||} operators do not evaluate @var{expression2} if the +value of @var{expression1} is sufficient to determine the return +value of the entire conditional expression. + +@end table + +@node Command Grouping +@subsubsection Grouping Commands +@cindex commands, grouping + +Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed +as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied +to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the +commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream. + +@table @code +@item () +@example +( @var{list} ) +@end example + +Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell +environment to be created (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and each +of the commands in @var{list} to be executed in that subshell. Since the +@var{list} is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in +effect after the subshell completes. + +@item @{@} +@rwindex @{ +@rwindex @} +@example +@{ @var{list}; @} +@end example + +Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to +be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created. +The semicolon (or newline) following @var{list} is required. +@end table + +In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference +between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces +are @code{reserved words}, so they must be separated from the @var{list} +by @code{blank}s or other shell metacharacters. +The parentheses are @code{operators}, and are +recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated +from the @var{list} by whitespace. + +The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of +@var{list}. + +@node Coprocesses +@subsection Coprocesses +@cindex coprocess + +A @code{coprocess} is a shell command preceded by the @code{coproc} +reserved word. +A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command +had been terminated with the @samp{&} control operator, with a two-way pipe +established between the executing shell and the coprocess. + +The format for a coprocess is: +@example +@code{coproc} [@var{NAME}] @var{command} [@var{redirections}] +@end example + +@noindent +This creates a coprocess named @var{NAME}. +If @var{NAME} is not supplied, the default name is @var{COPROC}. +@var{NAME} must not be supplied if @var{command} is a simple +command (@pxref{Simple Commands}); otherwise, it is interpreted as +the first word of the simple command. + +When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable +(@pxref{Arrays}) +named @var{NAME} in the context of the executing shell. +The standard output of @var{command} +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to @var{NAME}[0]. +The standard input of @var{command} +is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, +and that file descriptor is assigned to @var{NAME}[1]. +This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the +command (@pxref{Redirections}). +The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands +and redirections using standard word expansions. + +The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is +available as the value of the variable @var{NAME}_PID. +The @code{wait} +builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. + +The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of @var{command}. + +@node Shell Functions +@section Shell Functions +@cindex shell function +@cindex functions, shell + +Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution +using a single name for the group. They are executed just like +a "regular" command. +When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, +the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. +Shell functions are executed in the current +shell context; no new process is created to interpret them. + +Functions are declared using this syntax: +@rwindex function +@example +[ @code{function} ] @var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ] +@end example + +This defines a shell function named @var{name}. The reserved +word @code{function} is optional. +If the @code{function} reserved +word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. +The @var{body} of the function is the compound command +@var{compound-command} (@pxref{Compound Commands}). +That command is usually a @var{list} enclosed between @{ and @}, but +may be any compound command listed above. +@var{compound-command} is executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the +name of a command. +Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with the shell function +are performed when the function is executed. + +A function definition may be deleted using the @option{-f} option to the +@code{unset} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error +occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. +When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the +last command executed in the body. + +Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces +that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by +@code{blank}s or newlines. +This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized +as such when they are separated from the command list +by whitespace or another shell metacharacter. +Also, when using the braces, the @var{list} must be terminated by a semicolon, +a @samp{&}, or a newline. + +When a function is executed, the arguments to the +function become the positional parameters +during its execution (@pxref{Positional Parameters}). +The special parameter @samp{#} that expands to the number of +positional parameters is updated to reflect the change. +Special parameter @code{0} is unchanged. +The first element of the @env{FUNCNAME} variable is set to the +name of the function while the function is executing. + +All other aspects of the shell execution +environment are identical between a function and its caller +with these exceptions: +the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps +are not inherited unless the function has been given the +@code{trace} attribute using the @code{declare} builtin or +the @code{-o functrace} option has been enabled with +the @code{set} builtin, +(in which case all functions inherit the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps), +and the @env{ERR} trap is not inherited unless the @code{-o errtrace} +shell option has been enabled. +@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the +@code{trap} builtin. + +If the builtin command @code{return} +is executed in a function, the function completes and +execution resumes with the next command after the function +call. +Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed +before execution resumes. +When a function completes, the values of the +positional parameters and the special parameter @samp{#} +are restored to the values they had prior to the function's +execution. If a numeric argument is given to @code{return}, +that is the function's return status; otherwise the function's +return status is the exit status of the last command executed +before the @code{return}. + +Variables local to the function may be declared with the +@code{local} builtin. These variables are visible only to +the function and the commands it invokes. + +Function names and definitions may be listed with the +@option{-f} option to the @code{declare} or @code{typeset} +builtin commands (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). +The @option{-F} option to @code{declare} or @code{typeset} +will list the function names only +(and optionally the source file and line number, if the @code{extdebug} +shell option is enabled). +Functions may be exported so that subshells +automatically have them defined with the +@option{-f} option to the @code{export} builtin +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result +in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the +shell's children. +Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. + +Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of +recursive calls. + +@node Shell Parameters +@section Shell Parameters +@cindex parameters +@cindex variable, shell +@cindex shell variable + +@menu +* Positional Parameters:: The shell's command-line arguments. +* Special Parameters:: Parameters denoted by special characters. +@end menu + +A @var{parameter} is an entity that stores values. +It can be a @code{name}, a number, or one of the special characters +listed below. +A @var{variable} is a parameter denoted by a @code{name}. +A variable has a @var{value} and zero or more @var{attributes}. +Attributes are assigned using the @code{declare} builtin command +(see the description of the @code{declare} builtin in @ref{Bash Builtins}). + +A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is +a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using +the @code{unset} builtin command. + +A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form +@example +@var{name}=[@var{value}] +@end example +@noindent +If @var{value} +is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All +@var{value}s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote +removal (detailed below). If the variable has its @code{integer} +attribute set, then @var{value} +is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the @code{$((@dots{}))} +expansion is not used (@pxref{Arithmetic Expansion}). +Word splitting is not performed, with the exception +of @code{"$@@"} as explained below. +Filename expansion is not performed. +Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the +@code{alias}, +@code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly}, +and @code{local} builtin commands. + +In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value +to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=} +operator can be used to +append to or add to the variable's previous value. +When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute +has been set, @var{value} is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and +added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. +When @samp{+=} is applied to an array variable using compound assignment +(@pxref{Arrays}), the +variable's value is not unset (as it is when using @samp{=}), and new +values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's +maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value pairs +in an associative array. +When applied to a string-valued variable, @var{value} is expanded and +appended to the variable's value. + +@node Positional Parameters +@subsection Positional Parameters +@cindex parameters, positional + +A @var{positional parameter} is a parameter denoted by one or more +digits, other than the single digit @code{0}. Positional parameters are +assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, +and may be reassigned using the @code{set} builtin command. +Positional parameter @code{N} may be referenced as @code{$@{N@}}, or +as @code{$N} when @code{N} consists of a single digit. +Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. +The @code{set} and @code{shift} builtins are used to set and +unset them (@pxref{Shell Builtin Commands}). +The positional parameters are +temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed +(@pxref{Shell Functions}). + +When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single +digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces. + +@node Special Parameters +@subsection Special Parameters +@cindex parameters, special + +The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may +only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. + +@vtable @code + +@item * +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word +with the value of each parameter separated by the first character +of the @env{IFS} +special variable. That is, @code{"$*"} is equivalent +to @code{"$1@var{c}$2@var{c}@dots{}"}, where @var{c} +is the first character of the value of the @code{IFS} +variable. +If @env{IFS} is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. +If @env{IFS} is null, the parameters are joined without intervening +separators. + + +@item @@ +Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the +expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a +separate word. That is, @code{"$@@"} is equivalent to +@code{"$1" "$2" @dots{}}. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +When there are no positional parameters, @code{"$@@"} and +@code{$@@} +expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). + +@item # +Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. + +@item ? +Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground +pipeline. + +@item - +(A hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon +invocation, by the @code{set} +builtin command, or those set by the shell itself +(such as the @option{-i} option). + +@item $ +Expands to the process @sc{id} of the shell. In a @code{()} subshell, it +expands to the process @sc{id} of the invoking shell, not the subshell. + +@item ! +Expands to the process @sc{id} of the most recently executed background +(asynchronous) command. + +@item 0 +Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at +shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands +(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{$0} is set to the name of that file. +If Bash is started with the @option{-c} option (@pxref{Invoking Bash}), +then @code{$0} is set to the first argument after the string to be +executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set +to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero. + +@item _ +(An underscore.) +At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the +shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment +or argument list. +Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command, +after expansion. +Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed +and placed in the environment exported to that command. +When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file. +@end vtable + +@node Shell Expansions +@section Shell Expansions +@cindex expansion + +Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into +@code{token}s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: +@itemize @bullet +@item brace expansion +@item tilde expansion +@item parameter and variable expansion +@item command substitution +@item arithmetic expansion +@item word splitting +@item filename expansion +@end itemize + +@menu +* Brace Expansion:: Expansion of expressions within braces. +* Tilde Expansion:: Expansion of the ~ character. +* Shell Parameter Expansion:: How Bash expands variables to their values. +* Command Substitution:: Using the output of a command as an argument. +* Arithmetic Expansion:: How to use arithmetic in shell expansions. +* Process Substitution:: A way to write and read to and from a + command. +* Word Splitting:: How the results of expansion are split into separate + arguments. +* Filename Expansion:: A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns. +* Quote Removal:: How and when quote characters are removed from + words. +@end menu + +The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, +parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution +(done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and filename +expansion. + +On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion +available: @var{process substitution}. This is performed at the +same time as parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and +command substitution. + +Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion +can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +expand a single word to a single word. +The only exceptions to this are the expansions of +@code{"$@@"} (@pxref{Special Parameters}) and @code{"$@{@var{name}[@@]@}"} +(@pxref{Arrays}). + +After all expansions, @code{quote removal} (@pxref{Quote Removal}) +is performed. + +@node Brace Expansion +@subsection Brace Expansion +@cindex brace expansion +@cindex expansion, brace + +Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. +This mechanism is similar to +@var{filename expansion} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}), +but the file names generated need not exist. +Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional @var{preamble}, +followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a seqeunce expression +between a pair of braces, +followed by an optional @var{postscript}. +The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and +the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left +to right. + +Brace expansions may be nested. +The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order +is preserved. +For example, +@example +bash$ echo a@{d,c,b@}e +ade ace abe +@end example + +A sequence expression takes the form @code{@{@var{x}..@var{y}[..@var{incr}]@}}, +where @var{x} and @var{y} are either integers or single characters, +and @var{incr}, an optional increment, is an integer. +When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between +@var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive. +Supplied integers may be prefixed with @samp{0} to force each term to have the +same width. When either @var{x} or @var{y} begins with a zero, the shell +attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits, +zero-padding where necessary. +When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character +lexicographically between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive. Note that +both @var{x} and @var{y} must be of the same type. +When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between +each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. + +Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, +and any characters special to other expansions are preserved +in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash +does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the +expansion or the text between the braces. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{} +is not considered eligible for brace expansion. + +A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening +and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid +sequence expression. +Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. + +A @{ or @samp{,} may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its +being considered part of a brace expression. +To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{} +is not considered eligible for brace expansion. + +This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common +prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the +above example: +@example +mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/@{old,new,dist,bugs@} +@end example +or +@example +chown root /usr/@{ucb/@{ex,edit@},lib/@{ex?.?*,how_ex@}@} +@end example + +@node Tilde Expansion +@subsection Tilde Expansion +@cindex tilde expansion +@cindex expansion, tilde + +If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (@samp{~}), all of the +characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, +if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a @var{tilde-prefix}. +If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the +characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a +possible @var{login name}. +If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the +value of the @env{HOME} shell variable. +If @env{HOME} is unset, the home directory of the user executing the +shell is substituted instead. +Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory +associated with the specified login name. + +If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~+}, the value of +the shell variable @env{PWD} replaces the tilde-prefix. +If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~-}, the value of the shell variable +@env{OLDPWD}, if it is set, is substituted. + +If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a +number @var{N}, optionally prefixed by a @samp{+} or a @samp{-}, +the tilde-prefix is replaced with the +corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed +by the @code{dirs} builtin invoked with the characters following tilde +in the tilde-prefix as an argument (@pxref{The Directory Stack}). +If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a +leading @samp{+} or @samp{-}, @samp{+} is assumed. + +If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is +left unchanged. + +Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately +following a @samp{:} or the first @samp{=}. +In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. +Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to +@env{PATH}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{CDPATH}, +and the shell assigns the expanded value. + +The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes: + +@table @code +@item ~ +The value of @code{$HOME} +@item ~/foo +@file{$HOME/foo} + +@item ~fred/foo +The subdirectory @code{foo} of the home directory of the user +@code{fred} + +@item ~+/foo +@file{$PWD/foo} + +@item ~-/foo +@file{$@{OLDPWD-'~-'@}/foo} + +@item ~@var{N} +The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}} + +@item ~+@var{N} +The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}} + +@item ~-@var{N} +The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs -@var{N}} + +@end table + +@node Shell Parameter Expansion +@subsection Shell Parameter Expansion +@cindex parameter expansion +@cindex expansion, parameter + +The @samp{$} character introduces parameter expansion, +command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name +or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which +are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from +characters immediately following it which could be +interpreted as part of the name. + +When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first @samp{@}} +not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an +embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter +expansion. + +The basic form of parameter expansion is $@{@var{parameter}@}. +The value of @var{parameter} is substituted. The braces are required +when @var{parameter} +is a positional parameter with more than one digit, +or when @var{parameter} +is followed by a character that is not to be +interpreted as part of its name. + +If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point (!), +a level of variable indirection is introduced. +Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of +@var{parameter} as the name of the variable; this variable is then +expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather +than the value of @var{parameter} itself. +This is known as @code{indirect expansion}. +The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix*}@} +and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@} +described below. +The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. + +In each of the cases below, @var{word} is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. + +When not performing substring expansion, using the form described +below, Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null. +Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. +Put another way, if the colon is included, +the operator tests for both @var{parameter}'s existence and that its value +is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence. + +@table @code + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:@minus{}@var{word}@} +If @var{parameter} is unset or null, the expansion of +@var{word} is substituted. Otherwise, the value of +@var{parameter} is substituted. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:=@var{word}@} +If @var{parameter} +is unset or null, the expansion of @var{word} +is assigned to @var{parameter}. +The value of @var{parameter} is then substituted. +Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to +in this way. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:?@var{word}@} +If @var{parameter} +is null or unset, the expansion of @var{word} (or a message +to that effect if @var{word} +is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it +is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of @var{parameter} is +substituted. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:+@var{word}@} +If @var{parameter} +is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of +@var{word} is substituted. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}:@var{length}@} +Expands to up to @var{length} characters of @var{parameter} +starting at the character specified by @var{offset}. +If @var{length} is omitted, expands to the substring of +@var{parameter} starting at the character specified by @var{offset}. +@var{length} and @var{offset} are arithmetic expressions +(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +This is referred to as Substring Expansion. + +@var{length} must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. +If @var{offset} evaluates to a number less than zero, the value +is used as an offset from the end of the value of @var{parameter}. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, the result is @var{length} positional +parameters beginning at @var{offset}. +If @var{parameter} is an indexed array name subscripted +by @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the result is the @var{length} +members of the array beginning with @code{$@{@var{parameter}[@var{offset}]@}}. +A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the maximum +index of the specified array. +Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined +results. + +Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least +one space to avoid being confused with the @samp{:-} expansion. +Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters +are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. +If @var{offset} is 0, and the positional parameters are used, @code{$@@} is +prefixed to the list. + +@item $@{!@var{prefix}*@} +@itemx $@{!@var{prefix}@@@} +Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with @var{prefix}, +separated by the first character of the @env{IFS} special variable. +When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +variable name expands to a separate word. + +@item $@{!@var{name}[@@]@} +@itemx $@{!@var{name}[*]@} +If @var{name} is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices +(keys) assigned in @var{name}. +If @var{name} is not an array, expands to 0 if @var{name} is set and null +otherwise. +When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each +key expands to a separate word. + +@item $@{#@var{parameter}@} +The length in characters of the expanded value of @var{parameter} is +substituted. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, the value substituted +is the number of positional parameters. +If @var{parameter} is an array name subscripted by @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, +the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}#@var{word}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}##@var{word}@} +The @var{word} +is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename +expansion (@pxref{Filename Expansion}). If the pattern matches +the beginning of the expanded value of @var{parameter}, +then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of @var{parameter} +with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{#} case) or the +longest matching pattern (the @samp{##} case) deleted. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} is an array variable subscripted with +@samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}%@var{word}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}%%@var{word}@} +The @var{word} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of +@var{parameter}, then the result of the expansion is the value of +@var{parameter} with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{%} case) +or the longest matching pattern (the @samp{%%} case) deleted. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} +is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}/@var{pattern}/@var{string}@} + +The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +@var{Parameter} is expanded and the longest match of @var{pattern} +against its value is replaced with @var{string}. +If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{/}, all matches of @var{pattern} are +replaced with @var{string}. Normally only the first match is replaced. +If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{#}, it must match at the beginning +of the expanded value of @var{parameter}. +If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{%}, it must match at the end +of the expanded value of @var{parameter}. +If @var{string} is null, matches of @var{pattern} are deleted +and the @code{/} following @var{pattern} may be omitted. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the substitution operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} +is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the substitution operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +@item $@{@var{parameter}^@var{pattern}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter}^^@var{pattern}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter},@var{pattern}@} +@itemx $@{@var{parameter},,@var{pattern}@} +This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in @var{parameter}. +The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in +filename expansion. +The @samp{^} operator converts lowercase letters matching @var{pattern} +to uppercase; the @samp{,} operator converts matching uppercase letters +to lowercase. +The @samp{^^} and @samp{,,} expansions convert each matched character in the +expanded value; the @samp{^} and @samp{,} expansions match and convert only +the first character in the expanded value. +If @var{pattern} is omitted, it is treated like a @samp{?}, which matches +every character. +If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the case modification operation is applied to each positional +parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. +If @var{parameter} +is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, +the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + +@end table + +@node Command Substitution +@subsection Command Substitution +@cindex command substitution + +Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace +the command itself. +Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows: +@example +$(@var{command}) +@end example +@noindent +or +@example +`@var{command}` +@end example + +@noindent +Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} and +replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the +command, with any trailing newlines deleted. +Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during +word splitting. +The command substitution @code{$(cat @var{file})} can be +replaced by the equivalent but faster @code{$(< @var{file})}. + +When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, +backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by +@samp{$}, @samp{`}, or @samp{\}. +The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the +command substitution. +When using the @code{$(@var{command})} form, all characters between +the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. + +Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted +form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. + +If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and +filename expansion are not performed on the results. + +@node Arithmetic Expansion +@subsection Arithmetic Expansion +@cindex expansion, arithmetic +@cindex arithmetic expansion + +Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression +and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is: + +@example +$(( @var{expression} )) +@end example + +The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but +a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. +All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, command +substitution, and quote removal. +Arithmetic expansions may be nested. + +The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below +(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). +If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating +failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs. + +@node Process Substitution +@subsection Process Substitution +@cindex process substitution + +Process substitution is supported on systems that support named +pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files. +It takes the form of +@example +<(@var{list}) +@end example +@noindent +or +@example +>(@var{list}) +@end example +@noindent +The process @var{list} is run with its input or output connected to a +@sc{fifo} or some file in @file{/dev/fd}. The name of this file is +passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the +expansion. If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to +the file will provide input for @var{list}. If the +@code{<(@var{list})} form is used, the file passed as an +argument should be read to obtain the output of @var{list}. +Note that no space may appear between the @code{<} or @code{>} +and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted +as a redirection. + +When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with +parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic +expansion. + +@node Word Splitting +@subsection Word Splitting +@cindex word splitting + +The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution, +and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for +word splitting. + +The shell treats each character of @env{$IFS} as a delimiter, and splits +the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. +If @env{IFS} is unset, or its value is exactly @code{<space><tab><newline>}, +the default, then sequences of +@code{ <space>}, @code{<tab>}, and @code{<newline>} +at the beginning and end of the results of the previous +expansions are ignored, and any sequence of @env{IFS} +characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. +If @env{IFS} has a value other than the default, then sequences of +the whitespace characters @code{space} and @code{tab} +are ignored at the beginning and end of the +word, as long as the whitespace character is in the +value of @env{IFS} (an @env{IFS} whitespace character). +Any character in @env{IFS} that is not @env{IFS} +whitespace, along with any adjacent @env{IFS} +whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of @env{IFS} +whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. +If the value of @env{IFS} is null, no word splitting occurs. + +Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained. +Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of +parameters that have no values, are removed. +If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a +null argument results and is retained. + +Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting +is performed. + +@node Filename Expansion +@subsection Filename Expansion +@menu +* Pattern Matching:: How the shell matches patterns. +@end menu +@cindex expansion, filename +@cindex expansion, pathname +@cindex filename expansion +@cindex pathname expansion + +After word splitting, unless the @option{-f} option has been set +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), Bash scans each word for the characters +@samp{*}, @samp{?}, and @samp{[}. +If one of these characters appears, then the word is +regarded as a @var{pattern}, +and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of +file names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, +and the shell option @code{nullglob} is disabled, the word is left +unchanged. +If the @code{nullglob} option is set, and no matches are found, the word +is removed. +If the @code{failglob} shell option is set, and no matches are found, +an error message is printed and the command is not executed. +If the shell option @code{nocaseglob} is enabled, the match is performed +without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. + +When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character @samp{.} +at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash +must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set. +When matching a file name, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly. +In other cases, the @samp{.} character is not treated specially. + +See the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}, +for a description of the @code{nocaseglob}, @code{nullglob}, +@code{failglob}, and @code{dotglob} options. + +The @env{GLOBIGNORE} +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a +pattern. If @env{GLOBIGNORE} +is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in +@env{GLOBIGNORE} is removed from the list of matches. The filenames +@file{.} and @file{..} +are always ignored when @env{GLOBIGNORE} +is set and not null. +However, setting @env{GLOBIGNORE} to a non-null value has the effect of +enabling the @code{dotglob} +shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a +@samp{.} will match. +To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a +@samp{.}, make @samp{.*} one of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}. +The @code{dotglob} option is disabled when @env{GLOBIGNORE} +is unset. + +@node Pattern Matching +@subsubsection Pattern Matching +@cindex pattern matching +@cindex matching, pattern + +Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern +characters described below, matches itself. +The @sc{nul} character may not occur in a pattern. +A backslash escapes the following character; the +escaping backslash is discarded when matching. +The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched +literally. + +The special pattern characters have the following meanings: +@table @code +@item * +Matches any string, including the null string. +When the @code{globstar} shell option is enabled, and @samp{*} is used in +a filename expansion context, two adjacent @samp{*}s used as a single +pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and +subdirectories. +If followed by a @samp{/}, two adjacent @samp{*}s will match only +directories and subdirectories. +@item ? +Matches any single character. +@item [@dots{}] +Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters +separated by a hyphen denotes a @var{range expression}; +any character that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, +using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, +is matched. If the first character following the +@samp{[} is a @samp{!} or a @samp{^} +then any character not enclosed is matched. A @samp{@minus{}} +may be matched by including it as the first or last character +in the set. A @samp{]} may be matched by including it as the first +character in the set. +The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by +the current locale and the value of the @env{LC_COLLATE} shell variable, +if set. + +For example, in the default C locale, @samp{[a-dx-z]} is equivalent to +@samp{[abcdxyz]}. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in +these locales @samp{[a-dx-z]} is typically not equivalent to @samp{[abcdxyz]}; +it might be equivalent to @samp{[aBbCcDdxXyYz]}, for example. To obtain +the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can +force the use of the C locale by setting the @env{LC_COLLATE} or +@env{LC_ALL} environment variable to the value @samp{C}. + +Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, @var{character classes} can be specified +using the syntax +@code{[:}@var{class}@code{:]}, where @var{class} is one of the +following classes defined in the @sc{posix} standard: +@example +alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower +print punct space upper word xdigit +@end example +@noindent +A character class matches any character belonging to that class. +The @code{word} character class matches letters, digits, and the character +@samp{_}. + +Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, an @var{equivalence class} can be +specified using the syntax @code{[=}@var{c}@code{=]}, which +matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined +by the current locale) as the character @var{c}. + +Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, the syntax @code{[.}@var{symbol}@code{.]} +matches the collating symbol @var{symbol}. +@end table + +If the @code{extglob} shell option is enabled using the @code{shopt} +builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. +In the following description, a @var{pattern-list} is a list of one +or more patterns separated by a @samp{|}. +Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following +sub-patterns: + +@table @code +@item ?(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. + +@item *(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +@item +(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. + +@item @@(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches one of the given patterns. + +@item !(@var{pattern-list}) +Matches anything except one of the given patterns. +@end table + +@node Quote Removal +@subsection Quote Removal + +After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the +characters @samp{\}, @samp{'}, and @samp{"} that did not +result from one of the above expansions are removed. + +@node Redirections +@section Redirections +@cindex redirection + +Before a command is executed, its input and output +may be @var{redirected} +using a special notation interpreted by the shell. +Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the +current shell execution environment. The following redirection +operators may precede or appear anywhere within a +simple command or may follow a command. +Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from +left to right. + +Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number +may instead be preceded by a word of the form @{@var{varname}@}. +In this case, for each redirection operator except +>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater +than 10 and assign it to @{@var{varname}@}. If >&- or <&- is preceded +by @{@var{varname}@}, the value of @var{varname} defines the file +descriptor to close. + +In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is +omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is +@samp{<}, the redirection refers to the standard input (file +descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator +is @samp{>}, the redirection refers to the standard output (file +descriptor 1). + +The word following the redirection operator in the following +descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting. +If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error. + +Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, +the command +@example +ls > @var{dirlist} 2>&1 +@end example +@noindent +directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error +(file descriptor 2) to the file @var{dirlist}, while the command +@example +ls 2>&1 > @var{dirlist} +@end example +@noindent +directs only the standard output to file @var{dirlist}, +because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output +before the standard output was redirected to @var{dirlist}. + +Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in +redirections, as described in the following table: + +@table @code +@item /dev/fd/@var{fd} +If @var{fd} is a valid integer, file descriptor @var{fd} is duplicated. + +@item /dev/stdin +File descriptor 0 is duplicated. + +@item /dev/stdout +File descriptor 1 is duplicated. + +@item /dev/stderr +File descriptor 2 is duplicated. + +@item /dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port} +If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port} +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a TCP +connection to the corresponding socket. + +@item /dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port} +If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port} +is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open a UDP +connection to the corresponding socket. + +@end table + +A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. + +Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with +care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses +internally. + +@subsection Redirecting Input +Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of @var{word} +to be opened for reading on file descriptor @code{n}, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @code{n} +is not specified. + +The general format for redirecting input is: +@example +[@var{n}]<@var{word} +@end example + +@subsection Redirecting Output +Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of @var{word} +to be opened for writing on file descriptor @var{n}, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; +if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. + +The general format for redirecting output is: +@example +[@var{n}]>[|]@var{word} +@end example + +If the redirection operator is @samp{>}, and the @code{noclobber} +option to the @code{set} builtin has been enabled, the redirection +will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of +@var{word} exists and is a regular file. +If the redirection operator is @samp{>|}, or the redirection operator is +@samp{>} and the @code{noclobber} option is not enabled, the redirection +is attempted even if the file named by @var{word} exists. + +@subsection Appending Redirected Output +Redirection of output in this fashion +causes the file whose name results from +the expansion of @var{word} +to be opened for appending on file descriptor @var{n}, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} +is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. + +The general format for appending output is: +@example +[@var{n}]>>@var{word} +@end example + +@subsection Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be redirected to the file whose name is the +expansion of @var{word}. + +There are two formats for redirecting standard output and +standard error: +@example +&>@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +and +@example +>&@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +Of the two forms, the first is preferred. +This is semantically equivalent to +@example +>@var{word} 2>&1 +@end example + +@subsection Appending Standard Output and Standard Error +This construct allows both the +standard output (file descriptor 1) and +the standard error output (file descriptor 2) +to be appended to the file whose name is the +expansion of @var{word}. + +The format for appending standard output and standard error is: +@example +&>>@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +This is semantically equivalent to +@example +>>@var{word} 2>&1 +@end example + +@subsection Here Documents +This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the +current source until a line containing only @var{word} +(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of +the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard +input for a command. + +The format of here-documents is: +@example +<<[@minus{}]@var{word} + @var{here-document} +@var{delimiter} +@end example + +No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +or filename expansion is performed on +@var{word}. If any characters in @var{word} are quoted, the +@var{delimiter} is the result of quote removal on @var{word}, +and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. +If @var{word} is unquoted, +all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, +command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter +case, the character sequence @code{\newline} is ignored, and @samp{\} +must be used to quote the characters +@samp{\}, @samp{$}, and @samp{`}. + +If the redirection operator is @samp{<<-}, +then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the +line containing @var{delimiter}. +This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a +natural fashion. + +@subsection Here Strings +A variant of here documents, the format is: +@example +<<< @var{word} +@end example + +The @var{word} is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard +input. + +@subsection Duplicating File Descriptors +The redirection operator +@example +[@var{n}]<&@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +is used to duplicate input file descriptors. +If @var{word} +expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by @var{n} +is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. +If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for +input, a redirection error occurs. +If @var{word} +evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed. If +@var{n} is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. + +The operator +@example +[@var{n}]>&@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If +@var{n} is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. +If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for +output, a redirection error occurs. +As a special case, if @var{n} is omitted, and @var{word} does not +expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard +error are redirected as described previously. + +@subsection Moving File Descriptors +The redirection operator +@example +[@var{n}]<&@var{digit}- +@end example +@noindent +moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n}, +or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @var{n} is not specified. +@var{digit} is closed after being duplicated to @var{n}. + +Similarly, the redirection operator +@example +[@var{n}]>&@var{digit}- +@end example +@noindent +moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n}, +or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} is not specified. + +@subsection Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing +The redirection operator +@example +[@var{n}]<>@var{word} +@end example +@noindent +causes the file whose name is the expansion of @var{word} +to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor +@var{n}, or on file descriptor 0 if @var{n} +is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. + +@node Executing Commands +@section Executing Commands + +@menu +* Simple Command Expansion:: How Bash expands simple commands before + executing them. +* Command Search and Execution:: How Bash finds commands and runs them. +* Command Execution Environment:: The environment in which Bash + executes commands that are not + shell builtins. +* Environment:: The environment given to a command. +* Exit Status:: The status returned by commands and how Bash + interprets it. +* Signals:: What happens when Bash or a command it runs + receives a signal. +@end menu + +@node Simple Command Expansion +@subsection Simple Command Expansion +@cindex command expansion + +When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following +expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. + +@enumerate +@item +The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those +preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later +processing. + +@item +The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are +expanded (@pxref{Shell Expansions}). +If any words remain after expansion, the first word +is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are +the arguments. + +@item +Redirections are performed as described above (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +The text after the @samp{=} in each variable assignment undergoes tilde +expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, +and quote removal before being assigned to the variable. +@end enumerate + +If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current +shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment +of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment. +If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status. + +If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not +affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the +command to exit with a non-zero status. + +If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as +described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions +contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is +the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there +were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. + +@node Command Search and Execution +@subsection Command Search and Execution +@cindex command execution +@cindex command search + +After a command has been split into words, if it results in a +simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following +actions are taken. + +@enumerate +@item +If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to +locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that +function is invoked as described in @ref{Shell Functions}. + +@item +If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for +it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that +builtin is invoked. + +@item +If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, +and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of +@env{$PATH} for a directory containing an executable file +by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full +pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple @env{PATH} searches +(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +A full search of the directories in @env{$PATH} +is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. +If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell +function named @code{command_not_found_handle}. +If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and +the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's +exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. +If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error +message and returns an exit status of 127. + +@item +If the search is successful, or if the command name contains +one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in +a separate execution environment. +Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments +to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any. + +@item +If this execution fails because the file is not in executable +format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a +@var{shell script} and the shell executes it as described in +@ref{Shell Scripts}. + +@item +If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for +the command to complete and collects its exit status. + +@end enumerate + +@node Command Execution Environment +@subsection Command Execution Environment +@cindex execution environment + +The shell has an @var{execution environment}, which consists of the +following: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by +redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin + +@item +the current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or +@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation + +@item +the file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from +the shell's parent + +@item +current traps set by @code{trap} + +@item +shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set} +or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment + +@item +shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's +parent in the environment + +@item +options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line +arguments) or by @code{set} + +@item +options enabled by @code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) + +@item +shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases}) + +@item +various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs +(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of +@env{$PPID} + +@end itemize + +When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function +is to be executed, it +is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of +the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited +from the shell. + +@itemize @bullet +@item +the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified +by redirections to the command + +@item +the current working directory + +@item +the file creation mode mask + +@item +shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables +exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment}) + +@item +traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the +shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored + +@end itemize + +A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the +shell's execution environment. + +Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, +and asynchronous commands are invoked in a +subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, +except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values +that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin +commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed +in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment +cannot affect the shell's execution environment. + +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the @option{-e} option from the parent shell. When not in @sc{posix} mode, +Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells. + +If a command is followed by a @samp{&} and job control is not active, the +default standard input for the command is the empty file @file{/dev/null}. +Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling +shell as modified by redirections. + +@node Environment +@subsection Environment +@cindex environment + +When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings +called the @var{environment}. +This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form @code{name=value}. + +Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment. +On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and +creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking +it for @var{export} +to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment. +The @code{export} and @samp{declare -x} +commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and +deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter +in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part +of the environment, replacing the old. The environment +inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's +initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell, +less any pairs removed by the @code{unset} and @samp{export -n} +commands, plus any additions via the @code{export} and +@samp{declare -x} commands. + +The environment for any simple command +or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with +parameter assignments, as described in @ref{Shell Parameters}. +These assignment statements affect only the environment seen +by that command. + +If the @option{-k} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}), then all +parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, +not just those that precede the command name. + +When Bash invokes an external command, the variable @samp{$_} +is set to the full path name of the command and passed to that +command in its environment. + +@node Exit Status +@subsection Exit Status +@cindex exit status + +The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the +@var{waitpid} system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses +fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may +use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and +compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain +circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific +failure modes. + +For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a +zero exit status has succeeded. +A non-zero exit status indicates failure. +This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there +is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of +ways to indicate various failure modes. +When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is @var{N}, +Bash uses the value 128+@var{N} as the exit status. + +If a command is not found, the child process created to +execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found +but is not executable, the return status is 126. + +If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, +the exit status is greater than zero. + +The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) and some of the list +constructs (@pxref{Lists}). + +All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed +and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the +conditional and list constructs. +All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. + +@node Signals +@subsection Signals +@cindex signal handling + +When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores +@code{SIGTERM} (so that @samp{kill 0} does not kill an interactive shell), +and @code{SIGINT} +is caught and handled (so that the @code{wait} builtin is interruptible). +When Bash receives a @code{SIGINT}, it breaks out of any executing loops. +In all cases, Bash ignores @code{SIGQUIT}. +If job control is in effect (@pxref{Job Control}), Bash +ignores @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}. + +Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the +values inherited by the shell from its parent. +When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands +ignore @code{SIGINT} and @code{SIGQUIT} in addition to these inherited +handlers. +Commands run as a result of +command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals +@code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}. + +The shell exits by default upon receipt of a @code{SIGHUP}. +Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the @code{SIGHUP} to +all jobs, running or stopped. +Stopped jobs are sent @code{SIGCONT} to ensure that they receive +the @code{SIGHUP}. +To prevent the shell from sending the @code{SIGHUP} signal to a +particular job, it should be removed +from the jobs table with the @code{disown} +builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or marked +to not receive @code{SIGHUP} using @code{disown -h}. + +If the @code{huponexit} shell option has been set with @code{shopt} +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), Bash sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when +an interactive login shell exits. + +If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal +for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until +the command completes. +When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous +command via the @code{wait} builtin, the reception of a signal for +which a trap has been set will cause the @code{wait} builtin to return +immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after +which the trap is executed. + +@node Shell Scripts +@section Shell Scripts +@cindex shell script + +A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such +a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, +and neither the @option{-c} nor @option{-s} option is supplied +(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), +Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This +mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first +searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the +directories in @env{$PATH} if not found there. + +When Bash runs +a shell script, it sets the special parameter @code{0} to the name +of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional +parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given. +If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters +are unset. + +A shell script may be made executable by using the @code{chmod} command +to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while +searching the @env{$PATH} for a command, it spawns a subshell to +execute it. In other words, executing +@example +filename @var{arguments} +@end example +@noindent +is equivalent to executing +@example +bash filename @var{arguments} +@end example + +@noindent +if @code{filename} is an executable shell script. +This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a +new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the +exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent +(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) +are retained by the child. + +Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command +execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with +the two characters @samp{#!}, the remainder of the line specifies +an interpreter for the program. +Thus, you can specify Bash, @code{awk}, Perl, or some other +interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language. + +The arguments to the interpreter +consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter +name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of +the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments. Bash +will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it +themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter +name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters. + +Bash scripts often begin with @code{#! /bin/bash} (assuming that +Bash has been installed in @file{/bin}), since this ensures that +Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed +under another shell. + +@node Shell Builtin Commands +@chapter Shell Builtin Commands + +@menu +* Bourne Shell Builtins:: Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne + Shell. +* Bash Builtins:: Table of builtins specific to Bash. +* Modifying Shell Behavior:: Builtins to modify shell attributes and + optional behavior. +* Special Builtins:: Builtin commands classified specially by + POSIX. +@end menu + +Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself. +When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of +a simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}), the shell executes +the command directly, without invoking another program. +Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible +or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities. + +This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from +the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique +to or have been extended in Bash. + +Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin +commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control +facilities (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}), the directory stack +(@pxref{Directory Stack Builtins}), the command history +(@pxref{Bash History Builtins}), and the programmable completion +facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}). + +Many of the builtins have been extended by @sc{posix} or Bash. + +Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting +options preceded by @samp{-} accepts @samp{--} +to signify the end of the options. +The @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test} +builtins do not accept options and do not treat @samp{--} specially. +The @code{exit}, @code{logout}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, @code{let}, +and @code{shift} builtins accept and process arguments beginning +with @samp{-} without requiring @samp{--}. +Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting +options interpret arguments beginning with @samp{-} as invalid options and +require @samp{--} to prevent this interpretation. + +@node Bourne Shell Builtins +@section Bourne Shell Builtins + +The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell. +These commands are implemented as specified by the @sc{posix} standard. + +@table @code +@item : @r{(a colon)} +@btindex : +@example +: [@var{arguments}] +@end example +Do nothing beyond expanding @var{arguments} and performing redirections. +The return status is zero. + +@item . @r{(a period)} +@btindex . +@example +. @var{filename} [@var{arguments}] +@end example +Read and execute commands from the @var{filename} argument in the +current shell context. If @var{filename} does not contain a slash, +the @env{PATH} variable is used to find @var{filename}. +When Bash is not in @sc{posix} mode, the current directory is searched +if @var{filename} is not found in @env{$PATH}. +If any @var{arguments} are supplied, they become the positional +parameters when @var{filename} is executed. Otherwise the positional +parameters are unchanged. +The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or +zero if no commands are executed. If @var{filename} is not found, or +cannot be read, the return status is non-zero. +This builtin is equivalent to @code{source}. + +@item break +@btindex break +@example +break [@var{n}] +@end example +Exit from a @code{for}, @code{while}, @code{until}, or @code{select} loop. +If @var{n} is supplied, the @var{n}th enclosing loop is exited. +@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. + +@item cd +@btindex cd +@example +cd [-L|-P] [@var{directory}] +@end example +Change the current working directory to @var{directory}. +If @var{directory} is not given, the value of the @env{HOME} shell +variable is used. +If the shell variable @env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path. +If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used. + +The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic +links are followed by default or with the @option{-L} option. +If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is equivalent to @env{$OLDPWD}. + +If a non-empty directory name from @env{CDPATH} is used, or if +@samp{-} is the first argument, and the directory change is +successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is +written to the standard output. + +The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed, +non-zero otherwise. + +@item continue +@btindex continue +@example +continue [@var{n}] +@end example +Resume the next iteration of an enclosing @code{for}, @code{while}, +@code{until}, or @code{select} loop. +If @var{n} is supplied, the execution of the @var{n}th enclosing loop +is resumed. +@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1. +The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. + +@item eval +@btindex eval +@example +eval [@var{arguments}] +@end example +The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is +then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status +of @code{eval}. +If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is +zero. + +@item exec +@btindex exec +@example +exec [-cl] [-a @var{name}] [@var{command} [@var{arguments}]] +@end example +If @var{command} +is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process. +If the @option{-l} option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the +beginning of the zeroth argument passed to @var{command}. +This is what the @code{login} program does. +The @option{-c} option causes @var{command} to be executed with an empty +environment. +If @option{-a} is supplied, the shell passes @var{name} as the zeroth +argument to @var{command}. +If no @var{command} is specified, redirections may be used to affect +the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the +return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. + +@item exit +@btindex exit +@example +exit [@var{n}] +@end example +Exit the shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's parent. +If @var{n} is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. +Any trap on @code{EXIT} is executed before the shell terminates. + +@item export +@btindex export +@example +export [-fn] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] +@end example +Mark each @var{name} to be passed to child processes +in the environment. If the @option{-f} option is supplied, the @var{name}s +refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables. +The @option{-n} option means to no longer mark each @var{name} for export. +If no @var{names} are supplied, or if the @option{-p} option is given, a +list of exported names is displayed. +The @option{-p} option displays output in a form that may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of +the variable is set to @var{value}. + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the names is not a valid shell variable name, or @option{-f} is supplied +with a name that is not a shell function. + +@item getopts +@btindex getopts +@example +getopts @var{optstring} @var{name} [@var{args}] +@end example +@code{getopts} is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters. +@var{optstring} contains the option characters to be recognized; if a +character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an +argument, which should be separated from it by white space. +The colon (@samp{:}) and question mark (@samp{?}) may not be +used as option characters. +Each time it is invoked, @code{getopts} +places the next option in the shell variable @var{name}, initializing +@var{name} if it does not exist, +and the index of the next argument to be processed into the +variable @env{OPTIND}. +@env{OPTIND} is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script +is invoked. +When an option requires an argument, +@code{getopts} places that argument into the variable @env{OPTARG}. +The shell does not reset @env{OPTIND} automatically; it must be manually +reset between multiple calls to @code{getopts} within the same shell +invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. + +When the end of options is encountered, @code{getopts} exits with a +return value greater than zero. +@env{OPTIND} is set to the index of the first non-option argument, +and @code{name} is set to @samp{?}. + +@code{getopts} +normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are +given in @var{args}, @code{getopts} parses those instead. + +@code{getopts} can report errors in two ways. If the first character of +@var{optstring} is a colon, @var{silent} +error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages +are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are +encountered. +If the variable @env{OPTERR} +is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first +character of @code{optstring} is not a colon. + +If an invalid option is seen, +@code{getopts} places @samp{?} into @var{name} and, if not silent, +prints an error message and unsets @env{OPTARG}. +If @code{getopts} is silent, the option character found is placed in +@env{OPTARG} and no diagnostic message is printed. + +If a required argument is not found, and @code{getopts} +is not silent, a question mark (@samp{?}) is placed in @var{name}, +@code{OPTARG} is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. +If @code{getopts} is silent, then a colon (@samp{:}) is placed in +@var{name} and @env{OPTARG} is set to the option character found. + +@item hash +@btindex hash +@example +hash [-r] [-p @var{filename}] [-dt] [@var{name}] +@end example +Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as @var{name} arguments, +so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations. +The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in +@env{$PATH}. +The @option{-p} option inhibits the path search, and @var{filename} is +used as the location of @var{name}. +The @option{-r} option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. +The @option{-d} option causes the shell to forget the remembered location +of each @var{name}. +If the @option{-t} option is supplied, the full pathname to which each +@var{name} corresponds is printed. If multiple @var{name} arguments are +supplied with @option{-t} the @var{name} is printed before the hashed +full pathname. +The @option{-l} option causes output to be displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. +If no arguments are given, or if only @option{-l} is supplied, +information about remembered commands is printed. +The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not found or an invalid +option is supplied. + +@item pwd +@btindex pwd +@example +pwd [-LP] +@end example +Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. +If the @option{-P} option is supplied, the pathname printed will not +contain symbolic links. +If the @option{-L} option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain +symbolic links. +The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while +determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option +is supplied. + +@item readonly +@btindex readonly +@example +readonly [-aApf] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{} +@end example +Mark each @var{name} as readonly. +The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. +If the @option{-f} option is supplied, each @var{name} refers to a shell +function. +The @option{-a} option means each @var{name} refers to an indexed +array variable; the @option{-A} option means each @var{name} refers +to an associative array variable. +If no @var{name} arguments are given, or if the @option{-p} +option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. +The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a format that +may be reused as input. +If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of +the variable is set to @var{value}. +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of +the @var{name} arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name, +or the @option{-f} option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function. + +@item return +@btindex return +@example +return [@var{n}] +@end example +Cause a shell function to exit with the return value @var{n}. +If @var{n} is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the +last command executed in the function. +This may also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed +with the @code{.} (or @code{source}) builtin, returning either @var{n} or +the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit +status of the script. +Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed +before execution resumes after the function or script. +The return status is non-zero if @code{return} is used outside a function +and not during the execution of a script by @code{.} or @code{source}. + +@item shift +@btindex shift +@example +shift [@var{n}] +@end example +Shift the positional parameters to the left by @var{n}. +The positional parameters from @var{n}+1 @dots{} @code{$#} are +renamed to @code{$1} @dots{} @code{$#}-@var{n}. +Parameters represented by the numbers @code{$#} to @code{$#}-@var{n}+1 +are unset. +@var{n} must be a non-negative number less than or equal to @code{$#}. +If @var{n} is zero or greater than @code{$#}, the positional parameters +are not changed. +If @var{n} is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1. +The return status is zero unless @var{n} is greater than @code{$#} or +less than zero, non-zero otherwise. + +@item test +@itemx [ +@btindex test +@btindex [ +Evaluate a conditional expression @var{expr}. +Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. +Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in +@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}. +@code{test} does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore +an argument of @option{--} as signifying the end of options. + +When the @code{[} form is used, the last argument to the command must +be a @code{]}. + +Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in +decreasing order of precedence. +The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below. + +@table @code +@item ! @var{expr} +True if @var{expr} is false. + +@item ( @var{expr} ) +Returns the value of @var{expr}. +This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. + +@item @var{expr1} -a @var{expr2} +True if both @var{expr1} and @var{expr2} are true. + +@item @var{expr1} -o @var{expr2} +True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2} is true. +@end table + +The @code{test} and @code{[} builtins evaluate conditional +expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. + +@table @asis +@item 0 arguments +The expression is false. + +@item 1 argument +The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. + +@item 2 arguments +If the first argument is @samp{!}, the expression is true if and +only if the second argument is null. +If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators +(@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the expression +is true if the unary test is true. +If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is +false. + +@item 3 arguments +If the second argument is one of the binary conditional +operators (@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the +result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the +first and third arguments as operands. +The @samp{-a} and @samp{-o} operators are considered binary operators +when there are three arguments. +If the first argument is @samp{!}, the value is the negation of +the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. +If the first argument is exactly @samp{(} and the third argument is +exactly @samp{)}, the result is the one-argument test of the second +argument. +Otherwise, the expression is false. + +@item 4 arguments +If the first argument is @samp{!}, the result is the negation of +the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. +Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to +precedence using the rules listed above. + +@item 5 or more arguments +The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence +using the rules listed above. +@end table + +@item times +@btindex times +@example +times +@end example +Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children. +The return status is zero. + +@item trap +@btindex trap +@example +trap [-lp] [@var{arg}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}] +@end example +The commands in @var{arg} are to be read and executed when the +shell receives signal @var{sigspec}. If @var{arg} is absent (and +there is a single @var{sigspec}) or +equal to @samp{-}, each specified signal's disposition is reset +to the value it had when the shell was started. +If @var{arg} is the null string, then the signal specified by +each @var{sigspec} is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes. +If @var{arg} is not present and @option{-p} has been supplied, +the shell displays the trap commands associated with each @var{sigspec}. +If no arguments are supplied, or +only @option{-p} is given, @code{trap} prints the list of commands +associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as +shell input. +The @option{-l} option causes the shell to print a list of signal names +and their corresponding numbers. +Each @var{sigspec} is either a signal name or a signal number. +Signal names are case insensitive and the @code{SIG} prefix is optional. + +If a @var{sigspec} +is @code{0} or @code{EXIT}, @var{arg} is executed when the shell exits. +If a @var{sigspec} is @code{DEBUG}, the command @var{arg} is executed +before every simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command, +@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before +the first command executes in a shell function. +Refer to the description of the @code{extdebug} option to the +@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) for details of its +effect on the @code{DEBUG} trap. +If a @var{sigspec} is @code{RETURN}, the command @var{arg} is executed +each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or +@code{source} builtins finishes executing. + +If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg} +is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status, +subject to the following conditions. +The @code{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the +command list immediately following an @code{until} or @code{while} keyword, +part of the test following the @code{if} or @code{elif} reserved words, +part of a command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list, +or if the command's return +status is being inverted using @code{!}. +These are the same conditions obeyed by the @code{errexit} option. + +Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. +Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original +values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created. + +The return status is zero unless a @var{sigspec} does not specify a +valid signal. + +@item umask +@btindex umask +@example +umask [-p] [-S] [@var{mode}] +@end example +Set the shell process's file creation mask to @var{mode}. If +@var{mode} begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; +if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar +to that accepted by the @code{chmod} command. If @var{mode} is +omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the @option{-S} +option is supplied without a @var{mode} argument, the mask is printed +in a symbolic format. +If the @option{-p} option is supplied, and @var{mode} +is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. +The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if +no @var{mode} argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise. + +Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number +of the umask is subtracted from @code{7}. Thus, a umask of @code{022} +results in permissions of @code{755}. + +@item unset +@btindex unset +@example +unset [-fv] [@var{name}] +@end example +Each variable or function @var{name} is removed. +If no options are supplied, or the @option{-v} option is given, each +@var{name} refers to a shell variable. +If the @option{-f} option is given, the @var{name}s refer to shell +functions, and the function definition is removed. +Readonly variables and functions may not be unset. +The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is readonly. +@end table + +@node Bash Builtins +@section Bash Builtin Commands + +This section describes builtin commands which are unique to +or have been extended in Bash. +Some of these commands are specified in the @sc{posix} standard. + +@table @code + +@item alias +@btindex alias +@example +alias [@code{-p}] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +@end example + +Without arguments or with the @option{-p} option, @code{alias} prints +the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows +them to be reused as input. +If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each @var{name} +whose @var{value} is given. If no @var{value} is given, the name +and value of the alias is printed. +Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}. + +@item bind +@btindex bind +@example +bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-lpsvPSV] +bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-q @var{function}] [-u @var{function}] [-r @var{keyseq}] +bind [-m @var{keymap}] -f @var{filename} +bind [-m @var{keymap}] -x @var{keyseq:shell-command} +bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:function-name} +bind @var{readline-command} +@end example + +Display current Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) +key and function bindings, +bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro, +or set a Readline variable. +Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a +Readline initialization file (@pxref{Readline Init File}), +but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., +@samp{"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file}. + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -m @var{keymap} +Use @var{keymap} as the keymap to be affected by +the subsequent bindings. Acceptable @var{keymap} +names are +@code{emacs}, +@code{emacs-standard}, +@code{emacs-meta}, +@code{emacs-ctlx}, +@code{vi}, +@code{vi-move}, +@code{vi-command}, and +@code{vi-insert}. +@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command}; +@code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}. + +@item -l +List the names of all Readline functions. + +@item -p +Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they +can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. + +@item -P +List current Readline function names and bindings. + +@item -v +Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they +can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file. + +@item -V +List current Readline variable names and values. + +@item -s +Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output +in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline +initialization file. + +@item -S +Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. + +@item -f @var{filename} +Read key bindings from @var{filename}. + +@item -q @var{function} +Query about which keys invoke the named @var{function}. + +@item -u @var{function} +Unbind all keys bound to the named @var{function}. + +@item -r @var{keyseq} +Remove any current binding for @var{keyseq}. + +@item -x @var{keyseq:shell-command} +Cause @var{shell-command} to be executed whenever @var{keyseq} is +entered. +When @var{shell-command} is executed, the shell sets the +@code{READLINE_LINE} variable to the contents of the Readline line +buffer and the @code{READLINE_POINT} variable to the current location +of the insertion point. +If the executed command changes the value of @code{READLINE_LINE} or +@code{READLINE_POINT}, those new values will be reflected in the +editing state. +@end table + +@noindent +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an +error occurs. + +@item builtin +@btindex builtin +@example +builtin [@var{shell-builtin} [@var{args}]] +@end example +Run a shell builtin, passing it @var{args}, and return its exit status. +This is useful when defining a shell function with the same +name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within +the function. +The return status is non-zero if @var{shell-builtin} is not a shell +builtin command. + +@item caller +@btindex caller +@example +caller [@var{expr}] +@end example +Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or +a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins). + +Without @var{expr}, @code{caller} displays the line number and source +filename of the current subroutine call. +If a non-negative integer is supplied as @var{expr}, @code{caller} +displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding +to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra +information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The +current frame is frame 0. + +The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine +call or @var{expr} does not correspond to a valid position in the +call stack. + +@item command +@btindex command +@example +command [-pVv] @var{command} [@var{arguments} @dots{}] +@end example +Runs @var{command} with @var{arguments} ignoring any shell function +named @var{command}. +Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the +@env{PATH} are executed. +If there is a shell function named @code{ls}, running @samp{command ls} +within the function will execute the external command @code{ls} +instead of calling the function recursively. +The @option{-p} option means to use a default value for @env{PATH} +that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. +The return status in this case is 127 if @var{command} cannot be +found or an error occurred, and the exit status of @var{command} +otherwise. + +If either the @option{-V} or @option{-v} option is supplied, a +description of @var{command} is printed. The @option{-v} option +causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to +invoke @var{command} to be displayed; the @option{-V} option produces +a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is +zero if @var{command} is found, and non-zero if not. + +@item declare +@btindex declare +@example +declare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +@end example + +Declare variables and give them attributes. If no @var{name}s +are given, then display the values of variables instead. + +The @option{-p} option will display the attributes and values of each +@var{name}. +When @option{-p} is used with @var{name} arguments, additional options +are ignored. + +When @option{-p} is supplied without @var{name} arguments, @code{declare} +will display the attributes and values of all variables having the +attributes specified by the additional options. +If no other options are supplied with @option{-p}, @code{declare} will +display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The @option{-f} +option will restrict the display to shell functions. + +The @option{-F} option inhibits the display of function definitions; +only the function name and attributes are printed. +If the @code{extdebug} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt} +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), the source file name and line number where +the function is defined are displayed as well. +@option{-F} implies @option{-f}. +The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with +the specified attributes or to give variables attributes: + +@table @code +@item -a +Each @var{name} is an indexed array variable (@pxref{Arrays}). + +@item -A +Each @var{name} is an associative array variable (@pxref{Arrays}). + +@item -f +Use function names only. + +@item -i +The variable is to be treated as +an integer; arithmetic evaluation (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}) is +performed when the variable is assigned a value. + +@item -l +When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are +converted to lower-case. +The upper-case attribute is disabled. + +@item -r +Make @var{name}s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values +by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + +@item -t +Give each @var{name} the @code{trace} attribute. +Traced functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps from +the calling shell. +The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. + +@item -u +When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are +converted to upper-case. +The lower-case attribute is disabled. + +@item -x +Mark each @var{name} for export to subsequent commands via +the environment. +@end table + +Using @samp{+} instead of @samp{-} turns off the attribute instead, +with the exceptions that @samp{+a} +may not be used to destroy an array variable and @samp{+r} will not +remove the readonly attribute. +When used in a function, @code{declare} makes each @var{name} local, +as with the @code{local} command. If a variable name is followed by +=@var{value}, the value of the variable is set to @var{value}. + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered, +an attempt is made to define a function using @samp{-f foo=bar}, +an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without +using the compound assignment syntax (@pxref{Arrays}), +one of the @var{names} is not a valid shell variable name, +an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, +an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, +or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with @option{-f}. + +@item echo +@btindex echo +@example +echo [-neE] [@var{arg} @dots{}] +@end example +Output the @var{arg}s, separated by spaces, terminated with a +newline. +The return status is always 0. +If @option{-n} is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. +If the @option{-e} option is given, interpretation of the following +backslash-escaped characters is enabled. +The @option{-E} option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, +even on systems where they are interpreted by default. +The @code{xpg_echo} shell option may be used to +dynamically determine whether or not @code{echo} expands these +escape characters by default. +@code{echo} does not interpret @option{--} to mean the end of options. + +@code{echo} interprets the following escape sequences: +@table @code +@item \a +alert (bell) +@item \b +backspace +@item \c +suppress further output +@item \e +escape +@item \f +form feed +@item \n +new line +@item \r +carriage return +@item \t +horizontal tab +@item \v +vertical tab +@item \\ +backslash +@item \0@var{nnn} +the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn} +(zero to three octal digits) +@item \x@var{HH} +the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH} +(one or two hex digits) +@end table + +@item enable +@btindex enable +@example +enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f @var{filename}] [@var{name} @dots{}] +@end example +Enable and disable builtin shell commands. +Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name +as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, +even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. +If @option{-n} is used, the @var{name}s become disabled. Otherwise +@var{name}s are enabled. For example, to use the @code{test} binary +found via @env{$PATH} instead of the shell builtin version, type +@samp{enable -n test}. + +If the @option{-p} option is supplied, or no @var{name} arguments appear, +a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list +consists of all enabled shell builtins. +The @option{-a} option means to list +each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. + +The @option{-f} option means to load the new builtin command @var{name} +from shared object @var{filename}, on systems that support dynamic loading. +The @option{-d} option will delete a builtin loaded with @option{-f}. + +If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed. +The @option{-s} option restricts @code{enable} to the @sc{posix} special +builtins. If @option{-s} is used with @option{-f}, the new builtin becomes +a special builtin (@pxref{Special Builtins}). + +The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not a shell builtin +or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. + +@item help +@btindex help +@example +help [-dms] [@var{pattern}] +@end example +Display helpful information about builtin commands. +If @var{pattern} is specified, @code{help} gives detailed help +on all commands matching @var{pattern}, otherwise a list of +the builtins is printed. + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -d +Display a short description of each @var{pattern} +@item -m +Display the description of each @var{pattern} in a manpage-like format +@item -s +Display only a short usage synopsis for each @var{pattern} +@end table + +The return status is zero unless no command matches @var{pattern}. + +@item let +@btindex let +@example +let @var{expression} [@var{expression}] +@end example +The @code{let} builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell +variables. Each @var{expression} is evaluated according to the +rules given below in @ref{Shell Arithmetic}. If the +last @var{expression} evaluates to 0, @code{let} returns 1; +otherwise 0 is returned. + +@item local +@btindex local +@example +local [@var{option}] @var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{} +@end example +For each argument, a local variable named @var{name} is created, +and assigned @var{value}. +The @var{option} can be any of the options accepted by @code{declare}. +@code{local} can only be used within a function; it makes the variable +@var{name} have a visible scope restricted to that function and its +children. The return status is zero unless @code{local} is used outside +a function, an invalid @var{name} is supplied, or @var{name} is a +readonly variable. + +@item logout +@btindex logout +@example +logout [@var{n}] +@end example +Exit a login shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's +parent. + +@item mapfile +@btindex mapfile +@example +mapfile [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [ +-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}] +@end example +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array}, +or from file descriptor @var{fd} +if the @option{-u} option is supplied. +The variable @code{MAPFILE} is the default @var{array}. +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: +@table @code + +@item -n +Copy at most @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is 0, all lines are copied. +@item -O +Begin assigning to @var{array} at index @var{origin}. +The default index is 0. +@item -s +Discard the first @var{count} lines read. +@item -t +Remove a trailing newline from each line read. +@item -u +Read lines from file descriptor @var{fd} instead of the standard input. +@item -C +Evaluate @var{callback} each time @var{quantum}P lines are read. +The @option{-c} option specifies @var{quantum}. +@item -c +Specify the number of lines read between each call to @var{callback}. +@end table + +If @option{-C} is specified without @option{-c}, +the default quantum is 5000. +When @var{callback} is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next +array element to be assigned as an additional argument. +@var{callback} is evaluated after the line is read but before the +array element is assigned. + +If not supplied with an explicit origin, @code{mapfile} will clear @var{array} +before assigning to it. + +@code{mapfile} returns successfully unless an invalid option or option +argument is supplied, @var{array} is invalid or unassignable, or @var{array} +is not an indexed array. + +@item printf +@btindex printf +@example +printf [-v @var{var}] @var{format} [@var{arguments}] +@end example +Write the formatted @var{arguments} to the standard output under the +control of the @var{format}. +The @var{format} is a character string which contains three types of objects: +plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character +escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and +format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive +@var{argument}. +In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @samp{%b} causes +@code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding +@var{argument}, +(except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in +@samp{\'}, @samp{\"}, and @samp{\?} are not removed, and octal escapes +beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits), +and @samp{%q} causes @code{printf} to output the +corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input. + +The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable +@var{var} rather than being printed to the standard output. + +The @var{format} is reused as necessary to consume all of the @var{arguments}. +If the @var{format} requires more @var{arguments} than are supplied, the +extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as +appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, +non-zero on failure. + +@item read +@btindex read +@example +read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}] [-N @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}] +@end example +One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor +@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option, and the first word +is assigned to the first @var{name}, the second word to the second @var{name}, +and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned +to the last @var{name}. +If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, +the remaining names are assigned empty values. +The characters in the value of the @env{IFS} variable +are used to split the line into words. +The backslash character @samp{\} may be used to remove any special +meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. +If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the +variable @env{REPLY}. +The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, @code{read} +times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an +invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to @option{-u}. + +Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -a @var{aname} +The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable +@var{aname}, starting at 0. +All elements are removed from @var{aname} before the assignment. +Other @var{name} arguments are ignored. + +@item -d @var{delim} +The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate the input line, +rather than newline. + +@item -e +Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to obtain the line. +Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously +active) editing settings. + +@item -i @var{text} +If Readline is being used to read the line, @var{text} is placed into +the editing buffer before editing begins. + +@item -n @var{nchars} +@code{read} returns after reading @var{nchars} characters rather than +waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delimiter if fewer +than @var{nchars} characters are read before the delimiter. + +@item -N @var{nchars} +@code{read} returns after reading exactly @var{nchars} characters rather +than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or +@code{read} times out. +Delimiter characters encountered in the input are +not treated specially and do not cause @code{read} to return until +@var{nchars} characters are read. + +@item -p @var{prompt} +Display @var{prompt}, without a trailing newline, before attempting +to read any input. +The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. + +@item -r +If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character. +The backslash is considered to be part of the line. +In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line +continuation. + +@item -s +Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are +not echoed. + +@item -t @var{timeout} +Cause @code{read} to time out and return failure if a complete line of +input is not read within @var{timeout} seconds. +@var{timeout} may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following +the decimal point. +This option is only effective if @code{read} is reading input from a +terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading +from regular files. +If @var{timeout} is 0, @code{read} returns success if input is available on +the specified file descriptor, failure otherwise. +The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. + +@item -u @var{fd} +Read input from file descriptor @var{fd}. + +@end table + +@item readarray +@btindex readarray +@example +readarray [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}] [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [ +-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}] +@end example +Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array}, +or from file descriptor @var{fd} +if the @option{-u} option is supplied. + +A synonym for @code{mapfile}. + +@item source +@btindex source +@example +source @var{filename} +@end example +A synonym for @code{.} (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item type +@btindex type +@example +type [-afptP] [@var{name} @dots{}] +@end example +For each @var{name}, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a +command name. + +If the @option{-t} option is used, @code{type} prints a single word +which is one of @samp{alias}, @samp{function}, @samp{builtin}, +@samp{file} or @samp{keyword}, +if @var{name} is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, +disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively. +If the @var{name} is not found, then nothing is printed, and +@code{type} returns a failure status. + +If the @option{-p} option is used, @code{type} either returns the name +of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if @option{-t} +would not return @samp{file}. + +The @option{-P} option forces a path search for each @var{name}, even if +@option{-t} would not return @samp{file}. + +If a command is hashed, @option{-p} and @option{-P} print the hashed value, +not necessarily the file that appears first in @code{$PATH}. + +If the @option{-a} option is used, @code{type} returns all of the places +that contain an executable named @var{file}. +This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the @option{-p} option +is not also used. + +If the @option{-f} option is used, @code{type} does not attempt to find +shell functions, as with the @code{command} builtin. + +The return status is zero if all of the @var{names} are found, non-zero +if any are not found. + +@item typeset +@btindex typeset +@example +typeset [-afFrxi] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}] +@end example +The @code{typeset} command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn +shell; however, it has been deprecated in favor of the @code{declare} +builtin command. + +@item ulimit +@btindex ulimit +@example +ulimit [-abcdefilmnpqrstuvxHST] [@var{limit}] +@end example +@code{ulimit} provides control over the resources available to processes +started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an +option is given, it is interpreted as follows: +@table @code +@item -S +Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource. + +@item -H +Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource. + +@item -a +All current limits are reported. + +@item -b +The maximum socket buffer size. + +@item -c +The maximum size of core files created. + +@item -d +The maximum size of a process's data segment. + +@item -e +The maximum scheduling priority ("nice"). + +@item -f +The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children. + +@item -i +The maximum number of pending signals. + +@item -l +The maximum size that may be locked into memory. + +@item -m +The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit). + +@item -n +The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not +allow this value to be set). + +@item -p +The pipe buffer size. + +@item -q +The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues. + +@item -r +The maximum real-time scheduling priority. + +@item -s +The maximum stack size. + +@item -t +The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds. + +@item -u +The maximum number of processes available to a single user. + +@item -v +The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process. + +@item -x +The maximum number of file locks. + +@item -T +The maximum number of threads. + +@end table + +If @var{limit} is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; +the special @var{limit} values @code{hard}, @code{soft}, and +@code{unlimited} stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, +and no limit, respectively. +A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; +a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. +Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource +is printed, unless the @option{-H} option is supplied. +When setting new limits, if neither @option{-H} nor @option{-S} is supplied, +both the hard and soft limits are set. +If no option is given, then @option{-f} is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte +increments, except for @option{-t}, which is in seconds, @option{-p}, +which is in units of 512-byte blocks, and @option{-n} and @option{-u}, which +are unscaled values. + +The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, +or an error occurs while setting a new limit. + +@item unalias +@btindex unalias +@example +unalias [-a] [@var{name} @dots{} ] +@end example + +Remove each @var{name} from the list of aliases. If @option{-a} is +supplied, all aliases are removed. +Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}. + +@end table + +@node Modifying Shell Behavior +@section Modifying Shell Behavior + +@menu +* The Set Builtin:: Change the values of shell attributes and + positional parameters. +* The Shopt Builtin:: Modify shell optional behavior. +@end menu + +@node The Set Builtin +@subsection The Set Builtin + +This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. @code{set} +allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional +parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables. + +@table @code +@item set +@btindex set +@example +set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @var{option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}] +set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o @var{option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}] +@end example + +If no options or arguments are supplied, @code{set} displays the names +and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the +current locale, in a format that may be reused as input +for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. +Read-only variables cannot be reset. +In @sc{posix} mode, only shell variables are listed. + +When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes. +Options, if specified, have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -a +Mark variables and function which are modified or created for export +to the environment of subsequent commands. + +@item -b +Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported +immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt. + +@item -e +Exit immediately if a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}), which may consist +of a single simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}), +a subshell command enclosed in parentheses (@pxref{Command Grouping}), +or one of the commands executed as part of a command list enclosed +by braces (@pxref{Command Grouping}) +returns a non-zero status. +The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the +command list immediately following a @code{while} or @code{until} keyword, +part of the test in an @code{if} statement, +part of any command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list except +the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||}, +any command in a pipeline but the last, +or if the command's return status is being inverted with @code{!}. +A trap on @code{ERR}, if set, is executed before the shell exits. + +This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment +separately (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and may cause +subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. + +@item -f +Disable filename expansion (globbing). + +@item -h +Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item -k +All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed +in the environment for a command, not just those that precede +the command name. + +@item -m +Job control is enabled (@pxref{Job Control}). + +@item -n +Read commands but do not execute them; this may be used to check a +script for syntax errors. +This option is ignored by interactive shells. + +@item -o @var{option-name} + +Set the option corresponding to @var{option-name}: + +@table @code +@item allexport +Same as @code{-a}. + +@item braceexpand +Same as @code{-B}. + +@item emacs +Use an @code{emacs}-style line editing interface (@pxref{Command Line Editing}). +This also affects the editing interface used for @code{read -e}. + +@item errexit +Same as @code{-e}. + +@item errtrace +Same as @code{-E}. + +@item functrace +Same as @code{-T}. + +@item hashall +Same as @code{-h}. + +@item histexpand +Same as @code{-H}. + +@item history +Enable command history, as described in @ref{Bash History Facilities}. +This option is on by default in interactive shells. + +@item ignoreeof +An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF. + +@item keyword +Same as @code{-k}. + +@item monitor +Same as @code{-m}. + +@item noclobber +Same as @code{-C}. + +@item noexec +Same as @code{-n}. + +@item noglob +Same as @code{-f}. + +@item nolog +Currently ignored. + +@item notify +Same as @code{-b}. + +@item nounset +Same as @code{-u}. + +@item onecmd +Same as @code{-t}. + +@item physical +Same as @code{-P}. + +@item pipefail +If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last +(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all +commands in the pipeline exit successfully. +This option is disabled by default. + +@item posix +Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the @sc{posix} standard to match the standard +(@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). +This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that +standard. + +@item privileged +Same as @code{-p}. + +@item verbose +Same as @code{-v}. + +@item vi +Use a @code{vi}-style line editing interface. +This also affects the editing interface used for @code{read -e}. + +@item xtrace +Same as @code{-x}. +@end table + +@item -p +Turn on privileged mode. +In this mode, the @env{$BASH_ENV} and @env{$ENV} files are not +processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +and the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE} +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. +If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the @code{-p} option is not supplied, these actions +are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. +If the @code{-p} option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is +not reset. +Turning this option off causes the effective user +and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. + +@item -t +Exit after reading and executing one command. + +@item -u +Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters +@samp{@@} or @samp{*} as an error when performing parameter expansion. +An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive +shell will exit. + +@item -v +Print shell input lines as they are read. + +@item -x +Print a trace of simple commands, @code{for} commands, @code{case} +commands, @code{select} commands, and arithmetic @code{for} commands +and their arguments or associated word lists after they are +expanded and before they are executed. The value of the @env{PS4} +variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before +the command and its expanded arguments. + +@item -B +The shell will perform brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}). +This option is on by default. + +@item -C +Prevent output redirection using @samp{>}, @samp{>&}, and @samp{<>} +from overwriting existing files. + +@item -E +If set, any trap on @code{ERR} is inherited by shell functions, command +substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. +The @code{ERR} trap is normally not inherited in such cases. + +@item -H +Enable @samp{!} style history substitution (@pxref{History Interaction}). +This option is on by default for interactive shells. + +@item -P +If set, do not follow symbolic links when performing commands such as +@code{cd} which change the current directory. The physical directory +is used instead. By default, Bash follows +the logical chain of directories when performing commands +which change the current directory. + +For example, if @file{/usr/sys} is a symbolic link to @file{/usr/local/sys} +then: +@example +$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD +/usr/sys +$ cd ..; pwd +/usr +@end example + +@noindent +If @code{set -P} is on, then: +@example +$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD +/usr/local/sys +$ cd ..; pwd +/usr/local +@end example + +@item -T +If set, any trap on @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} are inherited by +shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed +in a subshell environment. +The @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps are normally not inherited +in such cases. + +@item -- +If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are +unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the +@var{arguments}, even if some of them begin with a @samp{-}. + +@item - +Signal the end of options, cause all remaining @var{arguments} +to be assigned to the positional parameters. The @option{-x} +and @option{-v} options are turned off. +If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged. +@end table + +Using @samp{+} rather than @samp{-} causes these options to be +turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the +shell. The current set of options may be found in @code{$-}. + +The remaining N @var{arguments} are positional parameters and are +assigned, in order, to @code{$1}, @code{$2}, @dots{} @code{$N}. +The special parameter @code{#} is set to N. + +The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied. +@end table + +@node The Shopt Builtin +@subsection The Shopt Builtin + +This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. + +@table @code + +@item shopt +@btindex shopt +@example +shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [@var{optname} @dots{}] +@end example +Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behavior. +With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, a list of all settable +options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. +The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a form that +may be reused as input. +Other options have the following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -s +Enable (set) each @var{optname}. + +@item -u +Disable (unset) each @var{optname}. + +@item -q +Suppresses normal output; the return status +indicates whether the @var{optname} is set or unset. +If multiple @var{optname} arguments are given with @option{-q}, +the return status is zero if all @var{optnames} are enabled; +non-zero otherwise. + +@item -o +Restricts the values of +@var{optname} to be those defined for the @option{-o} option to the +@code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +@end table + +If either @option{-s} or @option{-u} +is used with no @var{optname} arguments, the display is limited to +those options which are set or unset, respectively. + +Unless otherwise noted, the @code{shopt} options are disabled (off) +by default. + +The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames} +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, +the return status is zero unless an @var{optname} is not a valid shell +option. + +The list of @code{shopt} options is: +@table @code + +@item autocd +If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if +it were the argument to the @code{cd} command. +This option is only used by interactive shells. + +@item cdable_vars +If this is set, an argument to the @code{cd} builtin command that +is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose +value is the directory to change to. + +@item cdspell +If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a +@code{cd} command will be corrected. +The errors checked for are transposed characters, +a missing character, and a character too many. +If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed, +and the command proceeds. +This option is only used by interactive shells. + +@item checkhash +If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash +table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no +longer exists, a normal path search is performed. + +@item checkjobs +If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before +exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes +the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an +intervening command (@pxref{Job Control}). +The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. + +@item checkwinsize +If set, Bash checks the window size after each command +and, if necessary, updates the values of +@env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS}. + +@item cmdhist +If set, Bash +attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line +command in the same history entry. This allows +easy re-editing of multi-line commands. + +@item compat31 +If set, Bash +changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted +arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator. + +@item dirspell +If set, Bash +attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion +if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. + +@item dotglob +If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in +the results of filename expansion. + +@item execfail +If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if +it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the @code{exec} +builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if @code{exec} +fails. + +@item expand_aliases +If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases, +@ref{Aliases}. +This option is enabled by default for interactive shells. + +@item extdebug +If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: + +@enumerate +@item +The @option{-F} option to the @code{declare} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) +displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function +name supplied as an argument. + +@item +If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a non-zero value, the +next command is skipped and not executed. + +@item +If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a value of 2, and the +shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script +executed by the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins), a call to +@code{return} is simulated. + +@item +@code{BASH_ARGC} and @code{BASH_ARGV} are updated as described in their +descriptions (@pxref{Bash Variables}). + +@item +Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the +@code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps. + +@item +Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and +subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the +@code{ERROR} trap. +@end enumerate + +@item extglob +If set, the extended pattern matching features described above +(@pxref{Pattern Matching}) are enabled. + +@item extquote +If set, @code{$'@var{string}'} and @code{$"@var{string}"} quoting is +performed within @code{$@{@var{parameter}@}} expansions +enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. + +@item failglob +If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion +result in an expansion error. + +@item force_fignore +If set, the suffixes specified by the @env{FIGNORE} shell variable +cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if +the ignored words are the only possible completions. +@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item globstar +If set, the pattern @samp{**} used in a filename expansion context will +match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. +If the pattern is followed by a @samp{/}, only directories and +subdirectories match. + +@item gnu_errfmt +If set, shell error messages are written in the standard @sc{gnu} error +message format. + +@item histappend +If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value +of the @env{HISTFILE} +variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. + +@item histreedit +If set, and Readline +is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a +failed history substitution. + +@item histverify +If set, and Readline +is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately +passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into +the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification. + +@item hostcomplete +If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform +hostname completion when a word containing a @samp{@@} is being +completed (@pxref{Commands For Completion}). This option is enabled +by default. + +@item huponexit +If set, Bash will send @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when an interactive +login shell exits (@pxref{Signals}). + +@item interactive_comments +Allow a word beginning with @samp{#} +to cause that word and all remaining characters on that +line to be ignored in an interactive shell. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item lithist +If enabled, and the @code{cmdhist} +option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with +embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + +@item login_shell +The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell +(@pxref{Invoking Bash}). +The value may not be changed. + +@item mailwarn +If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been +accessed since the last time it was checked, the message +@code{"The mail in @var{mailfile} has been read"} is displayed. + +@item no_empty_cmd_completion +If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search +the @env{PATH} for possible completions when completion is attempted +on an empty line. + +@item nocaseglob +If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing filename expansion. + +@item nocasematch +If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when +performing matching while executing @code{case} or @code{[[} +conditional commands. + +@item nullglob +If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no +files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. + +@item progcomp +If set, the programmable completion facilities +(@pxref{Programmable Completion}) are enabled. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item promptvars +If set, prompt strings undergo +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal after being expanded +as described below (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}). +This option is enabled by default. + +@item restricted_shell +The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode +(@pxref{The Restricted Shell}). +The value may not be changed. +This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing +the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted. + +@item shift_verbose +If this is set, the @code{shift} +builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the +number of positional parameters. + +@item sourcepath +If set, the @code{source} builtin uses the value of @env{PATH} +to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. +This option is enabled by default. + +@item xpg_echo +If set, the @code{echo} builtin expands backslash-escape sequences +by default. + +@end table + +@noindent +The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames} +are enabled, non-zero otherwise. +When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an +@var{optname} is not a valid shell option. + +@end table + +@node Special Builtins +@section Special Builtins +@cindex special builtin + +For historical reasons, the @sc{posix} standard has classified +several builtin commands as @emph{special}. +When Bash is executing in @sc{posix} mode, the special builtins +differ from other builtin commands in three respects: + +@enumerate +@item +Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup. + +@item +If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits. + +@item +Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell +environment after the command completes. +@end enumerate + +When Bash is not executing in @sc{posix} mode, these builtins behave no +differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands. +The Bash @sc{posix} mode is described in @ref{Bash POSIX Mode}. + +These are the @sc{posix} special builtins: +@example +@w{break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set} +@w{shift trap unset} +@end example + +@node Shell Variables +@chapter Shell Variables + +@menu +* Bourne Shell Variables:: Variables which Bash uses in the same way + as the Bourne Shell. +* Bash Variables:: List of variables that exist in Bash. +@end menu + +This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses. +Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables. + +@node Bourne Shell Variables +@section Bourne Shell Variables + +Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell. +In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. + +@vtable @code + +@item CDPATH +A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for +the @code{cd} builtin command. + +@item HOME +The current user's home directory; the default for the @code{cd} builtin +command. +The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion +(@pxref{Tilde Expansion}). + +@item IFS +A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits +words as part of expansion. + +@item MAIL +If this parameter is set to a filename and the @env{MAILPATH} variable +is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in +the specified file. + +@item MAILPATH +A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks +for new mail. +Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail +arrives in the mail file by separating the file name from the message with +a @samp{?}. +When used in the text of the message, @code{$_} expands to the name of +the current mail file. + +@item OPTARG +The value of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin. + +@item OPTIND +The index of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin. + +@item PATH +A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for +commands. +A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of @code{PATH} indicates the +current directory. +A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial +or trailing colon. + + +@item PS1 +The primary prompt string. The default value is @samp{\s-\v\$ }. +@xref{Printing a Prompt}, for the complete list of escape +sequences that are expanded before @env{PS1} is displayed. + +@item PS2 +The secondary prompt string. The default value is @samp{> }. + +@end vtable + +@node Bash Variables +@section Bash Variables + +These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells +do not normally treat them specially. + +A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters: +variables for controlling the job control facilities +(@pxref{Job Control Variables}). + +@vtable @code + +@item BASH +The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash. + +@item BASHOPTS +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the @option{-s} option to the +@code{shopt} builtin command (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}). +The options appearing in @env{BASHOPTS} are those reported +as @samp{on} by @samp{shopt}. +If this variable is in the environment when Bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. + +@item BASHPID +Expands to the process id of the current Bash process. +This differs from @code{$$} under certain circumstances, such as subshells +that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. + +@item BASH_ALIASES +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array +elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. + +@item BASH_ARGC +An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each +frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of +parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed +with @code{.} or @code{source}) is at the top of the stack. When a +subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto +@code{BASH_ARGC}. +The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGC} only when in extended debugging mode +(see @ref{The Shopt Builtin} +for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt} +builtin). + +@item BASH_ARGV +An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash +execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call +is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is +at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied +are pushed onto @code{BASH_ARGV}. +The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGV} only when in extended debugging mode +(see @ref{The Shopt Builtin} +for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt} +builtin). + +@item BASH_CMDS +An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal +hash table of commands as maintained by the @code{hash} builtin +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). +Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array +elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table. + +@item BASH_COMMAND +The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the +shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, +in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. + +@item BASH_ENV +If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell +script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file +to read before executing the script. @xref{Bash Startup Files}. + +@item BASH_EXECUTION_STRING +The command argument to the @option{-c} invocation option. + +@item BASH_LINENO +An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files +corresponding to each member of @var{FUNCNAME}. +@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file where +@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called (or @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i-1]@}} if +referenced within another shell function). +The corresponding source file name is @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}}. +Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number. + +@item BASH_REMATCH +An array variable whose members are assigned by the @samp{=~} binary +operator to the @code{[[} conditional command +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). +The element with index 0 is the portion of the string +matching the entire regular expression. +The element with index @var{n} is the portion of the +string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression. +This variable is read-only. + +@item BASH_SOURCE +An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding +to the elements in the @code{FUNCNAME} array variable. + +@item BASH_SUBSHELL +Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. +The initial value is 0. + +@item BASH_VERSINFO +A readonly array variable (@pxref{Arrays}) +whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash. +The values assigned to the array members are as follows: + +@table @code + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[0] +The major version number (the @var{release}). + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[1] +The minor version number (the @var{version}). + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[2] +The patch level. + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[3] +The build version. + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[4] +The release status (e.g., @var{beta1}). + +@item BASH_VERSINFO[5] +The value of @env{MACHTYPE}. + +@end table + +@item BASH_VERSION +The version number of the current instance of Bash. + +@item BASH_XTRACEFD +If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash +will write the trace output generated when @samp{set -x} +is enabled to that file descriptor. +This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error +messages. +The file descriptor is closed when @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} is unset or assigned +a new value. +Unsetting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} or assigning it the empty string causes the +trace output to be sent to the standard error. +Note that setting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} to 2 (the standard error file +descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error +being closed. + +@item COLUMNS +Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the terminal width +when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +@code{SIGWINCH}. + +@item COMP_CWORD +An index into @env{$@{COMP_WORDS@}} of the word containing the current +cursor position. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMP_LINE +The current command line. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMP_POINT +The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of +the current command. +If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, +the value of this variable is equal to @code{$@{#COMP_LINE@}}. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMP_TYPE +Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted +that caused a completion function to be called: +@var{TAB}, for normal completion, +@samp{?}, for listing completions after successive tabs, +@samp{!}, for listing alternatives on partial word completion, +@samp{@@}, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, +or +@samp{%}, for menu completion. +This variable is available only in shell functions and external +commands invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMP_KEY +The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current +completion function. + +@item COMP_WORDBREAKS +The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word +separators when performing word completion. +If @code{COMP_WORDBREAKS} is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. + +@item COMP_WORDS +An array variable consisting of the individual +words in the current command line. +The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using +@code{COMP_WORDBREAKS} as described above. +This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the +programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item COMPREPLY +An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions +generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion +facility (@pxref{Programmable Completion}). + +@item DIRSTACK +An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack. +Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the +@code{dirs} builtin. +Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify +directories already in the stack, but the @code{pushd} and @code{popd} +builtins must be used to add and remove directories. +Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory. +If @env{DIRSTACK} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. + +@item EMACS +If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell +starts with value @samp{t}, it assumes that the shell is running in an +emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. + +@item EUID +The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable +is readonly. + +@item FCEDIT +The editor used as a default by the @option{-e} option to the @code{fc} +builtin command. + +@item FIGNORE +A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing +filename completion. +A file name whose suffix matches one of the entries in +@env{FIGNORE} +is excluded from the list of matched file names. A sample +value is @samp{.o:~} + +@item FUNCNAME +An array variable containing the names of all shell functions +currently in the execution call stack. +The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing +shell function. +The bottom-most element is @code{"main"}. +This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. +Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect and return an error status. +If @env{FUNCNAME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. + +@item GLOBIGNORE +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +be ignored by filename expansion. +If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one +of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}, it is removed from the list +of matches. + +@item GROUPS +An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current +user is a member. +Assignments to @env{GROUPS} have no effect and return an error status. +If @env{GROUPS} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. + +@item histchars +Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick +substitution, and tokenization (@pxref{History Interaction}). +The first character is the +@var{history expansion} character, that is, the character which signifies the +start of a history expansion, normally @samp{!}. The second character is the +character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first +character on a line, normally @samp{^}. The optional third character is the +character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when +found as the first character of a word, usually @samp{#}. The history +comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the +remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell +parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. + +@item HISTCMD +The history number, or index in the history list, of the current +command. If @env{HISTCMD} is unset, it loses its special properties, +even if it is subsequently reset. + +@item HISTCONTROL +A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on +the history list. +If the list of values includes @samp{ignorespace}, lines which begin +with a space character are not saved in the history list. +A value of @samp{ignoredups} causes lines which match the previous +history entry to not be saved. +A value of @samp{ignoreboth} is shorthand for +@samp{ignorespace} and @samp{ignoredups}. +A value of @samp{erasedups} causes all previous lines matching the +current line to be removed from the history list before that line +is saved. +Any value not in the above list is ignored. +If @env{HISTCONTROL} is unset, or does not include a valid value, +all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, +subject to the value of @env{HISTIGNORE}. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +@env{HISTCONTROL}. + +@item HISTFILE +The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The +default value is @file{~/.bash_history}. + +@item HISTFILESIZE +The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this +variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if +necessary, by removing the oldest entries, +to contain no more than that number of lines. +The history file is also truncated to this size after +writing it when an interactive shell exits. +The default value is 500. + +@item HISTIGNORE +A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command +lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is +anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete +line (no implicit @samp{*} is appended). Each pattern is tested +against the line after the checks specified by @env{HISTCONTROL} +are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching +characters, @samp{&} matches the previous history line. @samp{&} +may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed +before attempting a match. +The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are +not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of +@env{HISTIGNORE}. + +@env{HISTIGNORE} subsumes the function of @env{HISTCONTROL}. A +pattern of @samp{&} is identical to @code{ignoredups}, and a +pattern of @samp{[ ]*} is identical to @code{ignorespace}. +Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon, +provides the functionality of @code{ignoreboth}. + +@item HISTSIZE +The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list. +The default value is 500. + +@item HISTTIMEFORMAT +If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string +for @var{strftime} to print the time stamp associated with each history +entry displayed by the @code{history} builtin. +If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so +they may be preserved across shell sessions. +This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from +other history lines. + +@item HOSTFILE +Contains the name of a file in the same format as @file{/etc/hosts} that +should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. +The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell +is running; +the next time hostname completion is attempted after the +value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the +existing list. +If @env{HOSTFILE} is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file, +Bash attempts to read +@file{/etc/hosts} to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. +When @env{HOSTFILE} is unset, the hostname list is cleared. + +@item HOSTNAME +The name of the current host. + +@item HOSTTYPE +A string describing the machine Bash is running on. + +@item IGNOREEOF +Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an @code{EOF} character +as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number +of consecutive @code{EOF} characters that can be read as the +first character on an input line +before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not +have a numeric value (or has no value) then the default is 10. +If the variable does not exist, then @code{EOF} signifies the end of +input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells. + +@item INPUTRC +The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default +of @file{~/.inputrc}. + +@item LANG +Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically +selected with a variable starting with @code{LC_}. + +@item LC_ALL +This variable overrides the value of @env{LANG} and any other +@code{LC_} variable specifying a locale category. + +@item LC_COLLATE +This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the +results of filename expansion, and +determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, +and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching +(@pxref{Filename Expansion}). + +@item LC_CTYPE +This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the +behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern +matching (@pxref{Filename Expansion}). + +@item LC_MESSAGES +This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted +strings preceded by a @samp{$} (@pxref{Locale Translation}). + +@item LC_NUMERIC +This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. + +@item LINENO +The line number in the script or shell function currently executing. + +@item LINES +Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the column length +for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a +@code{SIGWINCH}. + +@item MACHTYPE +A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash +is executing, in the standard @sc{gnu} @var{cpu-company-system} format. + +@item MAILCHECK +How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the +files specified in the @env{MAILPATH} or @env{MAIL} variables. +The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check +for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. +If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number +greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. + +@item OLDPWD +The previous working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin. + +@item OPTERR +If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages +generated by the @code{getopts} builtin command. + +@item OSTYPE +A string describing the operating system Bash is running on. + +@item PIPESTATUS +An array variable (@pxref{Arrays}) +containing a list of exit status values from the processes +in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may +contain only a single command). + +@item POSIXLY_CORRECT +If this variable is in the environment when @code{bash} starts, the shell +enters @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}) before reading the +startup files, as if the @option{--posix} invocation option had been supplied. +If it is set while the shell is running, @code{bash} enables @sc{posix} mode, +as if the command +@example +@code{set -o posix} +@end example +@noindent +had been executed. + +@item PPID +The process @sc{id} of the shell's parent process. This variable +is readonly. + +@item PROMPT_COMMAND +If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute +before the printing of each primary prompt (@env{$PS1}). + +@item PROMPT_DIRTRIM +If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of +trailing directory components to retain when expanding the @code{\w} and +@code{\W} prompt string escapes (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}). +Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. + +@item PS3 +The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the +@code{select} command. If this variable is not set, the +@code{select} command prompts with @samp{#? } + +@item PS4 +The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed +when the @option{-x} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +The first character of @env{PS4} is replicated multiple times, as +necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. +The default is @samp{+ }. + +@item PWD +The current working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin. + +@item RANDOM +Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer +between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this +variable seeds the random number generator. + +@item REPLY +The default variable for the @code{read} builtin. + +@item SECONDS +This variable expands to the number of seconds since the +shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets +the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value +becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds +since the assignment. + +@item SHELL +The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable. +If it is not set when the shell starts, +Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. + +@item SHELLOPTS +A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in +the list is a valid argument for the @option{-o} option to the +@code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +The options appearing in @env{SHELLOPTS} are those reported +as @samp{on} by @samp{set -o}. +If this variable is in the environment when Bash +starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before +reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. + +@item SHLVL +Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is +intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested. + +@item TIMEFORMAT +The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying +how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the @code{time} +reserved word should be displayed. +The @samp{%} character introduces an +escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other +information. +The escape sequences and their meanings are as +follows; the braces denote optional portions. + +@table @code + +@item %% +A literal @samp{%}. + +@item %[@var{p}][l]R +The elapsed time in seconds. + +@item %[@var{p}][l]U +The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. + +@item %[@var{p}][l]S +The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. + +@item %P +The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. +@end table + +The optional @var{p} is a digit specifying the precision, the number of +fractional digits after a decimal point. +A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. +At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values +of @var{p} greater than 3 are changed to 3. +If @var{p} is not specified, the value 3 is used. + +The optional @code{l} specifies a longer format, including minutes, of +the form @var{MM}m@var{SS}.@var{FF}s. +The value of @var{p} determines whether or not the fraction is included. + +If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value +@example +@code{$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'} +@end example +If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. +A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. + +@item TMOUT +If set to a value greater than zero, @code{TMOUT} is treated as the +default timeout for the @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). +The @code{select} command (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) terminates +if input does not arrive after @code{TMOUT} seconds when input is coming +from a terminal. + +In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as +the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary +prompt when the shell is interactive. +Bash terminates after that number of seconds if input does +not arrive. + +@item TMPDIR +If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which +Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use. + +@item UID +The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. + +@end vtable + +@node Bash Features +@chapter Bash Features + +This section describes features unique to Bash. + +@menu +* Invoking Bash:: Command line options that you can give + to Bash. +* Bash Startup Files:: When and how Bash executes scripts. +* Interactive Shells:: What an interactive shell is. +* Bash Conditional Expressions:: Primitives used in composing expressions for + the @code{test} builtin. +* Shell Arithmetic:: Arithmetic on shell variables. +* Aliases:: Substituting one command for another. +* Arrays:: Array Variables. +* The Directory Stack:: History of visited directories. +* Printing a Prompt:: Controlling the PS1 string. +* The Restricted Shell:: A more controlled mode of shell execution. +* Bash POSIX Mode:: Making Bash behave more closely to what + the POSIX standard specifies. +@end menu + +@node Invoking Bash +@section Invoking Bash + +@example +bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}] +bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] -c @var{string} [@var{argument} @dots{}] +bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}] +@end example + +In addition to the single-character shell command-line options +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), there are several multi-character +options that you can use. These options must appear on the command +line before the single-character options to be recognized. + +@table @code +@item --debugger +Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell +starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see @ref{The Shopt Builtin} +for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt} +builtin) and shell function tracing +(see @ref{The Set Builtin} for a description of the @code{-o functrace} +option). + +@item --dump-po-strings +A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$} +is printed on the standard output +in the @sc{gnu} @code{gettext} PO (portable object) file format. +Equivalent to @option{-D} except for the output format. + +@item --dump-strings +Equivalent to @option{-D}. + +@item --help +Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. + +@item --init-file @var{filename} +@itemx --rcfile @var{filename} +Execute commands from @var{filename} (instead of @file{~/.bashrc}) +in an interactive shell. + +@item --login +Equivalent to @option{-l}. + +@item --noediting +Do not use the @sc{gnu} Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) +to read command lines when the shell is interactive. + +@item --noprofile +Don't load the system-wide startup file @file{/etc/profile} +or any of the personal initialization files +@file{~/.bash_profile}, @file{~/.bash_login}, or @file{~/.profile} +when Bash is invoked as a login shell. + +@item --norc +Don't read the @file{~/.bashrc} initialization file in an +interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is +invoked as @code{sh}. + +@item --posix +Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs +from the @sc{posix} standard to match the standard. This +is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that +standard. @xref{Bash POSIX Mode}, for a description of the Bash +@sc{posix} mode. + +@item --restricted +Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}). + +@item --verbose +Equivalent to @option{-v}. Print shell input lines as they're read. + +@item --version +Show version information for this instance of +Bash on the standard output and exit successfully. + +@end table + +There are several single-character options that may be supplied at +invocation which are not available with the @code{set} builtin. + +@table @code +@item -c @var{string} +Read and execute commands from @var{string} after processing the +options, then exit. Any remaining arguments are assigned to the +positional parameters, starting with @code{$0}. + +@item -i +Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are +described in @ref{Interactive Shells}. + +@item -l +Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login. +When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a +login shell with @samp{exec -l bash}. +When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will +be executed. +@samp{exec bash -l} or @samp{exec bash --login} +will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell. +@xref{Bash Startup Files}, for a description of the special behavior +of a login shell. + +@item -r +Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}). + +@item -s +If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option +processing, then commands are read from the standard input. +This option allows the positional parameters to be set +when invoking an interactive shell. + +@item -D +A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$} +is printed on the standard output. +These are the strings that +are subject to language translation when the current locale +is not @code{C} or @code{POSIX} (@pxref{Locale Translation}). +This implies the @option{-n} option; no commands will be executed. + +@item [-+]O [@var{shopt_option}] +@var{shopt_option} is one of the shell options accepted by the +@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}). +If @var{shopt_option} is present, @option{-O} sets the value of that option; +@option{+O} unsets it. +If @var{shopt_option} is not supplied, the names and values of the shell +options accepted by @code{shopt} are printed on the standard output. +If the invocation option is @option{+O}, the output is displayed in a format +that may be reused as input. + +@item -- +A @code{--} signals the end of options and disables further option +processing. +Any arguments after the @code{--} are treated as filenames and arguments. + +@end table + +@cindex login shell +A @emph{login} shell is one whose first character of argument zero is +@samp{-}, or one invoked with the @option{--login} option. + +@cindex interactive shell +An @emph{interactive} shell is one started without non-option arguments, +unless @option{-s} is specified, +without specifying the @option{-c} option, and whose input and output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}), or one +started with the @option{-i} option. @xref{Interactive Shells}, for more +information. + +If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the +@option{-c} nor the @option{-s} +option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to +be the name of a file containing shell commands (@pxref{Shell Scripts}). +When Bash is invoked in this fashion, @code{$0} +is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters +are set to the remaining arguments. +Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits. +Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed +in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. + +@node Bash Startup Files +@section Bash Startup Files +@cindex startup files + +This section describes how Bash executes its startup files. +If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. +Tildes are expanded in file names as described above under +Tilde Expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}). + +Interactive shells are described in @ref{Interactive Shells}. + +@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with @option{--login} + +When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a +non-interactive shell with the @option{--login} option, it first reads and +executes commands from the file @file{/etc/profile}, if that file exists. +After reading that file, it looks for @file{~/.bash_profile}, +@file{~/.bash_login}, and @file{~/.profile}, in that order, and reads +and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. +The @option{--noprofile} option may be used when the shell is started to +inhibit this behavior. + +When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from +the file @file{~/.bash_logout}, if it exists. + +@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive non-login shell + +When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash +reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that file exists. +This may be inhibited by using the @option{--norc} option. +The @option{--rcfile @var{file}} option will force Bash to read and +execute commands from @var{file} instead of @file{~/.bashrc}. + +So, typically, your @file{~/.bash_profile} contains the line +@example +@code{if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi} +@end example +@noindent +after (or before) any login-specific initializations. + +@subsubheading Invoked non-interactively + +When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, +for example, it looks for the variable @env{BASH_ENV} in the environment, +expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as +the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the +following command were executed: +@example +@code{if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi} +@end example +@noindent +but the value of the @env{PATH} variable is not used to search for the +file name. + +As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the +@option{--login} option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the +login shell startup files. + +@subsubheading Invoked with name @code{sh} + +If Bash is invoked with the name @code{sh}, it tries to mimic the +startup behavior of historical versions of @code{sh} as closely as +possible, while conforming to the @sc{posix} standard as well. + +When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive +shell with the @option{--login} option, it first attempts to read +and execute commands from @file{/etc/profile} and @file{~/.profile}, in +that order. +The @option{--noprofile} option may be used to inhibit this behavior. +When invoked as an interactive shell with the name @code{sh}, Bash +looks for the variable @env{ENV}, expands its value if it is defined, +and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. +Since a shell invoked as @code{sh} does not attempt to read and execute +commands from any other startup files, the @option{--rcfile} option has +no effect. +A non-interactive shell invoked with the name @code{sh} does not attempt +to read any other startup files. + +When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after +the startup files are read. + +@subsubheading Invoked in @sc{posix} mode + +When Bash is started in @sc{posix} mode, as with the +@option{--posix} command line option, it follows the @sc{posix} standard +for startup files. +In this mode, interactive shells expand the @env{ENV} variable +and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the +expanded value. +No other startup files are read. + +@subsubheading Invoked by remote shell daemon + +Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input +connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell +daemon, usually @code{rshd}, or the secure shell daemon @code{sshd}. +If Bash determines it is being run in +this fashion, it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that +file exists and is readable. +It will not do this if invoked as @code{sh}. +The @option{--norc} option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the +@option{--rcfile} option may be used to force another file to be read, but +@code{rshd} does not generally invoke the shell with those options or +allow them to be specified. + +@subsubheading Invoked with unequal effective and real @sc{uid/gid}s + +If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the +real user (group) id, and the @code{-p} option is not supplied, no startup +files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, +the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH}, and @env{GLOBIGNORE} +variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective +user id is set to the real user id. +If the @code{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is +the same, but the effective user id is not reset. + +@node Interactive Shells +@section Interactive Shells +@cindex interactive shell +@cindex shell, interactive + +@menu +* What is an Interactive Shell?:: What determines whether a shell is Interactive. +* Is this Shell Interactive?:: How to tell if a shell is interactive. +* Interactive Shell Behavior:: What changes in a interactive shell? +@end menu + +@node What is an Interactive Shell? +@subsection What is an Interactive Shell? + +An interactive shell +is one started without non-option arguments, unless @option{-s} is +specified, without specifying the @option{-c} option, and +whose input and error output are both +connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}), +or one started with the @option{-i} option. + +An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's +terminal. + +The @option{-s} invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters +when an interactive shell is started. + +@node Is this Shell Interactive? +@subsection Is this Shell Interactive? + +To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is +running interactively, +test the value of the @samp{-} special parameter. +It contains @code{i} when the shell is interactive. For example: + +@example +case "$-" in +*i*) echo This shell is interactive ;; +*) echo This shell is not interactive ;; +esac +@end example + +Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable +@env{PS1}; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in +interactive shells. Thus: + +@example +if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then + echo This shell is not interactive +else + echo This shell is interactive +fi +@end example + +@node Interactive Shell Behavior +@subsection Interactive Shell Behavior + +When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in +several ways. + +@enumerate +@item +Startup files are read and executed as described in @ref{Bash Startup Files}. + +@item +Job Control (@pxref{Job Control}) is enabled by default. When job +control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control +signals @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}. + +@item +Bash expands and displays @env{PS1} before reading the first line +of a command, and expands and displays @env{PS2} before reading the +second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. + +@item +Bash executes the value of the @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} variable as a command +before printing the primary prompt, @env{$PS1} +(@pxref{Bash Variables}). + +@item +Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to read commands from +the user's terminal. + +@item +Bash inspects the value of the @code{ignoreeof} option to @code{set -o} +instead of exiting immediately when it receives an @code{EOF} on its +standard input when reading a command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +Command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) +and history expansion (@pxref{History Interaction}) +are enabled by default. +Bash will save the command history to the file named by @env{$HISTFILE} +when an interactive shell exits. + +@item +Alias expansion (@pxref{Aliases}) is performed by default. + +@item +In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores @code{SIGTERM} +(@pxref{Signals}). + +@item +In the absence of any traps, @code{SIGINT} is caught and handled +((@pxref{Signals}). +@code{SIGINT} will interrupt some shell builtins. + +@item +An interactive login shell sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs on exit +if the @code{huponexit} shell option has been enabled (@pxref{Signals}). + +@item +The @option{-n} invocation option is ignored, and @samp{set -n} has +no effect (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the +@env{MAIL}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{MAILCHECK} shell variables +(@pxref{Bash Variables}). + +@item +Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after +@samp{set -u} has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by @var{var} being unset +or null in @code{$@{@var{var}:?@var{word}@}} expansions +(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the +shell to exit. + +@item +When running in @sc{posix} mode, a special builtin returning an error +status will not cause the shell to exit (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). + +@item +A failed @code{exec} will not cause the shell to exit +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit. + +@item +Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the @code{cd} +builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the @code{cdspell} +option to the @code{shopt} builtin in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}). + +@item +The shell will check the value of the @env{TMOUT} variable and exit +if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after +printing @env{$PS1} (@pxref{Bash Variables}). + +@end enumerate + +@node Bash Conditional Expressions +@section Bash Conditional Expressions +@cindex expressions, conditional + +Conditional expressions are used by the @code{[[} compound command +and the @code{test} and @code{[} builtin commands. + +Expressions may be unary or binary. +Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. +There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. +If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is of the form +@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then file descriptor @var{N} is checked. +If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of +@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file +descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. + +When used with @samp{[[}, The @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort +lexicographically using the current locale. + +Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic +links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. + +@table @code +@item -a @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists. + +@item -b @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a block special file. + +@item -c @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a character special file. + +@item -d @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a directory. + +@item -e @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists. + +@item -f @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a regular file. + +@item -g @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and its set-group-id bit is set. + +@item -h @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link. + +@item -k @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and its "sticky" bit is set. + +@item -p @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). + +@item -r @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is readable. + +@item -s @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and has a size greater than zero. + +@item -t @var{fd} +True if file descriptor @var{fd} is open and refers to a terminal. + +@item -u @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and its set-user-id bit is set. + +@item -w @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is writable. + +@item -x @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is executable. + +@item -O @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id. + +@item -G @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective group id. + +@item -L @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link. + +@item -S @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and is a socket. + +@item -N @var{file} +True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read. + +@item @var{file1} -nt @var{file2} +True if @var{file1} is newer (according to modification date) +than @var{file2}, or if @var{file1} exists and @var{file2} does not. + +@item @var{file1} -ot @var{file2} +True if @var{file1} is older than @var{file2}, +or if @var{file2} exists and @var{file1} does not. + +@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2} +True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and +inode numbers. + +@item -o @var{optname} +True if shell option @var{optname} is enabled. +The list of options appears in the description of the @option{-o} +option to the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item -z @var{string} +True if the length of @var{string} is zero. + +@item -n @var{string} +@itemx @var{string} +True if the length of @var{string} is non-zero. + +@item @var{string1} == @var{string2} +@itemx @var{string1} = @var{string2} +True if the strings are equal. +@samp{=} should be used with the @code{test} command for @sc{posix} conformance. + +@item @var{string1} != @var{string2} +True if the strings are not equal. + +@item @var{string1} < @var{string2} +True if @var{string1} sorts before @var{string2} lexicographically. + +@item @var{string1} > @var{string2} +True if @var{string1} sorts after @var{string2} lexicographically. + +@item @var{arg1} OP @var{arg2} +@code{OP} is one of +@samp{-eq}, @samp{-ne}, @samp{-lt}, @samp{-le}, @samp{-gt}, or @samp{-ge}. +These arithmetic binary operators return true if @var{arg1} +is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, +greater than, or greater than or equal to @var{arg2}, +respectively. @var{Arg1} and @var{arg2} +may be positive or negative integers. + +@end table + +@node Shell Arithmetic +@section Shell Arithmetic +@cindex arithmetic, shell +@cindex shell arithmetic +@cindex expressions, arithmetic +@cindex evaluation, arithmetic +@cindex arithmetic evaluation + +The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of +the shell expansions or by the @code{let} and the @option{-i} option +to the @code{declare} builtins. + +Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, +though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. +The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values +are the same as in the C language. +The following list of operators is grouped into levels of +equal-precedence operators. +The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. + +@table @code + +@item @var{id}++ @var{id}-- +variable post-increment and post-decrement + +@item ++@var{id} --@var{id} +variable pre-increment and pre-decrement + +@item - + +unary minus and plus + +@item ! ~ +logical and bitwise negation + +@item ** +exponentiation + +@item * / % +multiplication, division, remainder + +@item + - +addition, subtraction + +@item << >> +left and right bitwise shifts + +@item <= >= < > +comparison + +@item == != +equality and inequality + +@item & +bitwise AND + +@item ^ +bitwise exclusive OR + +@item | +bitwise OR + +@item && +logical AND + +@item || +logical OR + +@item expr ? expr : expr +conditional operator + +@item = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |= +assignment + +@item expr1 , expr2 +comma +@end table + +Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is +performed before the expression is evaluated. +Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name +without using the parameter expansion syntax. +A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced +by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. +The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression +when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the +@var{integer} attribute using @samp{declare -i} is assigned a value. +A null value evaluates to 0. +A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on +to be used in an expression. + +Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. +A leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, +numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where @var{base} +is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic +base, and @var{n} is a number in that base. If @var{base}@code{#} is +omitted, then base 10 is used. +The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, +the uppercase letters, @samp{@@}, and @samp{_}, in that order. +If @var{base} is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase +letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 +and 35. + +Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in +parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence +rules above. + +@node Aliases +@section Aliases +@cindex alias expansion + +@var{Aliases} allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used +as the first word of a simple command. +The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with +the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} builtin commands. + +The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see +if it has an alias. +If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. +The characters @samp{/}, @samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{=} and any of the +shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear +in an alias name. +The replacement text may contain any valid +shell input, including shell metacharacters. +The first word of the replacement text is tested for +aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded +is not expanded a second time. +This means that one may alias @code{ls} to @code{"ls -F"}, +for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the +replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a +space or tab character, then the next command word following the +alias is also checked for alias expansion. + +Aliases are created and listed with the @code{alias} +command, and removed with the @code{unalias} command. + +There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, +as in @code{csh}. +If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used +(@pxref{Shell Functions}). + +Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, +unless the @code{expand_aliases} shell option is set using +@code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}). + +The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are +somewhat confusing. Bash +always reads at least one complete line +of input before executing any +of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a +command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an +alias definition appearing on the same line as another +command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. +The commands following the alias definition +on that line are not affected by the new alias. +This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. +Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, +not when the function is executed, because a function definition +is itself a compound command. As a consequence, aliases +defined in a function are not available until after that +function is executed. To be safe, always put +alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @code{alias} +in compound commands. + +For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases. + +@node Arrays +@section Arrays +@cindex arrays + +Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. +Any variable may be used as an indexed array; +the @code{declare} builtin will explicitly declare an array. +There is no maximum +limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members +be indexed or assigned contiguously. +Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic +expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}) and are zero-based; +associative arrays use arbitrary strings. + +An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to +using the syntax +@example +name[@var{subscript}]=@var{value} +@end example + +@noindent +The @var{subscript} +is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number +greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use +@example +declare -a @var{name} +@end example +@noindent +The syntax +@example +declare -a @var{name}[@var{subscript}] +@end example +@noindent +is also accepted; the @var{subscript} is ignored. + +Associative arrays are created using +@example +declare -A @var{name}. +@end example + +Attributes may be +specified for an array variable using the @code{declare} and +@code{readonly} builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of +an array. + +Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form +@example +name=(value@var{1} @dots{} value@var{n}) +@end example +@noindent +where each +@var{value} is of the form @code{[@var{subscript}]=}@var{string}. +Indexed array assignments do not require the bracket and subscript. +When assigning to indexed arrays, if +the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to; +otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned +to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. + +When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. + +This syntax is also accepted by the @code{declare} +builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the +@code{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]=}@var{value} syntax introduced above. + +Any element of an array may be referenced using +@code{$@{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}}. +The braces are required to avoid +conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators. If the +@var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the word expands to all members +of the array @var{name}. These subscripts differ only when the word +appears within double quotes. +If the word is double-quoted, +@code{$@{name[*]@}} expands to a single word with +the value of each array member separated by the first character of the +@env{IFS} variable, and @code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands each element of +@var{name} to a separate word. When there are no array members, +@code{$@{name[@@]@}} expands to nothing. +If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of +the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original +word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last +part of the original word. +This is analogous to the +expansion of the special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*}. +@code{$@{#name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}} expands to the length of +@code{$@{name[}@var{subscript}@code{]@}}. +If @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or +@samp{*}, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. +Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to +referencing with a subscript of 0. + +An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a +value. The null string is a valid value. + +The @code{unset} builtin is used to destroy arrays. +@code{unset} @var{name}[@var{subscript}] +destroys the array element at index @var{subscript}. +Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename +expansion. +@code{unset} @var{name}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the +entire array. A subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@} also removes the +entire array. + +The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly} +builtins each accept a @option{-a} option to specify an indexed +array and a @option{-A} option to specify an associative array. +The @code{read} builtin accepts a @option{-a} +option to assign a list of words read from the standard input +to an array, and can read values from the standard input into +individual array elements. The @code{set} and @code{declare} +builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be +reused as input. + +@node The Directory Stack +@section The Directory Stack +@cindex directory stack + +@menu +* Directory Stack Builtins:: Bash builtin commands to manipulate + the directory stack. +@end menu + +The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The +@code{pushd} builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes +the current directory, and the @code{popd} builtin removes specified +directories from the stack and changes the current directory to +the directory removed. The @code{dirs} builtin displays the contents +of the directory stack. + +The contents of the directory stack are also visible +as the value of the @env{DIRSTACK} shell variable. + +@node Directory Stack Builtins +@subsection Directory Stack Builtins + +@table @code + +@item dirs +@btindex dirs +@example +dirs [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] [-clpv] +@end example +Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories +are added to the list with the @code{pushd} command; the +@code{popd} command removes directories from the list. +@table @code +@item +@var{N} +Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +@item -@var{N} +Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting +with zero. +@item -c +Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. +@item -l +Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a +tilde to denote the home directory. +@item -p +Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per +line. +@item -v +Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per +line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. +@end table + +@item popd +@btindex popd +@example +popd [+@var{N} | -@var{N}] [-n] +@end example + +Remove the top entry from the directory stack, and @code{cd} +to the new top directory. +When no arguments are given, @code{popd} +removes the top directory from the stack and +performs a @code{cd} to the new top directory. The +elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed with +@code{dirs}; i.e., @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}. +@table @code +@item +@var{N} +Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero. +@item -@var{N} +Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero. +@item -n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories +from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +@end table + +@btindex pushd +@item pushd +@example +pushd [-n] [@var{+N} | @var{-N} | @var{dir} ] +@end example + +Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack +and then @code{cd} to @var{dir}. +With no arguments, @code{pushd} exchanges the top two directories. + +@table @code +@item -n +Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories +to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. +@item +@var{N} +Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the +list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of +the list by rotating the stack. +@item -@var{N} +Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the +list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of +the list by rotating the stack. +@item @var{dir} +Makes the current working directory be the top of the stack, and then +executes the equivalent of `@code{cd} @var{dir}'. +@code{cd}s to @var{dir}. +@end table + +@end table + +@node Printing a Prompt +@section Controlling the Prompt +@cindex prompting + +The value of the variable @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} is examined just before +Bash prints each primary prompt. If @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} is set and +has a non-null value, then the +value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. + +In addition, the following table describes the special characters which +can appear in the prompt variables: + +@table @code +@item \a +A bell character. +@item \d +The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26"). +@item \D@{@var{format}@} +The @var{format} is passed to @code{strftime}(3) and the result is inserted +into the prompt string; an empty @var{format} results in a locale-specific +time representation. The braces are required. +@item \e +An escape character. +@item \h +The hostname, up to the first `.'. +@item \H +The hostname. +@item \j +The number of jobs currently managed by the shell. +@item \l +The basename of the shell's terminal device name. +@item \n +A newline. +@item \r +A carriage return. +@item \s +The name of the shell, the basename of @code{$0} (the portion +following the final slash). +@item \t +The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format. +@item \T +The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format. +@item \@@ +The time, in 12-hour am/pm format. +@item \A +The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format. +@item \u +The username of the current user. +@item \v +The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00) +@item \V +The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0) +@item \w +The current working directory, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde +(uses the @env{$PROMPT_DIRTRIM} variable). +@item \W +The basename of @env{$PWD}, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde. +@item \! +The history number of this command. +@item \# +The command number of this command. +@item \$ +If the effective uid is 0, @code{#}, otherwise @code{$}. +@item \@var{nnn} +The character whose ASCII code is the octal value @var{nnn}. +@item \\ +A backslash. +@item \[ +Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to +embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt. +@item \] +End a sequence of non-printing characters. +@end table + +The command number and the history number are usually different: +the history number of a command is its position in the history +list, which may include commands restored from the history file +(@pxref{Bash History Facilities}), while the command number is +the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current +shell session. + +After the string is decoded, it is expanded via +parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic +expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the +@code{promptvars} shell option (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@node The Restricted Shell +@section The Restricted Shell +@cindex restricted shell + +If Bash is started with the name @code{rbash}, or the +@option{--restricted} +or +@option{-r} +option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. +A restricted shell is used to +set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. +A restricted shell behaves identically to @code{bash} +with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +Changing directories with the @code{cd} builtin. +@item +Setting or unsetting the values of the @env{SHELL}, @env{PATH}, +@env{ENV}, or @env{BASH_ENV} variables. +@item +Specifying command names containing slashes. +@item +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @code{.} +builtin command. +@item +Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @option{-p} +option to the @code{hash} builtin command. +@item +Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup. +@item +Parsing the value of @env{SHELLOPTS} from the shell environment at startup. +@item +Redirecting output using the @samp{>}, @samp{>|}, @samp{<>}, @samp{>&}, +@samp{&>}, and @samp{>>} redirection operators. +@item +Using the @code{exec} builtin to replace the shell with another command. +@item +Adding or deleting builtin commands with the +@option{-f} and @option{-d} options to the @code{enable} builtin. +@item +Using the @code{enable} builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins. +@item +Specifying the @option{-p} option to the @code{command} builtin. +@item +Turning off restricted mode with @samp{set +r} or @samp{set +o restricted}. +@end itemize + +These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + +When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed +(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{rbash} turns off any restrictions in +the shell spawned to execute the script. + +@node Bash POSIX Mode +@section Bash POSIX Mode +@cindex POSIX Mode + +Starting Bash with the @option{--posix} command-line option or executing +@samp{set -o posix} while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more +closely to the @sc{posix} standard by changing the behavior to +match that specified by @sc{posix} in areas where the Bash default differs. + +When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after reading the +startup files. + +The following list is what's changed when `@sc{posix} mode' is in effect: + +@enumerate +@item +When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search +@env{$PATH} to find the new location. This is also available with +@samp{shopt -s checkhash}. + +@item +The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'. + +@item +The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job +is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for +example, @code{SIGTSTP}. + +@item +The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed +in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job +is the current or previous job. + +@item +Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized +do not undergo alias expansion. + +@item +The @sc{posix} @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to +the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!} are enabled, +and parameter expansion is performed on the values of @env{PS1} and +@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option. + +@item +The @sc{posix} startup files are executed (@env{$ENV}) rather than +the normal Bash files. + +@item +Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command +name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line. + +@item +The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the +default value of @env{$HISTFILE}). + +@item +The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line, +separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix. + +@item +The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG} +prefix. + +@item +Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename} +is not found. + +@item +Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion +results in an invalid expression. + +@item +Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word +in the redirection unless the shell is interactive. + +@item +Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the +redirection. + +@item +Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s. That is, they may not +contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and +may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name +causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells. + +@item +@sc{posix} special builtins are found before shell functions +during command lookup. + +@item +If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a +non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in +the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options, +redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding +the command name, and so on. + +@item +If @env{CDPATH} is set, the @code{cd} builtin will not implicitly +append the current directory to it. This means that @code{cd} will +fail if no valid directory name can be constructed from +any of the entries in @env{$CDPATH}, even if the a directory with +the same name as the name given as an argument to @code{cd} exists +in the current directory. + +@item +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable +assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment +statements. +A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign +a value to a readonly variable. + +@item +A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration +variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a +@code{select} statement is a readonly variable. + +@item +Process substitution is not available. + +@item +Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} special builtins +persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes. + +@item +Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the +shell environment after the function returns, as if a @sc{posix} +special builtin command had been executed. + +@item +The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their +output in the format required by @sc{posix}. + +@item +The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading +@code{SIG}. + +@item +The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible +signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original +disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and +is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given +signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the +first argument. + +@item +The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory +for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}. + +@item +Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of +the @option{-e} option from the parent shell. When not in @sc{posix} mode, +Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells. + +@item +Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells. + +@item +When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not +display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option +is supplied. + +@item +When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display +shell function names and definitions. + +@item +When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays +variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters, +even if the result contains nonprinting characters. + +@item +When the @code{cd} builtin is invoked in @var{logical} mode, and the pathname +constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument +does not refer to an existing directory, @code{cd} will fail instead of +falling back to @var{physical} mode. + +@item +When the @code{pwd} builtin is supplied the @option{-P} option, it resets +@code{$PWD} to a pathname containing no symlinks. + +@item +The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the +current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the +@option{-P} option. + +@item +When listing the history, the @code{fc} builtin does not include an +indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified. + +@item +The default editor used by @code{fc} is @code{ed}. + +@item +The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable +file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a +file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}. + +@item +The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when +the @samp{v} command is run, instead of checking @code{$VISUAL} and +@code{$EDITOR}. + +@item +When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret +any arguments to @code{echo} as options. Each argument is displayed, after +escape characters are converted. + +@item +The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c} +and @option{-f} options. + +@item +The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD} when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does +not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately. +The trap command is run once for each child that exits. + +@end enumerate + +There is other @sc{posix} behavior that Bash does not implement by +default even when in @sc{posix} mode. +Specifically: + +@enumerate + +@item +The @code{fc} builtin checks @code{$EDITOR} as a program to edit history +entries if @code{FCEDIT} is unset, rather than defaulting directly to +@code{ed}. @code{fc} uses @code{ed} if @code{EDITOR} is unset. + +@item +As noted above, Bash requires the @code{xpg_echo} option to be enabled for +the @code{echo} builtin to be fully conformant. + +@end enumerate + +Bash can be configured to be @sc{posix}-conformant by default, by specifying +the @option{--enable-strict-posix-default} to @code{configure} when building +(@pxref{Optional Features}). + +@node Job Control +@chapter Job Control + +This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how +Bash allows you to access its facilities. + +@menu +* Job Control Basics:: How job control works. +* Job Control Builtins:: Bash builtin commands used to interact + with job control. +* Job Control Variables:: Variables Bash uses to customize job + control. +@end menu + +@node Job Control Basics +@section Job Control Basics +@cindex job control +@cindex foreground +@cindex background +@cindex suspending jobs + +Job control +refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) +the execution of processes and continue (resume) +their execution at a later point. A user typically employs +this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly +by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and Bash. + +The shell associates a @var{job} with each pipeline. It keeps a +table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the +@code{jobs} command. When Bash starts a job +asynchronously, it prints a line that looks +like: +@example +[1] 25647 +@end example +@noindent +indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process @sc{id} +of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is +25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of +the same job. Bash uses the @var{job} abstraction as the +basis for job control. + +To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job +control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal +process group @sc{id}. Members of this process group (processes whose +process group @sc{id} is equal to the current terminal process group +@sc{id}) receive keyboard-generated signals such as @code{SIGINT}. +These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background +processes are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the +terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated +signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if +the user so specifies with @code{stty tostop}, write to the terminal. +Background processes which attempt to +read from (write to when @code{stty tostop} is in effect) the +terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU}) +signal by the kernel's terminal driver, +which, unless caught, suspends the process. + +If the operating system on which Bash is running supports +job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the +@var{suspend} character (typically @samp{^Z}, Control-Z) while a +process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns +control to Bash. Typing the @var{delayed suspend} character +(typically @samp{^Y}, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped +when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to +be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of +this job, using the @code{bg} command to continue it in the +background, the @code{fg} command to continue it in the +foreground, or the @code{kill} command to kill it. A @samp{^Z} +takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of +causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. + +There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The +character @samp{%} introduces a job specification (@var{jobspec}). + +Job number @code{n} may be referred to as @samp{%n}. +The symbols @samp{%%} and @samp{%+} refer to the shell's notion of the +current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground +or started in the background. +A single @samp{%} (with no accompanying job specification) also refers +to the current job. +The previous job may be referenced using @samp{%-}. +If there is only a single job, @samp{%+} and @samp{%-} can both be used +to refer to that job. +In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the @code{jobs} +command), the current job is always flagged with a @samp{+}, and the +previous job with a @samp{-}. + +A job may also be referred to +using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring +that appears in its command line. For example, @samp{%ce} refers +to a stopped @code{ce} job. Using @samp{%?ce}, on the +other hand, refers to any job containing the string @samp{ce} in +its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, +Bash reports an error. + +Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: +@samp{%1} is a synonym for @samp{fg %1}, bringing job 1 from the +background into the foreground. Similarly, @samp{%1 &} resumes +job 1 in the background, equivalent to @samp{bg %1} + +The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. +Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt +before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt +any other output. +If the @option{-b} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled, +Bash reports such changes immediately (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +Any trap on @code{SIGCHLD} is executed for each child process +that exits. + +If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if +the @code{checkjobs} option is enabled -- see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}), the +shell prints a warning message, and if the @code{checkjobs} option is +enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses. +The @code{jobs} command may then be used to inspect their status. +If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, +Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + +@node Job Control Builtins +@section Job Control Builtins + +@table @code + +@item bg +@btindex bg +@example +bg [@var{jobspec} @dots{}] +@end example +Resume each suspended job @var{jobspec} in the background, as if it +had been started with @samp{&}. +If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used. +The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not +enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any +@var{jobspec} was not found or specifies a job +that was started without job control. + +@item fg +@btindex fg +@example +fg [@var{jobspec}] +@end example +Resume the job @var{jobspec} in the foreground and make it the current job. +If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used. +The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, +or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with +job control enabled, @var{jobspec} does not specify a valid job or +@var{jobspec} specifies a job that was started without job control. + +@item jobs +@btindex jobs +@example +jobs [-lnprs] [@var{jobspec}] +jobs -x @var{command} [@var{arguments}] +@end example + +The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the +following meanings: + +@table @code +@item -l +List process @sc{id}s in addition to the normal information. + +@item -n +Display information only about jobs that have changed status since +the user was last notified of their status. + +@item -p +List only the process @sc{id} of the job's process group leader. + +@item -r +Restrict output to running jobs. + +@item -s +Restrict output to stopped jobs. +@end table + +If @var{jobspec} is given, +output is restricted to information about that job. +If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the status of all jobs is +listed. + +If the @option{-x} option is supplied, @code{jobs} replaces any +@var{jobspec} found in @var{command} or @var{arguments} with the +corresponding process group @sc{id}, and executes @var{command}, +passing it @var{argument}s, returning its exit status. + +@item kill +@btindex kill +@example +kill [-s @var{sigspec}] [-n @var{signum}] [-@var{sigspec}] @var{jobspec} or @var{pid} +kill -l [@var{exit_status}] +@end example +Send a signal specified by @var{sigspec} or @var{signum} to the process +named by job specification @var{jobspec} or process @sc{id} @var{pid}. +@var{sigspec} is either a case-insensitive signal name such as +@code{SIGINT} (with or without the @code{SIG} prefix) +or a signal number; @var{signum} is a signal number. +If @var{sigspec} and @var{signum} are not present, @code{SIGTERM} is used. +The @option{-l} option lists the signal names. +If any arguments are supplied when @option{-l} is given, the names of the +signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status +is zero. +@var{exit_status} is a number specifying a signal number or the exit +status of a process terminated by a signal. +The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent, +or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. + +@item wait +@btindex wait +@example +wait [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} ...] +@end example +Wait until the child process specified by each process @sc{id} @var{pid} +or job specification @var{jobspec} exits and return the exit status of the +last command waited for. +If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for. +If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are +waited for, and the return status is zero. +If neither @var{jobspec} nor @var{pid} specifies an active child process +of the shell, the return status is 127. + +@item disown +@btindex disown +@example +disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{}] +@end example +Without options, each @var{jobspec} is removed from the table of +active jobs. +If the @option{-h} option is given, the job is not removed from the table, +but is marked so that @code{SIGHUP} is not sent to the job if the shell +receives a @code{SIGHUP}. +If @var{jobspec} is not present, and neither the @option{-a} nor @option{-r} +option is supplied, the current job is used. +If no @var{jobspec} is supplied, the @option{-a} option means to remove or +mark all jobs; the @option{-r} option without a @var{jobspec} +argument restricts operation to running jobs. + +@item suspend +@btindex suspend +@example +suspend [-f] +@end example +Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a +@code{SIGCONT} signal. +A login shell cannot be suspended; the @option{-f} +option can be used to override this and force the suspension. + +@end table + +When job control is not active, the @code{kill} and @code{wait} +builtins do not accept @var{jobspec} arguments. They must be +supplied process @sc{id}s. + +@node Job Control Variables +@section Job Control Variables + +@vtable @code + +@item auto_resume +This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and +job control. If this variable exists then single word simple +commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption +of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is +more than one job beginning with the string typed, then +the most recently accessed job will be selected. +The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line +used to start it. If this variable is set to the value @samp{exact}, +the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; +if set to @samp{substring}, +the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a +stopped job. The @samp{substring} value provides functionality +analogous to the @samp{%?} job @sc{id} (@pxref{Job Control Basics}). +If set to any other value, the supplied string must +be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality +analogous to the @samp{%} job @sc{id}. + +@end vtable + +@set readline-appendix +@set history-appendix +@cindex Readline, how to use +@include rluser.texi +@cindex History, how to use +@include hsuser.texi +@clear readline-appendix +@clear history-appendix + +@node Installing Bash +@chapter Installing Bash + +This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on +the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the +@sc{gnu} operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several +non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix. +Other independent ports exist for +@sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, and Windows platforms. + +@menu +* Basic Installation:: Installation instructions. +* Compilers and Options:: How to set special options for various + systems. +* Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: How to compile Bash for more + than one kind of system from + the same source tree. +* Installation Names:: How to set the various paths used by the installation. +* Specifying the System Type:: How to configure Bash for a particular system. +* Sharing Defaults:: How to share default configuration values among GNU + programs. +* Operation Controls:: Options recognized by the configuration program. +* Optional Features:: How to enable and disable optional features when + building Bash. +@end menu + +@node Basic Installation +@section Basic Installation +@cindex installation +@cindex configuration +@cindex Bash installation +@cindex Bash configuration + +These are installation instructions for Bash. + +The simplest way to compile Bash is: + +@enumerate +@item +@code{cd} to the directory containing the source code and type +@samp{./configure} to configure Bash for your system. If you're +using @code{csh} on an old version of System V, you might need to +type @samp{sh ./configure} instead to prevent @code{csh} from trying +to execute @code{configure} itself. + +Running @code{configure} takes some time. +While running, it prints messages telling which features it is +checking for. + +@item +Type @samp{make} to compile Bash and build the @code{bashbug} bug +reporting script. + +@item +Optionally, type @samp{make tests} to run the Bash test suite. + +@item +Type @samp{make install} to install @code{bash} and @code{bashbug}. +This will also install the manual pages and Info file. + +@end enumerate + +The @code{configure} shell script attempts to guess correct +values for various system-dependent variables used during +compilation. It uses those values to create a @file{Makefile} in +each directory of the package (the top directory, the +@file{builtins}, @file{doc}, and @file{support} directories, +each directory under @file{lib}, and several others). It also creates a +@file{config.h} file containing system-dependent definitions. +Finally, it creates a shell script named @code{config.status} that you +can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a +file @file{config.cache} that saves the results of its tests to +speed up reconfiguring, and a file @file{config.log} containing +compiler output (useful mainly for debugging @code{configure}). +If at some point +@file{config.cache} contains results you don't want to keep, you +may remove or edit it. + +To find out more about the options and arguments that the +@code{configure} script understands, type + +@example +bash-2.04$ ./configure --help +@end example + +@noindent +at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. + +If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please +try to figure out how @code{configure} could check whether or not +to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to +@email{bash-maintainers@@gnu.org} so they can be +considered for the next release. + +The file @file{configure.in} is used to create @code{configure} +by a program called Autoconf. You only need +@file{configure.in} if you want to change it or regenerate +@code{configure} using a newer version of Autoconf. If +you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or +newer. + +You can remove the program binaries and object files from the +source code directory by typing @samp{make clean}. To also remove the +files that @code{configure} created (so you can compile Bash for +a different kind of computer), type @samp{make distclean}. + +@node Compilers and Options +@section Compilers and Options + +Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking +that the @code{configure} script does not know about. You can +give @code{configure} initial values for variables by setting +them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you +can do that on the command line like this: + +@example +CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure +@end example + +On systems that have the @code{env} program, you can do it like this: + +@example +env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure +@end example + +The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it +is available. + +@node Compiling For Multiple Architectures +@section Compiling For Multiple Architectures + +You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the +same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their +own directory. To do this, you must use a version of @code{make} that +supports the @code{VPATH} variable, such as GNU @code{make}. +@code{cd} to the +directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run +the @code{configure} script from the source directory. You may need to +supply the @option{--srcdir=PATH} argument to tell @code{configure} where the +source files are. @code{configure} automatically checks for the +source code in the directory that @code{configure} is in and in `..'. + +If you have to use a @code{make} that does not supports the @code{VPATH} +variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a +time in the source code directory. After you have installed +Bash for one architecture, use @samp{make distclean} before +reconfiguring for another architecture. + +Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the +@file{support/mkclone} script to create a build tree which has +symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here's an +example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a +source directory @file{/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0}: + +@example +bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 . +@end example + +@noindent +The @code{mkclone} script requires Bash, so you must have already built +Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build +directories for other architectures. + +@node Installation Names +@section Installation Names + +By default, @samp{make install} will install into +@file{/usr/local/bin}, @file{/usr/local/man}, etc. You can +specify an installation prefix other than @file{/usr/local} by +giving @code{configure} the option @option{--prefix=@var{PATH}}, +or by specifying a value for the @code{DESTDIR} @samp{make} +variable when running @samp{make install}. + +You can specify separate installation prefixes for +architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. +If you give @code{configure} the option +@option{--exec-prefix=@var{PATH}}, @samp{make install} will use +@var{PATH} as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. +Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. + +@node Specifying the System Type +@section Specifying the System Type + +There may be some features @code{configure} can not figure out +automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash +will run on. Usually @code{configure} can figure that +out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host +type, give it the @option{--host=TYPE} option. @samp{TYPE} can +either be a short name for the system type, such as @samp{sun4}, +or a canonical name with three fields: @samp{CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM} +(e.g., @samp{i386-unknown-freebsd4.2}). + +See the file @file{support/config.sub} for the possible +values of each field. + +@node Sharing Defaults +@section Sharing Defaults + +If you want to set default values for @code{configure} scripts to +share, you can create a site shell script called +@code{config.site} that gives default values for variables like +@code{CC}, @code{cache_file}, and @code{prefix}. @code{configure} +looks for @file{PREFIX/share/config.site} if it exists, then +@file{PREFIX/etc/config.site} if it exists. Or, you can set the +@code{CONFIG_SITE} environment variable to the location of the site +script. A warning: the Bash @code{configure} looks for a site script, +but not all @code{configure} scripts do. + +@node Operation Controls +@section Operation Controls + +@code{configure} recognizes the following options to control how it +operates. + +@table @code + +@item --cache-file=@var{file} +Use and save the results of the tests in +@var{file} instead of @file{./config.cache}. Set @var{file} to +@file{/dev/null} to disable caching, for debugging +@code{configure}. + +@item --help +Print a summary of the options to @code{configure}, and exit. + +@item --quiet +@itemx --silent +@itemx -q +Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. + +@item --srcdir=@var{dir} +Look for the Bash source code in directory @var{dir}. Usually +@code{configure} can determine that directory automatically. + +@item --version +Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the @code{configure} +script, and exit. +@end table + +@code{configure} also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate +options. @samp{configure --help} prints the complete list. + +@node Optional Features +@section Optional Features + +The Bash @code{configure} has a number of @option{--enable-@var{feature}} +options, where @var{feature} indicates an optional part of Bash. +There are also several @option{--with-@var{package}} options, +where @var{package} is something like @samp{bash-malloc} or @samp{purify}. +To turn off the default use of a package, use +@option{--without-@var{package}}. To configure Bash without a feature +that is enabled by default, use @option{--disable-@var{feature}}. + +Here is a complete list of the @option{--enable-} and +@option{--with-} options that the Bash @code{configure} recognizes. + +@table @code +@item --with-afs +Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc. + +@item --with-bash-malloc +Use the Bash version of +@code{malloc} in the directory @file{lib/malloc}. This is not the same +@code{malloc} that appears in @sc{gnu} libc, but an older version +originally derived from the 4.2 @sc{bsd} @code{malloc}. This @code{malloc} +is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation. +This option is enabled by default. +The @file{NOTES} file contains a list of systems for +which this should be turned off, and @code{configure} disables this +option automatically for a number of systems. + +@item --with-curses +Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should +be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap +database. + +@item --with-gnu-malloc +A synonym for @code{--with-bash-malloc}. + +@item --with-installed-readline[=@var{PREFIX}] +Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline +rather than the version in @file{lib/readline}. This works only with +Readline 5.0 and later versions. If @var{PREFIX} is @code{yes} or not +supplied, @code{configure} uses the values of the make variables +@code{includedir} and @code{libdir}, which are subdirectories of @code{prefix} +by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in +the standard system include and library directories. +If @var{PREFIX} is @code{no}, Bash links with the version in +@file{lib/readline}. +If @var{PREFIX} is set to any other value, @code{configure} treats it as +a directory pathname and looks for +the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory +(include files in @var{PREFIX}/@code{include} and the library in +@var{PREFIX}/@code{lib}). + +@item --with-purify +Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational +Software. + +@item --enable-minimal-config +This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical +Bourne shell. +@end table + +There are several @option{--enable-} options that alter how Bash is +compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. + +@table @code +@item --enable-largefile +Enable support for @uref{http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html, +large files} if the operating system requires special compiler options +to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by +default, if the operating system provides large file support. + +@item --enable-profiling +This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be +processed by @code{gprof} each time it is executed. + +@item --enable-static-link +This causes Bash to be linked statically, if @code{gcc} is being used. +This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell. +@end table + +The @samp{minimal-config} option can be used to disable all of +the following options, but it is processed first, so individual +options may be enabled using @samp{enable-@var{feature}}. + +All of the following options except for @samp{disabled-builtins} and +@samp{xpg-echo-default} are +enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the +necessary support. + +@table @code +@item --enable-alias +Allow alias expansion and include the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} +builtins (@pxref{Aliases}). + +@item --enable-arith-for-command +Include support for the alternate form of the @code{for} command +that behaves like the C language @code{for} statement +(@pxref{Looping Constructs}). + +@item --enable-array-variables +Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables +(@pxref{Arrays}). + +@item --enable-bang-history +Include support for @code{csh}-like history substitution +(@pxref{History Interaction}). + +@item --enable-brace-expansion +Include @code{csh}-like brace expansion +( @code{b@{a,b@}c} @expansion{} @code{bac bbc} ). +See @ref{Brace Expansion}, for a complete description. + +@item --enable-casemod-attributes +Include support for case-modifying attributes in the @code{declare} builtin +and assignment statements. Variables with the @var{uppercase} attribute, +for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment. + +@item --enable-casemod-expansion +Include support for case-modifying word expansions. + +@item --enable-command-timing +Include support for recognizing @code{time} as a reserved word and for +displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following @code{time} +(@pxref{Pipelines}). +This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. + +@item --enable-cond-command +Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command. +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item --enable-cond-regexp +Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the +@samp{=~} binary operator in the @code{[[} conditional command. +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item --enable-coprocesses +Include support for coprocesses and the @code{coproc} reserved word +(@pxref{Pipelines}). + +@item --enable-debugger +Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). + +@item --enable-directory-stack +Include support for a @code{csh}-like directory stack and the +@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins +(@pxref{The Directory Stack}). + +@item --enable-disabled-builtins +Allow builtin commands to be invoked via @samp{builtin xxx} +even after @code{xxx} has been disabled using @samp{enable -n xxx}. +See @ref{Bash Builtins}, for details of the @code{builtin} and +@code{enable} builtin commands. + +@item --enable-dparen-arithmetic +Include support for the @code{((@dots{}))} command +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item --enable-extended-glob +Include support for the extended pattern matching features described +above under @ref{Pattern Matching}. + +@item --enable-extended-glob-default +Set the default value of the @var{extglob} shell option described +above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled. + +@item --enable-help-builtin +Include the @code{help} builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and +variables (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item --enable-history +Include command history and the @code{fc} and @code{history} +builtin commands (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}). + +@item --enable-job-control +This enables the job control features (@pxref{Job Control}), +if the operating system supports them. + +@item --enable-multibyte +This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating +system provides the necessary support. + +@item --enable-net-redirections +This enables the special handling of filenames of the form +@code{/dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port}} and +@code{/dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port}} +when used in redirections (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item --enable-process-substitution +This enables process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}) if +the operating system provides the necessary support. + +@item --enable-progcomp +Enable the programmable completion facilities +(@pxref{Programmable Completion}). +If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. + +@item --enable-prompt-string-decoding +Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters +in the @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, @env{$PS3}, and @env{$PS4} prompt +strings. See @ref{Printing a Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt +string escape sequences. + +@item --enable-readline +Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash +version of the Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing}). + +@item --enable-restricted +Include support for a @dfn{restricted shell}. If this is enabled, Bash, +when called as @code{rbash}, enters a restricted mode. See +@ref{The Restricted Shell}, for a description of restricted mode. + +@item --enable-select +Include the @code{select} builtin, which allows the generation of simple +menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item --enable-separate-helpfiles +Use external files for the documentation displayed by the @code{help} builtin +instead of storing the text internally. + +@item --enable-single-help-strings +Store the text displayed by the @code{help} builtin as a single string for +each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages. +You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string +literals. + +@item --enable-strict-posix-default +Make Bash @sc{posix}-conformant by default (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). + +@item --enable-usg-echo-default +A synonym for @code{--enable-xpg-echo-default}. + +@item --enable-xpg-echo-default +Make the @code{echo} builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, +without requiring the @option{-e} option. +This sets the default value of the @code{xpg_echo} shell option to @code{on}, +which makes the Bash @code{echo} behave more like the version specified in +the Single Unix Specification, version 3. +@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of the escape sequences that +@code{echo} recognizes. + +@end table + +The file @file{config-top.h} contains C Preprocessor +@samp{#define} statements for options which are not settable from +@code{configure}. +Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if +you do. +Read the comments associated with each definition for more +information about its effect. + +@node Reporting Bugs +@appendix Reporting Bugs + +Please report all bugs you find in Bash. +But first, you should +make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest +version of Bash. +The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from +@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/}. + +Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the +@code{bashbug} command to submit a bug report. +If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! +Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed +to @email{bug-bash@@gnu.org} or posted to the Usenet +newsgroup @code{gnu.bash.bug}. + +All bug reports should include: +@itemize @bullet +@item +The version number of Bash. +@item +The hardware and operating system. +@item +The compiler used to compile Bash. +@item +A description of the bug behaviour. +@item +A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used +to reproduce it. +@end itemize + +@noindent +@code{bashbug} inserts the first three items automatically into +the template it provides for filing a bug report. + +Please send all reports concerning this manual to +@email{chet.ramey@@case.edu}. + +@node Major Differences From The Bourne Shell +@appendix Major Differences From The Bourne Shell + +Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and +variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. +Bash uses the @sc{posix} standard as the specification of +how these features are to be implemented. There are some +differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this +section quickly details the differences of significance. A +number of these differences are explained in greater depth in +previous sections. +This section uses the version of @code{sh} included in SVR4.2 (the +last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference. + +@itemize @bullet + +@item +Bash is @sc{posix}-conformant, even where the @sc{posix} specification +differs from traditional @code{sh} behavior (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). + +@item +Bash has multi-character invocation options (@pxref{Invoking Bash}). + +@item +Bash has command-line editing (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) and +the @code{bind} builtin. + +@item +Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism +(@pxref{Programmable Completion}), and builtin commands +@code{complete}, @code{compgen}, and @code{compopt}, to +manipulate it. + +@item +Bash has command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and the +@code{history} and @code{fc} builtins to manipulate it. +The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the +value of the @code{HISTTIMEFORMAT} variable to display it. + +@item +Bash implements @code{csh}-like history expansion +(@pxref{History Interaction}). + +@item +Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the +appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them. +Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays. +Bash provides a number of built-in array variables. + +@item +The @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C +backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes, +is supported (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}). + +@item +Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax to do +locale-specific translation of the characters between the double +quotes. The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings} +invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script +(@pxref{Locale Translation}). + +@item +Bash implements the @code{!} keyword to negate the return value of +a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}). +Very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a test fails. +The Bash @samp{-o pipefail} option to @code{set} will cause a pipeline to +return a failure status if any command fails. + +@item +Bash has the @code{time} reserved word and command timing (@pxref{Pipelines}). +The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the +@env{TIMEFORMAT} variable. + +@item +Bash implements the @code{for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} ))} +arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (@pxref{Looping Constructs}). + +@item +Bash includes the @code{select} compound command, which allows the +generation of simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}). + +@item +Bash includes the @code{[[} compound command, which makes conditional +testing part of the shell grammar (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}), including +optional regular expression matching. + +@item +Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the @code{case} and +@code{[[} constructs. + +@item +Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde +expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}). + +@item +Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} +builtins (@pxref{Aliases}). + +@item +Bash provides shell arithmetic, the @code{((} compound command +(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}), +and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). + +@item +Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically +exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does not normally do +this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the @code{export} +command. + +@item +Bash supports the @samp{+=} assignment operator, which appends to the value +of the variable named on the left hand side. + +@item +Bash includes the @sc{posix} pattern removal @samp{%}, @samp{#}, @samp{%%} +and @samp{##} expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from +variable values (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +The expansion @code{$@{#xx@}}, which returns the length of @code{$@{xx@}}, +is supported (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +The expansion @code{$@{var:}@var{offset}@code{[:}@var{length}@code{]@}}, +which expands to the substring of @code{var}'s value of length +@var{length}, beginning at @var{offset}, is present +(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +The expansion +@code{$@{var/[/]}@var{pattern}@code{[/}@var{replacement}@code{]@}}, +which matches @var{pattern} and replaces it with @var{replacement} in +the value of @code{var}, is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +The expansion @code{$@{!@var{prefix@}*}} expansion, which expands to +the names of all shell variables whose names begin with @var{prefix}, +is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +Bash has @var{indirect} variable expansion using @code{$@{!word@}} +(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}). + +@item +Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using +@code{$@{@var{num}@}}. + +@item +The @sc{posix} @code{$()} form of command substitution +is implemented (@pxref{Command Substitution}), +and preferred to the Bourne shell's @code{``} (which +is also implemented for backwards compatibility). + +@item +Bash has process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}). + +@item +Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the +current user (@env{UID}, @env{EUID}, and @env{GROUPS}), the current host +(@env{HOSTTYPE}, @env{OSTYPE}, @env{MACHTYPE}, and @env{HOSTNAME}), +and the instance of Bash that is running (@env{BASH}, +@env{BASH_VERSION}, and @env{BASH_VERSINFO}). @xref{Bash Variables}, +for details. + +@item +The @env{IFS} variable is used to split only the results of expansion, +not all words (@pxref{Word Splitting}). +This closes a longstanding shell security hole. + +@item +Bash implements the full set of @sc{posix} filename expansion operators, +including @var{character classes}, @var{equivalence classes}, and +@var{collating symbols} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}). + +@item +Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the @code{extglob} +shell option is enabled (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). + +@item +It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name; +@code{sh} does not separate the two name spaces. + +@item +Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the +@code{local} builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written +(@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even +builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}). +In @code{sh}, all variable assignments +preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the +file system. + +@item +Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands +to input and output redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +Bash contains the @samp{<>} redirection operator, allowing a file to be +opened for both reading and writing, and the @samp{&>} redirection +operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same +file (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +Bash includes the @samp{<<<} redirection operator, allowing a string to +be used as the standard input to a command. + +@item +Bash implements the @samp{[n]<&@var{word}} and @samp{[n]>&@var{word}} +redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another. + +@item +Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are +used in redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services +with the redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}). + +@item +The @code{noclobber} option is available to avoid overwriting existing +files with output redirection (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +The @samp{>|} redirection operator may be used to override @code{noclobber}. + +@item +The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) +each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and +physical modes. + +@item +Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides +access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the +@code{builtin} and @code{command} builtins (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The @code{command} builtin allows selective disabling of functions +when command lookup is performed (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the @code{enable} +builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users +to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed +command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment +using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}). + +@item +The Bash @code{export}, @code{readonly}, and @code{declare} builtins can +take a @option{-f} option to act on shell functions, a @option{-p} option to +display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be +used as shell input, a @option{-n} option to remove various variable +attributes, and @samp{name=value} arguments to set variable attributes +and values simultaneously. + +@item +The Bash @code{hash} builtin allows a name to be associated with +an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by +searching the @env{$PATH}, using @samp{hash -p} +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Bash includes a @code{help} builtin for quick reference to shell +facilities (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The @code{printf} builtin is available to display formatted output +(@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The Bash @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}) +will read a line ending in @samp{\} with +the @option{-r} option, and will use the @env{REPLY} variable as a +default if no non-option arguments are supplied. +The Bash @code{read} builtin +also accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use +Readline to obtain the line when given the @option{-e} option. +The @code{read} builtin also has additional options to control input: +the @option{-s} option will turn off echoing of input characters as +they are read, the @option{-t} option will allow @code{read} to time out +if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the +@option{-n} option will allow reading only a specified number of +characters rather than a full line, and the @option{-d} option will read +until a particular character rather than newline. + +@item +The @code{return} builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts +executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins +(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell +optional capabilities (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), and allows these options +to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}). + +@item +Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set} +builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +The @samp{-x} (@code{xtrace}) option displays commands other than +simple commands when performing an execution trace +(@pxref{The Set Builtin}). + +@item +The @code{test} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) +is slightly different, as it implements the @sc{posix} algorithm, +which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments. + +@item +Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin, which displays the context of +any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with +the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins). This supports the bash +debugger. + +@item +The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a +@code{DEBUG} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT}. +Commands specified with a @code{DEBUG} trap are executed before every +simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command, +@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before +the first command executes in a shell function. +The @code{DEBUG} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the +@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin. +The @code{extdebug} shell option has additional effects on the +@code{DEBUG} trap. + +The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows an +@code{ERR} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}. +Commands specified with an @code{ERR} trap are executed after a simple +command fails, with a few exceptions. +The @code{ERR} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +@code{-o errtrace} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled. + +The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a +@code{RETURN} pseudo-signal specification, similar to +@code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}. +Commands specified with an @code{RETURN} trap are executed before +execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with +@code{.} or @code{source} returns. +The @code{RETURN} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the +function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the +@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin. + +@item +The Bash @code{type} builtin is more extensive and gives more information +about the names it finds (@pxref{Bash Builtins}). + +@item +The Bash @code{umask} builtin permits a @option{-p} option to cause +the output to be displayed in the form of a @code{umask} command +that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). + +@item +Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the +@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it +(@pxref{The Directory Stack}). +Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the +@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable. + +@item +Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt +strings when interactive (@pxref{Printing a Prompt}). + +@item +The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}); +the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited. + +@item +The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell +job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress the sending +of @code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a +@code{SIGHUP}. + +@item +Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for +shell scripts. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins +(@code{mldmode} and @code{priv}) not present in Bash. + +@item +Bash does not have the @code{stop} or @code{newgrp} builtins. + +@item +Bash does not use the @env{SHACCT} variable or perform shell accounting. + +@item +The SVR4.2 @code{sh} uses a @env{TIMEOUT} variable like Bash uses +@env{TMOUT}. + +@end itemize + +@noindent +More features unique to Bash may be found in @ref{Bash Features}. + + +@appendixsec Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell + +Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from +many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance: + +@itemize @bullet + +@item +Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of +a shell control structure such as an @code{if} or @code{while} +statement. + +@item +Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently +insert a needed closing quote at @code{EOF} under certain circumstances. +This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on +trapping @code{SIGSEGV}. If the shell is started from a process with +@code{SIGSEGV} blocked (e.g., by using the @code{system()} C library +function call), it misbehaves badly. + +@item +In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, +when invoked without the @option{-p} option, will alter its real +and effective @sc{uid} and @sc{gid} if they are less than some +magic threshold value, commonly 100. +This can lead to unexpected results. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap @code{SIGSEGV}, +@code{SIGALRM}, or @code{SIGCHLD}. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the @env{IFS}, @env{MAILCHECK}, +@env{PATH}, @env{PS1}, or @env{PS2} variables to be unset. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell treats @samp{^} as the undocumented equivalent of +@samp{|}. + +@item +Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (@code{-x -v}); +the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (@code{-xv}). In +fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins +with a @samp{-}. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits +a script only if one of the @sc{posix} special builtins fails, and +only for certain failures, as enumerated in the @sc{posix} standard. + +@item +The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh} +(it turns on job control). +@end itemize + +@node GNU Free Documentation License +@appendix GNU Free Documentation License + +@include fdl.texi + +@node Indexes +@appendix Indexes + +@menu +* Builtin Index:: Index of Bash builtin commands. +* Reserved Word Index:: Index of Bash reserved words. +* Variable Index:: Quick reference helps you find the + variable you want. +* Function Index:: Index of bindable Readline functions. +* Concept Index:: General index for concepts described in + this manual. +@end menu + +@node Builtin Index +@appendixsec Index of Shell Builtin Commands +@printindex bt + +@node Reserved Word Index +@appendixsec Index of Shell Reserved Words +@printindex rw + +@node Variable Index +@appendixsec Parameter and Variable Index +@printindex vr + +@node Function Index +@appendixsec Function Index +@printindex fn + +@node Concept Index +@appendixsec Concept Index +@printindex cp + +@bye diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a721e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/builtins.0 @@ -0,0 +1,1579 @@ +BASH_BUILTINS(1) BASH_BUILTINS(1) + + + +NNAAMMEE + bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, + compgen, complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, + enable, eval, exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, + history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, + pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, + times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - + bash built-in commands, see bbaasshh(1) + +BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS + Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section + as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the + options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, bbrreeaakk, ccoonnttiinnuuee, lleett, + and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -- with- + out requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but are not + specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with -- as + invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpretation. + :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is + returned. + + .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell + environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, file + names in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_- + _n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. + When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is + searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option + to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not + searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- + tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the + positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the + status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no + commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or + cannot be read. + + aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass + returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + defined. + + bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + without job control. + + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVV] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q] + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e + bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would + appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. + Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: + --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p + Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent + bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is + equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. + --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + way that they can be re-read. + --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + read. + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output. + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + that they can be re-read. + --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. + --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e + Read key bindings from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. + --qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + Query about which keys invoke the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. + --uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + Unbind all keys bound to the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. + --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q + Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. + --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is + entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the + current location of the insertion point. If the executed + command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the + editing state. + + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + an error occurred. + + bbrreeaakk [_n] + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are + exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + equal to 1. + + bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. + + ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] + Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- + tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins. With- + out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + the call stack. + + ccdd [--LL||--PP] [_d_i_r] + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the + default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for + the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in + CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in + CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If + _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not used. The --PP + option says to use the physical directory structure instead of + following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett + builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links to be fol- + lowed. An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non- + empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first + argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute + pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard + output. The return value is true if the directory was success- + fully changed; false otherwise. + + ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv + option causes a single word indicating the command or file name + used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. + + ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion + facilities, while available, will not have useful values. + + The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- + grammable completion code had generated them directly from a + completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci- + fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + or no matches were generated. + + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] + [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] + ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the + remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command + for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE + option indicates that the remaining options and actions should + apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion + attempted on a blank line. + + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- + ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. + + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. + --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: + bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt + Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions + if the compspec generates no matches. + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + the compspec generates no matches. + ddiirrnnaammeess + Perform directory name completion if the comp- + spec generates no matches. + ffiilleennaammeess + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + shell functions. + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the + line. + pplluussddiirrss + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the + results of the other actions. + --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + list of possible completions: + aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. + aarrrraayyvvaarr + Array variable names. + bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + specified as --bb. + ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. + ddiirreeccttoorryy + Directory names. May also be specified as --dd. + ddiissaabblleedd + Names of disabled shell builtins. + eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + specified as --ee. + ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. + ffuunnccttiioonn + Names of shell functions. + ggrroouupp Group names. May also be specified as --gg. + hheellppttooppiicc + Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. + hhoossttnnaammee + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + be specified as --jj. + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + --kk. + rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. + sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + builtin. + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + builtin. + ssiiggnnaall Signal names. + ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. + uusseerr User names. May also be specified as --uu. + vvaarriiaabbllee + Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- + ified as --vv. + --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + generate the possible completions. + --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. The possible completions are the members + of the resultant list which match the word being com- + pleted. + --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + output is used as the possible completions. + --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com- + pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY + array variable. + --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. + --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + pletion after all other options have been applied. + --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x + _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all + other options have been applied. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs + adding a completion specification. + + ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] + Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-execution completion if no _n_a_m_es + are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion + options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin + described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining + options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the + remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + that is, completion attempted on a blank line. + + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an + attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no comple- + tion specification exists, or an output error occurs. + + ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] + Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of + enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' + loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater + than or equal to 1. + + ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options are ignored. When --pp is + supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes + and values of all variables having the attributes specified by + the additional options. If no other options are supplied with + --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell + variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell + functions. The --FF option inhibits the display of function defi- + nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If + the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source + file name and line number where the function is defined are dis- + played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The following + options can be used to restrict output to variables with the + specified attribute or to give variables attributes: + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + above). + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + above). + --ff Use function names only. + --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + the variable is assigned a value. + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + attribute is disabled. + --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned + values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. + --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions + inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling + shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for + variables. + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + attribute is disabled. + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the + environment. + + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- + able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used + in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command. + If a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the vari- + able is set to _v_a_l_u_e. The return value is 0 unless an invalid + option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function + using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a + readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an + array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see + AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable + name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a read- + only variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for + an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis- + tent function with --ff. + + ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccppllvv]] + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered + directories. The default display is on a single line with + directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to + the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes + entries from the list. + ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with + zero. + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting + with zero. + --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the + entries. + --ll Produces a longer listing; the default listing format + uses a tilde to denote the home directory. + --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + fixing each entry with its index in the stack. + + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. + + ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] + Without options, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is removed from the table of + active jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither --aa nor --rr + is supplied, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If + the --hh option is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the ta- + ble, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the + shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is present, and neither + the --aa nor the --rr option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. + If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark + all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c argument restricts + operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_- + _s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. + + eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is always 0. If --nn is specified, the trailing + newline is suppressed. If the --ee option is given, interpreta- + tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. + The --EE option disables the interpretation of these escape char- + acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. + The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used to dynamically determine + whether or not eecchhoo expands these escape characters by default. + eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of options. eecchhoo + interprets the following escape sequences: + \\aa alert (bell) + \\bb backspace + \\cc suppress further output + \\ee an escape character + \\ff form feed + \\nn new line + \\rr carriage return + \\tt horizontal tab + \\vv vertical tab + \\\\ backslash + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + value _H_H (one or two hex digits) + + eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are + enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. + The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. + If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, + a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- + ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn + is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- + plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- + tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the + output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return + value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an + error loading a new builtin from a shared object. + + eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. + + eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what + _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the shell option eexxeeccffaaiill is enabled, in which case it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- + rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status + is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + + eexxiitt [_n] + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on + EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. + + eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... + eexxppoorrtt --pp + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all names that are + exported in this shell is printed. The --nn option causes the + export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable + name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to + _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid + option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell + variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a func- + tion. + + ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] + ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] + Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t + to _l_a_s_t is selected from the history list. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may + be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning + with that string) or as a number (an index into the history + list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur- + rent command number). If _l_a_s_t is not specified it is set to the + current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the + last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not spec- + ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for + listing. + + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete, + the edited commands are echoed and executed. + + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. A useful alias to use with this is + ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command + beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com- + mand. + + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an + invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an + error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + which case ffcc returns failure. + + ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + without job control. + + ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s] + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is + expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it + by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not + be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to + be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an + option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into + the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- + cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to + ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame- + ters is to be used. + + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a + return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of + the first non-option argument, and nnaammee is set to ?. + + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead. + + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. + + If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in + OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. + + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + character found. + + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or + an error occurs. + + hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] + For each _n_a_m_e, the full file name of the command is determined + by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remembered. If the --pp + option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option causes + the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd option + causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _n_a_m_e. + If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each + _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are + supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full + pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for- + mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or + if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is + printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found + or an invalid option is supplied. + + hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + structures is printed. + --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like + format + --ss Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. + + hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] + hhiissttoorryy --cc + hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] + hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] + hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] + With no options, display the command history list with line num- + bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + following meanings: + --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. + --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered + since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the + history file. + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines + appended to the history file since the beginning of the + current bbaasshh session. + --rr Read the contents of the history file and use them as the + current history. + --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit- + ing the history file's contents. + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + quoted to disable normal history expansion. + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before + the _a_r_g_s are added. + + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0 + unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- + plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as + an argument to --pp fails. + + jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ] + jjoobbss --xx _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ _a_r_g_s ... ] + The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- + lowing meanings: + --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + leader. + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + status since the user was last notified of their status. + --rr Restrict output to running jobs. + --ss Restrict output to stopped jobs. + + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. + + If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and + executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. + + kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... + kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true + if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an + error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. + + lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] + Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. + + llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of + local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use + llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless + llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, + or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. + + llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. + + mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] + [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] + [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + supplied, have the following meanings: + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + copied. + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + index is 0. + --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. + --tt Remove a trailing newline from each line read. + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + dard input. + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. + + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next + array element to be assigned as an additional argument. _c_a_l_l_- + _b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array + element is assigned. + + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear + _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it. + + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. + + ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] + Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, + removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to + the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow- + ing meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. + --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + last. + + If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, + and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid + option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis- + tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change + fails. + + pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which + contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are + simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, + which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for- + mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next + successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) for- + mats, %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in + the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output, + backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal escapes + beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits), and %%qq causes + pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can + be reused as shell input. + + The --vv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable + _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. + + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. + + ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] + ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories + and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, + if supplied, have the following meanings: + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding + directories to the stack, so that only the stack is + manipulated. + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + zero) is at the top. + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + zero) is at the top. + _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the + new current working directory. + + If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. + If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r + fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- + tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is + specified, or the directory change to the specified new current + directory fails. + + ppwwdd [--LLPP] + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option + is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an + invalid option is supplied. + + rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp + _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, and the + first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the + second _n_a_m_e, and so on, with leftover words and their interven- + ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer + words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names + are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to + split the line into words. The backslash character (\\) may be + used to remove any special meaning for the next character read + and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol- + lowing meanings: + --aa _a_n_a_m_e + The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array + variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any + new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are + ignored. + --dd _d_e_l_i_m + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the + input line, rather than newline. + --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + not previously active) editing settings. + --ii _t_e_x_t + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. + --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + waiting for a complete line of input, but honor a delim- + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + delimiter. + --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. + --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t + Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- + line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is + displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. + --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + continuation. + --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- + ters are not echoed. + --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input is not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_- + _o_u_t may be a decimal number with a fractional portion + following the decimal point. This option is only effec- + tive if rreeaadd is reading input from a terminal, pipe, or + other special file; it has no effect when reading from + regular files. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd returns success if + input is available on the specified file descriptor, + failure otherwise. The exit status is greater than 128 + if the timeout is exceeded. + --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. + + If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- + able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is + encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the return code is + greater than 128), or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as + the argument to --uu. + + rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAppff] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is + supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The --pp + option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be + reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the + value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return status is 0 + unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not + a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that + is not a function. + + rreettuurrnn [_n] + Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _n. + If _n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command + executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but + during execution of a script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it + causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either + _n or the exit status of the last command executed within the + script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a + function and not during execution of a script by .., the return + status is false. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is + executed before execution resumes after the function or script. + + sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...] + sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...] + Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are + displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or + resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- + not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. + The output is sorted according to the current locale. When + options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any + arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- + ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to + $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following + meanings: + --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are + modified or created for export to the environment of + subsequent commands. + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This + is effective only when job control is enabled. + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _s_u_b_s_h_e_l_l command enclosed in + parentheses, or one of the commands executed as part of + a command list enclosed by braces (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not + exit if the command that fails is part of the command + list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, + part of the test following the iiff or eelliiff reserved + words, part of any command executed in a &&&& or |||| list + except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any + command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's + return value is being inverted with !!. A trap on EERRRR, + if set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing + all the commands in the subshell. + --ff Disable pathname expansion. + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + for execution. This is enabled by default. + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those + that precede the command name. + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). Background pro- + cesses run in a separate process group and a line con- + taining their exit status is printed upon their comple- + tion. + --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is + ignored by interactive shells. + --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e + The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: + aalllleexxppoorrtt + Same as --aa. + bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd + Same as --BB. + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + face. This is enabled by default when the shell + is interactive, unless the shell is started with + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. + eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. + eerrrrttrraaccee + Same as --EE. + ffuunnccttrraaccee + Same as --TT. + hhaasshhaallll Same as --hh. + hhiisstteexxppaanndd + Same as --HH. + hhiissttoorryy Enable command history, as described above under + HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- + active shells. + iiggnnoorreeeeooff + The effect is as if the shell command + ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll + VVaarriiaabblleess above). + kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. + mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. + nnoocclloobbbbeerr + Same as --CC. + nnooeexxeecc Same as --nn. + nnoogglloobb Same as --ff. + nnoolloogg Currently ignored. + nnoottiiffyy Same as --bb. + nnoouunnsseett Same as --uu. + oonneeccmmdd Same as --tt. + pphhyyssiiccaall + Same as --PP. + ppiippeeffaaiill + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + is disabled by default. + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). + pprriivviilleeggeedd + Same as --pp. + vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + This also affects the editing interface used for + rreeaadd --ee. + xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. + If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard + output. + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and + group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. + --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. + --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- + cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + status. + --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + and its expanded arguments or associated word list. + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + above). This is on by default. + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + overridden when creating output files by using the redi- + rection operator >>|| instead of >>. + --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + ited in such cases. + --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on + by default when the shell is interactive. + --PP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + working directory. It uses the physical directory + structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical + chain of directories when performing commands which + change the current directory. + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands + executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + with a --. + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv + options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- + tional parameters remain unchanged. + + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The + options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of + the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The + return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- + tered. + + sshhiifftt [_n] + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are + unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to + $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, + it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional + parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than + zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. + + sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] + Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav- + ior. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list of all set- + table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not + each is set. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a + form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol- + lowing meanings: + --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. + --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + wise. + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + the --oo option to the sseett builtin. + + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, the dis- + play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec- + tively. Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled + (unset) by default. + + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting + options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + valid shell option. + + The list of sshhoopptt options is: + + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. + ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + whose value is the directory to change to. + ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + shells. + cchheecckkhhaasshh + If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + formed. + cchheecckkjjoobbss + If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a + second exit is attempted without an intervening command + (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones + exiting if any jobs are stopped. + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command + and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- + UUMMNNSS. + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. + ccoommppaatt3311 + If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 + with respect to quoted arguments to the conditional com- + mand's =~ operator. + ccoommppaatt3322 + If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the conditional command's < and > operators. + ccoommppaatt4400 + If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the conditional command's < and > operators and + the effect of interrupting a command list. + ddiirrssppeellll + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- + tially supplied does not exist. + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. + eexxeeccffaaiill + If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + exit if eexxeecc fails. + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- + tive shells. + eexxttddeebbuugg + If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is + enabled: + 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the + source file name and line number corresponding to + each function name supplied as an argument. + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + not executed. + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to + rreettuurrnn is simulated. + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + in their descriptions above. + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with + (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRROORR trap. + eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described + above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. + eexxttqquuoottee + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + quotes. This option is enabled by default. + ffaaiillgglloobb + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + pathname expansion result in an expansion error. + ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- + ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + default. + gglloobbssttaarr + If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- + text will match a files and zero or more directories and + subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only + directories and subdirectories match. + ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt + If set, shell error messages are written in the standard + GNU error message format. + hhiissttaappppeenndd + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + exits, rather than overwriting the file. + hhiissttrreeeeddiitt + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. + hhiissttvveerriiffyy + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- + fication. + hhoossttccoommpplleettee + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + above). This is enabled by default. + hhuuppoonneexxiitt + If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- + active login shell exits. + iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss + If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This + option is enabled by default. + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines + rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + llooggiinn__sshheellll + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + changed. + mmaaiillwwaarrnn + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + played. + nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not + attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when + completion is attempted on an empty line. + nnooccaasseegglloobb + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee + EExxppaannssiioonn above). + nnooccaasseemmaattcchh + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or + [[[[ conditional commands. + nnuullllgglloobb + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + rather than themselves. + pprrooggccoommpp + If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- + ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above) are enabled. This option is + enabled by default. + pprroommppttvvaarrss + If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote + removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + above. This option is enabled by default. + rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll + The shell sets this option if it is started in + restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + cover whether or not a shell is restricted. + sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- + ters. + ssoouurrcceeppaatthh + If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to + find the directory containing the file supplied as an + argument. This option is enabled by default. + xxppgg__eecchhoo + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape + sequences by default. + ssuussppeenndd [--ff] + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be + used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- + tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- + plied, or if job control is not enabled. + tteesstt _e_x_p_r + [[ _e_x_p_r ]] + Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the + conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and operand must be + a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries + described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not + accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of + ---- as signifying the end of options. + + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation + depends on the number of arguments; see below. + !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. + (( _e_x_p_r )) + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + the normal precedence of operators. + _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 + True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. + _e_x_p_r_1 -oo _e_x_p_r_2 + True if either _e_x_p_r_1 or _e_x_p_r_2 is true. + + tteesstt and [[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules + based on the number of arguments. + + 0 arguments + The expression is false. + 1 argument + The expression is true if and only if the argument is not + null. + 2 arguments + If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is + not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is + false. + 3 arguments + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the + result of the expression is the result of the binary test + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + the second and third arguments. If the first argument is + exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + wise, the expression is false. + 4 arguments + If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- + uated according to precedence using the rules listed + above. + 5 or more arguments + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + precedence using the rules listed above. + + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. + + ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. + If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap + commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no + arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the + list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option + causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- + responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name + defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are + case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. + + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell + function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- + ishes executing. + + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a sim- + ple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following + conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command + is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or + uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a + command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return + value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions + obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt option. + + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or + reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to + their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when + one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is + invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. + + ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, + then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is + returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the + name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci- + fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not + return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, + even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is + hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the + file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee + prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. + This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp + option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not + consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func- + tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if + all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. + + uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]] + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t + can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of + the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, + respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the + soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is + given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name + and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter- + preted as follows: + --aa All current limits are reported + --bb The maximum socket buffer size + --cc The maximum size of core files created + --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment + --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + children + --ii The maximum number of pending signals + --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + this limit) + --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems + do not allow this value to be set) + --pp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) + --qq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues + --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority + --ss The maximum stack size + --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + user + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + shell + --xx The maximum number of file locks + --TT The maximum number of threads + + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, it is the new value of the specified resource + (the --aa option is display only). If no option is given, then --ff + is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, + which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks, + and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or + an error occurs while setting a new limit. + + uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] + The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form + that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + and false otherwise. + + uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. + + uunnsseett [-ffvv] [_n_a_m_e ...] + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + If no options are supplied, or the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e + refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari- + able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub- + sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, + LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they + lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently + reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly. + + wwaaiitt [_n _._._.] + Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta- + tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a + job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- + cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n + specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is + 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the + last process or job waited for. + +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + bash(1), sh(1) + + + +GNU Bash-4.0 2004 Apr 20 BASH_BUILTINS(1) diff --git a/doc/builtins.1 b/doc/builtins.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf8bfec --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/builtins.1 @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +.\" This is a hack to force bash builtins into the whatis database +.\" and to get the list of builtins to come up with the man command. +.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-4.0" +.SH NAME +bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, +cd, command, compgen, complete, +compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, +export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, +let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, +readonly, return, set, +shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, true, type, typeset, +ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait \- bash built-in commands, see \fBbash\fR(1) +.SH BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS +.nr zZ 1 +.so bash.1 +.SH SEE ALSO +bash(1), sh(1) diff --git a/doc/builtins.ps b/doc/builtins.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..539dfb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/builtins.ps @@ -0,0 +1,2651 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 +%%CreationDate: Wed Dec 30 13:07:37 2009 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman +%%+ font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Symbol +%%+ font Courier +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2 +%%Pages: 21 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%DocumentMedia: Default 595 842 0 () () +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +%%BeginDefaults +%%PageMedia: Default +%%EndDefaults +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.19 2 +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-ProcSet +/setpacking where{ +pop +currentpacking +true setpacking +}if +/grops 120 dict dup begin +/SC 32 def +/A/show load def +/B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/C{0 exch ashow}bind def +/D{0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/E{0 rmoveto show}bind def +/F{0 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F)-.15 F .054 +(or each)-.15 F F3(name)2.554 E F0 .054(in the ar)2.554 F .054 +(gument list for which no)-.18 F F3(value)2.554 E F0 .054(is sup-)2.554 +F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 488.4 R 1.314 +(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F2(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 +(returns true unless a)3.814 F F3(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E +(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 500.4 Q F2(bg)108 517.2 Q F0([) +2.5 E F3(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 +529.2 R F3(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 +(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F2(&)3.245 E +F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F3(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 541.2 Q F0 .672 +(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) +-3.172 F F3(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F2 +(bg)5.671 E F3(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 +(when job control is disabled or)144 553.2 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 +(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G +(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F3(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G +(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 565.2 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 +E F2(bind)108 582 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(\255lpsvPSV)-2.5 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 594 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad71>-2.5 E F3 +(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F3(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F2<ad72>-2.5 E F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F2(bind)108 606 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2<ad66>2.5 E F3 +(\214lename)2.5 E F2(bind)108 618 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G +(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2<ad78>2.5 E F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F3 +(shell\255command)A F2(bind)108 630 Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6d>A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 +G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F3 +(function\255name)A F2(bind)108 642 Q F3 -.37(re)2.5 G +(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 654 R F2 -.18(re) +2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239 +(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238 +(equence to a).15 F F2 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) +2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 666 R F2 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E +F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F +.476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F3 +(.inputr)144 678 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 +(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F +.483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 +(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 690 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6d>144 702 +Q F3 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 714 Q F3 -.1(ke)5.158 G(ymap)-.2 +E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af).15 F 2.659 +(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E F3 -.1(ke) +180 726 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F3 3.193 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 +(d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E +F0(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(1)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 2 2 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(vi\255command)180 84 Q F0 4.429(,a)C(nd)-4.429 E F1 +(vi\255insert)4.429 E F0(.).68 E F1(vi)6.929 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F +-.25(va)-.25 G 1.929(lent to).25 F F1(vi\255command)4.429 E F0(;)A F1 +(emacs)4.429 E F0 1.929(is equi)4.429 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.93(lent to).25 +F F1(emacs\255standar)180 96 Q(d)-.37 E F0(.)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +<ad6c>144 108 Q F0(List the names of all)27.52 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(adline).18 E F0(functions.)2.5 E F2<ad70>144 120 Q F0(Display)24.74 E +F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc) +-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad50>144 132 Q F0(List current)24.19 E +F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F2 +<ad73>144 144 Q F0(Display)26.41 E F2 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 +-.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155 +(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo)-.15 G +1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 156 S 2.5(yt).1 G(hat the)-2.5 +E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad53>144 168 Q F0(Display)24.74 +E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G +(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G +(utput.)-2.5 E F2<ad76>144 180 Q F0(Display)25.3 E F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F2<ad56>144 192 Q F0(List current)23.08 E F2 -.18 +(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E(alues.) +-.25 E F2<ad66>144 204 Q F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 216 Q .3 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<ad71>144 +228 Q F1(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 240 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 E F1 +(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<ad75>144 252 Q F1(function)2.5 E F0 +(Unbind all k)180 264 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G(ound to the named) +-2.5 E F1(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F2<ad72>144 276 Q F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq) +-.2 E F0(Remo)180 288 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H +(urrent binding for).15 E F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(.)A F2<ad78>144 +300 Q F1 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F2(:)A F1(shell\255command)A F0(Cause) +180 312 Q F1(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F1 -.1(ke)4.325 G +(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F(When)6.825 E F1(shell\255com-) +4.325 E(mand)180 324 Q F0 1.765(is e)4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765 +(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE) +4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765(riable to the contents of the).25 F F2 +-.18(re)180 336 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353 +(fer and the)-.25 F F3(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 +(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.012(insertion point.)180 +348 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 +(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 360 Q/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E(The return v) +144 376.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 +E F2(br)108 393.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A .054 +(Exit from within a)144 405.6 R F2 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F2 +(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F2(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F2 +(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F1(n)2.555 E F0 .055 +(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F1(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls.).15 E F1(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555 +E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 417.6 Q F1(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ + number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714 +(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 +429.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F2 -.2 +(bu)108 446.4 S(iltin).2 E F1(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F1(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 458.4 Q .792 +(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F1 +(ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 +F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616 +(when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 +470.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +482.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F2(cd)3.07 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 494.4 Q(alse if)-.1 +E F1(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F2(caller)108 511.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 523.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 +(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 535.2 Q +(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.062 G 3.062(iltins. W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2 +(ex)3.062 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)3.062 E F0 .562 +(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)3.062 F +.254(subroutine call.)144 547.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 +F F1 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F0 .253 +(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ +tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ +ent e)144 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 +(This e)144 571.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 +(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E +3.019(0. The)144 583.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 +(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 595.2 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 612 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 +(\255L|-P)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .21 +(Change the current directory to)144 624 R F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T)C +.21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F +(ault)-.1 E F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 +E F3(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .776 +(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 636 R F1 +(dir)3.276 E F0 5.777(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.777 E 1.077 -.15(ve d)-.25 H +.777(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.277 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.764(are separated by a colon \(:\).)144 648 R 3.264(An)5.764 G .764 +(ull directory name in)-3.264 F F3(CDP)3.264 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E +F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 660 Q 2.973 +(,i)-.65 G .473(.e., `)-2.973 F(`)-.74 E F2(.)A F0 -.74('')C 5.473(.I) +.74 G(f)-5.473 E F1(dir)3.323 E F0(be)3.703 E .474 +(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)2.974 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F0 .474(is not used. The)2.724 F F2<ad50>2.974 E F0 .474 +(option says to use)2.974 F .58(the ph)144 672 R .58 +(ysical directory structure instead of follo)-.05 F .579 +(wing symbolic links \(see also the)-.25 F F2<ad50>3.079 E F0 .579 +(option to the)3.079 F F2(set)144 684 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883 +(iltin command\); the).2 F F2<ad4c>3.383 E F0 .884 +(option forces symbolic links to be follo)3.384 F 3.384(wed. An)-.25 F +(ar)3.384 E .884(gument of)-.18 F F2<ad>3.384 E F0(is)3.384 E(equi)144 +696 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .316(lent to).25 F F3($OLDPWD)2.816 E F4(.)A F0 +.316(If a non-empty directory name from)4.816 F F3(CDP)2.815 E -.855(AT) +-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .315(is used, or if)2.565 F F2<ad>2.815 E F0 .315 +(is the \214rst)2.815 F(ar)144 708 Q .116(gument, and the directory cha\ +nge is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)-.18 F 2.616(ww)-.25 +G .116(orking direc-)-2.716 F 1.165 +(tory is written to the standard output.)144 720 R 1.164(The return v) +6.164 F 1.164(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F 1.164 +(as successfully)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(2) +203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(changed; f) +144 84 Q(alse otherwise.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(command)108 100.8 Q +F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F0 +([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 112.8 Q F2(command)2.956 +E F0(with)3.527 E F2(ar)3.087 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .257 +(suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only b)3.027 F .257 +(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 124.8 R/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F1<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502 +(option is gi)3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F2 +(command)3.201 E F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 136.8 R +.399(ault v)-.1 F .399(alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +.4(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F +(If)5.4 E .175(either the)144 148.8 R F1<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1 +<ad76>2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F2 +(command)2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F1<ad76>2.674 E +F0 .174(option causes)2.674 F 3.11(as)144 160.8 S .61(ingle w)-3.11 F +.61(ord indicating the command or \214le name used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.41 E F0 .61(to be displayed; the)3.88 F +F1<ad56>144 172.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F1<ad56>2.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F1<ad76>2.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 184.8 R F2(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 +(command)144.2 196.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 208.8 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F1 +(compgen)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .012(Generate possible completion matches for)144 237.6 R +F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 +E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 +(accepted by the)144 249.6 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F1<ad70>3.481 E F0(and) +3.481 E F1<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) +-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 261.6 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F +F1<ad46>3.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F1<ad43>3.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v) +3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25 +F(grammable completion f)144 273.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va) +-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.) +-.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 297.6 R .352 +(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ +em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 +309.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 321.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 345.6 Q +(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 +(complete)108 362.4 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C +F1<ad6f>-3.729 E F2(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.729 E +F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad41>-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad47> +-3.728 E F2(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad57>-3.728 E F2(wor)3.728 +E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad46>-3.728 E F2(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 +374.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 386.4 Q +F1<ad58>A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad50>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) +A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 +398.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.634(Specify ho)144 410.4 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 +(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 +F .633(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633 +(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144 +422.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 +F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.) +144 434.4 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2 +(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E +F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 446.4 R(The)6.347 E +F1<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options) +3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 458.4 R(`def)-.74 E +(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 +(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 +470.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F1<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955 +(option indicates that)3.455 F .065 +(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 482.4 R +(`empty')-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064 +(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F +(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 494.4 Q 1.437 +(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 +518.4 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 +530.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 554.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 +(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055 +(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F1<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary) +144 566.4 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E +F1<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion before the)144 578.4 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 590.4 Q +F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 602.4 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 +(controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') +.15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 614.4 Q F2 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 626.4 Q F0 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 638.4 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E +F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 +650.4 Q F1(default)184 662.4 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55 +G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875 +(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) +224 674.4 Q F1(dir)184 686.4 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name c\ +ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 698.4 Q +(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(3)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(\214lenames)184 84 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 96 S .137(ll readli\ +ne that the compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F +2.637<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik) +224 108 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 +(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 +(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 120 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 132 Q F1(nospace) +184 144 Q F0 -.7(Te)6.11 G .22 +(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 F +.22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 156 Q F1(plusdirs) +184 168 Q F0 1.985(After an)5.54 F 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 +(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F +.584(completion is attempted and an)224 180 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 192 +Q F1<ad41>144 204 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 216 +Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +(wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 +228 Q F0(Alias names.)20.55 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 240 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 252 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1 4.7(binding Readline)184 264 R F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G +2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 276 S(iltin).2 E F0 +(Names of shell b)11.85 E(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 288 +Q F0(Command names.)224 300 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 312 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 324 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 336 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 348 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +360 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)6.66 E(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +372 Q F0(Names of e)12.23 E(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 +384 Q F0(File names.)27.22 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(function)184 396 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 408 Q F1 +(gr)184 420 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 +432 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 444 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 456 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 468 +Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 480 Q F0 +(Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 492 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 504 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 +516 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 528 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 540 Q +F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E +F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 +(shopt)184 552 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 564 Q F0 +(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 576 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.) +.15 E F1(user)184 588 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 600 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad47>144 612 Q F2 +(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 624 R 1.007(xpansion pattern) +-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008 +(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 636 Q F1 +<ad57>144 648 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 660 Q F2(wor)3.64 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3 +(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and) +-.25 F 2.007(each resultant w)184 672 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507 +(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the) +4.507 F(resultant list which match the w)184 684 Q(ord being completed.) +-.1 E F1<ad43>144 696 Q F2(command)2.5 E(command)184 708 Q F0 1.056 +(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) +184 720 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(4)203.725 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad46>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(function)2.5 E F0 +1.18(The shell function)184 96 R F2(function)3.68 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.681 +(vironment. When)-.4 F 1.181(it \214n-)3.681 F .932 +(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)3.431 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.181 E -.25(va)184 +120 S(riable.).25 E F1<ad58>144 132 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat) +184 144 Q F0 .455(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956 +(xpansion. It)-.15 F .456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F +1.596(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 156 R +1.596(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 168 Q F2 +(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 +G .704(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!) +3.204 E F0(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 +G .705(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 180 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1<ad50>144 192 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) +184 204 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 +(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 216 Q F1<ad53>144 228 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0 +(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E .466(The return v)144 244.8 R +.466(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0 +(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 +(plied without a)144 256.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 268.8 Q F0 +(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E +(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E +F1(compopt)108 285.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 297.6 R +F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 +.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E .726 +(completion if no)144 309.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 321.6 Q F2(name) +3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) +5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 333.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) +-5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297 +(option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F +1.227(the `)144 345.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ +no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 357.6 R 2.178 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177 +(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) +144 369.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 +E .327(The return v)108 386.4 R .327(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.4 G .327 +(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a) +.25 F F2(name)108 398.4 Q F0(for which no completion speci\214cation e) +2.5 E(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 415.2 Q +F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 427.2 R 1.754 +(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A +F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 +(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 +(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 439.2 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 +1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10 +/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 +(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 451.2 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 +(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) +3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 463.2 Q F1(declar)108 480 Q +(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 +(typeset)108 492 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70> +-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) +-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 504 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E +F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765 +(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25 +(va)144 516 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983 +(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 +(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 +<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 528 Q F2(name)3.579 E F0 +(ar)3.579 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F(When) +6.079 E F1<ad70>3.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F2(name) +3.58 E F0(ar)3.58 E(gu-)-.18 E .151(ments, it will display the attrib) +144 540 R .151(utes and v)-.2 F .151(alues of all v)-.25 F .15 +(ariables ha)-.25 F .15(ving the attrib)-.2 F .15 +(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .046(additional options.)144 552 R .046 +(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F1<ad70>2.547 E F0(,)A F1 +(declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .047(will display the attrib)2.547 F .047 +(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 564 S 1.363(lues of all shell v).25 F 3.863 +(ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.863 E F0 1.362 +(option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.863 F(The)6.362 +E F1<ad46>3.862 E F0 2.422(option inhibits the display of function de\ +\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 576 R 2.423(utes are) +-.2 F 2.664(printed. If)144 588 R(the)2.664 E F1(extdeb)2.664 E(ug)-.2 E +F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.664 F F1(shopt)2.664 E F0 2.664 +(,t)C .163(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664 F 1.382 +(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 600 R(The) +6.382 E F1<ad46>3.882 E F0 1.382(option implies)3.882 F F1<ad66>3.882 E +F0 6.382(.T)C 1.382(he follo)-6.382 F(wing)-.25 E .794 +(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 612 R .794 +(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F +1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 624 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1 +<ad61>144 636 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 +E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 648 Q F0(Each)23.08 +E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v).15 +E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1<ad66>144 660 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E(.)-.65 E F1 +<ad69>144 672 Q F0 .557(The v)27.52 F .558 +(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F F3 .558(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU) +-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 684 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i) +.15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v) +-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 696 Q F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909 +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909 +(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer) +-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 708 R(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E +(ute is disabled.)-.2 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(5) +203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad72>144 84 Q F0(Mak)25.86 E(e)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T) +-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547 +(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 96 Q F1 +<ad74>144 108 Q F0(Gi)26.97 E .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929 +(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG) +-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0(traps from the calling shell.) +180 120 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E +(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 132 Q F0 .909(When the v)24.74 F .909 +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909 +(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-) +-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 144 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E +(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 156 Q F0(Mark)25.3 E F2(name)2.5 E +F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E +(vironment.)-.4 E .121(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 172.8 R +2.621(ft)-.25 G .121(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 +F .12(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F +.644(to destro)144 184.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) +-3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) +3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 +(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F 1.945(tion, mak)144 196.8 +R 1.945(es each)-.1 F F2(name)4.445 E F0 1.945(local, as with the)4.445 +F F1(local)4.444 E F0 4.444(command. If)4.444 F 4.444(av)4.444 G 1.944 +(ariable name is follo)-4.694 F 1.944(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 208.8 Q F2 +(value)A F0 3.238(,t)C .738(he v)-3.238 F .738(alue of the v)-.25 F .738 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.238 E F0 5.738(.T)C .738 +(he return v)-5.738 F .739(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G +.739(lid option is).25 F .603 +(encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using)144 220.8 +R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .603(\255f foo=bar)3.103 F F0 3.103(,a)C 3.103(na) +-3.103 G .603(ttempt is made to)-3.103 F 1.242(assign a v)144 232.8 R +1.242(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F 1.242 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F 1.243 +(alue to an array v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E 1.386 +(without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 244.8 R F1 +(Arrays)3.886 E F0(abo)3.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.386(\), one of the).15 F +F2(names)3.886 E F0 1.386(is not a)3.886 F -.25(va)144 256.8 S .171 +(lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 +F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172 +(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 268.8 R 3.46(fa) +-.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 280.8 Q +(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(dirs [+)108 297.6 +Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C(\255cplv])-2.5 E F0 +-.4(Wi)144 309.6 S .328 +(thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) +.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 321.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 333.6 Q +F0(command; the)2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0(command remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.5(se).15 G(ntries from the list.)-2.5 E F1(+)144 345.6 Q F2(n)A F0 +1.564(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 357.6 Q F1<ad>144 369.6 Q F2 +(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)25.3 F F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F +F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 381.6 Q F1<ad63>144 393.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)25.86 E F1 +<ad6c>144 405.6 Q F0 .324(Produces a longer listing; the def)27.52 F +.324(ault listing format uses a tilde to denote the home direc-)-.1 F +(tory)180 417.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 429.6 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)24.74 E F1<ad76>144 +441.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\ +\214xing each entry with its inde)25.3 F 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772(nt)-2.772 +G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 453.6 Q .257(The return v)144 470.4 R .258 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) +.15 F(tory stack.)144 482.4 Q F1(diso)108 499.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 511.2 S .295(thout options, each).4 F F2(jobspec) +4.535 E F0 .295(is remo)3.105 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.795(df).15 G .295 +(rom the table of acti)-2.795 F .595 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.795(obs. If).15 +F F2(jobspec)4.535 E F0 .295(is not present,)3.105 F .422(and neither) +144 523.2 R F1<ad61>2.922 E F0(nor)2.922 E F1<ad72>2.922 E F0 .422 +(is supplied, the shell')2.922 F 2.922(sn)-.55 G .422(otion of the) +-2.922 F F2(curr)2.923 E .423(ent job)-.37 F F0 .423(is used.)2.923 F +.423(If the)5.423 F F1<ad68>2.923 E F0 .423(option is)2.923 F(gi)144 +535.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .141(n, each).15 F F2(jobspec)4.381 E F0 .141 +(is not remo)2.951 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.641(df).15 G .141 +(rom the table, b)-2.641 F .141(ut is mark)-.2 F .141(ed so that)-.1 F +/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)2.641 E F0 .14(is not sent to the)2.39 F +.004(job if the shell recei)144 547.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.504(sa).15 G F4 +(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .004(If no)4.504 F F2(jobspec) +4.244 E F0 .004(is present, and neither the)2.814 F F1<ad61>2.504 E F0 +.005(nor the)2.504 F F1<ad72>2.505 E F0 .005(option is)2.505 F 1.229 +(supplied, the)144 559.2 R F2(curr)3.729 E 1.229(ent job)-.37 F F0 1.229 +(is used.)3.729 F 1.229(If no)6.229 F F2(jobspec)5.469 E F0 1.229 +(is supplied, the)4.039 F F1<ad61>3.729 E F0 1.228(option means to remo) +3.729 F 1.528 -.15(ve o)-.15 H(r).15 E .656(mark all jobs; the)144 571.2 +R F1<ad72>3.156 E F0 .657(option without a)3.156 F F2(jobspec)4.897 E F0 +(ar)3.467 E .657(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F(The) +5.657 E(return v)144 583.2 Q(alue is 0 unless a)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E +F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F1(echo)108 600 Q +F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E +.395(Output the)144 612 R F2(ar)2.895 E(g)-.37 E F0 .395 +(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .395(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.895 +(wline. The)-.25 F .394(return status is al)2.895 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .394 +(ys 0.).1 F(If)5.394 E F1<ad6e>2.894 E F0 .548 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)144 624 R .548(wline is suppressed.) +-.25 F .548(If the)5.548 F F1<ad65>3.048 E F0 .548(option is gi)3.048 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 636 Q +.053(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.053 E F1 +<ad45>2.553 E F0 .052(option disables the interpretation of these)2.552 +F 1.502(escape characters, e)144 648 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.002(no).15 G +4.002(ns)-4.002 G 1.502(ystems where the)-4.002 F 4.002(ya)-.15 G 1.502 +(re interpreted by def)-4.002 F 4.003(ault. The)-.1 F F1(xpg_echo)4.003 +E F0(shell)4.003 E .009 +(option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)144 660 R F1 +(echo)2.509 E F0 -.15(ex)2.509 G .009(pands these escape characters).15 +F .659(by def)144 672 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.659 E F0 .659 +(does not interpret)3.159 F F1<adad>3.159 E F0 .659 +(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.66 E F0 .66 +(interprets the follo)3.16 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 684 Q F1 +(\\a)144 696 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 708 Q F0(backspace) +27.66 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(6)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\c)144 84 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E F1(\\e) +144 96 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\f)144 108 Q F0(form feed) +29.89 E F1(\\n)144 120 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r) +144 132 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 144 Q F0(horizontal tab) +29.89 E F1(\\v)144 156 Q F0 -.15(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 +168 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144 180 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn) +A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E(alue is the octal v)-.25 E +(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1 +(\\x)144 192 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.78 E +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 +(enable)108 208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 +E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 220.8 R .278 +(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 +(the same name as a shell b)144 232.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 244.8 R .989 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .989 +(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 +(abled; otherwise,)144 256.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F +F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.666(PA)4.082 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 268.8 +R .081(uiltin v)-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081 +(enable -n test)2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08 +(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 280.8 S 1.524 +(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F +F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 292.8 Q F1<ad64> +2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F +.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) +-5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 304.8 R F1<ad70> +2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 +(uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 +F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 +316.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 +(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0 1.916 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 328.8 R 1.916 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 +(enabled. If)144 340.8 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379 +(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) +2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F +(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 352.8 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 +(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) +-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 +364.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 381.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 +E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 393.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C +.671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F +.67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 405.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 +(xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 +(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 417.6 Q +(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 +(exec)108 434.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2 +(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 446.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 458.4 R .176 +(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G +(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 +(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 470.4 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 +F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 +E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0 +.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 482.4 Q F0 .638 +(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 494.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 +1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) +.15 F(non-interacti)144 506.4 Q .617 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .317(hell e).15 F +.317(xits, unless the shell option)-.15 F F1(execfail)2.817 E F0 .318 +(is enabled, in which case it returns f)2.817 F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505 +(ure. An)144 518.4 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .005 +(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 +(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 530.4 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 +(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 +(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 +(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 542.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 559.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +6.29(]C)C .096(ause the shell to e)-6.29 F .096(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 571.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 +E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E +F1(export)108 588 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 +E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 600 Q F0 +.256(The supplied)144 612 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F +.257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 +(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 +(commands. If)144 624 R(the)2.627 E F1<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127 +(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E +F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E +F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70> +144 636 Q F0 .659(option is supplied, a list of all names that are e) +3.159 F .66(xported in this shell is printed.)-.15 F(The)5.66 E F1<ad6e> +3.16 E F0(option)3.16 E 1.587(causes the e)144 648 R 1.587 +(xport property to be remo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.086(df).15 G 1.586 +(rom each)-4.086 F F2(name)4.086 E F0 6.586(.I)C 4.086(fav)-6.586 G +1.586(ariable name is follo)-4.336 F 1.586(wed by)-.25 F(=)144 660 Q F2 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.803(,t)C .303(he v)-2.803 F .303(alue of the v)-.25 +F .304(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)2.804 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.304 E F0 .304(returns an e)2.804 F .304 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .294 +(option is encountered, one of the)144 672 R F2(names)2.793 E F0 .293 +(is not a v)2.793 F .293(alid shell v)-.25 F .293(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F1<ad66>2.793 E F0 .293(is supplied with a)2.793 F F2(name)144.36 684 +Q F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1(fc)108 700.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +<8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A(GNU Bash-4.0)72 +768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(7)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc \255s)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .477 +(Fix Command.)144 96 R .478 +(In the \214rst form, a range of commands from)5.477 F F2<8c72>4.888 E +(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.658 E F2(last)3.068 E F0 .478 +(is selected from the his-)3.658 F .882(tory list.)144 108 R F2 -.45(Fi) +5.882 G -.1(rs).45 G(t).1 E F0(and)4.062 E F2(last)3.472 E F0 .882 +(may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command be)4.062 F +.881(ginning with)-.15 F .797(that string\) or as a number \(an inde)144 +120 R 3.297(xi)-.15 G .797(nto the history list, where a ne)-3.297 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.097 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .797(umber is used as an) +.15 F(of)144 132 Q .277(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F +(If)5.277 E F2(last)2.867 E F0 .276 +(is not speci\214ed it is set to the current command)3.457 F .092 +(for listing \(so that)144 144 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .092 +(fc \255l \25510)2.592 F F0 .092(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) +2.592 F F2<8c72>4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.592(otherwise. If)3.272 F F2<8c72> +4.502 E(st)-.1 E F0 .093(is not)3.273 F +(speci\214ed it is set to the pre)144 156 Q +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 180 Q +F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022 +(option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E +F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 192 R .438(If the)5.438 +F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 +(n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E +.335(the editor gi)144 204 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2 +(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) +.1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F +(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 216 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F +.631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT) +3.131 E F0 .631(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F 1.884(ther v) +144 228 R 1.884(ariable is set, is used.)-.25 F 1.884 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)6.884 F +-.15(exe)144 240 S(cuted.).15 E .039(In the second form,)144 264 R F2 +(command)2.539 E F0 .039(is re-e)2.539 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .039 +(cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)2.54 E F0 .04(is replaced by) +2.54 F F2 -.37(re)2.54 G(p).37 E F0 5.04(.A)C(useful)-2.5 E .406 +(alias to use with this is)144 276 R F3 .406(r='fc \255s')2.906 F F0 +2.906(,s)C 2.906(ot)-2.906 G .406(hat typing)-2.906 F F3 6.406(rc)2.906 +G(c)-6.406 E F0 .406(runs the last command be)2.906 F .406(ginning with) +-.15 F F3(cc)144 288 Q F0(and typing)2.5 E F3(r)2.5 E F0(re-e)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cutes the last command.).15 E .142 +(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 312 R .142 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 324 R +.454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 +(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 336 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 +(cuted or f).15 F .788 +(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F +.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 +(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 +348 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 +(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 360 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E +(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 376.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 388.8 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 +(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 +(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 +1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 400.8 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G +.617(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 412.8 Q +.362(ground, or f)-.15 F .362 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 424.8 Q +F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.815 F .004(alid job or)-.25 F F2(jobspec) +4.244 E F0 .004(speci\214es a job that w)2.814 F .004 +(as started without job control.)-.1 F F1(getopts)108 441.6 Q F2 +(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 +453.6 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 465.6 R .149 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 477.6 Q .578 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 +(The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 489.6 R 1.665 +(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) +4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 +(option in the shell v)144 501.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0 +3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797 +(if it does not e)3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G +3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 513.6 Q .085 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)2.585 +E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.585 E F0 .085 +(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 +(or a shell script is in)144 525.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 +(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 +(into the v)144 537.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A +F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 +(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 549.6 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F +2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 561.6 +Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 585.6 R F1(getopts) +4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 597.6 Q F0 +(is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 621.6 Q F0 2.392 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 +633.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 657.6 Q F0 1.166 +(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F +1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 +(is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.263 +(reporting is used.)144 669.6 R 1.263 +(In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.263 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.263(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 +681.6 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F +(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 +(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 693.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E +F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 717.6 R +-.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 +(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .667 +(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144 +729.6 R F4(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 E +F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F4 +(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(8)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E +(diagnostic message is printed.)144 84 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 108 +R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts) +3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1(?).833 E +F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)144 120 Q F0(,).18 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPT) +2.735 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 +(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E F1 +(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1(:).833 E +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 132 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3(OPT) +2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1 +(getopts)144 156 Q F0 .902 +(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) +3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 168 Q F1(hash)108 184.8 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A -.15(Fo) +144 196.8 S 3.555(re).15 G(ach)-3.555 E F2(name)3.555 E F0 3.555(,t).18 +G 1.054(he full \214le name of the command is determined by searching t\ +he directories in)-3.555 F F1($P)144 208.8 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +.349(and remembered.)2.849 F .349(If the)5.349 F F1<ad70>2.849 E F0 .349 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.849 F F2 +(\214lename)4.76 E F0 .452 +(is used as the full \214le name of the command.)144 220.8 R(The)5.452 E +F1<ad72>2.952 E F0 .452(option causes the shell to for)2.952 F .452 +(get all remem-)-.18 F .592(bered locations.)144 232.8 R(The)5.592 E F1 +<ad64>3.092 E F0 .593(option causes the 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F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(pattern) +-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 321.6 R .867 +(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .866 +(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144 +333.6 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 345.6 Q F1 +<ad64>144 357.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)24.74 E F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 369.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +21.97 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat) +-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 381.6 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F2(pattern)2.5 E +F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)108 393.6 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 410.4 Q F2(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 422.4 Q(history \255d)108 434.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 446.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A +F1(history \255p)108 458.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 470.4 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 +482.4 S .752 +(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F +.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 494.4 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) +2.881 E(MA)144 506.4 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 +(strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 518.4 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 +(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 +(time stamp and the history line.)144 530.4 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +2.676 E F0 .176 +(is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F +(not, the v)144 542.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) +2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 554.4 Q F0 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1<ad64>144 +566.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position) +180 578.4 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 590.4 Q F0 .598 +(Append the `)25.3 F(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.098('h)-.74 G .598 +(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.098 F .599 +(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 602.4 Q F0 +(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 614.4 Q F0 .854(Rea\ +d the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the c\ +urrent history list.)24.74 F .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 626.4 R +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E +(sion.)180 638.4 Q F1<ad72>144 650.4 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ +ory \214le and use them as the current history)25.86 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad77> +144 662.4 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 674.4 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) +3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F +2.975(output. Does)180 686.4 R .475 +(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) +2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 698.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 710.4 Q F0 +.363(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 722.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 +(are added.)2.77 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(9)203.725 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .145(If the) +144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25 +(va)2.395 G .145 +(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 96 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 108 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 120 R .416 +(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415 +(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\ +ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\ +, an in)144 132 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(of)3 E +(fset)-.18 E F0(is)3 E(supplied as an ar)144 144 Q(gument to)-.18 E/F3 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e) +-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E F3<ad70>2.5 E +F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F3(jobs)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lnprs)A +F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F3(jobs \255x)108 172.8 Q F2 +(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E +(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 184.8 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 +(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3<ad6c>144 196.8 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F3 +<ad70>144 208.8 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5 +(sp)-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3<ad6e>144 220.8 Q F0 +.194(Display information only about jobs that ha)24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c) +-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F +(\214ed of their status.)180 232.8 Q F3<ad72>144 244.8 Q F0 +(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F3<ad73>144 256.8 Q F0 +(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 273.6 Q F2(jobspec) +4.553 E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 +(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) +-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 285.6 Q -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 302.4 R F3 +<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F3(jobs)2.894 E F0 +.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) +3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 314.4 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) +2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E +F3(kill)108 331.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F3 +<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F3<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F3 +(kill \255l)108 343.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 +G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 355.2 R F2 +(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119 +(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2 +(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319 +(either a case-insensiti)144 367.2 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 +(ignal name such as).15 F F1(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 +(\(with or without the)2.569 F F1(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 379.2 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0 +1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) +4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F1(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 +1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 391.2 Q .523(gument of)-.18 +F F3<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an) +5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when) +.18 F F3<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523 +(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 403.2 +R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 415.2 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F +F3<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 427.2 +R F3(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F +.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F +(occurs or an in)144 439.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.) +.25 E F3(let)108 456 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E +F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 468 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197 +(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G +.196(luated \(see).25 F F1 .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855 +(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F +(the last)144 480 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G +(luates to 0,).25 E F3(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.) +2.5 E F3(local)108 496.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name) +-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 508.8 S +2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06 +(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned) +2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 +.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 520.8 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653 +(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F3(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W) +C(hen)-5.652 E F3(local)3.152 E F0 .652 +(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 +532.8 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861 +(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4 +(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F3(local)144 544.8 Q F0 1.165 +(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165 +(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use) +6.165 F F3(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232 +(within a function.)144 556.8 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232 +F F3(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144 +568.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F3 +(logout)108 585.6 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F3(map\214le)108 602.4 +Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad4f>-2.5 E F2 +(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3 +<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad43> +-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F3 -.18(re)108 614.4 S +(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F3<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad4f> +-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F3<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F3<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad63>-2.5 E F2 +(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351 +(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 626.4 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.85 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor) +-2.85 F F2(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 638.4 R F3<ad75>3.748 E F0 +1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 +(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.749 E +(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 F(ha)144 +650.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3<ad6e> +144 662.4 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2 +(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0 +(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F3<ad4f>144 674.4 Q F0(Be)22.52 E +(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) +-.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) +-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F3<ad73>144 686.4 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F3 +<ad74>144 698.4 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E +(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F3<ad75>144 710.4 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)24.74 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20) +148.735 E(10)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad43>144 84 Q F0(Ev)23.08 E(aluate)-.25 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2(quantum) +2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 96 Q +F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F2 +(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 112.8 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 +(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F 1.22(plied the inde)144 124.8 R 3.72(xo)-.15 G +3.72(ft)-3.72 G 1.22(he ne)-3.72 F 1.22 +(xt array element to be assigned as an additional ar)-.15 F(gument.)-.18 +E F2(callbac)6.22 E(k)-.2 E F0(is)3.72 E -.25(eva)144 136.8 S +(luated after the line is read b).25 E +(ut before the array element is assigned.)-.2 E +(If not supplied with an e)144 153.6 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 170.4 Q F0 1.906 +(returns successfully unless an in)4.406 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.905(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) +4.405 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.405 E(in)144 182.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E +F1(popd)108 199.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 211.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799 +(se).15 G .299(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G +.299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 +G .3(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144 +223.2 R F1(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 +(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478 +(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15 +F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 235.2 Q F1<ad6e>144 247.2 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551 +(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 259.2 Q F1(+)144 271.2 Q F2(n)A +F0(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 +.14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F +F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 +283.2 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 +(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) +-.65 E F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 295.2 Q F2(n)A F0 +(Remo)25.3 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E F0 +1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5(zero. F)180 +307.2 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F3(popd -1)2.5 +E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144 324 R F1(popd)3.144 +E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F1(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643 +(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F1(popd)5.643 +E F0 .415(returns f)144 336 R .415(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G +.415(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916 +(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 348 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 364.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0 +(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .372 +(Write the formatted)144 376.8 R F2(ar)2.872 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .372 +(to the standard output under the control of the)2.872 F F2(format)2.872 +E F0 5.372(.T)C(he)-5.372 E F2(format)2.872 E F0 1.804(is a character s\ +tring which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which ar\ +e simply)144 388.8 R .159 +(copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are con) +144 400.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .158(rted and copied to the stan-).15 F .499(\ +dard output, and format speci\214cations, each of which causes printing\ + of the ne)144 412.8 R .5(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)3.15 E +(gu-)-.37 E(ment)144 424.8 Q F0 5.424(.I)C 2.924(na)-5.424 G .424 +(ddition to the standard)-2.924 F F2(printf)2.924 E F0 .424 +(\(1\) formats,)B F1(%b)2.924 E F0(causes)2.923 E F1(printf)2.923 E F0 +.423(to e)2.923 F .423(xpand backslash escape)-.15 F .976 +(sequences in the corresponding)144 436.8 R F2(ar)3.476 E(gument)-.37 E +F0(\(e)3.476 E .976(xcept that)-.15 F F1(\\c)3.476 E F0 .976 +(terminates output, backslashes in)3.476 F F1<5c08>3.477 E F0(,)A F1 +(\\")3.477 E F0(,)A(and)144 448.8 Q F1(\\?)3.422 E F0 .922(are not remo) +3.422 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .922(d, and octal escapes be).15 F .922 +(ginning with)-.15 F F1(\\0)3.422 E F0 .921 +(may contain up to four digits\), and)3.422 F F1(%q)144 460.8 Q F0 +(causes)3.63 E F1(printf)3.63 E F0 1.13(to output the corresponding)3.63 +F F2(ar)3.631 E(gument)-.37 E F0 1.131 +(in a format that can be reused as shell)3.631 F(input.)144 472.8 Q(The) +144 496.8 Q F1<ad76>2.904 E F0 .404 +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)2.904 F(ariable)-.25 E +F2(var)2.904 E F0 .404(rather than being printed to the)2.904 F +(standard output.)144 508.8 Q(The)144 532.8 Q F2(format)3.423 E F0 .923 +(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) +3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 544.8 Q(guments)-.37 E +F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033 +(xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) +.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,) +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 556.8 Q(The return v)5 E +(alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) +108 573.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 585.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 +2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\ +irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 597.6 R 3.14(wt) +-.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F 1.316(stack the current w)144 609.6 R 1.316 +(orking directory)-.1 F 6.316(.W)-.65 G 1.315(ith no ar)-6.716 F 1.315 +(guments, e)-.18 F 1.315(xchanges the top tw)-.15 F 3.815(od)-.1 G 1.315 +(irectories and)-3.815 F .871 +(returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 621.6 R 5.871(.A) +-.65 G -.18(rg)-5.871 G .872(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.172 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H .872(he follo).15 F .872(wing mean-)-.25 F(ings:)144 633.6 Q +F1<ad6e>144 645.6 Q F0 .902(Suppresses the normal change of directory w\ +hen adding directories to the stack, so that)24.74 F +(only the stack is manipulated.)180 657.6 Q F1(+)144 669.6 Q F2(n)A F0 +1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.767 E F0 1.268 +(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by) +-.25 F F1(dirs)180 681.6 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 693.6 Q F2(n)A F0 +.92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 +F F1(dirs)180 705.6 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) +-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 717.6 Q F0(Adds)23.98 E F2(dir)2.85 E F0 +(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.23 E 2.5(wc)-.25 +G(urrent w)-2.5 E(orking directory)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(11)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .488(If the) +144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488 +(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 +(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F +F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 96 R/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039 +(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0 1.039 +(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846(stack is empty)144 108 R +3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack element is \ +speci\214ed, or the directory change to the)-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 +120 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 +136.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 148.8 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 +160.8 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 +(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 +(enabled. If)144 172.8 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 +F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 184.8 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 196.8 Q F1 -.18(re)108 213.6 S +(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad61>-3.817 E F2 +(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad64>-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817 +(][)C F1<ad69>-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad6e> +-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.816 E +F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad70>-3.816 E F2(pr) +3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad74>-3.816 E F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 +3.816(][)C F1<ad75>-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 225.6 Q F2(name)A +F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\ +e \214le descriptor)144 237.6 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) +3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 249.6 Q F1<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038 +(option, and the \214rst w)2.538 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst) +-.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G .039(he second w)-2.539 F .039 +(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0(,).18 E .42 +(and so on, with lefto)144 261.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42 +(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42 +(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I) +.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 273.6 R .54(wer w)-.25 +F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \ +are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 285.6 S 2.511(lues. The).25 F .011 +(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011 +(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011 +(backslash character \()2.511 F F1(\\)A F0 2.51(\)m)C(ay)-2.51 E 1.89 +(be used to remo)144 297.6 R 2.19 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.19 -.15(ny s).15 H +1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.891 +(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F +(Options, if supplied, ha)144 309.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 321.6 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) +180 333.6 R 1.049 +(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F +F2(aname)180.33 345.6 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 +-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 357.6 Q F2(delim)2.5 E +F0(The \214rst character of)180 369.6 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 +(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E +F1<ad65>144 381.6 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re) +2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218 +(to obtain the line.)180 393.6 R .218 +(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 +(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E +(acti)180 405.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E +F1<ad69>144 417.6 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.715 +G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te) +2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E +.216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 429.6 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 +441.6 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 453.6 S(ad).18 E +F0 1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E +F0 1.395(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394 +(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 465.6 Q +(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E +(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +<ad4e>144 477.6 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 489.6 S +(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) +3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F +1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 501.6 R F1 -.18(re) +2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 +(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 513.6 +R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) +3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 525.6 Q F1<ad70> +144 537.6 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 549.6 Q F2(pr)3.661 E +(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161 +(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read) +-.25 F(an)180 561.6 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F +(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 +<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) +-5.543 F(the line.)180 585.6 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G +(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) +-.25 E F1<ad73>144 597.6 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 +<ad74>144 609.6 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 621.6 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549 +G(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048 +(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout) +180 633.6 Q F0(seconds.)3.496 E F2(timeout)5.996 E F0 .997 +(may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.496 F(wing) +-.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 645.6 R .576(This option is only ef) +5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)3.076 G +(ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .141 +(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 657.6 R .142 +(fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.142 E +F2(timeout)2.642 E F0 .142(is 0,)2.642 F F1 -.18(re)180 669.6 S(ad).18 E +F0 .113(returns success if input is a)2.614 F -.25(va)-.2 G .113 +(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.613(,f)-.4 G .113 +(ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 681.6 Q +(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 +E F1<ad75>144 693.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor) +14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 710.4 R F2(names)3.051 E F0 +.191(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable) +-.25 E F3(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .192 +(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344 +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 722.4 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad) +.18 E F0 1.343 +(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F +(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(12)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E +(128\), or an in)144 84 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E/F1 +10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 100.8 S(adonly).18 E +F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aA)A(pf)-.25 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77 +(The gi)144 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77 +(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F +F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097 +(quent assignment.)144 124.8 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 +1.097(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 +(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 136.8 Q 3.334(ed. The) +-.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 +(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) +-3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) +-.25 E .538(ables to associati)144 148.8 R .838 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.038 +(rrays. If).15 F(no)3.038 E F2(name)3.398 E F0(ar)3.218 E .538 +(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .538(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70> +3.038 E F0 .537(option is supplied, a list)3.038 F .08 +(of all readonly names is printed.)144 160.8 R(The)5.08 E F1<ad70>2.58 E +F0 .081(option causes output to be displayed in a format that may)2.58 F +1.177(be reused as input.)144 172.8 R 1.177(If a v)6.177 F 1.176 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.176(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 +3.676(,t)C 1.176(he v)-3.676 F 1.176(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.176 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)144 184.8 Q(d)-.37 E F0 6.205(.T)C +1.205(he return status is 0 unless an in)-6.205 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.206 +(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F2(names)4.066 E F0 1.206 +(is not a)3.976 F -.25(va)144 196.8 S(lid shell v).25 E +(ariable name, or)-.25 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is supplied with a)2.5 E F2 +(name)2.86 E F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 213.6 S +(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .587 +(Causes a function to e)144 225.6 R .587(xit with the return v)-.15 F +.587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)3.087 E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 +E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .586(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335 +(that of the last command e)144 237.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335 +(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G +1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe) +144 249.6 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\() +5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794 +(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .794 +(cuting that script).15 F .245(and return either)144 261.6 R F2(n)3.105 +E F0 .246(or the e)2.985 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .246 +(xit sta-)-.15 F .082(tus of the script.)144 273.6 R .082 +(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082 +(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.581(,t).833 G .081 +(he return sta-)-2.581 F 2.305(tus is f)144 285.6 R 4.805(alse. An)-.1 F +4.805(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.805 F F1(RETURN) +4.805 E F0 2.306(trap is e)4.806 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.306(cuted before e) +.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E(resumes after the function or script.) +144 297.6 Q F1(set)108 314.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 +E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 326.4 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 338.4 S +.836(thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F +.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 350.4 +R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 362.4 R F2 .447(posix mode) +2.947 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447 +(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .447 +(The output is sorted according to the current)5.447 F 3.53 +(locale. When)144 374.4 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. 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The)184 494.4 R 1.468 +(shell does not e)3.969 F 1.468(xit if the command that f)-.15 F 1.468 +(ails is part of the command list)-.1 F .569(immediately follo)184 506.4 +R .569(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)3.069 E F0(or)3.069 E F1(until)3.069 E F0 +-.1(ke)3.069 G(yw)-.05 E .569(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F .57 +(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)3.07 E F0(or)3.07 E F1(elif)3.07 E F0(reserv)184 +518.4 Q .544(ed w)-.15 F .544(ords, part of an)-.1 F 3.044(yc)-.15 G +.544(ommand e)-3.044 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .544(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.044 +E F0(or)3.044 E/F4 10/Symbol SF<efef>3.044 E F0 .544(list e)3.044 F .544 +(xcept the command)-.15 F(follo)184 530.4 Q 1.23(wing the \214nal)-.25 F +F1(&&)3.73 E F0(or)3.73 E F4<efef>3.73 E F0 3.73(,a)C 1.53 -.15(ny c) +-3.73 H 1.231(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F 1.231 +(ut the last, or if the com-)-.2 F(mand')184 542.4 Q 3.191(sr)-.55 G +.691(eturn v)-3.191 F .691(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .691 +(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.191 E F0 5.691(.A)C .691(trap on)-2.5 F F1(ERR) +3.19 E F0 3.19(,i)C 3.19(fs)-3.19 G .69(et, is e)-3.19 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.69(cuted before).15 F .686(the shell e)184 554.4 R 3.186(xits. This) +-.15 F .686(option applies to the shell en)3.186 F .686 +(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F(viron-)-.4 E .068 +(ment separately \(see)184 566.4 R F3 .068(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.568 +F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.318 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .068(\), and may cause).15 +F(subshells to e)184 578.4 Q(xit before e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E F1<ad66>144 590.4 Q F0 +(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad68>144 602.4 Q F0 +2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)28.74 F 4.738(ya)-.15 G +2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739 +(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 614.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 +<ad6b>144 626.4 Q F0 .514(All ar)28.74 F .514 +(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 +F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 638.4 Q F1 +<ad6d>144 650.4 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148 +(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .637 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 662.4 R F3 .636(JOB CONTR)3.136 F +(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.136(\). Background).15 F .636 +(processes run in a)3.136 F .641 +(separate process group and a line containing their e)184 674.4 R .642 +(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 686.4 Q F1 +<ad6e>144 698.4 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652 +(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 +710.4 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 +E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(13)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6f>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name) +2.5 E F0(The)184 96 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 +(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 108 Q F0 +(Same as)224 120 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 132 Q F0 +(Same as)224 144 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 156 Q F0 .089 +(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)13.9 F 2.589(ace. 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This)224 180 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err) +184 192 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)11.31 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(errtrace)184 204 Q F0(Same as)5.03 E F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(functrace) +184 216 Q F0(Same as)224 228 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(hashall)184 240 Q +F0(Same as)9.43 E F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(histexpand)184 252 Q F0 +(Same as)224 264 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history)184 276 Q F0 .586 +(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587 +(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 288 Q +(ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 +300 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 312 R 1.657 +(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) +4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 +324 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 336 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 348 Q F1 +<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 360 Q F0(Same as)5.56 E F1<ad6d>2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 372 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 384 Q F1<ad43>2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 396 Q F0(Same as)11.12 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(noglob)184 408 Q F0(Same as)11.1 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)184 +420 Q F0(Currently ignored.)16.66 E F1(notify)184 432 Q F0(Same as)15 E +F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 444 Q F0(Same as)6.66 E F1<ad75>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 456 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(ph)184 468 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)5.14 E F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(pipefail)184 480 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029 +(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 492 R +1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 504 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 516 Q F0 +2.09(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 +2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 +(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 528 Q +F2(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 540 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 +552 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 564 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as) +7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 576 Q F0 1.466 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.965(ace. This)-.1 +F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 588 Q +(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(xtrace)184 +600 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 618 Q F1<ad6f>3.052 +E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053 +(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553(alues of the current options are printed.) +-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 630 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F +F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set) +3.571 E F0 1.071(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 642 Q F1<ad70> +144 654 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F +F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 +(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 666 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E F4(,)A F3 -.27(BA)184 678 S +(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0 +(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G .524 +(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 690 R .38 +(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 702 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 714 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 +(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70> +2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 726 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 +F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F +(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(14)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 15 15 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +<ad74>144 96 Q F0(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 108 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044 +(eat unset v).35 F .044(ariables and parameters other than the special \ +parameters "@" and "*" as an)-.25 F .182 +(error when performing parameter e)184 120 R 2.682(xpansion. If)-.15 F +-.15(ex)2.682 G .183(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 +E .746(able or parameter)184 132 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 +(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 +144 Q F1<ad76>144 156 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya) +-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 168 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315 +(xpanding each)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .315(simple command)2.815 +F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E +F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236 +(or arithmetic)184 180 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236 +(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of) +-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS4)3.736 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 +(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 192 Q +(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 +<ad42>144 204 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578 +(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 216 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 228 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E +F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 +(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 +2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F +3.053(tors. This)184 240 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) +.15 F(tor)184 252 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +<ad45>144 264 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on) +-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 288 Q F1 +<ad48>144 300 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 312 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 324 Q F0 1.164 +(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.665 E F0 2.822 +(that change the current w)184 336 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 348 R(def)2.685 +E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 +(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F +(mands which change the current directory)184 360 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 +372 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 +(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 384 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 396 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 408 Q +F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 +(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 420 Q F2 +(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G +(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 +432 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2 +(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G +1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 444 R +F1<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945 +(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) +3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 456 Q .425(The options are of)144 +472.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 484.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 496.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 508.8 Q F1(shift)108 525.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 537.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 549.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 561.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 573.6 R +.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 +.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 585.6 Q F1(shopt)108 602.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 614.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222 +(alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F +(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1 +<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\ +ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 626.4 R(The) +144 638.4 Q F1<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\ +d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.828 F .327(Other options) +5.327 F(ha)144 650.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:) +-.25 E F1<ad73>144 662.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5 +E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 674.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2 +(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 686.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\ +put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2 +(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 698.4 R .256 +(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256 +(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1 +<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F +(all)180 710.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.) +2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(15)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6f>144 84 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the) +2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin.).2 E .127(If either)144 100.8 R F1<ad73>2.627 E F0(or)2.627 E F1 +<ad75>2.627 E F0 .127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar) +2.627 E .127(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 +F 1.024(are set or unset, respecti)144 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +6.024(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.024 F F1(shopt)3.523 +E F0 1.023(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.523 F(def)144 124.8 Q +(ault.)-.1 E 1.544 +(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 141.6 R F2 +(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.045 F .696 +(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) +144 153.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695 +(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 165.6 Q(The list of)144 182.4 Q F1(shopt) +2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 200.4 Q F0 .199 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 212.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E +F1(cdable_v)144 224.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 236.4 R .156 +(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 +(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F +(name of a v)184 248.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 260.4 Q F0 +1.055 +(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a) +10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 +(corrected. The)184 272.4 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 +(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) +-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .552(one character too man)184 284.4 R 4.352 -.65 +(y. I)-.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552 +(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F +(the command proceeds.)184 296.4 Q +(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(checkhash)144 308.4 Q F0 2.08(If set,)184 320.4 R F1(bash)4.58 +E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079 +(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 332.4 S(cute it.).15 E +(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 344.4 +Q F0 .448(If set,)184 356.4 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 +(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 +(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 368.4 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G +.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 +(attempted without an interv)184 380.4 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 +F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 392.4 Q -.1(wa) +-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 404.4 Q F0 .797(If set,)184 +416.4 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G +.796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G +.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 428.4 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 +E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist) +144 440.4 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 +(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 +(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 +452.4 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 464.4 +Q F0 .42(If set,)184 476.4 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 +F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419 +(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E +(to the conditional command')184 488.4 Q 2.5(s=)-.55 G 2.5(~o)-2.5 G +(perator)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(compat32)144 500.4 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 +512.4 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409 +(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 +(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F +(string comparison when using the conditional command')184 524.4 Q 2.5 +(s<a)-.55 G(nd > operators.)-2.5 E F1(compat40)144 536.4 Q F0 1.41 +(If set,)184 548.4 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F +1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 +(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 1.692 +(string comparison when using the conditional command')184 560.4 R 4.193 +(s<a)-.55 G 1.693(nd > operators and the)-4.193 F(ef)184 572.4 Q +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 E F1(dirspell)144 584.4 Q F0 +.859(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 +(ord completion if)-.1 F +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 596.4 Q(xist.)-.15 +E F1(dotglob)144 608.4 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 +(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) +-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 620.4 Q F0 1.387 +(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.687 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386 +(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 632.4 Q +(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E +(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 +E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 644.4 Q +F0 .716(If set, aliases are e)184 656.4 R .717(xpanded as described abo) +-.15 F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(ALIASES)3.217 E F4(.)A F0 +.717(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 668.4 Q +(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144 +680.4 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 692.4 Q +(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 +704.4 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1 +(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 +(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 716.4 +Q(gument.)-.18 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(16)198.725 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(2.)184 84 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 F +F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F 1.667 +(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 96 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 108 Q F0 .841 +(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 120 S .488 +(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 +(sour)220 132 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1 +-.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 144 Q +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)28.5 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.154 E F2 +-.27(BA)3.404 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 156 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 168 Q F0 1.359 +(Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359 +(command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220 +180 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1 +(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.) +184 192 Q F0 .805(Error tracing is enabled:)28.5 F .804 +(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.805 F(in)220 204 +Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F3 +(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E(OR)-.3 E F0 +(trap.)2.5 E F1(extglob)144 216 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)8.89 F .4 +(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 228 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 240 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 252 R +F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 +E F0(")A F3(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) +-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 264 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 276 Q F0 +1.424(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425 +(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425 +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 288 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 300 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.937(If set, the suf)184 312 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) +-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 324 R .32 +(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 +(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948 +(pletions. See)184 336 R F2 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 +(FIGNORE)2.947 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 +F(enabled by def)184 348 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globstar)144 360 Q F0 .178 +(If set, the pattern)5 F F1(**)2.678 E F0 .178(used in a pathname e) +2.678 F .178(xpansion conte)-.15 F .179 +(xt will match a \214les and zero or)-.15 F 1.298 +(more directories and subdirectories.)184 372 R 1.298 +(If the pattern is follo)6.298 F 1.298(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.797 E F0 +3.797(,o)C 1.297(nly directories)-3.797 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +384 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 396 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 408 Q F1(histappend)144 +420 Q F0 .676 +(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 +432 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 444 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 456 Q(eedit)-.18 +E F0 .576(If set, and)184 468 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 +(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575 +(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F +(tory substitution.)184 480 Q F1(histv)144 492 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402 +(If set, and)184 504 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) +2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 516 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 528 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 +(hostcomplete)144 540 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 552 R F1 -.18(re)3.681 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 +564 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E +F2(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 576 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F +(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 588 Q F0(If set,) +184 600 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 612 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 +.33(If set, allo)184 624 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 +(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 +(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 636 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 648 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1(lithist)144 660 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F F1 +(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa) +3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history) +-3.155 F(with embedded ne)184 672 Q +(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 +(login_shell)144 684 Q F0 .486 +(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 +696 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 708 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(17)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(mailwar)144 84 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814 +(If set, and a \214le that)184 96 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F +-.1(wa)184 108 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mail\214le)2.5 E F0 +(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i)-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1 +(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 120 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 132 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E +F0 .324(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +-.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 144 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 156 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 168 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 +(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 180 S +(pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 192 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 +204 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 +F(while e)184 216 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 +E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 228 Q F0 +.854(If set,)184 240 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855 +(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.355 G .855 +(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o) +-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 252 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) +.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 264 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677 +(If set, the programmable completion f)184 276 R .677(acilities \(see) +-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 288 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 300 Q(omptv) +-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 312 R 1.448 +(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) +-.15 F -.15(ex)184 324 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 +G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) +-.15 F F3(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E +(This option is enabled by def)184 336 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 348 +S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) +184 360 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 372 Q 4.178 +(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F +1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe) +184 384 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E +F1(shift_v)144 396 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 408 R F1 +(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 420 Q F1(sour) +144 432 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 444 R F1(sour)3.271 E +(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) +-3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 +(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) +184 456 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) +-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 468 Q F0(If set, the)184 480 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 +E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 492 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001 +(Suspend the e)144 504 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 +(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G +F3(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be) +3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 516 R F1<ad66>2.523 E F0 .023 +(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 +(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) +5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 528 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F1 +<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E +F1(test)108 540 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 552 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 1.15 +(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)6.77 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.15 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.65 G +(pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.188 +(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 564 R 3.688 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.187(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F +1.889(described abo)144 576 R 2.189 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3 +(CONDITION)4.389 E 1.889(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1(test)6.389 E F0 1.89(does not accept an)4.389 F 4.39(yo)-.15 G 1.89 +(ptions, nor)-4.39 F(does it accept and ignore an ar)144 588 Q +(gument of)-.18 E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 +E .786(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 606 R .785 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 2.5 +(dence. The)144 618 R -.25(eva)2.5 G +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 E(guments; see belo)-.18 E -.65 +(w.)-.25 G F1(!)144 630 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)12.6 G +(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\() +144 642 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26(Returns the v)6.77 +F .26(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26 +(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 654 Q F2 -.2(ex) +144 666 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)180 678 S(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 +-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 690 S(pr1).2 E +F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 702 S +(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 718.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E +F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E +(guments.)-.18 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(18)198.725 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 2.5(0a)144 +84 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)180 96 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E +(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 108 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 120 Q +(xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 +E 2.5(2a)144 132 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 +144 R .37(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C +.37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 +F .37(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 +168 Q .553(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 +(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F +.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 180 Q +(alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .023(If the second ar)180 204 R .023 +(gument is one of the binary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F +.324 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CON-)2.524 E(DITION)180 216 Q 1.478 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F3(,)A F0 1.477(the result of the e)3.727 F 1.477 +(xpression is the result of the binary test)-.15 F .513 +(using the \214rst and third ar)180 228 R .513(guments as operands.)-.18 +F(The)5.513 E F1<ad61>3.013 E F0(and)3.013 E F1<ad6f>3.013 E F0 .513 +(operators are considered)3.013 F .972 +(binary operators when there are three ar)180 240 R 3.472(guments. If) +-.18 F .972(the \214rst ar)3.472 F .972(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.472 E F0 +3.472(,t)C .972(he v)-3.472 F .972(alue is)-.25 F .883(the ne)180 252 R +-.05(ga)-.15 G .883(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 E .884 +(gument test using the second and third ar)-.18 F 3.384(guments. If)-.18 +F .884(the \214rst)3.384 F(ar)180 264 Q .875(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly) +-.15 E F1(\()3.375 E F0 .875(and the third ar)3.375 F .875(gument is e) +-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))3.375 E F0 3.374(,t)C .874 +(he result is the one-ar)-3.374 F(gument)-.18 E(test of the second ar) +180 276 Q 2.5(gument. Otherwise,)-.18 F(the e)2.5 E(xpression is f)-.15 +E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 288 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .384 +(If the \214rst ar)180 300 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.884 E F0 2.885 +(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .385 +(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385(xpression com-) +-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 312 R 4.147 +(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E +(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 324 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 336 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 +E 1.635(The e)180 348 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F +(abo)180 360 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(times)108 376.8 Q F0 1.229(Pri\ +nt the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processe\ +s run from the shell.)13.23 F(The return status is 0.)144 388.8 Q F1 +(trap)108 405.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F4 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.702(The command)144 417.6 R F4(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702 +(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G +(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F4(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F4 +(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) +144 429.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E +F0 3.108(,e)C .608 +(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F +.658(\(the v)144 441.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) +144.34 453.6 Q F0 .581 +(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 +(is not present and)3.3 F F1<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 465.6 R +F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 477.6 R F1<ad70>3.36 +E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 +(signal. The)144 489.6 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F +4.311(bers. Each)144 501.6 R F4(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.81 +(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E +(names are case insensiti)144 513.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(nd the SIG pre\214x is optional.).15 E 1.648(If a)144 531.6 R F4 +(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F2(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 +(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F4(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F +1.649(If a)6.649 F F4(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(DEB)144 543.6 Q +(UG)-.09 E F3(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F4(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 +1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ry).15 E F4 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F4(for)3.667 E F0 +(command,)3.667 E F4(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 555.6 Q F4 +(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146 +(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.646 E F0 .147 +(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 +(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 567.6 R F2 .146 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 579.6 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 +(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) +-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F4(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F2 +(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 591.6 Q F4(ar) +3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 +(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 603.6 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .928(If a)144 621.6 R F4(sigspec)3.768 E F0(is) +3.738 E F2(ERR)3.429 E F3(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F4(ar)3.759 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.429(ras).15 G .929(imple command has a non\255zero) +-3.429 F -.15(ex)144 633.6 S 1.009(it status, subject to the follo).15 F +1.009(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F2(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009 +(trap is not e)3.259 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.008(cuted if the f).15 F 1.008 +(ailed com-)-.1 F .324 +(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 645.6 R .324 +(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.824 E F0(or)2.824 E F1(until)2.824 E F0 -.1 +(ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F 1.129(in an)144 +657.6 R F4(if)3.639 E F0 1.129(statement, part of a command e)5.589 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.129(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.629 E F0(or)3.629 E/F5 10 +/Symbol SF<efef>3.629 E F0 1.129(list, or if the command')3.629 F 3.628 +(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.628 E -.25(va)144 669.6 S(lue is being in).25 E -.15 +(ve)-.4 G(rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C +(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 E(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E +(exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095 +(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 +687.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 699.6 R .662 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 711.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) +-.1 E(y)-.15 E F4(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.0) +72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(19)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(type)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi) +144 96 S .173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 +E F2(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F +F1<ad74>144 108 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0 +.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E +F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 +(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2 +(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 120 Q F0 .086 +(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2 +(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 132 R .118 +(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F +F1<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 144 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 +.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) +144 156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 G +.641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E F1 +<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666 +(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(search for each)144 168 R F2(name)2.612 E +F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113 +(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2 +(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113 +(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F1<ad70>2.613 E F0(and)144 180 Q F1<ad50> +2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F .444 +(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F4 +-.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .444(If the) +4.944 F F1<ad61>2.944 E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 192 R F1 +(type)2.765 E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 +G .265(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427 +(and functions, if and only if the)144 204 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426 +(option is not also used.)2.926 F .426 +(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548(consulted when using) +144 216 R F1<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)-5.548 E F1<ad66>3.048 E F0 +.549(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1 +(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 228 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0 +(returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E +(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 244.8 +Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 256.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F +.943(that allo)144 268.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +(The)5.943 E F1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944 +(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) +144 280.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 +(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 292.8 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F1<ad48>2.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F1<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +304.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F +.741(of the special v)144 316.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 328.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 +(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 +F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 340.8 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0 +.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 +(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 352.8 Q 2.5 +(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 +<ad61>144 364.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144 +376.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E +F1<ad63>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E +F1<ad64>144 400.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd) +-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 412.8 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 424.8 Q +F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children) +26.97 E F1<ad69>144 436.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals) +27.52 E F1<ad6c>144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E +(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 460.8 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 472.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ +e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) +24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180 +484.8 Q F1<ad70>144 496.8 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1 +<ad71>144 508.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F1<ad72>144 +520.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 +532.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 544.8 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 556.8 Q +F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 568.8 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to the shell).25 E F1<ad78>144 580.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1<ad54>144 592.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 609.6 Q F2(limit)2.933 E +F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843 +(wv)-.25 G .343(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F1<ad61> +2.843 E F0 .343(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F +.176(option is gi)144 621.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F1<ad66> +2.676 E F0 .175(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 633.6 +Q F1<ad70>2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.515 F F1<ad54>2.516 E F0(,) +A F1<ad62>2.516 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.516 E F0 2.516(,a)C(nd)-2.516 E F1 +<ad75>2.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016(hich are unscaled v)-2.516 F(al-)-.25 E +3.788(ues. The)144 645.6 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.287(lid option or ar).25 F 1.287 +(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144 +657.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 674.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2 +(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 686.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 +5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 +(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ +therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ +pted by)144 698.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +710.4 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382 +(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 722.4 R .547 +(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G +(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F +(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(20)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48 +(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)144.38 84 Q F0 .551 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 96 Q +(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F1(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E +(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(unalias)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 124.8 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach) +.15 E F1(name)4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 +F(If)6.655 E F2<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655 +(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 F(remo)144 136.8 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 153.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2 +(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 165.6 S 3.106 +(re).15 G(ach)-3.106 E F1(name)3.106 E F0 3.106(,r).18 G(emo)-3.106 E +.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .606(he corresponding v).15 F .607 +(ariable or function.)-.25 F .607(If no options are supplied, or the) +5.607 F F2<ad76>144 177.6 Q F0 .305(option is gi)2.805 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.305(n, each).15 F F1(name)3.165 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F +2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .304 +(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.304 E F2<ad66>144 189.6 Q F0 .459 +(is speci\214ed, each)2.959 F F1(name)3.319 E F0 .459 +(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.139 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.96(d. Each).15 F .903(unset v)144 201.6 R .903 +(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902 +(rom the en)-3.402 F .902(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F +(If)5.902 E(an)144 213.6 Q 6.915(yo)-.15 G(f)-6.915 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(COMP_W)6.915 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM) +6.665 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)6.665 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)6.665 E F4(,)A F3 +(HISTCMD)6.666 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)6.666 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)144 +225.6 Q(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.523 E F3(DIRST)2.773 E -.495(AC)-.81 +G(K).495 E F0 .272(are unset, the)2.522 F 2.772(yl)-.15 G .272 +(ose their special properties, e)-2.772 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.772(ni).15 G +2.772(ft)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E 2.772(ya)-.15 G .272(re subsequently) +-2.772 F 2.5(reset. The)144 237.6 R -.15(ex)2.5 G +(it status is true unless a).15 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E +(.)-.65 E F2(wait)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F0(])A +-.8(Wa)144 266.4 S .288 +(it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F +(Each)5.288 E F1(n)3.148 E F0 .288(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722 +(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 278.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +.722(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722 +(ipeline are w)-3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E +F1(n)3.582 E F0(is)3.462 E 1.265(not gi)144 290.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.265 +(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.565 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265 +(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.266 +(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.266 E F1(n)4.126 E F0 .457 +(speci\214es a non-e)144 302.4 R .457 +(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .457 +(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F -.15(ex)144 314.4 S +(it status of the last process or job w).15 E(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E +/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 331.2 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 +343.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(21)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/fdl.texi b/doc/fdl.texi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8805f1a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/fdl.texi @@ -0,0 +1,506 @@ +@c The GNU Free Documentation License. +@center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + +@c This file is intended to be included within another document, +@c hence no sectioning command or @node. + +@display +Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@uref{http://fsf.org/} + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies +of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. +@end display + +@enumerate 0 +@item +PREAMBLE + +The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other +functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to +assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, +with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. +Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way +to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible +for modifications made by others. + +This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative +works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. 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For works in +formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means +the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, +preceding the beginning of the body of the text. + +The ``publisher'' means any person or entity that distributes copies +of the Document to the public. + +A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose +title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following +text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a +specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'', +``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title'' +of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a +section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition. + +The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which +states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty +Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this +License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other +implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has +no effect on the meaning of this License. + +@item +VERBATIM COPYING + +You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either +commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the +copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies +to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other +conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use +technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further +copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept +compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough +number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. + +You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and +you may publicly display copies. + +@item +COPYING IN QUANTITY + +If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have +printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the +Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the +copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover +Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on +the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify +you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present +the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and +visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. +Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve +the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated +as verbatim copying in other respects. + +If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit +legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit +reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent +pages. + +If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering +more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent +copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy +a computer-network location from which the general network-using +public has access to download using public-standard network protocols +a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. +If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, +when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure +that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated +location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an +Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that +edition to the public. + +It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the +Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give +them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. + +@item +MODIFICATIONS + +You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under +the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release +the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified +Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution +and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy +of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: + +@enumerate A +@item +Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct +from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions +(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section +of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version +if the original publisher of that version gives permission. + +@item +List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities +responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified +Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the +Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), +unless they release you from this requirement. + +@item +State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the +Modified Version, as the publisher. + +@item +Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + +@item +Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications +adjacent to the other copyright notices. + +@item +Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice +giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the +terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. + +@item +Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections +and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. + +@item +Include an unaltered copy of this License. + +@item +Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add +to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and +publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If +there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one +stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as +given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified +Version as stated in the previous sentence. + +@item +Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for +public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise +the network locations given in the Document for previous versions +it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section. +You may omit a network location for a work that was published at +least four years before the Document itself, or if the original +publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. + +@item +For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve +the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the +substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or +dedications given therein. + +@item +Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, +unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers +or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. + +@item +Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section +may not be included in the Modified Version. + +@item +Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or +to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. + +@item +Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. +@end enumerate + +If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or +appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material +copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all +of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the +list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. +These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. + +You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains +nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various +parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has +been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a +standard. + +You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a +passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list +of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of +Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or +through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already +includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or +by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, +you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit +permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. + +The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License +give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or +imply endorsement of any Modified Version. + +@item +COMBINING DOCUMENTS + +You may combine the Document with other documents released under this +License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified +versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the +Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and +list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its +license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. + +The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and +multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single +copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but +different contents, make the title of each such section unique by +adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original +author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. +Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of +Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. + +In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History'' +in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled +``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', +and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all +sections Entitled ``Endorsements.'' + +@item +COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + +You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents +released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this +License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in +the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for +verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. + +You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute +it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this +License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all +other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. + +@item +AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + +A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate +and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or +distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright +resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights +of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. +When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not +apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves +derivative works of the Document. + +If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these +copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of +the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on +covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the +electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. +Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole +aggregate. + +@item +TRANSLATION + +Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may +distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. +Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special +permission from their copyright holders, but you may include +translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the +original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a +translation of this License, and all the license notices in the +Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include +the original English version of this License and the original versions +of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between +the translation and the original version of this License or a notice +or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. + +If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'', +``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve +its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual +title. + +@item +TERMINATION + +You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document +except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt +otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and +will automatically terminate your rights under this License. + +However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license +from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, +unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally +terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder +fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to +60 days after the cessation. + +Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is +reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the +violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have +received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that +copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after +your receipt of the notice. + +Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the +licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under +this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently +reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does +not give you any rights to use it. + +@item +FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + +The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions +of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new +versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may +differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See +@uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}. + +Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. +If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this +License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of +following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or +of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the +Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version +number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not +as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document +specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this +License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a +version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the +Document. + +@item +RELICENSING + +``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site'' (or ``MMC Site'') means any +World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also +provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A +public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A +``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'') contained in the +site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC +site. + +``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 +license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit +corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, +California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license +published by that same organization. + +``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or +in part, as part of another Document. + +An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this +License, and if all works that were first published under this License +somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole +or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, +and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. + +The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site +under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, +provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + +@end enumerate + +@page +@heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and +license notices just after the title page: + +@smallexample +@group + Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. +@end group +@end smallexample + +If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, +replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.'' line with this: + +@smallexample +@group + with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with + the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being @var{list}. +@end group +@end smallexample + +If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + +If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, +to permit their use in free software. + +@c Local Variables: +@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict" +@c End: + diff --git a/doc/fdl.txt b/doc/fdl.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f7e03c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/fdl.txt @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ + + GNU Free Documentation License + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + <http://fsf.org/> + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + +0. PREAMBLE + +The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other +functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to +assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, +with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. +Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way +to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible +for modifications made by others. + +This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative +works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It +complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft +license designed for free software. + +We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free +software, because free software needs free documentation: a free +program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the +software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; +it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or +whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License +principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. + + +1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + +This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that +contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be +distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a +world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that +work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, +refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a +licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you +copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission +under copyright law. + +A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the +Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with +modifications and/or translated into another language. + +A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of +the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the +publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall +subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall +directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in +part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain +any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical +connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, +commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding +them. + +The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles +are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice +that says that the Document is released under this License. If a +section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not +allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero +Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant +Sections then there are none. + +The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, +as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that +the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may +be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. + +A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, +represented in a format whose specification is available to the +general public, that is suitable for revising the document +straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of +pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available +drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or +for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input +to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file +format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart +or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. +An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount +of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". + +Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain +ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML +or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple +HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of +transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats +include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by +proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or +processing tools are not generally available, and the +machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word +processors for output purposes only. + +The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, +plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material +this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in +formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means +the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, +preceding the beginning of the body of the text. + +The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of +the Document to the public. + +A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose +title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following +text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a +specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", +"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" +of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a +section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. + +The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which +states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty +Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this +License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other +implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has +no effect on the meaning of this License. + +2. VERBATIM COPYING + +You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either +commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the +copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies +to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no +other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use +technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further +copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept +compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough +number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. + +You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and +you may publicly display copies. + + +3. COPYING IN QUANTITY + +If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have +printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the +Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the +copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover +Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on +the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify +you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present +the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and +visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. +Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve +the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated +as verbatim copying in other respects. + +If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit +legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit +reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent +pages. + +If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering +more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent +copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy +a computer-network location from which the general network-using +public has access to download using public-standard network protocols +a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. +If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, +when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure +that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated +location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an +Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that +edition to the public. + +It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the +Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to +give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the +Document. + + +4. MODIFICATIONS + +You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under +the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release +the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified +Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution +and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy +of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: + +A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct + from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions + (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section + of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version + if the original publisher of that version gives permission. +B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities + responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified + Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the + Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), + unless they release you from this requirement. +C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the + Modified Version, as the publisher. +D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. +E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications + adjacent to the other copyright notices. +F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice + giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the + terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. +G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections + and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. +H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. +I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add + to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and + publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If + there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one + stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as + given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified + Version as stated in the previous sentence. +J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for + public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise + the network locations given in the Document for previous versions + it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. + You may omit a network location for a work that was published at + least four years before the Document itself, or if the original + publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. +K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", + Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all + the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements + and/or dedications given therein. +L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, + unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers + or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. +M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section + may not be included in the Modified Version. +N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" + or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. +O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. + +If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or +appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material +copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all +of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the +list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. +These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. + +You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains +nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various +parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has +been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a +standard. + +You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a +passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list +of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of +Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or +through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already +includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or +by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, +you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit +permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. + +The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License +give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or +imply endorsement of any Modified Version. + + +5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS + +You may combine the Document with other documents released under this +License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified +versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the +Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and +list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its +license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. + +The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and +multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single +copy. 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COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + +You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other +documents released under this License, and replace the individual +copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy +that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules +of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all +other respects. + +You may extract a single document from such a collection, and +distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a +copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this +License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that +document. + + +7. 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A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + disallowed or not performed: + + +o changing directories with ccdd + + +o setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, EENNVV, or BBAASSHH__EENNVV + + +o specifying command names containing // + + +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the .. + builtin command + + +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command + + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + startup + + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + startup + + +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- + ion operators + + +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another + command + + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + to the eennaabbllee builtin command + + +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + builtins + + +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command + + +o turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sseett ++oo rreessttrriicctteedd. + + These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. + + When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed, rrbbaasshh + turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. + +SSEEEE AALLSSOO + bash(1) + + + +GNU Bash-4.0 2004 Apr 20 RBASH(1) diff --git a/doc/rbash.1 b/doc/rbash.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56e38fd --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rbash.1 @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +.TH RBASH 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-4.0" +.SH NAME +rbash \- restricted bash, see \fBbash\fR(1) +.SH RESTRICTED SHELL +.nr zY 1 +.so bash.1 +.SH SEE ALSO +bash(1) diff --git a/doc/rbash.ps b/doc/rbash.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..518087d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/rbash.ps @@ -0,0 +1,280 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2 +%%CreationDate: Wed Dec 30 13:07:37 2009 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There) +72 601.2 R .871(are a fe)3.371 F 3.371(wv)-.25 G .871(ariables whose v)196.645 +601.2 R .871(alues are set by the shell and normally only referenced by)-.25 F +(users;)72 613.2 Q F1(PWD)3.663 E F0 3.663(,w)C 1.163(hose v)135.706 613.2 R +1.163(alue is the pathname of the shell')-.25 F 3.662(sc)-.55 G 1.162(urrent w) +313.068 613.2 R 1.162(orking directory)-.1 F 3.662(,i)-.65 G 3.662(so)421.894 +613.2 S 1.162(ne such v)434.446 613.2 R(ariable.)-.25 E -1.11(Va)72 625.2 S +.008(riables can be used in nearly an)1.11 F 2.509(ys)-.15 G .009(hell conte) +219.37 625.2 R .009(xt and are particularly v)-.15 F .009 +(aluable when used with control struc-)-.25 F(tures.)72 637.2 Q .583 +(There are se)97 652.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .583(ral shell).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.083 G +(pansions).2 E F0 5.583(.A)C -.25(va)254.298 652.8 S(riable).25 E F2(name)3.083 +E F0 .583(is e)3.083 F .582(xpanded to its v)-.15 F .582(alue using ${)-.25 F +F2(name)A F0 .582(}, where)B 1.387(the braces are optional.)72 664.8 R 1.387 +(There are a number of parameter e)6.387 F 1.388(xpansions a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 +G 3.888(ilable. F).25 F 1.388(or e)-.15 F 1.388(xample, there are)-.15 F(${)72 +676.8 Q F2(name)A F0<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .891(}, which e)B .891 +(xpands to)-.15 F F2(wor)3.391 E(d)-.37 E F0(if)3.391 E F2(name)3.391 E F0 .891 +(is unset or null, and the in)3.391 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .89(rse ${).15 F F2(name)A +F0(:+)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .89(}, which)B -.15(ex)72 688.8 S 1.203(pands to) +.15 F F2(wor)3.703 E(d)-.37 E F0(if)3.703 E F2(name)3.703 E F0 1.203 +(is set and not null.)3.703 F F2 1.203(Command substitution)6.203 F F0(allo) +3.703 E 1.204(ws the output of a command to)-.25 F .918 +(replace the command name.)72 700.8 R .918(The syntax is `)5.918 F F2(command)A +F0(`.)A F2(Command)5.918 E F0 .918(is e)3.418 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .918 +(cuted and it and the backquotes).15 F .299 +(are replaced by its output, with trailing ne)72 712.8 R .299(wlines remo)-.25 +F -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F2 -.8(Pa)5.299 G .299(thname e).8 F(xpansion)-.2 E +F0 .299(is a w)2.799 F .299(ay to e)-.1 F .299(xpand a w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E 1.586 +(to a set of \214lenames.)72 724.8 R -.8(Wo)6.586 G 1.586(rds are re).8 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G 1.586(rded as patterns, in which the characters).05 F F1(*)4.086 E +F0(,)A F1(?)4.086 E F0 4.085(,a)C(nd)432.115 724.8 Q F1([)4.085 E F0(ha)4.085 E +1.885 -.15(ve s)-.2 H(pecial).15 E EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-3-)279.67 48 S 2.845(meaning. W)72 84 R .346(ords\ + containing these special characters are replaced with a sorted list of matchi\ +ng pathnames.)-.8 F(If a w)72 96 Q +(ord generates no matches, it is left unchanged.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(Quoting)97 111.6 Q F0 .85(is used to remo)3.35 F 1.15 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .85 +(he special meaning of characters or w).15 F 3.35(ords. It)-.1 F .85 +(can disable special treat-)3.35 F .314 +(ment for shell operators or other special characters, pre)72 123.6 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G .315(nt reserv).15 F .315(ed w)-.15 F .315 +(ords from being recognized as such,)-.1 F .683(and inhibit v)72 135.6 R .683 +(ariable e)-.25 F 3.183(xpansion. The)-.15 F .683 +(shell has three quoting mechanisms:)3.183 F 3.183(ab)5.683 G .683 +(ackslash preserv)387.413 135.6 R .682(es the literal)-.15 F -.25(va)72 147.6 S +.417(lue of the ne).25 F .417(xt character)-.15 F 2.917(,ap)-.4 G .417 +(air of single quotes preserv)196.712 147.6 R .417(es the literal v)-.15 F .418 +(alue of each character between the)-.25 F 1.426 +(quotes, and a pair of double quotes preserv)72 159.6 R 1.425 +(es the literal meaning of enclosed characters while allo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E +(some e)72 171.6 Q(xpansions.)-.15 E 1.054(Some of the commands b)97 187.2 R +1.054(uilt into the shell are part of the programming language.)-.2 F(The)6.055 +E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(br)3.555 E(eak)-.18 E F0(and)3.555 E F2(continue)72 +199.2 Q F0 1.175(commands control loop e)3.675 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.175 +(cution as in the C language.).15 F(The)6.175 E F2 -2.3 -.15(ev a)3.675 H(l).15 +E F0 -.2(bu)3.675 G 1.174(iltin allo).2 F 1.174(ws a string to be)-.25 F .204 +(parsed and e)72 211.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .204(cuted as a command.).15 F F2 -.65 +(Wa)5.205 G(it).65 E F0 .205 +(tells the shell to pause until the processes speci\214ed as ar)2.705 F +(guments)-.18 E(ha)72 223.2 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H(ited.).15 E F2 2.5 +(2.3. Interacti)72 247.2 R .2 -.1(ve F)-.1 H(eatur)-.15 E(es)-.18 E F0 .51 +(Shells ha)97 262.8 R .81 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -.15(eg).15 G .51(un of).15 F .51 +(fering features geared speci\214cally for interacti)-.25 F .81 -.15(ve u)-.25 +H .51(se rather than to augment the).15 F .76(programming language.)72 274.8 R +.761(These interacti)5.76 F 1.061 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .761 +(eatures include job control, command line editing, history and).15 F(aliases.) +72 286.8 Q .626(Job control is a f)97 302.4 R .626(acility pro)-.1 F .626 +(vided jointly by the shell and the)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)3.125 E +F0 -.1(ke)3.125 G .625(rnel that allo).1 F .625(ws users to selec-)-.25 F(ti)72 +314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .344 +(ly stop \(suspend\) and restart \(resume\) processes.).15 F .345 +(Each pipeline e)5.345 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .345 +(cuted by the shell is referred to as a).15 F F1(job)72 326.4 Q F0 2.989(.J)C +.488(obs may be suspended and restarted in either the fore)94.159 326.4 R .488 +(ground, where the)-.15 F 2.988(yh)-.15 G -2.25 -.2(av e)397.148 326.4 T .488 +(access to the terminal,)3.188 F .833(or background, where the)72 338.4 R 3.333 +(ya)-.15 G .834(re isolated and cannot read from the terminal.)189.312 338.4 R +-.8(Ty)5.834 G .834(ping the).8 F F1(suspend)3.334 E F0(character)5 E .459(whi\ +le a process is running stops that process and returns control to the shell.)72 +350.4 R .459(Once a job is suspended, the)5.459 F .392 +(user manipulates the job')72 362.4 R 2.892(ss)-.55 G .392(tate, using)184.118 +362.4 R F2(bg)2.892 E F0 .393(to continue it in the background,)2.892 F F2(fg) +2.893 E F0 .393(to return it to the fore)2.893 F(ground)-.15 E .891(and a)72 +374.4 R -.1(wa)-.15 G .891(it its completion, or).1 F F2(kill)3.391 E F0 .891 +(to send it a signal.)3.391 F(The)5.89 E F2(jobs)3.39 E F0 .89 +(command lists the status of jobs, and)3.39 F F2(wait)3.39 E F0 .407 +(will pause the shell until a speci\214ed job terminates.)72 386.4 R .407 +(The shell pro)5.407 F .407(vides a number of w)-.15 F .407 +(ays to refer to a job,)-.1 F(and will notify the user whene)72 398.4 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rab).15 G(ackground job terminates.)220.18 398.4 Q -.4(Wi)97 414 +S .956(th the adv).4 F .956(ent of more po)-.15 F .956 +(werful terminals and terminal emulators, more sophisticated interaction)-.25 F +.253(than that pro)72 426 R .253(vided by the)-.15 F F3(UNIX)2.753 E F0 -.1(ke) +2.754 G .254(rnel terminal dri).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.754(ri).15 G 2.754(sp) +293.592 426 S 2.754(ossible. Some)305.236 426 R .254(shells of)2.754 F .254 +(fer command line editing,)-.25 F 1.141 +(which permits a user to edit lines of input using f)72 438 R(amiliar)-.1 E F1 +(emacs)3.64 E F0(or)3.64 E F1(vi)3.64 E F0 1.14 +(-style commands before submitting)B .02(them to the shell.)72 450 R .02 +(Editors allo)5.02 F 2.52(wc)-.25 G .02(orrections to be made without ha)206.31 +450 R .021(ving to erase back to the point of error)-.2 F 2.521(,o)-.4 G(r) +500.67 450 Q .135(start the line ane)72 462 R 3.935 -.65(w. C)-.25 H .135 +(ommand line editors run the g).65 F .135(amut from a small \214x)-.05 F .134 +(ed set of commands and k)-.15 F .434 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(ind-).15 E +(ings to input f)72 474 Q(acilities which allo)-.1 E 2.5(wa)-.25 G +(rbitrary actions to be bound to a k)217.2 474 Q .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(rk).15 +G .3 -.15(ey s)379.88 474 T(equence.).15 E .145(Modern shells also k)97 489.6 R +.145(eep a history)-.1 F 2.645(,w)-.65 G .146 +(hich is the list of commands a user has typed.)243.49 489.6 R .146(Shell f) +5.146 F .146(acilities are)-.1 F -.2(av)72 501.6 S .368(ailable to recall pre) +-.05 F .367(vious commands and use portions of old commands when composing ne) +-.25 F 2.867(wo)-.25 G 2.867(nes. The)467.253 501.6 R 1.456 +(command history can be sa)72 513.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.957(dt).15 G 3.957 +(oa\214)207.522 513.6 S 1.457 +(le and read back in at shell startup, so it persists across sessions.)230.436 +513.6 R .675(Shells which pro)72 525.6 R .675 +(vide both command editing and history generally ha)-.15 F .974 -.15(ve e)-.2 H +.674(diting commands to interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(step forw)72 +537.6 Q(ard and backw)-.1 E(ard through the history list.)-.1 E .013 +(Aliases allo)97 553.2 R -5.012 2.513(wa s)-.25 H .014 +(tring to be substituted for a command name.)164.28 553.2 R(The)5.014 E 2.514 +(yc)-.15 G .014(an be used to create a mnemonic)373.396 553.2 R .568(for a)72 +565.2 R F3(UNIX)3.068 E F0 .568(command name \()3.068 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .568 +(alias del=rm)B F0 .568(\), to e)B .567(xpand a single w)-.15 F .567 +(ord to a comple)-.1 F 3.067(xc)-.15 G .567(ommand \()432.603 565.2 R F4(alias) +A .255(news='xterm -g 80x45 -title trn -e trn -e -S1 -N &')72 577.2 R F0 .255 +(\), or to ensure that a command)B(is in)72 589.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +2.5(dw).1 G(ith a basic set of options \()122.41 589.2 Q F4 +(alias ls="/bin/ls -F")A F0(\).)A F2 2.5(3. The)72 613.2 R +(POSIX Shell Standard)2.5 E F1(POSIX)97 628.8 Q F0 .239 +(is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a f)4.405 F .239 +(amily of open system standards based)-.1 F(on)72 640.8 Q F3(UNIX)3.239 E F0 +5.739(.T)C .74(here are a number of aspects of)122.079 640.8 R F3(UNIX)3.24 E +F0 .74(under consideration for standardization, from the basic)3.24 F .192 +(system services at the system call and C library le)72 652.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.692(lt).15 G 2.692(oa)290.16 652.8 S .191 +(pplications and tools to system administration and)302.292 652.8 R 2.5 +(management. Each)72 664.8 R(area of standardization is assigned to a w)2.5 E +(orking group in the 1003 series.)-.1 E 3.602(The POSIX Shell and T)97 680.4 R +3.602(ools standard has been de)-.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.603(loped by IEEE W).15 +F 3.603(orking Group 1003.2)-.8 F -1.667(\(POSIX.2\) [4].)72 692.4 R 2.799 +(It concentrates on the command interpreter interf)7.799 F 2.799 +(ace and utility programs commonly)-.1 F -.15(exe)72 704.4 S 2.345 +(cuted from the command line or by other programs.).15 F 2.345(An initial v) +7.345 F 2.345(ersion of the standard has been)-.15 F(appro)72 716.4 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.915(da).15 G .414(nd published by the IEEE, and w)116.265 716.4 R .414 +(ork is currently underw)-.1 F .414(ay to update it.)-.1 F .414 +(There are four primary)5.414 F(areas of w)72 728.4 Q +(ork in the 1003.2 standard:)-.1 E EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-4-)279.67 48 S 21.5<8341>72 84 S .835 +(spects of the shell')104.22 84 R 3.335(ss)-.55 G .835 +(yntax and command language.)192 84 R 3.335(An)5.835 G .835(umber of special b) +338.095 84 R .835(uiltins such as)-.2 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cd)3.335 E F0 +(and)3.335 E F1(exec)97 96 Q F0 .545(are being speci\214ed as part of the shel\ +l, since their functionality usually cannot be implemented)3.046 F +(by a separate e)97 108 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable;).15 E 21.5<8341>72 123.6 S +.73(set of utilities to be called by shell scripts and applications.)107.45 +123.6 R .731(Examples are programs lik)5.731 F(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +2.397(sed, tr)3.231 F(,)-1.11 E F0(and)97 135.6 Q F2(awk.)2.853 E F0 .352 +(Utilities commonly implemented as shell b)4.519 F .352 +(uiltins are described in this section, such as)-.2 F F1(test)2.852 E F0(and)97 +147.6 Q F1(kill)3.422 E F0 5.922(.A)C 3.422(ne)144.404 147.6 S .922 +(xpansion of this section')157.116 147.6 R 3.423(ss)-.55 G .923 +(cope, termed the User Portability Extension, or UPE, has)268.586 147.6 R +(standardized interacti)97 159.6 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.25 H(rograms such as).15 E F2 +(vi)2.5 E F0(and)4.166 E F2(mailx;)2.5 E F0 21.5<8341>72 175.2 S .926 +(group of functional interf)107.646 175.2 R .926(aces to services pro)-.1 F +.926(vided by the shell, such as the traditional)-.15 F F2(system)3.425 E F0(C) +5.091 E .507(library function.)97 187.2 R .507 +(There are functions to perform shell w)5.507 F .508(ord e)-.1 F .508 +(xpansions, perform \214lename e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E(\()97 199.2 Q F2 +(globbing)A F0 .58(\), obtain v)B .58 +(alues of POSIX.2 system con\214guration v)-.25 F .58(ariables, retrie)-.25 F +.88 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .58(alues of en)-.1 F(vironment)-.4 E -.25(va)97 211.2 S +(riables \().25 E F2 -.1(ge)C(ten).1 E(v\(\))-.4 E F0(\), and other services;) +.833 E 21.5<8341>72 226.8 S(suite of `)106.72 226.8 Q(`de)-.74 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(lopment').15 E 2.5('u)-.74 G(tilities such as)209.54 226.8 Q F2(c89)2.5 E F0 +(\(the POSIX.2 v)4.166 E(ersion of)-.15 E F2(cc)2.5 E F0(\), and)A F2(yacc.)2.5 +E F0 .483(Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell')97 242.4 R 2.983(sb) +-.55 G(eha)301.597 242.4 Q .484(vior de\214ned by POSIX.2.)-.2 F .484 +(The shell command)5.484 F 1.439 +(language has of course been standardized, including the basic \215o)72 254.4 R +3.938(wc)-.25 G 1.438(ontrol and program e)359.688 254.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.438 +(cution con-).15 F 1.145(structs, I/O redirection and pipelining, ar)72 266.4 R +1.145(gument handling, v)-.18 F 1.145(ariable e)-.25 F 1.146 +(xpansion, and quoting.)-.15 F(The)6.146 E F2(special)3.646 E F0 -.2(bu)72 +278.4 S .676(iltins, which must be implemented as part of the shell to pro).2 F +.676(vide the desired functionality)-.15 F 3.176(,a)-.65 G .676(re speci\214ed) +457.504 278.4 R .7(as being part of the shell; e)72 290.4 R .7 +(xamples of these are)-.15 F F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)3.201 H(l).15 E F0(and)3.201 E +F1(export)3.201 E F0 5.701(.O)C .701(ther utilities appear in the sections of) +352.034 290.4 R .256(POSIX.2 not de)72 302.4 R -.2(vo)-.25 G .256(ted to the s\ +hell which are commonly \(and in some cases must be\) implemented as b).2 F +(uiltin)-.2 E(commands, such as)72 314.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0(and)2.5 +E F1(test)2.5 E F0(.)A .972(POSIX.2 also speci\214es aspects of the shell')97 +330 R 3.473(si)-.55 G(nteracti)286.016 330 Q 1.273 -.15(ve b)-.25 H(eha).15 E +.973(vior as part of the UPE, including job)-.2 F .233 +(control, command line editing, and history)72 342 R 5.233(.I)-.65 G .233 +(nterestingly enough, only)253.849 342 R F2(vi)2.733 E F0 .233 +(-style line editing commands ha)B -.15(ve)-.2 G(been standardized;)72 354 Q F2 +(emacs)2.5 E F0(editing commands were left out due to objections.)2.5 E .148 +(There were certain areas in which POSIX.2 felt standardization w)97 369.6 R +.149(as necessary)-.1 F 2.649(,b)-.65 G .149(ut no e)420.643 369.6 R .149 +(xisting imple-)-.15 F 1.598(mentation pro)72 381.6 R 1.598 +(vided the proper beha)-.15 F(vior)-.2 E 6.598(.T)-.55 G 1.598(he w)251.56 +381.6 R 1.597(orking group in)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.597 +(nted and standardized functionality in).15 F .228(these areas.)72 393.6 R(The) +5.228 E F1(command)2.728 E F0 -.2(bu)2.728 G .228(iltin w).2 F .228(as in)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.4 G .228(nted so that shell functions could be written to replace b) +.15 F(uiltins;)-.2 E 1.663(it mak)72 405.6 R 1.663 +(es the capabilities of the b)-.1 F 1.663(uiltin a)-.2 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.663 +(ilable to the function.).25 F 1.663(The reserv)6.663 F 1.663(ed w)-.15 F 1.663 +(ord `)-.1 F(`!')-.74 E 4.163('w)-.74 G 1.663(as added to)455.685 405.6 R(ne)72 +417.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .915(te the return v).05 F .915 +(alue of a command or pipeline; it w)-.25 F .916(as nearly impossible to e)-.1 +F .916(xpress `)-.15 F .916(`if not x')-.74 F 3.416('c)-.74 G(leanly)479.56 +417.6 Q .904(using the sh language.)72 429.6 R .904(There e)5.904 F .904 +(xist multiple incompatible implementations of the)-.15 F F1(test)3.403 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.403 G .903(iltin, which tests).2 F .28 +(\214les for type and other attrib)72 441.6 R .281 +(utes and performs arithmetic and string comparisons.)-.2 F .281 +(POSIX considered none)5.281 F .868(of these correct, so the standard beha)72 +453.6 R .868(vior w)-.2 F .868(as speci\214ed in terms of the number of ar)-.1 +F .867(guments to the com-)-.18 F 3.803(mand. POSIX.2)72 465.6 R 1.303 +(dictates e)3.803 F 1.303(xactly what will happen when four or fe)-.15 F 1.303 +(wer ar)-.25 F 1.303(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.803(nt).15 G(o) +459.462 465.6 Q F1(test)3.804 E F0 3.804(,a)C(nd)494 465.6 Q(lea)72 477.6 Q +-.15(ve)-.2 G 4.531(st).15 G 2.031(he beha)103.951 477.6 R 2.031 +(vior unde\214ned when more ar)-.2 F 2.031(guments are supplied.)-.18 F 2.03 +(Bash uses the POSIX.2 algorithm,)7.031 F(which w)72 489.6 Q(as concei)-.1 E +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(db).15 G 2.5(yD)164.53 489.6 S -.2(av)179.25 489.6 S(id K).2 +E(orn.)-.35 E 1.128 +(While POSIX.2 includes much of what the shell has traditionally pro)97 505.2 R +1.129(vided, some important things)-.15 F(ha)72 517.2 Q .58 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .28 +(een omitted as being `).15 F(`be)-.74 E .28(yond its scope.)-.15 F 4.26 -.74 +('' T)-.7 H .28(here is, for instance, no mention of a dif).74 F .28 +(ference between)-.25 F(a)72 529.2 Q F2(lo)3.354 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .854 +(shell and an)5.02 F 3.354(yo)-.15 G .854(ther interacti)167.956 529.2 R 1.154 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .854(hell \(since POSIX.2 does not specify a login program\).) +.15 F .855(No \214x)5.855 F(ed)-.15 E +(startup \214les are de\214ned, either \255 the standard does not mention)72 +541.2 Q F2(.pr)2.5 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(.)1.666 E F1 2.5(4. Shell)72 565.2 R +(Comparison)2.5 E F0 .693(This section compares features of bash, sh, and ksh \ +\(the three shells closest to POSIX compliance\).)97 580.8 R .245(Since ksh an\ +d bash are supersets of sh, the features common to all three are co)72 592.8 R +-.15(ve)-.15 G .245(red \214rst.).15 F .245(Some of the fea-)5.245 F 1.198 +(tures bash and ksh contain which are not in sh will be discussed.)72 604.8 R +(Ne)6.198 E 1.198(xt, features unique to bash will be)-.15 F 2.866(listed. The) +72 616.8 R .366(\214rst three sections pro)2.866 F .366(vide a progressi)-.15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .366(ly more detailed o).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(rvie).15 E 2.866 +(wo)-.25 G 2.866(fb)395.706 616.8 S 2.866(ash. Finally)406.902 616.8 R 2.866 +(,f)-.65 G .366(eatures of)464.484 616.8 R(ksh-88 \(the currently-a)72 628.8 Q +-.25(va)-.2 G(ilable v).25 E(ersion\) not in sh or bash will be presented.)-.15 +E F1 2.5(4.1. Common)72 652.8 R -.25(Fe)2.5 G(atur).25 E(es)-.18 E F0 .021 +(All three shells ha)97 668.4 R .321 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .021 +(he same basic feature set, which is essentially that pro).15 F .02 +(vided by sh and described)-.15 F 1.026(in an)72 680.4 R 3.526(ys)-.15 G 3.526 +(hm)105.012 680.4 S 1.027 +(anual page. Bash and ksh are both sh supersets, and so all three pro)121.318 +680.4 R 1.027(vide the command inter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E .714 +(preter and programming language described earlier)72 692.4 R 3.214(.T)-.55 G +.714(he shell grammar)291.506 692.4 R 3.214(,s)-.4 G .714(yntax, \215o)371.568 +692.4 R 3.214(wc)-.25 G .714(ontrol, redirections,)424.686 692.4 R(and b)72 +704.4 Q(uiltins implemented by the Bourne shell are the baseline for subsequen\ +t discussion.)-.2 E EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-5-)279.67 48 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(4.2. F)72 +84 R(eatur)-.25 E(es in bash and ksh)-.18 E F0 .458(Ksh and bash ha)97 99.6 R +.758 -.15(ve s)-.2 H -2.15 -.25(ev e).15 H .459(ral features in common be).25 F +.459(yond this base le)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.959(lo).15 G 2.959(ff)387.814 +99.6 S(unctionality)397.433 99.6 Q 5.459(.S)-.65 G .459(ome of this)458.082 +99.6 R(is due to the POSIX.2 standard.)72 111.6 Q(Other functions ha)5 E .3 +-.15(ve b)-.2 H(een implemented in bash using ksh as a guide.).15 E F1 2.5 +(4.2.1. V)72 135.6 R(ariables and V)-.92 E(ariable Expansion)-.92 E F0 .097 +(Bash and ksh ha)97 151.2 R .396 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .096(ugmented v).15 F .096 +(ariable e)-.25 F 2.596(xpansion. Arithmetic)-.15 F .096(substitution allo) +2.596 F .096(ws an e)-.25 F .096(xpression to be)-.15 F -.25(eva)72 163.2 S .6 +(luated and the result substituted.).25 F .6(Shell v)5.6 F .6 +(ariables may be used as operands, and the result of an e)-.25 F(xpres-)-.15 E +.41(sion may be assigned to a v)72 175.2 R 2.91(ariable. Nearly)-.25 F .41 +(all of the operators from the C language are a)2.91 F -.25(va)-.2 G .41 +(ilable, with the).25 F(same precedence rules:)72 187.2 Q/F2 10/Courier@0 SF 6 +($e)97 205.2 S(cho $\(\(3 + 5 * 32\)\))115 205.2 Q(163)97 217.2 Q F0 -1.11(Va) +72 238.8 S 1.445(riables may be declared as)1.11 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(inte)3.945 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0 3.945(,w)1.666 G 1.446 +(hich causes arithmetic e)240.956 238.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.446 +(luation to be performed on the v).25 F(alue)-.25 E(whene)72 250.8 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G(he)115.75 250.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re assigned to.)136.98 +250.8 Q .483(There are ne)97 266.4 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483 +(xpansions to obtain the length of a v)162.179 266.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.982 +(sv)-.55 G .482(alue and to remo)352.19 266.4 R .782 -.15(ve s)-.15 H .482 +(ubstrings match-).15 F .063(ing speci\214ed patterns from the be)72 278.4 R +.063(ginning and end of v)-.15 F .063(ariable v)-.25 F 2.563(alues. A)-.25 F +(ne)2.563 E 2.563(wf)-.25 G .064(orm of command substitution,)383.249 278.4 R +F1($\()72 290.4 Q F3(list)A F1(\))A F0 2.5(,i)C 2.5(sm)103.67 290.4 S +(uch easier to nest than `)117.84 290.4 Q F3(list)A F0 2.5(`a)C +(nd has simpli\214ed quoting rules.)235.04 290.4 Q .082(There are ne)97 306 R +2.582(wv)-.25 G .082(ariables to control the shell')161.436 306 R 2.581(sb)-.55 +G(eha)284.333 306 Q(vior)-.2 E 2.581(,a)-.4 G .081(nd additional v)323.244 306 +R .081(ariables set or interpreted spe-)-.25 F 1.038(cially by the shell.)72 +318 R F1(RANDOM)6.038 E F0(and)3.538 E F1(SECONDS)3.538 E F0(are)3.539 E F3 +(dynamic)3.539 E F0 -.25(va)3.539 G 3.539(riables: their).25 F -.25(va)3.539 G +1.039(lues are generated afresh).25 F 1.022(each time the)72 330 R 3.522(ya) +-.15 G 1.022(re referenced.)140.176 330 R F1(RANDOM)6.022 E F0 1.021 +(returns a dif)3.521 F 1.021(ferent random number each time it is referenced,) +-.25 F(and)72 342 Q F1(SECONDS)3.138 E F0 .638 +(returns the number of seconds since the shell w)3.138 F .638 +(as started or the v)-.1 F .639(ariable w)-.25 F .639(as assigned to,)-.1 F +1.448(plus an)72 354 R 3.948(yv)-.15 G 1.448(alue assigned.)115.606 354 R F1 +(PWD)6.448 E F0(and)3.948 E F1(OLDPWD)3.947 E F0 1.447 +(are set to the current and pre)3.947 F 1.447(vious w)-.25 F 1.447 +(orking directories,)-.1 F(respecti)72 366 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(.)-.65 E +F1(TMOUT)5.604 E F0 .604(controls ho)3.104 F 3.104(wl)-.25 G .604 +(ong the shell will w)226.436 366 R .604(ait at a prompt for input.)-.1 F(If) +5.604 E F1(TMOUT)3.104 E F0 .605(is set to a)3.105 F -.25(va)72 378 S 1.168 +(lue greater than zero, the shell e).25 F 1.168(xits after w)-.15 F 1.168 +(aiting that man)-.1 F 3.668(ys)-.15 G 1.167(econds for input.)337.478 378 R F1 +(REPL)6.167 E(Y)-.92 E F0 1.167(is the def)3.667 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)72 390 S +.991(riable for the).25 F F1 -.18(re)3.491 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.491 G .991 +(iltin; if no v).2 F .992(ariable names are supplied as ar)-.25 F .992 +(guments, the line read is assigned to)-.18 F F1(REPL)72 402 Q(Y)-.92 E F0(.)A +F1 2.5(4.2.2. New)72 426 R(and Modi\214ed Builtins)2.5 E F0 .652(Both shells e) +97 441.6 R .651(xpand the basic sh set of b)-.15 F .651(uiltin commands.)-.2 F +F1(Let)5.651 E F0(pro)3.151 E .651(vides a w)-.15 F .651 +(ay to perform arithmetic)-.1 F 2.767(on shell v)72 453.6 R 5.268 +(ariables. Shell)-.25 F 2.768(programmers use)5.268 F F1(typeset)5.268 E F0 +2.768(\(bash includes)5.268 F F1(declar)5.268 E(e)-.18 E F0 2.768(as a synon) +5.268 F 2.768(ym\) to assign)-.15 F(attrib)72 465.6 Q .295(utes such as)-.2 F +F3 -.2(ex)2.795 G(port).2 E F0(and)4.461 E F3 -.37(re)2.795 G(adonly).37 E F0 +.295(to v)4.461 F(ariables.)-.25 E F1(Getopts)5.295 E F0 .294 +(is used by shell scripts to parse script options)2.795 F .962(and ar)72 477.6 +R 3.462(guments. The)-.18 F F1(set)3.462 E F0 .962(command has a ne)3.462 F +3.462(wo)-.25 G(ption)266.446 477.6 Q F1<ad6f>3.463 E F0 .963(which tak)3.463 F +.963(es option names as ar)-.1 F 3.463(guments. Option)-.18 F 1.28 +(names are synon)72 489.6 R 1.28(yms for the other set options \(e.g.,)-.15 F +F1<ad66>3.78 E F0(and)3.78 E F1 1.28(\255o noglob)3.78 F F0 3.78(\)o)C 3.78(rp) +375.97 489.6 S(ro)388.08 489.6 Q 1.28(vide ne)-.15 F 3.78(wf)-.25 G 1.28 +(unctionality \()440.78 489.6 R F1(-o)A(notify)72 501.6 Q F0 3.348(,f)C .849 +(or e)106.178 501.6 R 3.349(xample\). The)-.15 F F1 -.18(re)3.349 G(ad).18 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.349 G .849(iltin tak).2 F .849(es a ne)-.1 F(w)-.25 E F1<ad72>3.349 E +F0 .849(option to specify that a line ending in a backslash)3.349 F +(should not be continued.)72 513.6 Q F1 2.5(4.2.3. T)72 537.6 R(ilde Expansion) +-.18 E F0 -.35(Ti)97 553.2 S .252(lde e).35 F .251 +(xpansion is a feature adopted from the C shell.)-.15 F 2.751(At)5.251 G .251 +(ilde character at the be)331.172 553.2 R .251(ginning of a w)-.15 F .251 +(ord is)-.1 F -.15(ex)72 565.2 S(panded to either).15 E F1($HOME)2.5 E F0 +(or the home directory of another user)2.5 E 2.5(,d)-.4 G +(epending on what follo)345.84 565.2 Q(ws the tilde.)-.25 E F1 2.5 +(4.2.4. Interacti)72 589.2 R .2 -.1(ve I)-.1 H(mpr).1 E -.1(ove)-.18 G(ments).1 +E F0 .789(The most noticable impro)97 604.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G .789(ments o).15 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.289(rs).15 G 3.289(ha)263.385 604.8 S .789 +(re geared for interacti)276.114 604.8 R 1.089 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 3.29(se. Ksh) +.15 F .79(and bash pro)3.29 F .79(vide job)-.15 F .882(control in a v)72 616.8 +R .882(ery similar f)-.15 F .882 +(ashion, with the same options to enable and disable it \()-.1 F F1 .881 +(set -o monitor)B F0 3.381(\)a)C .881(nd the)478.399 616.8 R(same b)72 628.8 Q +(uiltin commands to manipulate jobs \()-.2 E F1(jobs/fg/bg/kill/wait)A F0(\).)A +.866(Command line editing, with emacs and vi-style k)97 644.4 R 1.166 -.15 +(ey b)-.1 H .866(indings, is a).15 F -.25(va)-.2 G .866(ilable in both shells.) +.25 F .866(The Bash)5.866 F F3 -.37(re)72 656.4 S(adline).37 E F0 1.578 +(library is considerably more sophisticated than the ksh editing library:)5.744 +F 1.577(it allo)6.577 F 1.577(ws arbitrary k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 1.867 +(bindings, macros, a per)72 668.4 R 1.868(-user customization \214le \()-.2 F +F3(~/.inputr)A(c)-.37 E F0 1.868(\), a number of v)B 1.868 +(ariables to further customize)-.25 F(beha)72 680.4 Q(vior)-.2 E 3.538(,a)-.4 G +1.038(nd a much lar)116.868 680.4 R 1.038 +(ger set of bindable editing commands.)-.18 F 1.037 +(The ksh editing library pro)6.037 F 1.037(vides a small)-.15 F<8c78>72 692.4 Q +(ed command set and only clumsy macros.)-.15 E .706(Both shells of)97 708 R +.706(fer access to the command history)-.25 F 5.706(.T)-.65 G .706 +(he in-line editing options ha)307.278 708 R 1.006 -.15(ve d)-.2 H(ef).15 E +.706(ault k)-.1 F 1.006 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(ind-).15 E .624 +(ings to access the history list.)72 720 R(The)5.624 E F1(fc)3.124 E F0 .624 +(command is pro)3.124 F .624(vided to re-e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .623(cute pre) +.15 F .623(vious commands and display)-.25 F EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-6-)279.67 48 S(the contents of the history list.) +72 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(4.2.5. Miscellaneous)72 108 R +(Changes and Impr)2.5 E -.1(ov)-.18 G(ments).1 E F0 .707(Other impro)97 123.6 R +-.15(ve)-.15 G .707(ments include aliases, the).15 F F1(select)3.207 E F0 .708 +(shell language construct, which supports the genera-)3.207 F 1.298 +(tion and presentation of simple menus, and e)72 135.6 R 1.298 +(xtensions to the)-.15 F F1(export)3.798 E F0(and)3.798 E F1 -.18(re)3.798 G +(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 1.298(iltins which allo).2 F(w)-.25 E -.25(va) +72 147.6 S .017(riables to be assigned v).25 F .017 +(alues at the same time the attrib)-.25 F .017(utes are set.)-.2 F -.8(Wo)5.018 +G .018(rd splitting has changed:).8 F .018(if tw)5.018 F 2.518(oo)-.1 G(r) +500.67 147.6 Q .158(more adjacent w)72 159.6 R .157 +(ord splitting characters occur)-.1 F 2.657(,b)-.4 G .157 +(ash and ksh will generate null \214elds; sh mak)264.893 159.6 R .157 +(es runs of mul-)-.1 F .339 +(tiple \214eld separator charactors the same as a single separator)72 171.6 R +5.339(.B)-.55 G .34(ash and ksh split only the results of e)330.89 171.6 R +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion, rather than e)72 183.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry w).15 E +(ord as sh does, closing a long-standing shell security hole.)-.1 E 1.234 +(Shell functions in bash and ksh may ha)97 199.2 R 1.534 -.15(ve l)-.2 H 1.234 +(ocal v).15 F 3.734(ariables. V)-.25 F 1.234(ariables declared with)-1.11 F F1 +(typeset)3.734 E F0 1.234(\(or the)3.734 F .001(bash synon)72 211.2 R(ym,)-.15 +E F1(local)2.501 E F0 .001(\), ha)B .301 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .001 +(cope restricted to the function and its descendents, and may shado).15 F 2.502 +(wv)-.25 G(ariables)472.9 211.2 Q(de\214ned by the in)72 223.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G +(king shell.).2 E(Local v)5 E(ariables are remo)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw) +.15 G(hen a function completes.)317.75 223.2 Q F1 2.5(4.3. F)72 247.2 R(eatur) +-.25 E(es Unique to bash)-.18 E F0(Naturally)97 262.8 Q 2.895(,b)-.65 G .395 +(ash includes features not in sh or ksh.)144.515 262.8 R .395 +(This section discusses some of the features which)5.395 F(mak)72 274.8 Q 2.986 +(eb)-.1 G .486(ash unique.)101.546 274.8 R .486(Most of them pro)5.486 F .486 +(vide impro)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.986(di).15 G(nteracti)288.098 274.8 Q .787 +-.15(ve u)-.25 H .487(se, b).15 F .487(ut a fe)-.2 F 2.987(wp)-.25 G .487 +(rogramming impro)394.653 274.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G(ments).15 E +(are present as well.)72 286.8 Q +(Full descriptions of these features can be found in the bash documentation.)5 +E F1 2.5(4.3.1. Startup)72 310.8 R(Files)2.5 E F0 .281(Bash e)97 326.4 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .281(cutes startup \214les dif).15 F .281 +(ferently than other shells.)-.25 F .281(The bash beha)5.281 F .28 +(vior is a compromise between)-.2 F .116 +(the csh principle of startup \214les with \214x)72 338.4 R .116(ed names e) +-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .116(cuted for each shell and the sh `).15 F +(`minimalist')-.74 E 2.616('b)-.74 G(eha)472.26 338.4 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E +2.956(An interacti)72 350.4 R 3.256 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 2.956 +(nstance of bash started as a login shell reads and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cutes).15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bash_pr)5.455 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.955 +(\(the \214le)7.121 F F2(.bash_pr)72 362.4 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F0 .835 +(in the user')5 F 3.335(sh)-.55 G .835(ome directory\), if it e)187.385 362.4 R +3.335(xists. An)-.15 F(interacti)3.335 E 1.135 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .835 +(on-login shell reads and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(~/.bashr)72 +374.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 5.538(.A)1.666 G(non-interacti)127.422 374.4 Q .838 -.15 +(ve s)-.25 H .538(hell \(one be).15 F .538(gun to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .538 +(cute a shell script, for e).15 F .537(xample\) reads no \214x)-.15 F .537 +(ed startup)-.15 F .139(\214le, b)72 386.4 R .139(ut uses the v)-.2 F .139 +(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(ENV)2.639 E F0 2.639(,i)C 2.639(fs) +253.361 386.4 S .139(et, as the name of a startup \214le.)263.22 386.4 R .139 +(The ksh practice of reading)5.139 F F1($ENV)72 398.4 Q F0 .69(for e)3.19 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .69(ry shell, with the accompan).15 F .689(ying dif)-.15 F .689 +(\214culty of de\214ning the proper v)-.25 F .689(ariables and functions for) +-.25 F(interacti)72 410.4 Q .946 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .646(nd non-interacti).15 F +.946 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .646(hells or ha).15 F .646 +(ving the \214le read only for interacti)-.2 F .946 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .646 +(hells, w).15 F .646(as considered too)-.1 F(comple)72 422.4 Q(x.)-.15 E F1 2.5 +(4.3.2. New)72 446.4 R(Builtin Commands)2.5 E F0 1.119(There are a fe)97 462 R +3.619(wb)-.25 G 1.118(uiltins which are ne)170.986 462 R 3.618(wo)-.25 G 3.618 +(rh)268.528 462 S -2.25 -.2(av e)280.476 462 T 1.118(been e)3.818 F 1.118 +(xtended in bash.)-.15 F(The)6.118 E F1(enable)3.618 E F0 -.2(bu)3.618 G 1.118 +(iltin allo).2 F(ws)-.25 E -.2(bu)72 474 S .736 +(iltin commands to be turned on and of).2 F 3.236(fa)-.25 G(rbitrarily)250.198 +474 Q 5.736(.T)-.65 G 3.237(ou)298.644 474 S .737(se the v)311.881 474 R .737 +(ersion of)-.15 F F2(ec)3.237 E(ho)-.15 E F0 .737(found in a user')4.903 F +3.237(ss)-.55 G(earch)482.35 474 Q .013(path rather than the bash b)72 486 R +(uiltin,)-.2 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .013(enable -n echo)2.513 F F0(suf)2.513 E +2.513(\214ces. The)-.25 F F1(help)2.513 E F0 -.2(bu)2.513 G .013(iltin pro).2 F +.013(vides quick synopses of)-.15 F 1.382(the shell f)72 498 R 1.382 +(acilities without requiring access to a manual page.)-.1 F F1(Builtin)6.382 E +F0 1.383(is similar to)3.882 F F1(command)3.883 E F0 1.383(in that it)3.883 F +.342(bypasses shell functions and directly e)72 510 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .342 +(cutes b).15 F .342(uiltin commands.)-.2 F .342 +(Access to a csh-style stack of directories)5.342 F .072(is pro)72 522 R .073 +(vided via the)-.15 F F1(pushd)2.573 E F0(,)A F1(popd)2.573 E F0 2.573(,a)C(nd) +211.197 522 Q F1(dirs)2.573 E F0 -.2(bu)2.573 G(iltins.).2 E F1(Pushd)5.073 E +F0(and)2.573 E F1(popd)2.573 E F0 .073(insert and remo)2.573 F .373 -.15(ve d) +-.15 H .073(irectories from the).15 F .094(stack, respecti)72 534 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.594(,a)-.65 G(nd)154.448 534 Q F1(dirs)2.594 E F0 .094 +(lists the stack contents.The)2.594 F F1(suspend)2.594 E F0 .094 +(command will stop the shell process when)2.594 F 1.329(job control is acti)72 +546 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.829(;m).15 G 1.329(ost other shells do not allo)169.136 +546 R 3.829(wt)-.25 G(hemselv)294.64 546 Q 1.33(es to be stopped lik)-.15 F +3.83(et)-.1 G(hat.)421.31 546 Q F1 -.74(Ty)6.33 G(pe,).74 E F0 1.33(the bash) +3.83 F(answer to)72 558 Q F1(which)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(whence,)2.5 E F0(sho) +2.5 E(ws what will happen when a w)-.25 E(ord is typed as a command:)-.1 E F3 6 +($t)97 576 S(ype export)115 576 Q(export is a shell builtin)97 588 Q 6($t)97 +600 S(ype -t export)115 600 Q(builtin)97 612 Q 6($t)97 624 S(ype bash)115 624 Q +(bash is /bin/bash)97 636 Q 6($t)97 648 S(ype cd)115 648 Q(cd is a function)97 +660 Q(cd \(\))97 672 Q({)97 684 Q(builtin cd "$@" && xtitle $HOST: $PWD)121 696 +Q(})97 708 Q EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-7-)279.67 48 S -1.11(Va)72 84 S .682 +(rious modes tell what a command w)1.11 F .681(ord is \(reserv)-.1 F .681(ed w) +-.15 F .681(ord, alias, function, b)-.1 F .681(uiltin, or \214le\) or which v) +-.2 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E 1.15(sion of a command will be e)72 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.15(cuted based on a user').15 F 3.65(ss)-.55 G 1.15(earch path.)305.7 96 R +1.15(Some of this functionality has been)6.15 F +(adopted by POSIX.2 and folded into the)72 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(command) +2.5 E F0(utility)2.5 E(.)-.65 E F1 2.5(4.3.3. Editing)72 132 R(and Completion) +2.5 E F0 .682(One area in which bash shines is command line editing.)97 147.6 R +.682(Bash uses the)5.682 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)3.182 G(adline).37 E +F0 .682(library to read and)4.848 F .102(edit lines when interacti)72 159.6 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G 5.102(.R).15 G .103(eadline is a po)191.438 159.6 R .103 +(werful and \215e)-.25 F .103(xible input f)-.15 F .103 +(acility that a user can con\214gure to his)-.1 F 2.506(tastes. It)72 171.6 R +(allo)2.506 E .006(ws lines to be edited using either emacs or vi commands, wh\ +ere those commands are appropri-)-.25 F 2.994(ate. The)72 183.6 R .494 +(full capability of emacs is not present \255 there is no w)2.994 F .495 +(ay to e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .495(cute a named command with M-x,).15 F .222 +(for instance \255 b)72 195.6 R .222(ut the e)-.2 F .222 +(xisting commands are more than adequate.)-.15 F .221 +(The vi mode is compliant with the com-)5.222 F +(mand line editing standardized by POSIX.2.)72 207.6 Q 1.69 +(Readline is fully customizable.)97 223.2 R 1.691 +(In addition to the basic commands and k)6.69 F 1.991 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.691 +(indings, the library).15 F(allo)72 235.2 Q .83 +(ws users to de\214ne additional k)-.25 F 1.13 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .83 +(indings using a startup \214le.).15 F(The)5.83 E F2(inputr)3.329 E(c)-.37 E F0 +.829(\214le, which def)4.995 F .829(aults to the)-.1 F(\214le)72 247.2 Q F2 +(~/.inputr)4.287 E(c)-.37 E F0 4.287(,i)1.666 G 4.287(sr)137.43 247.2 S 1.788(\ +ead each time readline initializes, permitting users to maintain a consistent \ +interf)148.937 247.2 R(ace)-.1 E .547(across a set of programs.)72 259.2 R .546 +(Readline includes an e)5.546 F .546(xtensible interf)-.15 F .546 +(ace, so each program using the library can)-.1 F .23(add its o)72 271.2 R .23 +(wn bindable commands and program-speci\214c k)-.25 F .531 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +2.731(indings. Bash).15 F .231(uses this f)2.731 F .231 +(acility to add bindings)-.1 F(that perform history e)72 283.2 Q +(xpansion or shell w)-.15 E(ord e)-.1 E(xpansions on the current input line.) +-.15 E .707(Readline interprets a number of v)97 298.8 R .706 +(ariables which further tune its beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E 5.706(.V)-.55 G .706 +(ariables e)408.432 298.8 R .706(xist to control)-.15 F .157 +(whether or not eight-bit characters are directly read as input or con)72 310.8 +R -.15(ve)-.4 G .158(rted to meta-pre\214x).15 F .158(ed k)-.15 F .458 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .158(equences \(a).15 F(meta-pre\214x)72 322.8 Q 1.575(ed k)-.15 F +1.875 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.575 +(equence consists of the character with the eighth bit zeroed, preceded by the) +.15 F F2(meta-)4.074 E(pr)72 334.8 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0(character)4.45 E 2.784 +(,u)-.4 G .284(sually escape, which selects an alternate k)145.374 334.8 R -.15 +(ey)-.1 G .285(map\), to decide whether to output characters).15 F .485 +(with the eighth bit set directly or as a meta-pre\214x)72 346.8 R .485(ed k) +-.15 F .784 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .484(equence, whether or not to wrap to a ne).15 F +2.984(ws)-.25 G(creen)482.35 346.8 Q .157 +(line when a line being edited is longer than the screen width, the k)72 358.8 +R -.15(ey)-.1 G .158(map to which subsequent k).15 F .458 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +(indings).15 E .531(should apply)72 370.8 R 3.031(,o)-.65 G 3.031(re)133.802 +370.8 S -.15(ve)144.353 370.8 S 3.031(nw).15 G .531 +(hat happens when readline w)168.894 370.8 R .531(ants to ring the terminal') +-.1 F 3.03(sb)-.55 G 3.03(ell. All)399.37 370.8 R .53(of these v)3.03 F +(ariables)-.25 E(can be set in the inputrc \214le.)72 382.8 Q .284 +(The startup \214le understands a set of C preprocessor)97 398.4 R(-lik)-.2 E +2.785(ec)-.1 G .285(onditional constructs which allo)329.49 398.4 R 2.785(wv) +-.25 G(ariables)472.9 398.4 Q .12(or k)72 410.4 R .42 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .119(ind\ +ings to be assigned based on the application using readline, the terminal curr\ +ently being used, or).15 F .316(the editing mode.)72 422.4 R .317 +(Users can add program-speci\214c bindings to mak)5.317 F 2.817(et)-.1 G .317 +(heir li)352.808 422.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.817(se).15 G 2.817(asier: here) +396.922 422.4 R .317(are bindings to)2.817 F(edit the v)72 434.4 Q(alue of)-.25 +E F1 -.74(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.21 E F0(and double-quote the current or pre)2.5 E +(vious w)-.25 E(ord:)-.1 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(#M)97 452.4 S +(acros that are convenient for shell interaction)115 452.4 Q($if Bash)97 464.4 +Q 6(#e)97 476.4 S(dit the path)115 476.4 Q +("\\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\\e\\C-e\\C-a\\ef\\C-f")97 488.4 Q 6(#p)97 500.4 S +(repare to type a quoted word -- insert open and close double quotes)115 500.4 +Q 6(#a)97 512.4 S(nd move to just after the open quote)115 512.4 Q +("\\C-x\\"": "\\"\\"\\C-b")97 524.4 Q 6(#Q)97 536.4 S +(uote the current or previous word)115 536.4 Q("\\C-xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")97 +548.4 Q($endif)97 560.4 Q F0 .322(There is a readline command to re-read the \ +\214le, so users can edit the \214le, change some bindings, and be)72 582 R +(gin)-.15 E(to use them almost immediately)72 594 Q(.)-.65 E .851 +(Bash implements the)97 609.6 R F1(bind)3.351 E F0 -.2(bu)3.351 G .851 +(iltin for more dyamic control of readline than the startup \214le permits.).2 +F F1(Bind)72 621.6 Q F0 .167(is used in se)2.667 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .167(ral w) +.15 F 2.667(ays. In)-.1 F F2(list)2.667 E F0 .167 +(mode, it can display the current k)4.333 F .466 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .166 +(indings, list all the readline edit-).15 F .149(ing directi)72 633.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.649(sa).15 G -.25(va)132.798 633.6 S .149 +(ilable for binding, list which k).25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.649(si).15 G -1.9 -.4 +(nv o)282.352 633.6 T .349 -.1(ke a g).4 H -2.15 -.25(iv e).1 H 2.65(nd).25 G +(irecti)345.3 633.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.65(,o).15 G 2.65(ro)385.04 633.6 S .15 +(utput the current set of k)396.02 633.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G .526(bindings in a fo\ +rmat that can be incorporated directly into an inputrc \214le.)72 645.6 R(In) +5.526 E F2(batc)3.026 E(h)-.15 E F0 .526(mode, it reads a series)4.692 F .71 +(of k)72 657.6 R 1.01 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .71 +(indings directly from a \214le and passes them to readline.).15 F .71 +(In its most common usage,)5.71 F F1(bind)3.21 E F0(tak)3.21 E .71(es a)-.1 F +.534(single string and passes it directly to readline, which interprets the li\ +ne as if it had just been read from the)72 669.6 R(inputrc \214le.)72 681.6 Q +(Both k)5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E +(ariable assignments can appear in the string gi)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nt) +.15 G(o)424.4 681.6 Q F1(bind)2.5 E F0(.)A .401(The readline library also pro) +97 697.2 R .402(vides an interf)-.15 F .402(ace for)-.1 F F2(wor)2.902 E 2.902 +(dc)-.37 G(ompletion)328.546 697.2 Q F0 5.402(.W)C .402(hen the)385.888 697.2 R +F2(completion)2.902 E F0(character)4.568 E 1.261(\(usually T)72 709.2 R 1.261 +(AB\) is typed, readline looks at the w)-.93 F 1.26 +(ord currently being entered and computes the set of \214le-)-.1 F .523 +(names of which the current w)72 721.2 R .523(ord is a v)-.1 F .523 +(alid pre\214x.)-.25 F .524 +(If there is only one possible completion, the rest of the)5.523 F EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-8-)279.67 48 S .358 +(characters are inserted directly)72 84 R 2.858(,o)-.65 G .358(therwise the co\ +mmon pre\214x of the set of \214lenames is added to the current)205.232 84 R +-.1(wo)72 96 S 3.199(rd. A).1 F .699(second T)3.199 F .699(AB character entere\ +d immediately after a non-unique completion causes readline to list)-.93 F +1.814(the possible completions; there is an option to ha)72 108 R 2.113 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 1.813(he list displayed immediately).15 F 6.813(.R)-.65 G 1.813 +(eadline pro)436.517 108 R(vides)-.15 E .482 +(hooks so that applications can pro)72 120 R .482 +(vide speci\214c types of completion before the def)-.15 F .483 +(ault \214lename completion)-.1 F .132(is attempted.)72 132 R .132 +(This is quite \215e)5.132 F .132(xible, though it is not completely user)-.15 +F 2.632(-programmable. Bash,)-.2 F .132(for e)2.632 F .132(xample, can)-.15 F +.37(complete \214lenames, command names \(including aliases, b)72 144 R .37 +(uiltins, shell reserv)-.2 F .37(ed w)-.15 F .37(ords, shell functions, and)-.1 +F -.15(exe)72 156 S .424(cutables found in the \214le system\), shell v).15 F +.424(ariables, usernames, and hostnames.)-.25 F .423 +(It uses a set of heuristics)5.424 F(that, while not perfect, is generally qui\ +te good at determining what type of completion to attempt.)72 168 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(4.3.4. History)72 192 R F0 .255 +(Access to the list of commands pre)97 207.6 R .255(viously entered \(the)-.25 +F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .255(command history)2.755 F F0 2.756(\)i)C 2.756(sp) +399.236 207.6 S(ro)410.882 207.6 Q .256(vided jointly by bash)-.15 F .095 +(and the readline library)72 219.6 R 5.094(.B)-.65 G .094(ash pro)178.928 219.6 +R .094(vides v)-.15 F .094(ariables \()-.25 F F1(HISTFILE)A F0(,)A F1(HISTSIZE) +2.594 E F0 2.594(,a)C(nd)382.068 219.6 Q F1(HISTCONTR)2.594 E(OL)-.3 E F0 2.594 +(\)a)C .094(nd the)479.186 219.6 R F1(history)72 231.6 Q F0(and)2.825 E F1(fc) +2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G .325(iltins to manipulate the history list.).2 F .325 +(The v)5.325 F .325(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTFILE)2.825 E F0 .326 +(specifes the \214le where bash)2.826 F .128(writes the command history on e)72 +243.6 R .128(xit and reads it on startup.)-.15 F F1(HISTSIZE)5.128 E F0 .128 +(is used to limit the number of com-)2.628 F .346(mands sa)72 255.6 R -.15(ve) +-.2 G 2.846(di).15 G 2.846(nt)129.002 255.6 S .346(he history)139.628 255.6 R +(.)-.65 E F1(HISTCONTR)5.346 E(OL)-.3 E F0(pro)2.846 E .346 +(vides a crude form of control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.846(rw).15 G .346 +(hich commands are)425.548 255.6 R(sa)72 267.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.905(do).15 G +2.905(nt)102.325 267.6 S .405(he history list: a v)113.01 267.6 R .405(alue of) +-.25 F F2(ignor)2.905 E(espace)-.37 E F0 .405(means to not sa)4.571 F .705 -.15 +(ve c)-.2 H .405(ommands which be).15 F .405(gin with a space; a)-.15 F -.25 +(va)72 279.6 S .339(lue of).25 F F2(ignor)2.839 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .339 +(means to not sa)4.505 F .64 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .34 +(ommands identical to the last command sa).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E F1 +(HISTCONTR)5.34 E(OL)-.3 E F0 -.1(wa)72 291.6 S 3.15(sn).1 G(amed)95.6 291.6 Q +F1(history_contr)3.15 E(ol)-.18 E F0 .65(in earlier v)3.15 F .649 +(ersions of bash; the old name is still accepted for backw)-.15 F .649 +(ards com-)-.1 F(patibility)72 303.6 Q 5.723(.T)-.65 G(he)121.803 303.6 Q F1 +(history)3.223 E F0 .724(command can read or write \214les containing the hist\ +ory list and display the current)3.223 F .895(list contents.)72 315.6 R(The) +5.895 E F1(fc)3.395 E F0 -.2(bu)3.395 G .895 +(iltin, adopted from POSIX.2 and the K).2 F .894(orn Shell, allo)-.35 F .894 +(ws display and re-e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution,).15 E .461 +(with optional editing, of commands from the history list.)72 327.6 R .462 +(The readline library of)5.462 F .462(fers a set of commands to)-.25 F .657(se\ +arch the history list for a portion of the current input line or a string type\ +d by the user)72 339.6 R 5.657(.F)-.55 G(inally)445.836 339.6 Q 3.157(,t)-.65 G +(he)476.403 339.6 Q F2(his-)3.157 E(tory)72 351.6 Q F0(library)4.196 E 2.53(,g) +-.65 G .03(enerally incorporated directly into the readline library)128.346 +351.6 R 2.53(,i)-.65 G .03(mplements a f)350.636 351.6 R .031 +(acility for history recall,)-.1 F -.15(ex)72 363.6 S .594(pansion, and re-e) +.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .594(cution of pre).15 F .594(vious commands v)-.25 F .594 +(ery similar to csh \(`)-.15 F .593(`bang history')-.74 F .593 +(', so called because)-.74 F(the e)72 375.6 Q +(xclamation point introduces a history substitution\):)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 +SF 6($e)97 393.6 S(cho a b c d e)115 393.6 Q 6(abcde)97 405.6 S 6($!)97 417.6 S +6(!fghi)115 417.6 S(echo a b c d e f g h i)97 429.6 Q 6(abcdefghi)97 441.6 S 6 +($!)97 453.6 S(-2)115 453.6 Q(echo a b c d e)97 465.6 Q 6(abcde)97 477.6 S 6 +($e)97 489.6 S(cho !-2:1-4)115 489.6 Q(echo a b c d)97 501.6 Q 6(abcd)97 513.6 +S F0 1.456(The command history is only sa)72 535.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.957(dw).15 +G 1.457(hen the shell is interacti)232.599 535.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.957(,s).15 +G 3.957(oi)352.804 535.2 S 3.957(ti)364.541 535.2 S 3.957(sn)374.058 535.2 S +1.457(ot a)386.905 535.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.457(ilable for use by shell).25 F +(scripts.)72 547.2 Q F1 2.5(4.3.5. New)72 571.2 R(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E +F0 .701(There are a number of con)97 586.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .701(nience v).15 F +.701(ariables that bash interprets to mak)-.25 F 3.2(el)-.1 G .7(ife easier) +402.76 586.8 R 5.7(.T)-.55 G .7(hese include)453.59 586.8 R F1(FIGNORE)72 598.8 +Q F0 3.973(,w)C 1.473(hich is a set of \214lename suf)132.363 598.8 R<8c78>-.25 +E 1.474(es identifying \214les to e)-.15 F 1.474 +(xclude when completing \214lenames;)-.15 F F1(HOSTTYPE)72 610.8 Q F0 3.03(,w)C +.53(hich is automatically set to a string describing the type of hardw)139.21 +610.8 R .53(are on which bash is cur)-.1 F(-)-.2 E .76(rently e)72 622.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuting;).15 E F1(OSTYPE)3.26 E F0 3.26(,t)C 3.26(ow)191.76 622.8 S +.76(hich bash assigns a v)207.24 622.8 R .761(alue that identi\214es the v)-.25 +F .761(ersion of)-.15 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)3.261 E F0(it')3.261 E 3.261 +(sr)-.55 G(unning)476.22 622.8 Q 1.354 +(on \(great for putting architecture-speci\214c binary directories into the)72 +634.8 R F1 -.74(PA)3.854 G(TH)-.21 E F0 1.354(\); and)B F1(IGNOREEOF)3.854 E F0 +3.854(,w)C(hose)485.67 634.8 Q -.25(va)72 646.8 S .062 +(lue indicates the number of consecuti).25 F .362 -.15(ve E)-.25 H .062 +(OF characters that an interacti).15 F .362 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .062 +(hell will read before e).15 F .062(xiting \255)-.15 F .114(an easy w)72 658.8 +R .113(ay to k)-.1 F .113(eep yourself from being logged out accidentally)-.1 F +5.113(.T)-.65 G(he)344.285 658.8 Q F1(auto_r)2.613 E(esume)-.18 E F0 -.25(va) +2.613 G .113(riable alters the w).25 F(ay)-.1 E .409 +(the shell treats simple command names: if job control is acti)72 670.8 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.909(,a).15 G .409(nd this v)335.516 670.8 R .409 +(ariable is set, single-w)-.25 F .409(ord simple)-.1 F .17(commands without re\ +directions cause the shell to \214rst look for a suspended job with that name \ +before start-)72 682.8 R(ing a ne)72 694.8 Q 2.5(wp)-.25 G(rocess.)118.13 694.8 +Q EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-9-)279.67 48 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5 +(4.3.6. Brace)72 84 R(Expansion)2.5 E F0 .653(Since sh of)97 99.6 R .653 +(fers no con)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .653(nient w).15 F .653 +(ay to generate arbitrary strings that share a common pre\214x or suf)-.1 F +<8c78>-.25 E 1.893(\(pathname e)72 111.6 R 1.893 +(xpansion requires that the \214lenames e)-.15 F 1.892(xist\), bash implements) +-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(br)4.392 E 1.892(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 +4.392(,ac)C(apability)469 111.6 Q(pick)72 123.6 Q .496(ed up from csh.)-.1 F +.496(Brace e)5.496 F .496(xpansion is similar to pathname e)-.15 F .496 +(xpansion, b)-.15 F .497(ut the strings generated need not)-.2 F 1.107 +(correspond to e)72 135.6 R 1.107(xisting \214les.)-.15 F 3.607(Ab)6.107 G +1.107(race e)207.655 135.6 R 1.107(xpression consists of an optional)-.15 F F2 +(pr)3.606 E(eamble)-.37 E F0 3.606(,f)1.666 G(ollo)419.286 135.6 Q 1.106 +(wed by a pair of)-.25 F 2.809 +(braces enclosing a series of comma-separated strings, and an optional)72 147.6 +R F2(postamble)5.31 E F0 7.81(.T)1.666 G 2.81(he preamble is)440.06 147.6 R(pr\ +epended to each string within the braces, and the postamble is then appended t\ +o each resulting string:)72 159.6 Q/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6($e)97 177.6 S +(cho a{d,c,b}e)115 177.6 Q(ade ace abe)97 189.6 Q F1 2.5(4.3.7. Pr)72 219.6 R +(ompt Customization)-.18 E F0 .077(One of the more popular interacti)97 235.2 R +.376 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .076(eatures that bash pro).15 F .076 +(vides is the ability to customize the prompt.)-.15 F(Both)72 247.2 Q F1(PS1) +3.305 E F0(and)3.305 E F1(PS2,)3.305 E F0 .805 +(the primary and secondary prompts, are e)3.305 F .805 +(xpanded before being displayed.)-.15 F -.15(Pa)5.805 G(rameter).15 E .324 +(and v)72 259.2 R .324(ariable e)-.25 F .324 +(xpansion is performed when the prompt string is e)-.15 F .323 +(xpanded, so the v)-.15 F .323(alue of an)-.25 F 2.823(ys)-.15 G .323(hell v) +454.217 259.2 R(ariable)-.25 E .728(can be put into the prompt \(e.g.,)72 271.2 +R F1($SHL)3.228 E(VL)-.92 E F0 3.228(,w)C .728(hich indicates ho)258.564 271.2 +R 3.228(wd)-.25 G .729(eeply the current shell is nested\).)342.988 271.2 R +(Bash)5.729 E 1.895 +(specially interprets characters in the prompt string preceded by a backslash.) +72 283.2 R 1.895(Some of these backslash)6.895 F .874 +(escapes are replaced with the current time, the date, the current w)72 295.2 R +.874(orking directory)-.1 F 3.374(,t)-.65 G .874(he username, and the)416.958 +295.2 R .781(command number or history number of the command being entered.)72 +307.2 R .78(There is e)5.781 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.28(nab).15 G .78 +(ackslash escape to)429.13 307.2 R .007 +(cause the shell to change its prompt when running as root after an)72 319.2 R +F2(su)2.507 E F0 5.007(.B)C .008(efore printing each primary prompt,)360.388 +319.2 R .27(bash e)72 331.2 R .27(xpands the v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(PR)2.77 +E(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 .269(and, if it has a v)2.77 F .269(alue, e)-.25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .269(cutes the e).15 F .269(xpanded v)-.15 F .269(alue as a)-.25 F +.04(command, allo)72 343.2 R .041(wing additional prompt customization.)-.25 F +-.15(Fo)5.041 G 2.541(re).15 G .041 +(xample, this assignment causes the current user)311.964 343.2 R(,)-.4 E .99 +(the current host, the time, the last component of the current w)72 355.2 R +.989(orking directory)-.1 F 3.489(,t)-.65 G .989(he le)402.954 355.2 R -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.489(lo).15 G 3.489(fs)443.412 355.2 S .989(hell nesting,)454.121 355.2 +R(and the history number of the current command to be embedded into the primar\ +y prompt:)72 367.2 Q F3 6($P)97 385.2 S +(S1='\\u@\\h [\\t] \\W\($SHLVL:\\!\)\\$ ')115 385.2 Q +(chet@odin [21:03:44] documentation\(2:636\)$ cd ..)97 397.2 Q +(chet@odin [21:03:54] src\(2:637\)$)97 409.2 Q F0 .619 +(The string being assigned is surrounded by single quotes so that if it is e)72 +430.8 R(xported,)-.15 E F1(SHL)3.119 E(VL)-.92 E F0 .619(will be updated)3.119 +F(by a child shell:)72 442.8 Q F3 +(chet@odin [21:13:35] src\(2:638\)$ export PS1)97 460.8 Q +(chet@odin [21:17:40] src\(2:639\)$ bash)97 472.8 Q +(chet@odin [21:17:46] src\(3:696\)$)97 484.8 Q F0(The)72 506.4 Q F1(\\$)2.5 E +F0(escape is displayed as `)2.5 E(`)-.74 E F1($)A F0 1.48 -.74('' w)D +(hen running as a normal user).74 E 2.5(,b)-.4 G(ut as `)342.08 506.4 Q(`)-.74 +E F1(#)A F0 1.48 -.74('' w)D(hen running as root.).74 E F1 2.5(4.3.8. POSIX)72 +530.4 R(Mode)2.5 E F0 .46(Although bash is intended to be POSIX.2 compliant, t\ +here are areas in which the def)97 546 R .46(ault beha)-.1 F .46(vior is)-.2 F +1.168(not compatible with the standard.)72 558 R -.15(Fo)6.169 G 3.669(ru).15 G +1.169(sers who wish to operate in a strict POSIX.2 en)238.85 558 R 1.169 +(vironment, bash)-.4 F .61(implements a)72 570 R F2 .61(POSIX mode)3.11 F F0 +5.61(.W)C .61(hen this mode is acti)199.42 570 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.109(,b).15 G +.609(ash modi\214es its def)303.727 570 R .609(ault operation where it dif)-.1 +F(fers)-.25 E .066(from POSIX.2 to match the standard.)72 582 R .067 +(POSIX mode is entered when bash is started with the)5.066 F F1 .067(-o posix) +2.567 F F0(option)2.567 E .382(or when)72 594 R F1 .382(set -o posix)2.882 F F0 +.381(is e)2.881 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.881(cuted. F).15 F .381 +(or compatibility with other GNU softw)-.15 F .381 +(are that attempts to be POSIX.2)-.1 F 5.752 +(compliant, bash also enters POSIX mode if either of the v)72 606 R(ariables) +-.25 E F1(POSIX_PED)8.253 E(ANTIC)-.35 E F0(or)8.253 E F1(POSIXL)72 618 Q +(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 1.179(is set when bash is started or assigned a v)3.679 F +1.178(alue during e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.678(cution. When).15 F 1.178 +(bash is)3.678 F .218(started in POSIX mode, for e)72 630 R .218(xample, the) +-.15 F F1(kill)2.718 E F0 -.2(bu)2.718 G(iltin').2 E(s)-.55 E F1<ad6c>2.718 E +F0 .218(option beha)2.718 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.718(sd).15 G(if)370.166 630 Q .219 +(ferently: it lists the names of all)-.25 F 1.084(signals on a single line sep\ +arated by spaces, rather than listing the signal names and their corresponding) +72 642 R(numbers.)72 654 Q .865(Some of the def)97 669.6 R .865(ault bash beha) +-.1 F .865(vior dif)-.2 F .865 +(fers from other shells as a result of the POSIX standard.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.866 +G(r).15 E 1.16(instance, bash includes the)72 681.6 R F1(!)3.66 E F0(reserv) +6.16 E 1.16(ed w)-.15 F 1.16(ord to ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.16 +(te the return status of a pipeline because it has been).05 F +(de\214ned by POSIX.2.)72 693.6 Q +(Neither sh nor ksh has implemented that feature.)5 E EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-1)277.17 48 S 2.5(0-)288 48 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF 2.5(4.4. F)72 84 R(eatur)-.25 E(es Unique to ksh)-.18 E F0 .177 +(Ksh includes a number of features not in the currently-released v)97 99.6 R +.178(ersion of bash, v)-.15 F .178(ersion 1.14.)-.15 F(Unless)5.178 E .822 +(noted, none of these features is in the POSIX.2 standard.)72 111.6 R .821 +(Where appropriate the equi)5.821 F -.25(va)-.25 G .821(lent bash features).25 +F(are noted.)72 123.6 Q F1 2.5(4.4.1. The)72 147.6 R(ksh Language)2.5 E F0 +2.955(An)97 163.2 S .955 -.25(ew c)112.175 163.2 T .455(ompound command folds) +.25 F F1(test)2.955 E F0 .456(into the ksh language, delimited by the reserv) +2.955 F .456(ed w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E F1([[)2.956 E F0(and)2.956 E F1(]])72 175.2 +Q F0 5.726(.T)C .726(he syntax is identical to)92.996 175.2 R F1(test)3.225 E +F0 .725(with a fe)3.225 F 3.225(wc)-.25 G .725 +(hanges: for instance, instead of)262.855 175.2 R F1<ad61>3.225 E F0(and)3.225 +E F1<ad6f>3.225 E F0(,)A F1(&&)3.225 E F0(and)3.225 E/F2 10/Symbol SF<efef> +3.225 E F0(are)3.225 E 3.32(used. The)72 187.2 R -.1(wo)3.32 G .82(rds between) +.1 F F1([[)3.32 E F0(and)3.32 E F1(]])3.32 E F0 .82(are not processed for w) +3.32 F .82(ord splitting or \214lename generation.)-.1 F .82(The ne)5.82 F(w) +-.25 E .926 +(command does pattern matching as well as string comparison, a la the)72 199.2 +R F1(case)3.425 E F0 3.425(command. This)3.425 F(ne)3.425 E 3.425(wc)-.25 G +(ontrol)480.11 199.2 Q .165(structure does ha)72 211.2 R .465 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +.165(he adv).15 F .166(antage of reducing common ar)-.25 F .166 +(gument problems encountered using test \(e.g.)-.18 F F1(test)2.666 E +("$string")72 223.2 Q F0 2.928(,w)C(here)125.748 223.2 Q F1($string)2.928 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.928 G .428(pands to).15 F F1<ad66>2.928 E F0 .428(\), b)B .428 +(ut at the cost of bloating the language.)-.2 F .427(The POSIX.2 test algo-) +5.427 F 2.752(rithm that bash uses, along with some programmer care, alle)72 +235.2 R 2.752(viates those problems in a backw)-.25 F(ards-)-.1 E .854 +(compatible w)72 247.2 R .853(ay with no additions to the language.)-.1 F .853 +(The one capability of)5.853 F F1 .853([[ ]])3.353 F F0 .853(not a)3.353 F -.25 +(va)-.2 G .853(ilable in bash is its).25 F(ability to test whether an indi)72 +259.2 Q(vidual)-.25 E F1(set \255o)2.5 E F0(option is turned on or of)2.5 E(f.) +-.25 E .339(Other parts of the ksh language are not common to bash.)97 274.8 R +(The)5.34 E F1(\(\(...\)\))2.84 E F0(operator)5.34 E 2.84(,e)-.4 G(qui)419.33 +274.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G .34(lent to).25 F F1 .34(let "...")2.84 F F0(,)A .197 +(is unique to ksh, as are the concept of co-processes and the)72 286.8 R F1 +(time)2.697 E F0 -.1(ke)2.696 G(yw)-.05 E .196 +(ord to time commands and pipelines.)-.1 F F1 2.5(4.4.2. 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It) +172.582 171.6 R .213(will be possible to `)2.713 F .212(`indirectly reference') +-.74 F 2.712('av)-.74 G .212(ariable with an e)398.534 171.6 R(xpansion,)-.15 E +(lik)72 183.6 Q 3.01(eu)-.1 G(sing)94.91 183.6 Q/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .51 +(eval \\$${name})3.01 F F0 .51(to reference a v)3.01 F .51(ariable named by) +-.25 F F3(${name})3.01 E F0 5.51(.E)C .51(xpansions will be a)394.32 183.6 R +-.25(va)-.2 G(ilable).25 E .462(to retrie)72 195.6 R .762 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .462 +(ubstrings of v).15 F .461(ariables in an)-.25 F F1(awk)2.961 E F0(-lik)A 2.961 +(em)-.1 G .461(anner: starting at a speci\214c inde)277.692 195.6 R .461 +(x, retrie)-.15 F .461(ving some num-)-.25 F .941 +(ber of characters or the rest of the string.)72 207.6 R .941 +(It will be possible to retrie)5.941 F 1.241 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .941 +(equences of array elements lik).15 F(e)-.1 E .354(this, too.)72 219.6 R .354 +(It w)5.354 F .354(ould be nice to ha)-.1 F .654 -.15(ve a w)-.2 H .354 +(ay to replace portions of a v).05 F .353 +(ariable matching a pattern the same w)-.25 F(ay)-.1 E(leading or trailing sub\ +strings are presently stripped; that capability may be a)72 231.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 +G(ilable.).25 E .453(Another ne)97 247.2 R 2.953(we)-.25 G .453 +(xpansion will pro)156.376 247.2 R .453(vide a w)-.15 F .454 +(ay to create strings containing arbitrary characters, which is)-.1 F(incon)72 +259.2 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.636(nient in the current v).15 F 4.136(ersion. W)-.15 F +1.635(ords of the form $')-.8 F F1(string)A F0 4.135('w)C 1.635(ill e)355.145 +259.2 R 1.635(xpand to)-.15 F F1(string)4.135 E F0 1.635(with backslash-)4.135 +F 1.231(escaped characters in)72 271.2 R F1(string)3.731 E F0 1.231 +(replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)3.731 F 1.232 +(As with other single-quoted)6.232 F +(shell strings, the only character that may not appear in)72 283.2 Q F1(string) +2.5 E F0(is a single quote.)2.5 E 1.436(The shell v)97 298.8 R 1.436 +(ariables will change also.)-.25 F 3.936(An)6.436 G 1.936 -.25(ew va)272.052 +298.8 T(riable).25 E F2(HISTIGNORE)3.936 E F0 1.435(will supersede)3.936 F F2 +(HISTCON-)3.935 E(TR)72 310.8 Q(OL)-.3 E F0(.)A F2(HISTIGNORE)5.327 E F0 .327 +(is the history analogy of)2.827 F F2(FIGNORE)2.828 E F0 2.828(:ac)C .328 +(olon-separated list of patterns specifying)339.938 310.8 R 1.082 +(commands to omit from the history list.)72 322.8 R 1.081 +(The special pattern '&' will match the pre)6.081 F 1.081 +(vious history line, to)-.25 F(pro)72 334.8 Q 1.568(vide the)-.15 F F2 +(HISTCONTR)4.068 E(OL)-.3 E F1(ignor)4.068 E(edups)-.37 E F0(beha)5.734 E(vior) +-.2 E 6.568(.M)-.55 G(an)303.546 334.8 Q 4.069(yv)-.15 G 1.569 +(ariables which modify the shell')326.655 334.8 R 4.069(sb)-.55 G(eha)474.21 +334.8 Q(vior)-.2 E .395(will lose their special meaning.)72 346.8 R -1.11(Va) +5.395 G .395(riables such as)1.11 F F2(notify)2.895 E F0(and)2.895 E F2(noclob) +2.895 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .395(which pro)2.895 F .395(vide functionality a)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .931 +(able via other mechanisms will no longer be treated specially)72 358.8 R 5.931 +(.O)-.65 G .931(ther v)340.06 358.8 R .932(ariables will be folded into)-.25 F +F2(shopt)3.432 E F0(.)A(The)72 370.8 Q F2(history_contr)5.519 E(ol)-.18 E F0 +(and)5.519 E F2(hostname_completion_\214le)5.519 E F0 -.25(va)5.519 G 3.019 +(riables, superseded by).25 F F2(HISTCONTR)5.518 E(OL)-.3 E F0(and)5.518 E F2 +(HOSTFILE)72 382.8 Q F0(respecti)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G +(ill be remo)185.12 382.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F2 2.5(5.5. Readline)72 +406.8 R F0(Naturally)97 422.4 Q 2.94(,t)-.65 G .44(here will be impro)142.34 +422.4 R -.15(ve)-.15 G .441(ments to readline as well.).15 F .441 +(All of the POSIX.2)5.441 F F1(vi)2.941 E F0 .441(-mode editing com-)B .33 +(mands will be implemented; missing commands lik)72 434.4 R 2.829(e`)-.1 G .329 +(m' to sa)290.599 434.4 R .629 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .329 +(he current cursor position \().15 F F1(mark)A F0 2.829(\)a)C .329(nd the) +478.951 434.4 R .36(`@' command for macro e)72 446.4 R .36(xpansion will be a) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.861(ilable. The).25 F .361 +(ability to set the mark and e)2.861 F .361(xchange the current)-.15 F .764 +(cursor position \()72 458.4 R F1(point)A F0 3.264(\)a)C .764 +(nd mark will be added to the readline emacs mode as well.)170.672 458.4 R .763 +(Since there are com-)5.764 F .196 +(mands to set the mark, commands to manipulate the re)72 470.4 R .197 +(gion \(the characters between the point and the mark\))-.15 F .111(will be a) +72 482.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G 2.611(ilable. Commands).25 F(ha)2.611 E .411 -.15 +(ve b)-.2 H .11 +(een added to the readline emacs mode for more complete ksh compati-).15 F +(bility)72 494.4 Q 2.5(,s)-.65 G(uch as the C-])101.36 494.4 Q F1(c)A F0 +(character search command.)2.5 E F2 2.5(5.6. Con\214guration)72 518.4 R F0 .318 +(Bash w)97 534 R .318 +(as the \214rst GNU program to completely autocon\214gure.)-.1 F .319 +(Its autocon\214guration mechanism pre-)5.319 F(dates)72 546 Q F1(autoconf)4.07 +E F0 4.07(,t)C 1.569 +(he current GNU con\214guration program, and needs updating.)140.97 546 R 1.569 +(Bash-2.0 may include an)6.569 F .603 +(autoconf-based con\214guration script, if necessary ne)72 558 R 3.103(wf)-.25 +G .603(unctionality can be added to autoconf, or its limita-)294.476 558 R +(tions bypassed.)72 570 Q F2 2.5(5.7. Miscellaneous)72 594 R F0 1.632 +(The POSIX mode will be impro)97 609.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.131(di).15 G 4.131 +(nb)254.26 609.6 S 1.631(ash-2.0; it will pro)268.391 609.6 R 1.631 +(vide a more complete superset of the)-.15 F(POSIX standard.)72 621.6 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(rt).15 G(he \214rst time, bash will recognize the e)163.79 621.6 Q +(xistance of the POSIX.2)-.15 E F1(special)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins.).2 E +2.627(An)97 637.2 S .627 -.25(ew t)111.847 637.2 T .127(rap v).25 F(alue,)-.25 +E F2(DEB)2.627 E(UG)-.1 E F0 2.627(,w)C .128(ill be present, as in ksh.)218.405 +637.2 R .128(Commands speci\214ed with a)5.128 F F2(DEB)2.628 E(UG)-.1 E F0 +.128(trap will)2.628 F 1.908(be e)72 649.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.908 +(cuted after e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.908(ry simple command.).15 F 1.908 +(Since this mak)6.908 F 1.908(es shell script deb)-.1 F 1.908 +(uggers possible, I hope to)-.2 F(include a bash deb)72 661.2 Q +(ugger in the bash-2.0 release.)-.2 E F2 2.5(6. A)72 685.2 R -.1(va)-1 G +(ilability).1 E F0 5.997(The current v)97 700.8 R 5.997(ersion of bash is a) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.998(ilable for anon).25 F 5.998 +(ymous FTP from prep.ai.mit.edu as)-.15 F F1(/pub/gnu/bash-1.14.2.tar)72 712.8 +Q(.gz)-1.11 E F0(.)1.666 E EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.5(-1)277.17 48 S 2.5(3-)288 48 S/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF 2.5(7. Conclusion)72 84 R F0 .755(This paper has presented an o)97 99.6 R +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rvie).15 E 3.255(wo)-.25 G 3.255(fb)259.27 99.6 S .755 +(ash, compared its features with those of other shells, and)270.855 99.6 R +(hinted at features in the ne)72 111.6 Q(xt release, bash-2.0.)-.15 E .483 +(Bash is a solid replacement for sh.)97 127.2 R .483(It is suf)5.483 F .483 +(\214ciently portable to run on nearly e)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .484(ry v).15 F +.484(ersion of)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.984 E F0 .514 +(from 4.3 BSD to SVR4.2, and se)72 139.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F2(UNIX) +3.013 E F0 -.1(wo)3.013 G(rkalik).1 E .513(es, and rob)-.1 F .513 +(ust enough to replace sh on most of those)-.2 F .771(systems, It is v)72 151.2 +R .771(ery close to POSIX.2-conformant in POSIX mode, and is getting f)-.15 F +(aster)-.1 E 5.771(.I)-.55 G 3.272(ti)436.684 151.2 S 3.272(sn)445.516 151.2 S +.772(ot, unfortu-)457.678 151.2 R(nately)72 163.2 Q 2.663(,g)-.65 G .163 +(etting smaller)105.953 163.2 R 2.663(,b)-.4 G .163(ut there are man)170.399 +163.2 R 2.663(yo)-.15 G .163(ptional features.)248.101 163.2 R .163(It is v) +5.163 F .162(ery easy to b)-.15 F .162(uild a small subset to use as)-.2 F 2.5 +(ad)72 175.2 S(irect replacement for /bin/sh.)83.94 175.2 Q .909 +(Bash has thousands of users w)97 190.8 R .909(orldwide, all of whom ha)-.1 F +1.209 -.15(ve h)-.2 H .91(elped to mak).15 F 3.41(ei)-.1 G 3.41(tb)409.34 190.8 +S(etter)420.53 190.8 Q 5.91(.A)-.55 G .91(nother testa-)453.38 190.8 R +(ment to the bene\214ts of free softw)72 202.8 Q(are.)-.1 E F1 2.5(8. Refer)72 +226.8 R(ences)-.18 E F0 .432([1] S. R. Bourne, `)72 242.4 R .432(`UNIX T)-.74 F +.432(ime-Sharing System:)-.35 F .431(The UNIX Shell')5.431 F(',)-.74 E/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF .431(Bell System T)2.931 F(ec)-.92 E .431(hnical J)-.15 F +(ournal)-.25 E F0 2.931(,5)C(7\(6\),)484.84 242.4 Q +(July-August, 1978, pp. 1971-1990.)72 254.4 Q .736([2] Morris Bolsk)72 270 R +3.237(ya)-.15 G .737(nd Da)153.22 270 R .737(vid K)-.2 F(orn,)-.35 E F3 .737 +(The K)3.237 F .737(ornShell Command and Pr)-.4 F -.1(og)-.45 G -.15(ra).1 G +.737(mming Langua).15 F -.1(ge)-.1 G F0 3.237(,P).1 G .737(rentice Hall,) +453.833 270 R(1989.)72 282 Q .142([3] Bill Jo)72 297.6 R 1.442 -.65(y, A)-.1 H +2.642(nI).65 G .141(ntroduction to the C Shell,)140.428 297.6 R F3 .141 +(UNIX User')2.641 F 2.641(sS)-.4 G .141(upplementary Documents)309.346 297.6 R +F0 2.641(,U)C(ni)424.328 297.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .141(rsity of Califor).15 F(-) +-.2 E(nia at Berk)72 309.6 Q(ele)-.1 E 1.3 -.65(y, 1)-.15 H(986.).65 E .283 +([4] IEEE,)72 325.2 R F3 .283(IEEE Standar)2.783 F 2.783(df)-.37 G .283 +(or Information T)179.692 325.2 R(ec)-.92 E(hnolo)-.15 E .283(gy -- P)-.1 F +.283(ortable Oper)-.8 F .283(ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.15 F(art)-.8 +E(2: Shell and Utilities)72 337.2 Q F0 2.5(,1)C(992.)165.06 337.2 Q F1 2.5 +(9. A)72 361.2 R(uthor Inf)-.5 E(ormation)-.25 E F0 .937(Chet Rame)97 376.8 R +3.437(yi)-.15 G 3.437(sas)153.724 376.8 S(oftw)172.818 376.8 Q .936 +(are engineer w)-.1 F .936(orking at Case W)-.1 F .936(estern Reserv)-.8 F +3.436(eU)-.15 G(ni)393.43 376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E 5.936(.H)-.65 G +3.436(eh)443.036 376.8 S .936(as a B.S. in)455.912 376.8 R .072 +(Computer Engineering and an M.S. in Computer Science, both from CWR)72 388.8 R +2.573(U. He)-.4 F .073(has been w)2.573 F .073(orking on bash)-.1 F +(for six years, and the primary maintainer for one.)72 400.8 Q EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF diff --git a/doc/texinfo.tex b/doc/texinfo.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03c2998 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/texinfo.tex @@ -0,0 +1,9250 @@ +% texinfo.tex -- TeX macros to handle Texinfo files. +% +% Load plain if necessary, i.e., if running under initex. +\expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi +% +\def\texinfoversion{2009-01-18.17} +% +% Copyright 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, +% 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, +% 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +% +% This texinfo.tex file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or +% modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as +% published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the +% License, or (at your option) any later version. +% +% This texinfo.tex file is distributed in the hope that it will be +% useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty +% of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU +% General Public License for more details. +% +% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +% along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. +% +% As a special exception, when this file is read by TeX when processing +% a Texinfo source document, you may use the result without +% restriction. (This has been our intent since Texinfo was invented.) +% +% Please try the latest version of texinfo.tex before submitting bug +% reports; you can get the latest version from: +% http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page), or +% ftp://tug.org/tex/texinfo.tex +% (and all CTAN mirrors, see http://www.ctan.org). +% The texinfo.tex in any given distribution could well be out +% of date, so if that's what you're using, please check. +% +% Send bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org. Please include including a +% complete document in each bug report with which we can reproduce the +% problem. Patches are, of course, greatly appreciated. +% +% To process a Texinfo manual with TeX, it's most reliable to use the +% texi2dvi shell script that comes with the distribution. For a simple +% manual foo.texi, however, you can get away with this: +% tex foo.texi +% texindex foo.?? +% tex foo.texi +% tex foo.texi +% dvips foo.dvi -o # or whatever; this makes foo.ps. +% The extra TeX runs get the cross-reference information correct. +% Sometimes one run after texindex suffices, and sometimes you need more +% than two; texi2dvi does it as many times as necessary. +% +% It is possible to adapt texinfo.tex for other languages, to some +% extent. You can get the existing language-specific files from the +% full Texinfo distribution. +% +% The GNU Texinfo home page is http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo. + + +\message{Loading texinfo [version \texinfoversion]:} + +% If in a .fmt file, print the version number +% and turn on active characters that we couldn't do earlier because +% they might have appeared in the input file name. +\everyjob{\message{[Texinfo version \texinfoversion]}% + \catcode`+=\active \catcode`\_=\active} + + +\chardef\other=12 + +% We never want plain's \outer definition of \+ in Texinfo. +% For @tex, we can use \tabalign. +\let\+ = \relax + +% Save some plain tex macros whose names we will redefine. +\let\ptexb=\b +\let\ptexbullet=\bullet +\let\ptexc=\c +\let\ptexcomma=\, +\let\ptexdot=\. +\let\ptexdots=\dots +\let\ptexend=\end +\let\ptexequiv=\equiv +\let\ptexexclam=\! +\let\ptexfootnote=\footnote +\let\ptexgtr=> +\let\ptexhat=^ +\let\ptexi=\i +\let\ptexindent=\indent +\let\ptexinsert=\insert +\let\ptexlbrace=\{ +\let\ptexless=< +\let\ptexnewwrite\newwrite +\let\ptexnoindent=\noindent +\let\ptexplus=+ +\let\ptexrbrace=\} +\let\ptexslash=\/ +\let\ptexstar=\* +\let\ptext=\t +\let\ptextop=\top +{\catcode`\'=\active +\global\let\ptexquoteright'}% Math-mode def from plain.tex. +\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright + +% If this character appears in an error message or help string, it +% starts a new line in the output. +\newlinechar = `^^J + +% Use TeX 3.0's \inputlineno to get the line number, for better error +% messages, but if we're using an old version of TeX, don't do anything. +% +\ifx\inputlineno\thisisundefined + \let\linenumber = \empty % Pre-3.0. +\else + \def\linenumber{l.\the\inputlineno:\space} +\fi + +% Set up fixed words for English if not already set. +\ifx\putwordAppendix\undefined \gdef\putwordAppendix{Appendix}\fi +\ifx\putwordChapter\undefined \gdef\putwordChapter{Chapter}\fi +\ifx\putwordfile\undefined \gdef\putwordfile{file}\fi +\ifx\putwordin\undefined \gdef\putwordin{in}\fi +\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi +\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi +\ifx\putwordInfo\undefined \gdef\putwordInfo{Info}\fi +\ifx\putwordInstanceVariableof\undefined \gdef\putwordInstanceVariableof{Instance Variable of}\fi +\ifx\putwordMethodon\undefined \gdef\putwordMethodon{Method on}\fi +\ifx\putwordNoTitle\undefined \gdef\putwordNoTitle{No Title}\fi +\ifx\putwordof\undefined \gdef\putwordof{of}\fi +\ifx\putwordon\undefined \gdef\putwordon{on}\fi +\ifx\putwordpage\undefined \gdef\putwordpage{page}\fi +\ifx\putwordsection\undefined \gdef\putwordsection{section}\fi +\ifx\putwordSection\undefined \gdef\putwordSection{Section}\fi +\ifx\putwordsee\undefined \gdef\putwordsee{see}\fi +\ifx\putwordSee\undefined \gdef\putwordSee{See}\fi +\ifx\putwordShortTOC\undefined \gdef\putwordShortTOC{Short Contents}\fi +\ifx\putwordTOC\undefined \gdef\putwordTOC{Table of Contents}\fi +% +\ifx\putwordMJan\undefined \gdef\putwordMJan{January}\fi +\ifx\putwordMFeb\undefined \gdef\putwordMFeb{February}\fi +\ifx\putwordMMar\undefined \gdef\putwordMMar{March}\fi +\ifx\putwordMApr\undefined \gdef\putwordMApr{April}\fi +\ifx\putwordMMay\undefined \gdef\putwordMMay{May}\fi +\ifx\putwordMJun\undefined \gdef\putwordMJun{June}\fi +\ifx\putwordMJul\undefined \gdef\putwordMJul{July}\fi +\ifx\putwordMAug\undefined \gdef\putwordMAug{August}\fi +\ifx\putwordMSep\undefined \gdef\putwordMSep{September}\fi +\ifx\putwordMOct\undefined \gdef\putwordMOct{October}\fi +\ifx\putwordMNov\undefined \gdef\putwordMNov{November}\fi +\ifx\putwordMDec\undefined \gdef\putwordMDec{December}\fi +% +\ifx\putwordDefmac\undefined \gdef\putwordDefmac{Macro}\fi +\ifx\putwordDefspec\undefined \gdef\putwordDefspec{Special Form}\fi +\ifx\putwordDefvar\undefined \gdef\putwordDefvar{Variable}\fi +\ifx\putwordDefopt\undefined \gdef\putwordDefopt{User Option}\fi +\ifx\putwordDeffunc\undefined \gdef\putwordDeffunc{Function}\fi + +% Since the category of space is not known, we have to be careful. +\chardef\spacecat = 10 +\def\spaceisspace{\catcode`\ =\spacecat} + +% sometimes characters are active, so we need control sequences. +\chardef\colonChar = `\: +\chardef\commaChar = `\, +\chardef\dashChar = `\- +\chardef\dotChar = `\. +\chardef\exclamChar= `\! +\chardef\lquoteChar= `\` +\chardef\questChar = `\? +\chardef\rquoteChar= `\' +\chardef\semiChar = `\; +\chardef\underChar = `\_ + +% Ignore a token. +% +\def\gobble#1{} + +% The following is used inside several \edef's. +\def\makecsname#1{\expandafter\noexpand\csname#1\endcsname} + +% Hyphenation fixes. +\hyphenation{ + Flor-i-da Ghost-script Ghost-view Mac-OS Post-Script + ap-pen-dix bit-map bit-maps + data-base data-bases eshell fall-ing half-way long-est man-u-script + man-u-scripts mini-buf-fer mini-buf-fers over-view par-a-digm + par-a-digms rath-er rec-tan-gu-lar ro-bot-ics se-vere-ly set-up spa-ces + spell-ing spell-ings + stand-alone strong-est time-stamp time-stamps which-ever white-space + wide-spread wrap-around +} + +% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages. +\newdimen\bindingoffset +\newdimen\normaloffset +\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight + +% For a final copy, take out the rectangles +% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided +% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin). +% +\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt} + +% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line. It should +% surround any changed text. This approach does *not* work if the +% change spans more than two lines of output. To handle that, we would +% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main +% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change). +% +\def\|{% + % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode. + \leavevmode + % + % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output. + \vadjust{% + % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current + % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record. + \vskip-\baselineskip + % + % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type. So + % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin. + \llap{% + % + % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'. + \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt + % + % This is the space between the bar and the text. + \hskip 12pt + }% + }% +} + +% Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file +% and nothing on the terminal. We don't just call \tracingall here, +% since that produces some useless output on the terminal. We also make +% some effort to order the tracing commands to reduce output in the log +% file; cf. trace.sty in LaTeX. +% +\def\gloggingall{\begingroup \globaldefs = 1 \loggingall \endgroup}% +\def\loggingall{% + \tracingstats2 + \tracingpages1 + \tracinglostchars2 % 2 gives us more in etex + \tracingparagraphs1 + \tracingoutput1 + \tracingmacros2 + \tracingrestores1 + \showboxbreadth\maxdimen \showboxdepth\maxdimen + \ifx\eTeXversion\undefined\else % etex gives us more logging + \tracingscantokens1 + \tracingifs1 + \tracinggroups1 + \tracingnesting2 + \tracingassigns1 + \fi + \tracingcommands3 % 3 gives us more in etex + \errorcontextlines16 +}% + +% add check for \lastpenalty to plain's definitions. If the last thing +% we did was a \nobreak, we don't want to insert more space. +% +\def\smallbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\smallskipamount + \removelastskip\penalty-50\smallskip\fi\fi} +\def\medbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\medskipamount + \removelastskip\penalty-100\medskip\fi\fi} +\def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount + \removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi} + +% For @cropmarks command. +% Do @cropmarks to get crop marks. +% +\newif\ifcropmarks +\let\cropmarks = \cropmarkstrue +% +% Dimensions to add cropmarks at corners. +% Added by P. A. MacKay, 12 Nov. 1986 +% +\newdimen\outerhsize \newdimen\outervsize % set by the paper size routines +\newdimen\cornerlong \cornerlong=1pc +\newdimen\cornerthick \cornerthick=.3pt +\newdimen\topandbottommargin \topandbottommargin=.75in + +% Output a mark which sets \thischapter, \thissection and \thiscolor. +% We dump everything together because we only have one kind of mark. +% This works because we only use \botmark / \topmark, not \firstmark. +% +% A mark contains a subexpression of the \ifcase ... \fi construct. +% \get*marks macros below extract the needed part using \ifcase. +% +% Another complication is to let the user choose whether \thischapter +% (\thissection) refers to the chapter (section) in effect at the top +% of a page, or that at the bottom of a page. The solution is +% described on page 260 of The TeXbook. It involves outputting two +% marks for the sectioning macros, one before the section break, and +% one after. I won't pretend I can describe this better than DEK... +\def\domark{% + \toks0=\expandafter{\lastchapterdefs}% + \toks2=\expandafter{\lastsectiondefs}% + \toks4=\expandafter{\prevchapterdefs}% + \toks6=\expandafter{\prevsectiondefs}% + \toks8=\expandafter{\lastcolordefs}% + \mark{% + \the\toks0 \the\toks2 + \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6 + \noexpand\else \the\toks8 + }% +} +% \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title +% page or the contents), so we use \firstmark there -- this gets us +% the mark with the chapter defs, unless the user sneaks in, e.g., +% @setcolor (or @url, or @link, etc.) between @contents and the very +% first @chapter. +\def\gettopheadingmarks{% + \ifcase0\topmark\fi + \ifx\thischapter\empty \ifcase0\firstmark\fi \fi +} +\def\getbottomheadingmarks{\ifcase1\botmark\fi} +\def\getcolormarks{\ifcase2\topmark\fi} + +% Avoid "undefined control sequence" errors. +\def\lastchapterdefs{} +\def\lastsectiondefs{} +\def\prevchapterdefs{} +\def\prevsectiondefs{} +\def\lastcolordefs{} + +% Main output routine. +\chardef\PAGE = 255 +\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}} + +\newbox\headlinebox +\newbox\footlinebox + +% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument. Note that \pagecontents +% does insertions, but you have to call it yourself. +\def\onepageout#1{% + \ifcropmarks \hoffset=0pt \else \hoffset=\normaloffset \fi + % + \ifodd\pageno \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset + \else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi + % + % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in + % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code). + \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi + \setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makeheadline}% + \ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi + \setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}% + % + {% + % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to + % take effect in \write's, yet the group defined by the \vbox ends + % before the \shipout runs. + % + \indexdummies % don't expand commands in the output. + \normalturnoffactive % \ in index entries must not stay \, e.g., if + % the page break happens to be in the middle of an example. + % We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this: + % \entry{{\tt \indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}} + % "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in; + % it needs to be + % {\code {{\tt \backslashcurfont }acronym} + \shipout\vbox{% + % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page. + \ifpdfmakepagedest \pdfdest name{\the\pageno} xyz\fi + % + \ifcropmarks \vbox to \outervsize\bgroup + \hsize = \outerhsize + \vskip-\topandbottommargin + \vtop to0pt{% + \line{\ewtop\hfil\ewtop}% + \nointerlineskip + \line{% + \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nstop}% + \hfill + \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nstop}% + }% + \vss}% + \vskip\topandbottommargin + \line\bgroup + \hfil % center the page within the outer (page) hsize. + \ifodd\pageno\hskip\bindingoffset\fi + \vbox\bgroup + \fi + % + \unvbox\headlinebox + \pagebody{#1}% + \ifdim\ht\footlinebox > 0pt + % Only leave this space if the footline is nonempty. + % (We lessened \vsize for it in \oddfootingyyy.) + % The \baselineskip=24pt in plain's \makefootline has no effect. + \vskip 24pt + \unvbox\footlinebox + \fi + % + \ifcropmarks + \egroup % end of \vbox\bgroup + \hfil\egroup % end of (centering) \line\bgroup + \vskip\topandbottommargin plus1fill minus1fill + \boxmaxdepth = \cornerthick + \vbox to0pt{\vss + \line{% + \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nsbot}% + \hfill + \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nsbot}% + }% + \nointerlineskip + \line{\ewbot\hfil\ewbot}% + }% + \egroup % \vbox from first cropmarks clause + \fi + }% end of \shipout\vbox + }% end of group with \indexdummies + \advancepageno + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi +} + +\newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen + +\def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}} +{\catcode`\@ =11 +\gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi +% marginal hacks, juha@viisa.uucp (Juha Takala) +\ifvoid\margin\else % marginal info is present + \rlap{\kern\hsize\vbox to\z@{\kern1pt\box\margin \vss}}\fi +\dimen@=\dp#1\relax \unvbox#1\relax +\ifvoid\footins\else\vskip\skip\footins\footnoterule \unvbox\footins\fi +\ifr@ggedbottom \kern-\dimen@ \vfil \fi} +} + +% Here are the rules for the cropmarks. Note that they are +% offset so that the space between them is truly \outerhsize or \outervsize +% (P. A. MacKay, 12 November, 1986) +% +\def\ewtop{\vrule height\cornerthick depth0pt width\cornerlong} +\def\nstop{\vbox + {\hrule height\cornerthick depth\cornerlong width\cornerthick}} +\def\ewbot{\vrule height0pt depth\cornerthick width\cornerlong} +\def\nsbot{\vbox + {\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}} + +% Parse an argument, then pass it to #1. The argument is the rest of +% the input line (except we remove a trailing comment). #1 should be a +% macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument. +% +\def\parsearg{\parseargusing{}} +\def\parseargusing#1#2{% + \def\argtorun{#2}% + \begingroup + \obeylines + \spaceisspace + #1% + \parseargline\empty% Insert the \empty token, see \finishparsearg below. +} + +{\obeylines % + \gdef\parseargline#1^^M{% + \endgroup % End of the group started in \parsearg. + \argremovecomment #1\comment\ArgTerm% + }% +} + +% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment. +\def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\ArgTerm{\argremovec #1\c\ArgTerm} +\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm} + +% Each occurrence of `\^^M' or `<space>\^^M' is replaced by a single space. +% +% \argremovec might leave us with trailing space, e.g., +% @end itemize @c foo +% This space token undergoes the same procedure and is eventually removed +% by \finishparsearg. +% +\def\argcheckspaces#1\^^M{\argcheckspacesX#1\^^M \^^M} +\def\argcheckspacesX#1 \^^M{\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M} +\def\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M#2\^^M#3\ArgTerm{% + \def\temp{#3}% + \ifx\temp\empty + % Do not use \next, perhaps the caller of \parsearg uses it; reuse \temp: + \let\temp\finishparsearg + \else + \let\temp\argcheckspaces + \fi + % Put the space token in: + \temp#1 #3\ArgTerm +} + +% If a _delimited_ argument is enclosed in braces, they get stripped; so +% to get _exactly_ the rest of the line, we had to prevent such situation. +% We prepended an \empty token at the very beginning and we expand it now, +% just before passing the control to \argtorun. +% (Similarly, we have to think about #3 of \argcheckspacesY above: it is +% either the null string, or it ends with \^^M---thus there is no danger +% that a pair of braces would be stripped. +% +% But first, we have to remove the trailing space token. +% +\def\finishparsearg#1 \ArgTerm{\expandafter\argtorun\expandafter{#1}} + +% \parseargdef\foo{...} +% is roughly equivalent to +% \def\foo{\parsearg\Xfoo} +% \def\Xfoo#1{...} +% +% Actually, I use \csname\string\foo\endcsname, ie. \\foo, as it is my +% favourite TeX trick. --kasal, 16nov03 + +\def\parseargdef#1{% + \expandafter \doparseargdef \csname\string#1\endcsname #1% +} +\def\doparseargdef#1#2{% + \def#2{\parsearg#1}% + \def#1##1% +} + +% Several utility definitions with active space: +{ + \obeyspaces + \gdef\obeyedspace{ } + + % Make each space character in the input produce a normal interword + % space in the output. Don't allow a line break at this space, as this + % is used only in environments like @example, where each line of input + % should produce a line of output anyway. + % + \gdef\sepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\tie} + + % If an index command is used in an @example environment, any spaces + % therein should become regular spaces in the raw index file, not the + % expansion of \tie (\leavevmode \penalty \@M \ ). + \gdef\unsepspaces{\let =\space} +} + + +\def\flushcr{\ifx\par\lisppar \def\next##1{}\else \let\next=\relax \fi \next} + +% Define the framework for environments in texinfo.tex. It's used like this: +% +% \envdef\foo{...} +% \def\Efoo{...} +% +% It's the responsibility of \envdef to insert \begingroup before the +% actual body; @end closes the group after calling \Efoo. \envdef also +% defines \thisenv, so the current environment is known; @end checks +% whether the environment name matches. The \checkenv macro can also be +% used to check whether the current environment is the one expected. +% +% Non-false conditionals (@iftex, @ifset) don't fit into this, so they +% are not treated as environments; they don't open a group. (The +% implementation of @end takes care not to call \endgroup in this +% special case.) + + +% At run-time, environments start with this: +\def\startenvironment#1{\begingroup\def\thisenv{#1}} +% initialize +\let\thisenv\empty + +% ... but they get defined via ``\envdef\foo{...}'': +\long\def\envdef#1#2{\def#1{\startenvironment#1#2}} +\def\envparseargdef#1#2{\parseargdef#1{\startenvironment#1#2}} + +% Check whether we're in the right environment: +\def\checkenv#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\thisenv\temp + \else + \badenverr + \fi +} + +% Environment mismatch, #1 expected: +\def\badenverr{% + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{This command can appear only \inenvironment\temp, + not \inenvironment\thisenv}% +} +\def\inenvironment#1{% + \ifx#1\empty + out of any environment% + \else + in environment \expandafter\string#1% + \fi +} + +% @end foo executes the definition of \Efoo. +% But first, it executes a specialized version of \checkenv +% +\parseargdef\end{% + \if 1\csname iscond.#1\endcsname + \else + % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal, but... --kasal, 06nov03 + \expandafter\checkenv\csname#1\endcsname + \csname E#1\endcsname + \endgroup + \fi +} + +\newhelp\EMsimple{Press RETURN to continue.} + + +%% Simple single-character @ commands + +% @@ prints an @ +% Kludge this until the fonts are right (grr). +\def\@{{\tt\char64}} + +% This is turned off because it was never documented +% and you can use @w{...} around a quote to suppress ligatures. +%% Define @` and @' to be the same as ` and ' +%% but suppressing ligatures. +%\def\`{{`}} +%\def\'{{'}} + +% Used to generate quoted braces. +\def\mylbrace {{\tt\char123}} +\def\myrbrace {{\tt\char125}} +\let\{=\mylbrace +\let\}=\myrbrace +\begingroup + % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices, + % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files. + \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other + \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2 + \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other + !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]% + !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]% + !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]% + !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]% +!endgroup + +% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems. +\let\comma = , + +% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent +% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H. +\let\, = \c +\let\dotaccent = \. +\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}} +\let\tieaccent = \t +\let\ubaraccent = \b +\let\udotaccent = \d + +% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm +% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss. +\def\questiondown{?`} +\def\exclamdown{!`} +\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}} +\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}} + +% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents. +\def\imacro{i} +\def\jmacro{j} +\def\dotless#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\imacro \ifmmode\imath \else\ptexi \fi + \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \ifmmode\jmath \else\j \fi + \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}% + \fi\fi +} + +% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a +% period following counts as ending a sentence. (Idea found in latex.) +% +\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 } + +% @LaTeX{} logo. Not quite the same results as the definition in +% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most +% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using +% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and +% \scriptscriptstyle). +% +\def\LaTeX{% + L\kern-.36em + {\setbox0=\hbox{T}% + \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize A}\vss}}% + \kern-.15em + \TeX +} + +% Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space +% equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space +% at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and +% since \penalty is valid in vertical mode, we'd end up putting the +% penalty on the vertical list instead of in the new paragraph. +{\catcode`@ = 11 + % Avoid using \@M directly, because that causes trouble + % if the definition is written into an index file. + \global\let\tiepenalty = \@M + \gdef\tie{\leavevmode\penalty\tiepenalty\ } +} + +% @: forces normal size whitespace following. +\def\:{\spacefactor=1000 } + +% @* forces a line break. +\def\*{\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces} + +% @/ allows a line break. +\let\/=\allowbreak + +% @. is an end-of-sentence period. +\def\.{.\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space} + +% @! is an end-of-sentence bang. +\def\!{!\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space} + +% @? is an end-of-sentence query. +\def\?{?\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space} + +% @frenchspacing on|off says whether to put extra space after punctuation. +% +\def\onword{on} +\def\offword{off} +% +\parseargdef\frenchspacing{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\onword \plainfrenchspacing + \else\ifx\temp\offword \plainnonfrenchspacing + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on/off}% + \fi\fi +} + +% @w prevents a word break. Without the \leavevmode, @w at the +% beginning of a paragraph, when TeX is still in vertical mode, would +% produce a whole line of output instead of starting the paragraph. +\def\w#1{\leavevmode\hbox{#1}} + +% @group ... @end group forces ... to be all on one page, by enclosing +% it in a TeX vbox. We use \vtop instead of \vbox to construct the box +% to keep its height that of a normal line. According to the rules for +% \topskip (p.114 of the TeXbook), the glue inserted is +% max (\topskip - \ht (first item), 0). If that height is large, +% therefore, no glue is inserted, and the space between the headline and +% the text is small, which looks bad. +% +% Another complication is that the group might be very large. This can +% cause the glue on the previous page to be unduly stretched, because it +% does not have much material. In this case, it's better to add an +% explicit \vfill so that the extra space is at the bottom. The +% threshold for doing this is if the group is more than \vfilllimit +% percent of a page (\vfilllimit can be changed inside of @tex). +% +\newbox\groupbox +\def\vfilllimit{0.7} +% +\envdef\group{% + \ifnum\catcode`\^^M=\active \else + \errhelp = \groupinvalidhelp + \errmessage{@group invalid in context where filling is enabled}% + \fi + \startsavinginserts + % + \setbox\groupbox = \vtop\bgroup + % Do @comment since we are called inside an environment such as + % @example, where each end-of-line in the input causes an + % end-of-line in the output. We don't want the end-of-line after + % the `@group' to put extra space in the output. Since @group + % should appear on a line by itself (according to the Texinfo + % manual), we don't worry about eating any user text. + \comment +} +% +% The \vtop produces a box with normal height and large depth; thus, TeX puts +% \baselineskip glue before it, and (when the next line of text is done) +% \lineskip glue after it. Thus, space below is not quite equal to space +% above. But it's pretty close. +\def\Egroup{% + % To get correct interline space between the last line of the group + % and the first line afterwards, we have to propagate \prevdepth. + \endgraf % Not \par, as it may have been set to \lisppar. + \global\dimen1 = \prevdepth + \egroup % End the \vtop. + % \dimen0 is the vertical size of the group's box. + \dimen0 = \ht\groupbox \advance\dimen0 by \dp\groupbox + % \dimen2 is how much space is left on the page (more or less). + \dimen2 = \pageheight \advance\dimen2 by -\pagetotal + % if the group doesn't fit on the current page, and it's a big big + % group, force a page break. + \ifdim \dimen0 > \dimen2 + \ifdim \pagetotal < \vfilllimit\pageheight + \page + \fi + \fi + \box\groupbox + \prevdepth = \dimen1 + \checkinserts +} +% +% TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help +% message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'. +% +\newhelp\groupinvalidhelp{% +group can only be used in environments such as @example,^^J% +where each line of input produces a line of output.} + +% @need space-in-mils +% forces a page break if there is not space-in-mils remaining. + +\newdimen\mil \mil=0.001in + +% Old definition--didn't work. +%\parseargdef\need{\par % +%% This method tries to make TeX break the page naturally +%% if the depth of the box does not fit. +%{\baselineskip=0pt% +%\vtop to #1\mil{\vfil}\kern -#1\mil\nobreak +%\prevdepth=-1000pt +%}} + +\parseargdef\need{% + % Ensure vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a + % paragraph. + \par + % + % If the @need value is less than one line space, it's useless. + \dimen0 = #1\mil + \dimen2 = \ht\strutbox + \advance\dimen2 by \dp\strutbox + \ifdim\dimen0 > \dimen2 + % + % Do a \strut just to make the height of this box be normal, so the + % normal leading is inserted relative to the preceding line. + % And a page break here is fine. + \vtop to #1\mil{\strut\vfil}% + % + % TeX does not even consider page breaks if a penalty added to the + % main vertical list is 10000 or more. But in order to see if the + % empty box we just added fits on the page, we must make it consider + % page breaks. On the other hand, we don't want to actually break the + % page after the empty box. So we use a penalty of 9999. + % + % There is an extremely small chance that TeX will actually break the + % page at this \penalty, if there are no other feasible breakpoints in + % sight. (If the user is using lots of big @group commands, which + % almost-but-not-quite fill up a page, TeX will have a hard time doing + % good page breaking, for example.) However, I could not construct an + % example where a page broke at this \penalty; if it happens in a real + % document, then we can reconsider our strategy. + \penalty9999 + % + % Back up by the size of the box, whether we did a page break or not. + \kern -#1\mil + % + % Do not allow a page break right after this kern. + \nobreak + \fi +} + +% @br forces paragraph break (and is undocumented). + +\let\br = \par + +% @page forces the start of a new page. +% +\def\page{\par\vfill\supereject} + +% @exdent text.... +% outputs text on separate line in roman font, starting at standard page margin + +% This records the amount of indent in the innermost environment. +% That's how much \exdent should take out. +\newskip\exdentamount + +% This defn is used inside fill environments such as @defun. +\parseargdef\exdent{\hfil\break\hbox{\kern -\exdentamount{\rm#1}}\hfil\break} + +% This defn is used inside nofill environments such as @example. +\parseargdef\nofillexdent{{\advance \leftskip by -\exdentamount + \leftline{\hskip\leftskip{\rm#1}}}} + +% @inmargin{WHICH}{TEXT} puts TEXT in the WHICH margin next to the current +% paragraph. For more general purposes, use the \margin insertion +% class. WHICH is `l' or `r'. +% +\newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm +\def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox} +% +\def\doinmargin#1#2{\strut\vadjust{% + \nobreak + \kern-\strutdepth + \vtop to \strutdepth{% + \baselineskip=\strutdepth + \vss + % if you have multiple lines of stuff to put here, you'll need to + % make the vbox yourself of the appropriate size. + \ifx#1l% + \llap{\ignorespaces #2\hskip\inmarginspacing}% + \else + \rlap{\hskip\hsize \hskip\inmarginspacing \ignorespaces #2}% + \fi + \null + }% +}} +\def\inleftmargin{\doinmargin l} +\def\inrightmargin{\doinmargin r} +% +% @inmargin{TEXT [, RIGHT-TEXT]} +% (if RIGHT-TEXT is given, use TEXT for left page, RIGHT-TEXT for right; +% else use TEXT for both). +% +\def\inmargin#1{\parseinmargin #1,,\finish} +\def\parseinmargin#1,#2,#3\finish{% not perfect, but better than nothing. + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt + \def\lefttext{#1}% have both texts + \def\righttext{#2}% + \else + \def\lefttext{#1}% have only one text + \def\righttext{#1}% + \fi + % + \ifodd\pageno + \def\temp{\inrightmargin\righttext}% odd page -> outside is right margin + \else + \def\temp{\inleftmargin\lefttext}% + \fi + \temp +} + +% @include FILE -- \input text of FILE. +% +\def\include{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\includezzz} +\def\includezzz#1{% + \pushthisfilestack + \def\thisfile{#1}% + {% + \makevalueexpandable % we want to expand any @value in FILE. + \turnoffactive % and allow special characters in the expansion + \indexnofonts % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names. + \edef\temp{\noexpand\input #1 }% + % + % This trickery is to read FILE outside of a group, in case it makes + % definitions, etc. + \expandafter + }\temp + \popthisfilestack +} +\def\filenamecatcodes{% + \catcode`\\=\other + \catcode`~=\other + \catcode`^=\other + \catcode`_=\other + \catcode`|=\other + \catcode`<=\other + \catcode`>=\other + \catcode`+=\other + \catcode`-=\other + \catcode`\`=\other + \catcode`\'=\other +} + +\def\pushthisfilestack{% + \expandafter\pushthisfilestackX\popthisfilestack\StackTerm +} +\def\pushthisfilestackX{% + \expandafter\pushthisfilestackY\thisfile\StackTerm +} +\def\pushthisfilestackY #1\StackTerm #2\StackTerm {% + \gdef\popthisfilestack{\gdef\thisfile{#1}\gdef\popthisfilestack{#2}}% +} + +\def\popthisfilestack{\errthisfilestackempty} +\def\errthisfilestackempty{\errmessage{Internal error: + the stack of filenames is empty.}} + +\def\thisfile{} + +% @center line +% outputs that line, centered. +% +\parseargdef\center{% + \ifhmode + \let\next\centerH + \else + \let\next\centerV + \fi + \next{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}% +} +\def\centerH#1{% + {% + \hfil\break + \advance\hsize by -\leftskip + \advance\hsize by -\rightskip + \line{#1}% + \break + }% +} +\def\centerV#1{\line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}} + +% @sp n outputs n lines of vertical space + +\parseargdef\sp{\vskip #1\baselineskip} + +% @comment ...line which is ignored... +% @c is the same as @comment +% @ignore ... @end ignore is another way to write a comment + +\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\other% +\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other% +\commentxxx} +{\catcode`\^^M=\other \gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}} + +\let\c=\comment + +% @paragraphindent NCHARS +% We'll use ems for NCHARS, close enough. +% NCHARS can also be the word `asis' or `none'. +% We cannot feasibly implement @paragraphindent asis, though. +% +\def\asisword{asis} % no translation, these are keywords +\def\noneword{none} +% +\parseargdef\paragraphindent{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\asisword + \else + \ifx\temp\noneword + \defaultparindent = 0pt + \else + \defaultparindent = #1em + \fi + \fi + \parindent = \defaultparindent +} + +% @exampleindent NCHARS +% We'll use ems for NCHARS like @paragraphindent. +% It seems @exampleindent asis isn't necessary, but +% I preserve it to make it similar to @paragraphindent. +\parseargdef\exampleindent{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\asisword + \else + \ifx\temp\noneword + \lispnarrowing = 0pt + \else + \lispnarrowing = #1em + \fi + \fi +} + +% @firstparagraphindent WORD +% If WORD is `none', then suppress indentation of the first paragraph +% after a section heading. If WORD is `insert', then do indent at such +% paragraphs. +% +% The paragraph indentation is suppressed or not by calling +% \suppressfirstparagraphindent, which the sectioning commands do. +% We switch the definition of this back and forth according to WORD. +% By default, we suppress indentation. +% +\def\suppressfirstparagraphindent{\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent} +\def\insertword{insert} +% +\parseargdef\firstparagraphindent{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\noneword + \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \dosuppressfirstparagraphindent + \else\ifx\temp\insertword + \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \relax + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @firstparagraphindent option `\temp'}% + \fi\fi +} + +% Here is how we actually suppress indentation. Redefine \everypar to +% \kern backwards by \parindent, and then reset itself to empty. +% +% We also make \indent itself not actually do anything until the next +% paragraph. +% +\gdef\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent{% + \gdef\indent{% + \restorefirstparagraphindent + \indent + }% + \gdef\noindent{% + \restorefirstparagraphindent + \noindent + }% + \global\everypar = {% + \kern -\parindent + \restorefirstparagraphindent + }% +} + +\gdef\restorefirstparagraphindent{% + \global \let \indent = \ptexindent + \global \let \noindent = \ptexnoindent + \global \everypar = {}% +} + + +% @asis just yields its argument. Used with @table, for example. +% +\def\asis#1{#1} + +% @math outputs its argument in math mode. +% +% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean +% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}. So make +% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam, +% which is what @var uses. +{ + \catcode`\_ = \active + \gdef\mathunderscore{% + \catcode`\_=\active + \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}% + } +} +% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a \ character. +% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (why?), but +% this is not advertised and we don't care. Texinfo does not +% otherwise define @\. +% +% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\. +\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi} +% +\def\math{% + \tex + \mathunderscore + \let\\ = \mathbackslash + \mathactive + % make the texinfo accent commands work in math mode + \let\"=\ddot + \let\'=\acute + \let\==\bar + \let\^=\hat + \let\`=\grave + \let\u=\breve + \let\v=\check + \let\~=\tilde + \let\dotaccent=\dot + $\finishmath +} +\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup} % Close the group opened by \tex. + +% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math. +% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument +% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section). +% +{ + \catcode`^ = \active + \catcode`< = \active + \catcode`> = \active + \catcode`+ = \active + \catcode`' = \active + \gdef\mathactive{% + \let^ = \ptexhat + \let< = \ptexless + \let> = \ptexgtr + \let+ = \ptexplus + \let' = \ptexquoteright + } +} + +% Some math mode symbols. +\def\bullet{$\ptexbullet$} +\def\geq{\ifmmode \ge\else $\ge$\fi} +\def\leq{\ifmmode \le\else $\le$\fi} +\def\minus{\ifmmode -\else $-$\fi} + +% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font. +% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm +% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand, +% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em. So do +% whichever is larger. +% +\def\dots{% + \leavevmode + \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods + \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em + \dimen0 = \wd0 + \else + \dimen0 = 1.5em + \fi + \hbox to \dimen0{% + \hskip 0pt plus.25fil + .\hskip 0pt plus1fil + .\hskip 0pt plus1fil + .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil + }% +} + +% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis. +% +\def\enddots{% + \dots + \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor +} + +% @comma{} is so commas can be inserted into text without messing up +% Texinfo's parsing. +% +\let\comma = , + +% @refill is a no-op. +\let\refill=\relax + +% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to +% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs. +% This is done with @novalidate (before @setfilename). +% +\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files. +\let\novalidate = \linksfalse + +% @setfilename is done at the beginning of every texinfo file. +% So open here the files we need to have open while reading the input. +% This makes it possible to make a .fmt file for texinfo. +\def\setfilename{% + \fixbackslash % Turn off hack to swallow `\input texinfo'. + \iflinks + \tryauxfile + % Open the new aux file. TeX will close it automatically at exit. + \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux + \fi % \openindices needs to do some work in any case. + \openindices + \let\setfilename=\comment % Ignore extra @setfilename cmds. + % + % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it. + % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc. + \openin 1 texinfo.cnf + \ifeof 1 \else \input texinfo.cnf \fi + \closein 1 + % + \comment % Ignore the actual filename. +} + +% Called from \setfilename. +% +\def\openindices{% + \newindex{cp}% + \newcodeindex{fn}% + \newcodeindex{vr}% + \newcodeindex{tp}% + \newcodeindex{ky}% + \newcodeindex{pg}% +} + +% @bye. +\outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend} + + +\message{pdf,} +% adobe `portable' document format +\newcount\tempnum +\newcount\lnkcount +\newtoks\filename +\newcount\filenamelength +\newcount\pgn +\newtoks\toksA +\newtoks\toksB +\newtoks\toksC +\newtoks\toksD +\newbox\boxA +\newcount\countA +\newif\ifpdf +\newif\ifpdfmakepagedest + +% when pdftex is run in dvi mode, \pdfoutput is defined (so \pdfoutput=1 +% can be set). So we test for \relax and 0 as well as \undefined, +% borrowed from ifpdf.sty. +\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined +\else + \ifx\pdfoutput\relax + \else + \ifcase\pdfoutput + \else + \pdftrue + \fi + \fi +\fi + +% PDF uses PostScript string constants for the names of xref targets, +% for display in the outlines, and in other places. Thus, we have to +% double any backslashes. Otherwise, a name like "\node" will be +% interpreted as a newline (\n), followed by o, d, e. Not good. +% http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html +% (and related messages, the final outcome is that it is up to the TeX +% user to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so +% that's what we do). + +% double active backslashes. +% +{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active + @gdef@activebackslashdouble{% + @catcode`@\=@active + @let\=@doublebackslash} +} + +% To handle parens, we must adopt a different approach, since parens are +% not active characters. hyperref.dtx (which has the same problem as +% us) handles it with this amazing macro to replace tokens, with minor +% changes for Texinfo. It is included here under the GPL by permission +% from the author, Heiko Oberdiek. +% +% #1 is the tokens to replace. +% #2 is the replacement. +% #3 is the control sequence with the string. +% +\def\HyPsdSubst#1#2#3{% + \def\HyPsdReplace##1#1##2\END{% + ##1% + \ifx\\##2\\% + \else + #2% + \HyReturnAfterFi{% + \HyPsdReplace##2\END + }% + \fi + }% + \xdef#3{\expandafter\HyPsdReplace#3#1\END}% +} +\long\def\HyReturnAfterFi#1\fi{\fi#1} + +% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements. +\def\backslashparens#1{% + \xdef#1{#1}% redefine it as its expansion; the definition is simply + % \lastnode when called from \setref -> \pdfmkdest. + \HyPsdSubst{(}{\realbackslash(}{#1}% + \HyPsdSubst{)}{\realbackslash)}{#1}% +} + +\newhelp\nopdfimagehelp{Texinfo supports .png, .jpg, .jpeg, and .pdf images +with PDF output, and none of those formats could be found. (.eps cannot +be supported due to the design of the PDF format; use regular TeX (DVI +output) for that.)} + +\ifpdf + % + % Color manipulation macros based on pdfcolor.tex. + \def\cmykDarkRed{0.28 1 1 0.35} + \def\cmykBlack{0 0 0 1} + % + % k sets the color for filling (usual text, etc.); + % K sets the color for stroking (thin rules, e.g., normal _'s). + \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 k #1 K}} + % + % Set color, and create a mark which defines \thiscolor accordingly, + % so that \makeheadline knows which color to restore. + \def\setcolor#1{% + \xdef\lastcolordefs{\gdef\noexpand\thiscolor{#1}}% + \domark + \pdfsetcolor{#1}% + } + % + \def\maincolor{\cmykBlack} + \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor} + \edef\thiscolor{\maincolor} + \def\lastcolordefs{} + % + \def\makefootline{% + \baselineskip24pt + \line{\pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\footline}% + } + % + \def\makeheadline{% + \vbox to 0pt{% + \vskip-22.5pt + \line{% + \vbox to8.5pt{}% + % Extract \thiscolor definition from the marks. + \getcolormarks + % Typeset the headline with \maincolor, then restore the color. + \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\headline\pdfsetcolor{\thiscolor}% + }% + \vss + }% + \nointerlineskip + } + % + % + \pdfcatalog{/PageMode /UseOutlines} + % + % #1 is image name, #2 width (might be empty/whitespace), #3 height (ditto). + \def\dopdfimage#1#2#3{% + \def\imagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \def\imageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}% + % + % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .png, .jpg, .pdf (among + % others). Let's try in that order. + \let\pdfimgext=\empty + \begingroup + \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1 + \openin 1 #1.PDF \ifeof 1 + \errhelp = \nopdfimagehelp + \errmessage{Could not find image file #1 for pdf}% + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{PDF}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}% + \fi + \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}% + \fi + \closein 1 + \endgroup + % + % without \immediate, ancient pdftex seg faults when the same image is + % included twice. (Version 3.14159-pre-1.0-unofficial-20010704.) + \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 + \immediate\pdfimage + \else + \immediate\pdfximage + \fi + \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \imagewidth \fi + \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \imageheight \fi + \ifnum\pdftexversion<13 + #1.\pdfimgext + \else + {#1.\pdfimgext}% + \fi + \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 \else + \pdfrefximage \pdflastximage + \fi} + % + \def\pdfmkdest#1{{% + % We have to set dummies so commands such as @code, and characters + % such as \, aren't expanded when present in a section title. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \activebackslashdouble + \makevalueexpandable + \def\pdfdestname{#1}% + \backslashparens\pdfdestname + \safewhatsit{\pdfdest name{\pdfdestname} xyz}% + }} + % + % used to mark target names; must be expandable. + \def\pdfmkpgn#1{#1} + % + % by default, use a color that is dark enough to print on paper as + % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing. + \def\urlcolor{\cmykDarkRed} + \def\linkcolor{\cmykDarkRed} + \def\endlink{\setcolor{\maincolor}\pdfendlink} + % + % Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines + % come from Petr Olsak + \def\expnumber#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax 0% + \else \csname#1\endcsname \fi} + \def\advancenumber#1{\tempnum=\expnumber{#1}\relax + \advance\tempnum by 1 + \expandafter\xdef\csname#1\endcsname{\the\tempnum}} + % + % #1 is the section text, which is what will be displayed in the + % outline by the pdf viewer. #2 is the pdf expression for the number + % of subentries (or empty, for subsubsections). #3 is the node text, + % which might be empty if this toc entry had no corresponding node. + % #4 is the page number + % + \def\dopdfoutline#1#2#3#4{% + % Generate a link to the node text if that exists; else, use the + % page number. We could generate a destination for the section + % text in the case where a section has no node, but it doesn't + % seem worth the trouble, since most documents are normally structured. + \def\pdfoutlinedest{#3}% + \ifx\pdfoutlinedest\empty + \def\pdfoutlinedest{#4}% + \else + % Doubled backslashes in the name. + {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}% + \backslashparens\pdfoutlinedest}% + \fi + % + % Also double the backslashes in the display string. + {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}% + \backslashparens\pdfoutlinetext}% + % + \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfoutlinedest}}#2{\pdfoutlinetext}% + } + % + \def\pdfmakeoutlines{% + \begingroup + % Thanh's hack / proper braces in bookmarks + \edef\mylbrace{\iftrue \string{\else}\fi}\let\{=\mylbrace + \edef\myrbrace{\iffalse{\else\string}\fi}\let\}=\myrbrace + % + % Read toc silently, to get counts of subentries for \pdfoutline. + \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{% + \def\thischapnum{##2}% + \def\thissecnum{0}% + \def\thissubsecnum{0}% + }% + \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \advancenumber{chap\thischapnum}% + \def\thissecnum{##2}% + \def\thissubsecnum{0}% + }% + \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \advancenumber{sec\thissecnum}% + \def\thissubsecnum{##2}% + }% + \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \advancenumber{subsec\thissubsecnum}% + }% + \def\thischapnum{0}% + \def\thissecnum{0}% + \def\thissubsecnum{0}% + % + % use \def rather than \let here because we redefine \chapentry et + % al. a second time, below. + \def\appentry{\numchapentry}% + \def\appsecentry{\numsecentry}% + \def\appsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}% + \def\appsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}% + \def\unnchapentry{\numchapentry}% + \def\unnsecentry{\numsecentry}% + \def\unnsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}% + \def\unnsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}% + \readdatafile{toc}% + % + % Read toc second time, this time actually producing the outlines. + % The `-' means take the \expnumber as the absolute number of + % subentries, which we calculated on our first read of the .toc above. + % + % We use the node names as the destinations. + \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{% + \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{chap##2}}{##3}{##4}}% + \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{sec##2}}{##3}{##4}}% + \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% + \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{subsec##2}}{##3}{##4}}% + \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% count is always zero + \dopdfoutline{##1}{}{##3}{##4}}% + % + % PDF outlines are displayed using system fonts, instead of + % document fonts. Therefore we cannot use special characters, + % since the encoding is unknown. For example, the eogonek from + % Latin 2 (0xea) gets translated to a | character. Info from + % Staszek Wawrykiewicz, 19 Jan 2004 04:09:24 +0100. + % + % xx to do this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to + % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding. Right + % now, I guess we'll just let the pdf reader have its way. + \indexnofonts + \setupdatafile + \catcode`\\=\active \otherbackslash + \input \tocreadfilename + \endgroup + } + % + \def\skipspaces#1{\def\PP{#1}\def\D{|}% + \ifx\PP\D\let\nextsp\relax + \else\let\nextsp\skipspaces + \ifx\p\space\else\addtokens{\filename}{\PP}% + \advance\filenamelength by 1 + \fi + \fi + \nextsp} + \def\getfilename#1{\filenamelength=0\expandafter\skipspaces#1|\relax} + \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 + \let \startlink \pdfannotlink + \else + \let \startlink \pdfstartlink + \fi + % make a live url in pdf output. + \def\pdfurl#1{% + \begingroup + % it seems we really need yet another set of dummies; have not + % tried to figure out what each command should do in the context + % of @url. for now, just make @/ a no-op, that's the only one + % people have actually reported a problem with. + % + \normalturnoffactive + \def\@{@}% + \let\/=\empty + \makevalueexpandable + % do we want to go so far as to use \indexnofonts instead of just + % special-casing \var here? + \def\var##1{##1}% + % + \leavevmode\setcolor{\urlcolor}% + \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}% + user{/Subtype /Link /A << /S /URI /URI (#1) >>}% + \endgroup} + \def\pdfgettoks#1.{\setbox\boxA=\hbox{\toksA={#1.}\toksB={}\maketoks}} + \def\addtokens#1#2{\edef\addtoks{\noexpand#1={\the#1#2}}\addtoks} + \def\adn#1{\addtokens{\toksC}{#1}\global\countA=1\let\next=\maketoks} + \def\poptoks#1#2|ENDTOKS|{\let\first=#1\toksD={#1}\toksA={#2}} + \def\maketoks{% + \expandafter\poptoks\the\toksA|ENDTOKS|\relax + \ifx\first0\adn0 + \else\ifx\first1\adn1 \else\ifx\first2\adn2 \else\ifx\first3\adn3 + \else\ifx\first4\adn4 \else\ifx\first5\adn5 \else\ifx\first6\adn6 + \else\ifx\first7\adn7 \else\ifx\first8\adn8 \else\ifx\first9\adn9 + \else + \ifnum0=\countA\else\makelink\fi + \ifx\first.\let\next=\done\else + \let\next=\maketoks + \addtokens{\toksB}{\the\toksD} + \ifx\first,\addtokens{\toksB}{\space}\fi + \fi + \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi + \next} + \def\makelink{\addtokens{\toksB}% + {\noexpand\pdflink{\the\toksC}}\toksC={}\global\countA=0} + \def\pdflink#1{% + \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]} goto name{\pdfmkpgn{#1}} + \setcolor{\linkcolor}#1\endlink} + \def\done{\edef\st{\global\noexpand\toksA={\the\toksB}}\st} +\else + % non-pdf mode + \let\pdfmkdest = \gobble + \let\pdfurl = \gobble + \let\endlink = \relax + \let\setcolor = \gobble + \let\pdfsetcolor = \gobble + \let\pdfmakeoutlines = \relax +\fi % \ifx\pdfoutput + + +\message{fonts,} + +% Change the current font style to #1, remembering it in \curfontstyle. +% For now, we do not accumulate font styles: @b{@i{foo}} prints foo in +% italics, not bold italics. +% +\def\setfontstyle#1{% + \def\curfontstyle{#1}% not as a control sequence, because we are \edef'd. + \csname ten#1\endcsname % change the current font +} + +% Select #1 fonts with the current style. +% +\def\selectfonts#1{\csname #1fonts\endcsname \csname\curfontstyle\endcsname} + +\def\rm{\fam=0 \setfontstyle{rm}} +\def\it{\fam=\itfam \setfontstyle{it}} +\def\sl{\fam=\slfam \setfontstyle{sl}} +\def\bf{\fam=\bffam \setfontstyle{bf}}\def\bfstylename{bf} +\def\tt{\fam=\ttfam \setfontstyle{tt}} + +% Unfortunately, we have to override this for titles and the like, since +% in those cases "rm" is bold. Sigh. +\def\rmisbold{\rm\def\curfontstyle{bf}} + +% Texinfo sort of supports the sans serif font style, which plain TeX does not. +% So we set up a \sf. +\newfam\sffam +\def\sf{\fam=\sffam \setfontstyle{sf}} +\let\li = \sf % Sometimes we call it \li, not \sf. + +% We don't need math for this font style. +\def\ttsl{\setfontstyle{ttsl}} + + +% Default leading. +\newdimen\textleading \textleading = 13.2pt + +% Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size +% correspondingly. There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers +% used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined. +% +\def\lineskipfactor{.08333} +\def\strutheightpercent{.70833} +\def\strutdepthpercent {.29167} +% +% can get a sort of poor man's double spacing by redefining this. +\def\baselinefactor{1} +% +\def\setleading#1{% + \dimen0 = #1\relax + \normalbaselineskip = \baselinefactor\dimen0 + \normallineskip = \lineskipfactor\normalbaselineskip + \normalbaselines + \setbox\strutbox =\hbox{% + \vrule width0pt height\strutheightpercent\baselineskip + depth \strutdepthpercent \baselineskip + }% +} + +% PDF CMaps. See also LaTeX's t1.cmap. +% +% do nothing with this by default. +\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1\endcsname\gobble +\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname\gobble +\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname\gobble + +% if we are producing pdf, and we have \pdffontattr, then define cmaps. +% (\pdffontattr was introduced many years ago, but people still run +% older pdftex's; it's easy to conditionalize, so we do.) +\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\undefined \else + \begingroup + \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char. + \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap +%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1-0) +%%Title: (TeX-OT1-0 TeX OT1 0) +%%Version: 1.000 +%%EndComments +/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin +12 dict begin +begincmap +/CIDSystemInfo +<< /Registry (TeX) +/Ordering (OT1) +/Supplement 0 +>> def +/CMapName /TeX-OT1-0 def +/CMapType 2 def +1 begincodespacerange +<00> <7F> +endcodespacerange +8 beginbfrange +<00> <01> <0393> +<09> <0A> <03A8> +<23> <26> <0023> +<28> <3B> <0028> +<3F> <5B> <003F> +<5D> <5E> <005D> +<61> <7A> <0061> +<7B> <7C> <2013> +endbfrange +40 beginbfchar +<02> <0398> +<03> <039B> +<04> <039E> +<05> <03A0> +<06> <03A3> +<07> <03D2> +<08> <03A6> +<0B> <00660066> +<0C> <00660069> +<0D> <0066006C> +<0E> <006600660069> +<0F> <00660066006C> +<10> <0131> +<11> <0237> +<12> <0060> +<13> <00B4> +<14> <02C7> +<15> <02D8> +<16> <00AF> +<17> <02DA> +<18> <00B8> +<19> <00DF> +<1A> <00E6> +<1B> <0153> +<1C> <00F8> +<1D> <00C6> +<1E> <0152> +<1F> <00D8> +<21> <0021> +<22> <201D> +<27> <2019> +<3C> <00A1> +<3D> <003D> +<3E> <00BF> +<5C> <201C> +<5F> <02D9> +<60> <2018> +<7D> <02DD> +<7E> <007E> +<7F> <00A8> +endbfchar +endcmap +CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop +end +end +%%EndResource +%%EOF + }\endgroup + \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1\endcsname#1{% + \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}% + }% +% +% \cmapOT1IT + \begingroup + \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char. + \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap +%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1IT-0) +%%Title: (TeX-OT1IT-0 TeX OT1IT 0) +%%Version: 1.000 +%%EndComments +/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin +12 dict begin +begincmap +/CIDSystemInfo +<< /Registry (TeX) +/Ordering (OT1IT) +/Supplement 0 +>> def +/CMapName /TeX-OT1IT-0 def +/CMapType 2 def +1 begincodespacerange +<00> <7F> +endcodespacerange +8 beginbfrange +<00> <01> <0393> +<09> <0A> <03A8> +<25> <26> <0025> +<28> <3B> <0028> +<3F> <5B> <003F> +<5D> <5E> <005D> +<61> <7A> <0061> +<7B> <7C> <2013> +endbfrange +42 beginbfchar +<02> <0398> +<03> <039B> +<04> <039E> +<05> <03A0> +<06> <03A3> +<07> <03D2> +<08> <03A6> +<0B> <00660066> +<0C> <00660069> +<0D> <0066006C> +<0E> <006600660069> +<0F> <00660066006C> +<10> <0131> +<11> <0237> +<12> <0060> +<13> <00B4> +<14> <02C7> +<15> <02D8> +<16> <00AF> +<17> <02DA> +<18> <00B8> +<19> <00DF> +<1A> <00E6> +<1B> <0153> +<1C> <00F8> +<1D> <00C6> +<1E> <0152> +<1F> <00D8> +<21> <0021> +<22> <201D> +<23> <0023> +<24> <00A3> +<27> <2019> +<3C> <00A1> +<3D> <003D> +<3E> <00BF> +<5C> <201C> +<5F> <02D9> +<60> <2018> +<7D> <02DD> +<7E> <007E> +<7F> <00A8> +endbfchar +endcmap +CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop +end +end +%%EndResource +%%EOF + }\endgroup + \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname#1{% + \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}% + }% +% +% \cmapOT1TT + \begingroup + \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char. + \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap +%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit) +%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1TT-0) +%%Title: (TeX-OT1TT-0 TeX OT1TT 0) +%%Version: 1.000 +%%EndComments +/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin +12 dict begin +begincmap +/CIDSystemInfo +<< /Registry (TeX) +/Ordering (OT1TT) +/Supplement 0 +>> def +/CMapName /TeX-OT1TT-0 def +/CMapType 2 def +1 begincodespacerange +<00> <7F> +endcodespacerange +5 beginbfrange +<00> <01> <0393> +<09> <0A> <03A8> +<21> <26> <0021> +<28> <5F> <0028> +<61> <7E> <0061> +endbfrange +32 beginbfchar +<02> <0398> +<03> <039B> +<04> <039E> +<05> <03A0> +<06> <03A3> +<07> <03D2> +<08> <03A6> +<0B> <2191> +<0C> <2193> +<0D> <0027> +<0E> <00A1> +<0F> <00BF> +<10> <0131> +<11> <0237> +<12> <0060> +<13> <00B4> +<14> <02C7> +<15> <02D8> +<16> <00AF> +<17> <02DA> +<18> <00B8> +<19> <00DF> +<1A> <00E6> +<1B> <0153> +<1C> <00F8> +<1D> <00C6> +<1E> <0152> +<1F> <00D8> +<20> <2423> +<27> <2019> +<60> <2018> +<7F> <00A8> +endbfchar +endcmap +CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop +end +end +%%EndResource +%%EOF + }\endgroup + \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname#1{% + \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}% + }% +\fi\fi + + +% Set the font macro #1 to the font named #2, adding on the +% specified font prefix (normally `cm'). +% #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor, #5 is the CMap +% encoding (currently only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, pass +% empty to omit). +\def\setfont#1#2#3#4#5{% + \font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4 + \csname cmap#5\endcsname#1% +} +% This is what gets called when #5 of \setfont is empty. +\let\cmap\gobble +% emacs-page end of cmaps + +% Use cm as the default font prefix. +% To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix +% before you read in texinfo.tex. +\ifx\fontprefix\undefined +\def\fontprefix{cm} +\fi +% Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM. +\def\rmshape{r} +\def\rmbshape{bx} %where the normal face is bold +\def\bfshape{b} +\def\bxshape{bx} +\def\ttshape{tt} +\def\ttbshape{tt} +\def\ttslshape{sltt} +\def\itshape{ti} +\def\itbshape{bxti} +\def\slshape{sl} +\def\slbshape{bxsl} +\def\sfshape{ss} +\def\sfbshape{ss} +\def\scshape{csc} +\def\scbshape{csc} + +% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt. This is the default in +% Texinfo. +% +\def\definetextfontsizexi{% +% Text fonts (11.2pt, magstep1). +\def\textnominalsize{11pt} +\edef\mainmagstep{\magstephalf} +\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT} +\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT} +\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT} +\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep +\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep +\def\textecsize{1095} + +% A few fonts for @defun names and args. +\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf} + +% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt). +\def\smallnominalsize{9pt} +\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT} +\font\smalli=cmmi9 +\font\smallsy=cmsy9 +\def\smallecsize{0900} + +% Fonts for small examples (8pt). +\def\smallernominalsize{8pt} +\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1} +\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1} +\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT} +\font\smalleri=cmmi8 +\font\smallersy=cmsy8 +\def\smallerecsize{0800} + +% Fonts for title page (20.4pt): +\def\titlenominalsize{20pt} +\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1} +\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT} +\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1} +\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT} +\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT} +\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\let\titlebf=\titlerm +\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1} +\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3 +\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4 +\def\titleecsize{2074} + +% Chapter (and unnumbered) fonts (17.28pt). +\def\chapnominalsize{17pt} +\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1IT} +\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1} +\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1TT} +\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1TT} +\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{17}{1000}{OT1} +\let\chapbf=\chaprm +\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1} +\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep2 +\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep3 +\def\chapecsize{1728} + +% Section fonts (14.4pt). +\def\secnominalsize{14pt} +\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT} +\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT} +\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\let\secbf\secrm +\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\font\seci=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1 +\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2 +\def\sececsize{1440} + +% Subsection fonts (13.15pt). +\def\ssecnominalsize{13pt} +\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1} +\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1315}{OT1IT} +\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1315}{OT1} +\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT} +\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1315}{OT1TT} +\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1} +\let\ssecbf\ssecrm +\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1315}{OT1} +\font\sseci=cmmi12 scaled \magstephalf +\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 scaled 1315 +\def\ssececsize{1200} + +% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (10pt). +\def\reducednominalsize{10pt} +\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedit\itshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT} +\font\reducedi=cmmi10 +\font\reducedsy=cmsy10 +\def\reducedecsize{1000} + +% reset the current fonts +\textfonts +\rm +} % end of 11pt text font size definitions + + +% Definitions to make the main text be 10pt Computer Modern, with +% section, chapter, etc., sizes following suit. This is for the GNU +% Press printing of the Emacs 22 manual. Maybe other manuals in the +% future. Used with @smallbook, which sets the leading to 12pt. +% +\def\definetextfontsizex{% +% Text fonts (10pt). +\def\textnominalsize{10pt} +\edef\mainmagstep{1000} +\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT} +\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT} +\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1} +\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT} +\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep +\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep +\def\textecsize{1000} + +% A few fonts for @defun names and args. +\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1} +\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT} +\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT} +\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf} + +% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt). +\def\smallnominalsize{9pt} +\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT} +\font\smalli=cmmi9 +\font\smallsy=cmsy9 +\def\smallecsize{0900} + +% Fonts for small examples (8pt). +\def\smallernominalsize{8pt} +\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1} +\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1} +\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT} +\font\smalleri=cmmi8 +\font\smallersy=cmsy8 +\def\smallerecsize{0800} + +% Fonts for title page (20.4pt): +\def\titlenominalsize{20pt} +\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1} +\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT} +\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1} +\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT} +\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT} +\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\let\titlebf=\titlerm +\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1} +\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3 +\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4 +\def\titleecsize{2074} + +% Chapter fonts (14.4pt). +\def\chapnominalsize{14pt} +\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT} +\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT} +\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\let\chapbf\chaprm +\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1} +\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1 +\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2 +\def\chapecsize{1440} + +% Section fonts (12pt). +\def\secnominalsize{12pt} +\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1IT} +\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT} +\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{1000}{OT1} +\let\secbf\secrm +\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} +\font\seci=cmmi12 +\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep1 +\def\sececsize{1200} + +% Subsection fonts (10pt). +\def\ssecnominalsize{10pt} +\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\let\ssecbf\ssecrm +\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1000}{OT1} +\font\sseci=cmmi10 +\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 +\def\ssececsize{1000} + +% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (9pt). +\def\reducednominalsize{9pt} +\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT} +\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT} +\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1} +\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT} +\font\reducedi=cmmi9 +\font\reducedsy=cmsy9 +\def\reducedecsize{0900} + +% reduce space between paragraphs +\divide\parskip by 2 + +% reset the current fonts +\textfonts +\rm +} % end of 10pt text font size definitions + + +% We provide the user-level command +% @fonttextsize 10 +% (or 11) to redefine the text font size. pt is assumed. +% +\def\xword{10} +\def\xiword{11} +% +\parseargdef\fonttextsize{% + \def\textsizearg{#1}% + \wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}% + % + % Set \globaldefs so that documents can use this inside @tex, since + % makeinfo 4.8 does not support it, but we need it nonetheless. + % + \begingroup \globaldefs=1 + \ifx\textsizearg\xword \definetextfontsizex + \else \ifx\textsizearg\xiword \definetextfontsizexi + \else + \errhelp=\EMsimple + \errmessage{@fonttextsize only supports `10' or `11', not `\textsizearg'} + \fi\fi + \endgroup +} + + +% In order for the font changes to affect most math symbols and letters, +% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families. Since +% texinfo doesn't allow for producing subscripts and superscripts except +% in the main text, we don't bother to reset \scriptfont and +% \scriptscriptfont (which would also require loading a lot more fonts). +% +\def\resetmathfonts{% + \textfont0=\tenrm \textfont1=\teni \textfont2=\tensy + \textfont\itfam=\tenit \textfont\slfam=\tensl \textfont\bffam=\tenbf + \textfont\ttfam=\tentt \textfont\sffam=\tensf +} + +% The font-changing commands redefine the meanings of \tenSTYLE, instead +% of just \STYLE. We do this because \STYLE needs to also set the +% current \fam for math mode. Our \STYLE (e.g., \rm) commands hardwire +% \tenSTYLE to set the current font. +% +% Each font-changing command also sets the names \lsize (one size lower) +% and \lllsize (three sizes lower). These relative commands are used in +% the LaTeX logo and acronyms. +% +% This all needs generalizing, badly. +% +\def\textfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\textrm \let\tenit=\textit \let\tensl=\textsl + \let\tenbf=\textbf \let\tentt=\texttt \let\smallcaps=\textsc + \let\tensf=\textsf \let\teni=\texti \let\tensy=\textsy + \let\tenttsl=\textttsl + \def\curfontsize{text}% + \def\lsize{reduced}\def\lllsize{smaller}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{\textleading}} +\def\titlefonts{% + \let\tenrm=\titlerm \let\tenit=\titleit \let\tensl=\titlesl + \let\tenbf=\titlebf \let\tentt=\titlett \let\smallcaps=\titlesc + \let\tensf=\titlesf \let\teni=\titlei \let\tensy=\titlesy + \let\tenttsl=\titlettsl + \def\curfontsize{title}% + \def\lsize{chap}\def\lllsize{subsec}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{25pt}} +\def\titlefont#1{{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1}} +\def\chapfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl + \let\tenbf=\chapbf \let\tentt=\chaptt \let\smallcaps=\chapsc + \let\tensf=\chapsf \let\teni=\chapi \let\tensy=\chapsy + \let\tenttsl=\chapttsl + \def\curfontsize{chap}% + \def\lsize{sec}\def\lllsize{text}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{19pt}} +\def\secfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\secrm \let\tenit=\secit \let\tensl=\secsl + \let\tenbf=\secbf \let\tentt=\sectt \let\smallcaps=\secsc + \let\tensf=\secsf \let\teni=\seci \let\tensy=\secsy + \let\tenttsl=\secttsl + \def\curfontsize{sec}% + \def\lsize{subsec}\def\lllsize{reduced}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{16pt}} +\def\subsecfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\ssecrm \let\tenit=\ssecit \let\tensl=\ssecsl + \let\tenbf=\ssecbf \let\tentt=\ssectt \let\smallcaps=\ssecsc + \let\tensf=\ssecsf \let\teni=\sseci \let\tensy=\ssecsy + \let\tenttsl=\ssecttsl + \def\curfontsize{ssec}% + \def\lsize{text}\def\lllsize{small}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{15pt}} +\let\subsubsecfonts = \subsecfonts +\def\reducedfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\reducedrm \let\tenit=\reducedit \let\tensl=\reducedsl + \let\tenbf=\reducedbf \let\tentt=\reducedtt \let\reducedcaps=\reducedsc + \let\tensf=\reducedsf \let\teni=\reducedi \let\tensy=\reducedsy + \let\tenttsl=\reducedttsl + \def\curfontsize{reduced}% + \def\lsize{small}\def\lllsize{smaller}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}} +\def\smallfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\smallrm \let\tenit=\smallit \let\tensl=\smallsl + \let\tenbf=\smallbf \let\tentt=\smalltt \let\smallcaps=\smallsc + \let\tensf=\smallsf \let\teni=\smalli \let\tensy=\smallsy + \let\tenttsl=\smallttsl + \def\curfontsize{small}% + \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}} +\def\smallerfonts{% + \let\tenrm=\smallerrm \let\tenit=\smallerit \let\tensl=\smallersl + \let\tenbf=\smallerbf \let\tentt=\smallertt \let\smallcaps=\smallersc + \let\tensf=\smallersf \let\teni=\smalleri \let\tensy=\smallersy + \let\tenttsl=\smallerttsl + \def\curfontsize{smaller}% + \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}% + \resetmathfonts \setleading{9.5pt}} + +% Fonts for short table of contents. +\setfont\shortcontrm\rmshape{12}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\shortcontbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1} % no cmb12 +\setfont\shortcontsl\slshape{12}{1000}{OT1} +\setfont\shortconttt\ttshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT} + +% Define these just so they can be easily changed for other fonts. +\def\angleleft{$\langle$} +\def\angleright{$\rangle$} + +% Set the fonts to use with the @small... environments. +\let\smallexamplefonts = \smallfonts + +% About \smallexamplefonts. If we use \smallfonts (9pt), @smallexample +% can fit this many characters: +% 8.5x11=86 smallbook=72 a4=90 a5=69 +% If we use \scriptfonts (8pt), then we can fit this many characters: +% 8.5x11=90+ smallbook=80 a4=90+ a5=77 +% For me, subjectively, the few extra characters that fit aren't worth +% the additional smallness of 8pt. So I'm making the default 9pt. +% +% By the way, for comparison, here's what fits with @example (10pt): +% 8.5x11=71 smallbook=60 a4=75 a5=58 +% --karl, 24jan03. + +% Set up the default fonts, so we can use them for creating boxes. +% +\definetextfontsizexi + + +\message{markup,} + +% Check if we are currently using a typewriter font. Since all the +% Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero interword stretch (and +% shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all typewriter fonts to have +% this property, we can check that font parameter. +% +\def\ifmonospace{\ifdim\fontdimen3\font=0pt } + +% Markup style infrastructure. \defmarkupstylesetup\INITMACRO will +% define and register \INITMACRO to be called on markup style changes. +% \INITMACRO can check \currentmarkupstyle for the innermost +% style and the set of \ifmarkupSTYLE switches for all styles +% currently in effect. +\newif\ifmarkupvar +\newif\ifmarkupsamp +\newif\ifmarkupkey +%\newif\ifmarkupfile % @file == @samp. +%\newif\ifmarkupoption % @option == @samp. +\newif\ifmarkupcode +\newif\ifmarkupkbd +%\newif\ifmarkupenv % @env == @code. +%\newif\ifmarkupcommand % @command == @code. +\newif\ifmarkuptex % @tex (and part of @math, for now). +\newif\ifmarkupexample +\newif\ifmarkupverb +\newif\ifmarkupverbatim + +\let\currentmarkupstyle\empty + +\def\setupmarkupstyle#1{% + \csname markup#1true\endcsname + \def\currentmarkupstyle{#1}% + \markupstylesetup +} + +\let\markupstylesetup\empty + +\def\defmarkupstylesetup#1{% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\markupstylesetup + \expandafter{\markupstylesetup #1}% + \def#1% +} + +% Markup style setup for left and right quotes. +\defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuplq{% + \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp \csname markupsetuplq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname + \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuplqdefault \else \temp \fi +} + +\defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuprq{% + \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp \csname markupsetuprq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname + \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuprqdefault \else \temp \fi +} + +{ +\catcode`\'=\active +\catcode`\`=\active + +\gdef\markupsetuplqdefault{\let`\lq} +\gdef\markupsetuprqdefault{\let'\rq} + +\gdef\markupsetcodequoteleft{\let`\codequoteleft} +\gdef\markupsetcodequoteright{\let'\codequoteright} + +\gdef\markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft{\let`\noligaturesquoteleft} +} + +\let\markupsetuplqcode \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqcode \markupsetcodequoteright +\let\markupsetuplqexample \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqexample \markupsetcodequoteright +\let\markupsetuplqverb \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqverb \markupsetcodequoteright +\let\markupsetuplqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteleft +\let\markupsetuprqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteright + +\let\markupsetuplqsamp \markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft +\let\markupsetuplqkbd \markupsetnoligaturesquoteleft + +% Allow an option to not replace quotes with a regular directed right +% quote/apostrophe (char 0x27), but instead use the undirected quote +% from cmtt (char 0x0d). The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it +% the default, but it works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least +% evince), the lilypond developers report. xpdf does work with the +% regular 0x27. +% +\def\codequoteright{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax + '% + \else \char'15 \fi + \else \char'15 \fi +} +% +% and a similar option for the left quote char vs. a grave accent. +% Modern fonts display ASCII 0x60 as a grave accent, so some people like +% the code environments to do likewise. +% +\def\codequoteleft{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax + % [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391 + % \relax disables Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font. + \relax`% + \else \char'22 \fi + \else \char'22 \fi +} + +% [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391, disable Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font. +\def\noligaturesquoteleft{\relax\lq} + +% Count depth in font-changes, for error checks +\newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0 + +%% Add scribe-like font environments, plus @l for inline lisp (usually sans +%% serif) and @ii for TeX italic + +% \smartitalic{ARG} outputs arg in italics, followed by an italic correction +% unless the following character is such as not to need one. +\def\smartitalicx{\ifx\next,\else\ifx\next-\else\ifx\next.\else + \ptexslash\fi\fi\fi} +\def\smartslanted#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} +\def\smartitalic#1{{\ifusingtt\ttsl\it #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} + +% like \smartslanted except unconditionally uses \ttsl. +% @var is set to this for defun arguments. +\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} + +% @cite is like \smartslanted except unconditionally use \sl. We never want +% ttsl for book titles, do we? +\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitalicx} + +\let\i=\smartitalic +\let\slanted=\smartslanted +\def\var#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\smartslanted{#1}}} +\let\dfn=\smartslanted +\let\emph=\smartitalic + +% Explicit font changes: @r, @sc, undocumented @ii. +\def\r#1{{\rm #1}} % roman font +\def\sc#1{{\smallcaps#1}} % smallcaps font +\def\ii#1{{\it #1}} % italic font + +% @b, explicit bold. Also @strong. +\def\b#1{{\bf #1}} +\let\strong=\b + +% @sansserif, explicit sans. +\def\sansserif#1{{\sf #1}} + +% We can't just use \exhyphenpenalty, because that only has effect at +% the end of a paragraph. Restore normal hyphenation at the end of the +% group within which \nohyphenation is presumably called. +% +\def\nohyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = -1 \aftergroup\restorehyphenation} +\def\restorehyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = `- } + +% Set sfcode to normal for the chars that usually have another value. +% Can't use plain's \frenchspacing because it uses the `\x notation, and +% sometimes \x has an active definition that messes things up. +% +\catcode`@=11 + \def\plainfrenchspacing{% + \sfcode\dotChar =\@m \sfcode\questChar=\@m \sfcode\exclamChar=\@m + \sfcode\colonChar=\@m \sfcode\semiChar =\@m \sfcode\commaChar =\@m + \def\endofsentencespacefactor{1000}% for @. and friends + } + \def\plainnonfrenchspacing{% + \sfcode`\.3000\sfcode`\?3000\sfcode`\!3000 + \sfcode`\:2000\sfcode`\;1500\sfcode`\,1250 + \def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% for @. and friends + } +\catcode`@=\other +\def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% default + +% @t, explicit typewriter. +\def\t#1{% + {\tt \rawbackslash \plainfrenchspacing #1}% + \null +} + +% @samp. +\def\samp#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{samp}\lq\tclose{#1}\rq\null}} + +% definition of @key that produces a lozenge. Doesn't adjust to text size. +%\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1} +%\font\keysy=cmsy9 +%\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{% +% \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{% +% \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt +% \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}% +% \kern-0.4pt\hrule}% +% \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}} + +% definition of @key with no lozenge. If the current font is already +% monospace, don't change it; that way, we respect @kbdinputstyle. But +% if it isn't monospace, then use \tt. +% +\def\key#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{key}% + \nohyphenation + \ifmonospace\else\tt\fi + #1}\null} + +% ctrl is no longer a Texinfo command. +\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1} + +% @file, @option are the same as @samp. +\let\file=\samp +\let\option=\samp + +% @code is a modification of @t, +% which makes spaces the same size as normal in the surrounding text. +\def\tclose#1{% + {% + % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font. + \spaceskip = \fontdimen2\font + % + % Switch to typewriter. + \tt + % + % But `\ ' produces the large typewriter interword space. + \def\ {{\spaceskip = 0pt{} }}% + % + % Turn off hyphenation. + \nohyphenation + % + \rawbackslash + \plainfrenchspacing + #1% + }% + \null +} + +% We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in @code. +% Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes +% in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc. + +% Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control +% both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words. +% We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that) +% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash. +% -- rms. +{ + \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active + \catcode`\'=\active \catcode`\`=\active + \global\let'=\rq \global\let`=\lq % default definitions + % + \global\def\code{\begingroup + \setupmarkupstyle{code}% + % The following should really be moved into \setupmarkupstyle handlers. + \catcode\dashChar=\active \catcode\underChar=\active + \ifallowcodebreaks + \let-\codedash + \let_\codeunder + \else + \let-\realdash + \let_\realunder + \fi + \codex + } +} + +\def\realdash{-} +\def\codedash{-\discretionary{}{}{}} +\def\codeunder{% + % this is all so @math{@code{var_name}+1} can work. In math mode, _ + % is "active" (mathcode"8000) and \normalunderscore (or \char95, etc.) + % will therefore expand the active definition of _, which is us + % (inside @code that is), therefore an endless loop. + \ifusingtt{\ifmmode + \mathchar"075F % class 0=ordinary, family 7=ttfam, pos 0x5F=_. + \else\normalunderscore \fi + \discretionary{}{}{}}% + {\_}% +} +\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup} + +% An additional complication: the above will allow breaks after, e.g., +% each of the four underscores in __typeof__. This is undesirable in +% some manuals, especially if they don't have long identifiers in +% general. @allowcodebreaks provides a way to control this. +% +\newif\ifallowcodebreaks \allowcodebreakstrue + +\def\keywordtrue{true} +\def\keywordfalse{false} + +\parseargdef\allowcodebreaks{% + \def\txiarg{#1}% + \ifx\txiarg\keywordtrue + \allowcodebreakstrue + \else\ifx\txiarg\keywordfalse + \allowcodebreaksfalse + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg'}% + \fi\fi +} + +% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command, +% then @kbd has no effect. +\def\kbd#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdfoo\look??\par}} + +% @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always), +% `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends), +% or `code' (@kbd uses normal tty font always). +\parseargdef\kbdinputstyle{% + \def\txiarg{#1}% + \ifx\txiarg\worddistinct + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\ttsl}% + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordexample + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}% + \else\ifx\txiarg\wordcode + \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}% + \else + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle option `\txiarg'}% + \fi\fi\fi +} +\def\worddistinct{distinct} +\def\wordexample{example} +\def\wordcode{code} + +% Default is `distinct'. +\kbdinputstyle distinct + +\def\xkey{\key} +\def\kbdfoo#1#2#3\par{\def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}% +\ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}% +\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi +\else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi} + +% For @indicateurl, @env, @command quotes seem unnecessary, so use \code. +\let\indicateurl=\code +\let\env=\code +\let\command=\code + +% @clicksequence{File @click{} Open ...} +\def\clicksequence#1{\begingroup #1\endgroup} + +% @clickstyle @arrow (by default) +\parseargdef\clickstyle{\def\click{#1}} +\def\click{\arrow} + +% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') takes an optional (comma-separated) +% second argument specifying the text to display and an optional third +% arg as text to display instead of (rather than in addition to) the url +% itself. First (mandatory) arg is the url. Perhaps eventually put in +% a hypertex \special here. +% +\def\uref#1{\douref #1,,,\finish} +\def\douref#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{\begingroup + \unsepspaces + \pdfurl{#1}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}% + \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt + \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that + \else + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt + \ifpdf + \unhbox0 % PDF: 2nd arg given, show only it + \else + \unhbox0\ (\code{#1})% DVI: 2nd arg given, show both it and url + \fi + \else + \code{#1}% only url given, so show it + \fi + \fi + \endlink +\endgroup} + +% @url synonym for @uref, since that's how everyone uses it. +% +\let\url=\uref + +% rms does not like angle brackets --karl, 17may97. +% So now @email is just like @uref, unless we are pdf. +% +%\def\email#1{\angleleft{\tt #1}\angleright} +\ifpdf + \def\email#1{\doemail#1,,\finish} + \def\doemail#1,#2,#3\finish{\begingroup + \unsepspaces + \pdfurl{mailto:#1}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% + \ifdim\wd0>0pt\unhbox0\else\code{#1}\fi + \endlink + \endgroup} +\else + \let\email=\uref +\fi + +% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'. The only reason for the +% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt. +% +\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1} + +% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'', +% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find. We need it for +% Polish suppressed-l. --karl, 22sep96. +%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null} + +% @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like. +% We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for +% all-uppercase. +% +\def\acronym#1{\doacronym #1,,\finish} +\def\doacronym#1,#2,#3\finish{% + {\selectfonts\lsize #1}% + \def\temp{#2}% + \ifx\temp\empty \else + \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})% + \fi +} + +% @abbr for "Comput. J." and the like. +% No font change, but don't do end-of-sentence spacing. +% +\def\abbr#1{\doabbr #1,,\finish} +\def\doabbr#1,#2,#3\finish{% + {\plainfrenchspacing #1}% + \def\temp{#2}% + \ifx\temp\empty \else + \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})% + \fi +} + + +\message{glyphs,} + +% @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}. +% +% Since these characters are used in examples, they should be an even number of +% \tt widths. Each \tt character is 1en, so two makes it 1em. +% +\def\point{$\star$} +\def\arrow{\leavevmode\raise.05ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\rightarrow$\hfil}} +\def\result{\leavevmode\raise.05ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\Rightarrow$\hfil}} +\def\expansion{\leavevmode\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\mapsto$\hfil}} +\def\print{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\dashv$\hfil}} +\def\equiv{\leavevmode\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\ptexequiv$\hfil}} + +% The @error{} command. +% Adapted from the TeXbook's \boxit. +% +\newbox\errorbox +% +{\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box. +\dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules +% The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.) +\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf error\kern-1.5pt} +% +\setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil + \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right. + \advance\hsize by -2\dimen2 % Rules. + \vbox{% + \hrule height\dimen2 + \hbox{\vrule width\dimen2 \kern3pt % Space to left of text. + \vtop{\kern2.4pt \box0 \kern2.4pt}% Space above/below. + \kern3pt\vrule width\dimen2}% Space to right. + \hrule height\dimen2} + \hfil} +% +\def\error{\leavevmode\lower.7ex\copy\errorbox} + +% @pounds{} is a sterling sign, which Knuth put in the CM italic font. +% +\def\pounds{{\it\$}} + +% @euro{} comes from a separate font, depending on the current style. +% We use the free feym* fonts from the eurosym package by Henrik +% Theiling, which support regular, slanted, bold and bold slanted (and +% "outlined" (blackboard board, sort of) versions, which we don't need). +% It is available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/eurosym. +% +% Although only regular is the truly official Euro symbol, we ignore +% that. The Euro is designed to be slightly taller than the regular +% font height. +% +% feymr - regular +% feymo - slanted +% feybr - bold +% feybo - bold slanted +% +% There is no good (free) typewriter version, to my knowledge. +% A feymr10 euro is ~7.3pt wide, while a normal cmtt10 char is ~5.25pt wide. +% Hmm. +% +% Also doesn't work in math. Do we need to do math with euro symbols? +% Hope not. +% +% +\def\euro{{\eurofont e}} +\def\eurofont{% + % We set the font at each command, rather than predefining it in + % \textfonts and the other font-switching commands, so that + % installations which never need the symbol don't have to have the + % font installed. + % + % There is only one designed size (nominal 10pt), so we always scale + % that to the current nominal size. + % + % By the way, simply using "at 1em" works for cmr10 and the like, but + % does not work for cmbx10 and other extended/shrunken fonts. + % + \def\eurosize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}% + % + \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename + % bold: + \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feybo10}{feybr10} at \eurosize + \else + % regular: + \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feymo10}{feymr10} at \eurosize + \fi + \thiseurofont +} + +% Hacks for glyphs from the EC fonts similar to \euro. We don't +% use \let for the aliases, because sometimes we redefine the original +% macro, and the alias should reflect the redefinition. +\def\guillemetleft{{\ecfont \char"13}} +\def\guillemotleft{\guillemetleft} +\def\guillemetright{{\ecfont \char"14}} +\def\guillemotright{\guillemetright} +\def\guilsinglleft{{\ecfont \char"0E}} +\def\guilsinglright{{\ecfont \char"0F}} +\def\quotedblbase{{\ecfont \char"12}} +\def\quotesinglbase{{\ecfont \char"0D}} +% +% This positioning is not perfect (see the ogonek LaTeX package), but +% we have the precomposed glyphs for the most common cases. We put the +% tests to use those glyphs in the single \ogonek macro so we have fewer +% dummy definitions to worry about for index entries, etc. +% +% ogonek is also used with other letters in Lithuanian (IOU), but using +% the precomposed glyphs for those is not so easy since they aren't in +% the same EC font. +\def\ogonek#1{{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\macrocharA\Aogonek + \else\ifx\temp\macrochara\aogonek + \else\ifx\temp\macrocharE\Eogonek + \else\ifx\temp\macrochare\eogonek + \else + \ecfont \setbox0=\hbox{#1}% + \ifdim\ht0=1ex\accent"0C #1% + \else\ooalign{\unhbox0\crcr\hidewidth\char"0C \hidewidth}% + \fi + \fi\fi\fi\fi + }% +} +\def\Aogonek{{\ecfont \char"81}}\def\macrocharA{A} +\def\aogonek{{\ecfont \char"A1}}\def\macrochara{a} +\def\Eogonek{{\ecfont \char"86}}\def\macrocharE{E} +\def\eogonek{{\ecfont \char"A6}}\def\macrochare{e} +% +\def\ecfont{% + % We can't distinguish serif/sans and italic/slanted, but this + % is used for crude hacks anyway (like adding French and German + % quotes to documents typeset with CM, where we lose kerning), so + % hopefully nobody will notice/care. + \edef\ecsize{\csname\curfontsize ecsize\endcsname}% + \edef\nominalsize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}% + \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename + % bold: + \font\thisecfont = ecb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \else + % regular: + \font\thisecfont = ec\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize + \fi + \thisecfont +} + +% @registeredsymbol - R in a circle. The font for the R should really +% be smaller yet, but lllsize is the best we can do for now. +% Adapted from the plain.tex definition of \copyright. +% +\def\registeredsymbol{% + $^{{\ooalign{\hfil\raise.07ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize R}% + \hfil\crcr\Orb}}% + }$% +} + +% @textdegree - the normal degrees sign. +% +\def\textdegree{$^\circ$} + +% Laurent Siebenmann reports \Orb undefined with: +% Textures 1.7.7 (preloaded format=plain 93.10.14) (68K) 16 APR 2004 02:38 +% so we'll define it if necessary. +% +\ifx\Orb\undefined +\def\Orb{\mathhexbox20D} +\fi + +% Quotes. +\chardef\quotedblleft="5C +\chardef\quotedblright=`\" +\chardef\quoteleft=`\` +\chardef\quoteright=`\' + + +\message{page headings,} + +\newskip\titlepagetopglue \titlepagetopglue = 1.5in +\newskip\titlepagebottomglue \titlepagebottomglue = 2pc + +% First the title page. Must do @settitle before @titlepage. +\newif\ifseenauthor +\newif\iffinishedtitlepage + +% Do an implicit @contents or @shortcontents after @end titlepage if the +% user says @setcontentsaftertitlepage or @setshortcontentsaftertitlepage. +% +\newif\ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage + \let\setcontentsaftertitlepage = \setcontentsaftertitlepagetrue +\newif\ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage + \let\setshortcontentsaftertitlepage = \setshortcontentsaftertitlepagetrue + +\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{\begingroup\hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}% + \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page} + +\envdef\titlepage{% + % Open one extra group, as we want to close it in the middle of \Etitlepage. + \begingroup + \parindent=0pt \textfonts + % Leave some space at the very top of the page. + \vglue\titlepagetopglue + % No rule at page bottom unless we print one at the top with @title. + \finishedtitlepagetrue + % + % Most title ``pages'' are actually two pages long, with space + % at the top of the second. We don't want the ragged left on the second. + \let\oldpage = \page + \def\page{% + \iffinishedtitlepage\else + \finishtitlepage + \fi + \let\page = \oldpage + \page + \null + }% +} + +\def\Etitlepage{% + \iffinishedtitlepage\else + \finishtitlepage + \fi + % It is important to do the page break before ending the group, + % because the headline and footline are only empty inside the group. + % If we use the new definition of \page, we always get a blank page + % after the title page, which we certainly don't want. + \oldpage + \endgroup + % + % Need this before the \...aftertitlepage checks so that if they are + % in effect the toc pages will come out with page numbers. + \HEADINGSon + % + % If they want short, they certainly want long too. + \ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage + \shortcontents + \contents + \global\let\shortcontents = \relax + \global\let\contents = \relax + \fi + % + \ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage + \contents + \global\let\contents = \relax + \global\let\shortcontents = \relax + \fi +} + +\def\finishtitlepage{% + \vskip4pt \hrule height 2pt width \hsize + \vskip\titlepagebottomglue + \finishedtitlepagetrue +} + +%%% Macros to be used within @titlepage: + +\let\subtitlerm=\tenrm +\def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines} + +\parseargdef\title{% + \checkenv\titlepage + \leftline{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1} + % print a rule at the page bottom also. + \finishedtitlepagefalse + \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt +} + +\parseargdef\subtitle{% + \checkenv\titlepage + {\subtitlefont \rightline{#1}}% +} + +% @author should come last, but may come many times. +% It can also be used inside @quotation. +% +\parseargdef\author{% + \def\temp{\quotation}% + \ifx\thisenv\temp + \def\quotationauthor{#1}% printed in \Equotation. + \else + \checkenv\titlepage + \ifseenauthor\else \vskip 0pt plus 1filll \seenauthortrue \fi + {\secfonts\rmisbold \leftline{#1}}% + \fi +} + + +%%% Set up page headings and footings. + +\let\thispage=\folio + +\newtoks\evenheadline % headline on even pages +\newtoks\oddheadline % headline on odd pages +\newtoks\evenfootline % footline on even pages +\newtoks\oddfootline % footline on odd pages + +% Now make TeX use those variables +\headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline + \else \the\evenheadline \fi}} +\footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline + \else \the\evenfootline \fi}\HEADINGShook} +\let\HEADINGShook=\relax + +% Commands to set those variables. +% For example, this is what @headings on does +% @evenheading @thistitle|@thispage|@thischapter +% @oddheading @thischapter|@thispage|@thistitle +% @evenfooting @thisfile|| +% @oddfooting ||@thisfile + + +\def\evenheading{\parsearg\evenheadingxxx} +\def\evenheadingxxx #1{\evenheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish} +\def\evenheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{% +\global\evenheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\def\oddheading{\parsearg\oddheadingxxx} +\def\oddheadingxxx #1{\oddheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish} +\def\oddheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{% +\global\oddheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\parseargdef\everyheading{\oddheadingxxx{#1}\evenheadingxxx{#1}}% + +\def\evenfooting{\parsearg\evenfootingxxx} +\def\evenfootingxxx #1{\evenfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish} +\def\evenfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{% +\global\evenfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}} + +\def\oddfooting{\parsearg\oddfootingxxx} +\def\oddfootingxxx #1{\oddfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish} +\def\oddfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{% + \global\oddfootline = {\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}% + % + % Leave some space for the footline. Hopefully ok to assume + % @evenfooting will not be used by itself. + \global\advance\pageheight by -12pt + \global\advance\vsize by -12pt +} + +\parseargdef\everyfooting{\oddfootingxxx{#1}\evenfootingxxx{#1}} + +% @evenheadingmarks top \thischapter <- chapter at the top of a page +% @evenheadingmarks bottom \thischapter <- chapter at the bottom of a page +% +% The same set of arguments for: +% +% @oddheadingmarks +% @evenfootingmarks +% @oddfootingmarks +% @everyheadingmarks +% @everyfootingmarks + +\def\evenheadingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{heading}} +\def\oddheadingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{heading}} +\def\evenfootingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{footing}} +\def\oddfootingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{footing}} +\def\everyheadingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{heading}{#1} + \headingmarks{odd}{heading}{#1} } +\def\everyfootingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{footing}{#1} + \headingmarks{odd}{footing}{#1} } +% #1 = even/odd, #2 = heading/footing, #3 = top/bottom. +\def\headingmarks#1#2#3 {% + \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp \csname get#3headingmarks\endcsname + \global\expandafter\let\csname get#1#2marks\endcsname \temp +} + +\everyheadingmarks bottom +\everyfootingmarks bottom + +% @headings double turns headings on for double-sided printing. +% @headings single turns headings on for single-sided printing. +% @headings off turns them off. +% @headings on same as @headings double, retained for compatibility. +% @headings after turns on double-sided headings after this page. +% @headings doubleafter turns on double-sided headings after this page. +% @headings singleafter turns on single-sided headings after this page. +% By default, they are off at the start of a document, +% and turned `on' after @end titlepage. + +\def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname} + +\def\HEADINGSoff{% +\global\evenheadline={\hfil} \global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddheadline={\hfil} \global\oddfootline={\hfil}} +\HEADINGSoff +% When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1. +% For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner, +% chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document +% title on inside top of left hand pages, and page numbers on outside top +% edge of all pages. +\def\HEADINGSdouble{% +\global\pageno=1 +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +} +\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager + +% For single-sided printing, chapter title goes across top left of page, +% page number on top right. +\def\HEADINGSsingle{% +\global\pageno=1 +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +} +\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble} + +\def\HEADINGSafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSdoublex} +\let\HEADINGSdoubleafter=\HEADINGSafter +\def\HEADINGSdoublex{% +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +} + +\def\HEADINGSsingleafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSsinglex} +\def\HEADINGSsinglex{% +\global\evenfootline={\hfil} +\global\oddfootline={\hfil} +\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapter\hfil\folio}} +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +} + +% Subroutines used in generating headings +% This produces Day Month Year style of output. +% Only define if not already defined, in case a txi-??.tex file has set +% up a different format (e.g., txi-cs.tex does this). +\ifx\today\undefined +\def\today{% + \number\day\space + \ifcase\month + \or\putwordMJan\or\putwordMFeb\or\putwordMMar\or\putwordMApr + \or\putwordMMay\or\putwordMJun\or\putwordMJul\or\putwordMAug + \or\putwordMSep\or\putwordMOct\or\putwordMNov\or\putwordMDec + \fi + \space\number\year} +\fi + +% @settitle line... specifies the title of the document, for headings. +% It generates no output of its own. +\def\thistitle{\putwordNoTitle} +\def\settitle{\parsearg{\gdef\thistitle}} + + +\message{tables,} +% Tables -- @table, @ftable, @vtable, @item(x). + +% default indentation of table text +\newdimen\tableindent \tableindent=.8in +% default indentation of @itemize and @enumerate text +\newdimen\itemindent \itemindent=.3in +% margin between end of table item and start of table text. +\newdimen\itemmargin \itemmargin=.1in + +% used internally for \itemindent minus \itemmargin +\newdimen\itemmax + +% Note @table, @ftable, and @vtable define @item, @itemx, etc., with +% these defs. +% They also define \itemindex +% to index the item name in whatever manner is desired (perhaps none). + +\newif\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip + +\def\itemxpar{\par\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip\nobreak\vskip-\parskip\nobreak\fi} + +\def\internalBitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\itemzzz} +\def\internalBitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\itemzzz} + +\def\itemzzz #1{\begingroup % + \advance\hsize by -\rightskip + \advance\hsize by -\tableindent + \setbox0=\hbox{\itemindicate{#1}}% + \itemindex{#1}% + \nobreak % This prevents a break before @itemx. + % + % If the item text does not fit in the space we have, put it on a line + % by itself, and do not allow a page break either before or after that + % line. We do not start a paragraph here because then if the next + % command is, e.g., @kindex, the whatsit would get put into the + % horizontal list on a line by itself, resulting in extra blank space. + \ifdim \wd0>\itemmax + % + % Make this a paragraph so we get the \parskip glue and wrapping, + % but leave it ragged-right. + \begingroup + \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent + \advance\hsize by\tableindent + \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil + \leavevmode\unhbox0\par + \endgroup + % + % We're going to be starting a paragraph, but we don't want the + % \parskip glue -- logically it's part of the @item we just started. + \nobreak \vskip-\parskip + % + % Stop a page break at the \parskip glue coming up. However, if + % what follows is an environment such as @example, there will be no + % \parskip glue; then the negative vskip we just inserted would + % cause the example and the item to crash together. So we use this + % bizarre value of 10001 as a signal to \aboveenvbreak to insert + % \parskip glue after all. Section titles are handled this way also. + % + \penalty 10001 + \endgroup + \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse + \else + % The item text fits into the space. Start a paragraph, so that the + % following text (if any) will end up on the same line. + \noindent + % Do this with kerns and \unhbox so that if there is a footnote in + % the item text, it can migrate to the main vertical list and + % eventually be printed. + \nobreak\kern-\tableindent + \dimen0 = \itemmax \advance\dimen0 by \itemmargin \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0 + \unhbox0 + \nobreak\kern\dimen0 + \endgroup + \itemxneedsnegativevskiptrue + \fi +} + +\def\item{\errmessage{@item while not in a list environment}} +\def\itemx{\errmessage{@itemx while not in a list environment}} + +% @table, @ftable, @vtable. +\envdef\table{% + \let\itemindex\gobble + \tablecheck{table}% +} +\envdef\ftable{% + \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {fn}{\code{##1}}}% + \tablecheck{ftable}% +} +\envdef\vtable{% + \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {vr}{\code{##1}}}% + \tablecheck{vtable}% +} +\def\tablecheck#1{% + \ifnum \the\catcode`\^^M=\active + \endgroup + \errmessage{This command won't work in this context; perhaps the problem is + that we are \inenvironment\thisenv}% + \def\next{\doignore{#1}}% + \else + \let\next\tablex + \fi + \next +} +\def\tablex#1{% + \def\itemindicate{#1}% + \parsearg\tabley +} +\def\tabley#1{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \edef\temp{\noexpand\tablez #1\space\space\space}% + \expandafter + }\temp \endtablez +} +\def\tablez #1 #2 #3 #4\endtablez{% + \aboveenvbreak + \ifnum 0#1>0 \advance \leftskip by #1\mil \fi + \ifnum 0#2>0 \tableindent=#2\mil \fi + \ifnum 0#3>0 \advance \rightskip by #3\mil \fi + \itemmax=\tableindent + \advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin + \advance \leftskip by \tableindent + \exdentamount=\tableindent + \parindent = 0pt + \parskip = \smallskipamount + \ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi + \let\item = \internalBitem + \let\itemx = \internalBitemx +} +\def\Etable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak} +\let\Eftable\Etable +\let\Evtable\Etable +\let\Eitemize\Etable +\let\Eenumerate\Etable + +% This is the counter used by @enumerate, which is really @itemize + +\newcount \itemno + +\envdef\itemize{\parsearg\doitemize} + +\def\doitemize#1{% + \aboveenvbreak + \itemmax=\itemindent + \advance\itemmax by -\itemmargin + \advance\leftskip by \itemindent + \exdentamount=\itemindent + \parindent=0pt + \parskip=\smallskipamount + \ifdim\parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi + % + % Try typesetting the item mark that if the document erroneously says + % something like @itemize @samp (intending @table), there's an error + % right away at the @itemize. It's not the best error message in the + % world, but it's better than leaving it to the @item. This means if + % the user wants an empty mark, they have to say @w{} not just @w. + \def\itemcontents{#1}% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\itemcontents}% + % + % @itemize with no arg is equivalent to @itemize @bullet. + \ifx\itemcontents\empty\def\itemcontents{\bullet}\fi + % + \let\item=\itemizeitem +} + +% Definition of @item while inside @itemize and @enumerate. +% +\def\itemizeitem{% + \advance\itemno by 1 % for enumerations + {\let\par=\endgraf \smallbreak}% reasonable place to break + {% + % If the document has an @itemize directly after a section title, a + % \nobreak will be last on the list, and \sectionheading will have + % done a \vskip-\parskip. In that case, we don't want to zero + % parskip, or the item text will crash with the heading. On the + % other hand, when there is normal text preceding the item (as there + % usually is), we do want to zero parskip, or there would be too much + % space. In that case, we won't have a \nobreak before. At least + % that's the theory. + \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \parskip=0in \fi + \noindent + \hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents \kern\itemmargin}% + % + \vadjust{\penalty 1200}}% not good to break after first line of item. + \flushcr +} + +% \splitoff TOKENS\endmark defines \first to be the first token in +% TOKENS, and \rest to be the remainder. +% +\def\splitoff#1#2\endmark{\def\first{#1}\def\rest{#2}}% + +% Allow an optional argument of an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, +% or number, to specify the first label in the enumerated list. No +% argument is the same as `1'. +% +\envparseargdef\enumerate{\enumeratey #1 \endenumeratey} +\def\enumeratey #1 #2\endenumeratey{% + % If we were given no argument, pretend we were given `1'. + \def\thearg{#1}% + \ifx\thearg\empty \def\thearg{1}\fi + % + % Detect if the argument is a single token. If so, it might be a + % letter. Otherwise, the only valid thing it can be is a number. + % (We will always have one token, because of the test we just made. + % This is a good thing, since \splitoff doesn't work given nothing at + % all -- the first parameter is undelimited.) + \expandafter\splitoff\thearg\endmark + \ifx\rest\empty + % Only one token in the argument. It could still be anything. + % A ``lowercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is nonzero. + % An ``uppercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is both nonzero, and + % not equal to itself. + % Otherwise, we assume it's a number. + % + % We need the \relax at the end of the \ifnum lines to stop TeX from + % continuing to look for a <number>. + % + \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=0\relax + \numericenumerate % a number (we hope) + \else + % It's a letter. + \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=\expandafter`\thearg\relax + \lowercaseenumerate % lowercase letter + \else + \uppercaseenumerate % uppercase letter + \fi + \fi + \else + % Multiple tokens in the argument. We hope it's a number. + \numericenumerate + \fi +} + +% An @enumerate whose labels are integers. The starting integer is +% given in \thearg. +% +\def\numericenumerate{% + \itemno = \thearg + \startenumeration{\the\itemno}% +} + +% The starting (lowercase) letter is in \thearg. +\def\lowercaseenumerate{% + \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg + \startenumeration{% + % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet. + \ifnum\itemno=0 + \errmessage{No more lowercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger + alphabet}% + \fi + \char\lccode\itemno + }% +} + +% The starting (uppercase) letter is in \thearg. +\def\uppercaseenumerate{% + \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg + \startenumeration{% + % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet. + \ifnum\itemno=0 + \errmessage{No more uppercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger + alphabet} + \fi + \char\uccode\itemno + }% +} + +% Call \doitemize, adding a period to the first argument and supplying the +% common last two arguments. Also subtract one from the initial value in +% \itemno, since @item increments \itemno. +% +\def\startenumeration#1{% + \advance\itemno by -1 + \doitemize{#1.}\flushcr +} + +% @alphaenumerate and @capsenumerate are abbreviations for giving an arg +% to @enumerate. +% +\def\alphaenumerate{\enumerate{a}} +\def\capsenumerate{\enumerate{A}} +\def\Ealphaenumerate{\Eenumerate} +\def\Ecapsenumerate{\Eenumerate} + + +% @multitable macros +% Amy Hendrickson, 8/18/94, 3/6/96 +% +% @multitable ... @end multitable will make as many columns as desired. +% Contents of each column will wrap at width given in preamble. Width +% can be specified either with sample text given in a template line, +% or in percent of \hsize, the current width of text on page. + +% Table can continue over pages but will only break between lines. + +% To make preamble: +% +% Either define widths of columns in terms of percent of \hsize: +% @multitable @columnfractions .25 .3 .45 +% @item ... +% +% Numbers following @columnfractions are the percent of the total +% current hsize to be used for each column. You may use as many +% columns as desired. + + +% Or use a template: +% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template} +% @item ... +% using the widest term desired in each column. + +% Each new table line starts with @item, each subsequent new column +% starts with @tab. Empty columns may be produced by supplying @tab's +% with nothing between them for as many times as empty columns are needed, +% ie, @tab@tab@tab will produce two empty columns. + +% @item, @tab do not need to be on their own lines, but it will not hurt +% if they are. + +% Sample multitable: + +% @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template} +% @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff @tab third col +% @item +% first col stuff +% @tab +% second col stuff +% @tab +% third col +% @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff +% @tab Many paragraphs of text may be used in any column. +% +% They will wrap at the width determined by the template. +% @item@tab@tab This will be in third column. +% @end multitable + +% Default dimensions may be reset by user. +% @multitableparskip is vertical space between paragraphs in table. +% @multitableparindent is paragraph indent in table. +% @multitablecolmargin is horizontal space to be left between columns. +% @multitablelinespace is space to leave between table items, baseline +% to baseline. +% 0pt means it depends on current normal line spacing. +% +\newskip\multitableparskip +\newskip\multitableparindent +\newdimen\multitablecolspace +\newskip\multitablelinespace +\multitableparskip=0pt +\multitableparindent=6pt +\multitablecolspace=12pt +\multitablelinespace=0pt + +% Macros used to set up halign preamble: +% +\let\endsetuptable\relax +\def\xendsetuptable{\endsetuptable} +\let\columnfractions\relax +\def\xcolumnfractions{\columnfractions} +\newif\ifsetpercent + +% #1 is the @columnfraction, usually a decimal number like .5, but might +% be just 1. We just use it, whatever it is. +% +\def\pickupwholefraction#1 {% + \global\advance\colcount by 1 + \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{#1\hsize}% + \setuptable +} + +\newcount\colcount +\def\setuptable#1{% + \def\firstarg{#1}% + \ifx\firstarg\xendsetuptable + \let\go = \relax + \else + \ifx\firstarg\xcolumnfractions + \global\setpercenttrue + \else + \ifsetpercent + \let\go\pickupwholefraction + \else + \global\advance\colcount by 1 + \setbox0=\hbox{#1\unskip\space}% Add a normal word space as a + % separator; typically that is always in the input, anyway. + \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{\the\wd0}% + \fi + \fi + \ifx\go\pickupwholefraction + % Put the argument back for the \pickupwholefraction call, so + % we'll always have a period there to be parsed. + \def\go{\pickupwholefraction#1}% + \else + \let\go = \setuptable + \fi% + \fi + \go +} + +% multitable-only commands. +% +% @headitem starts a heading row, which we typeset in bold. +% Assignments have to be global since we are inside the implicit group +% of an alignment entry. \everycr resets \everytab so we don't have to +% undo it ourselves. +\def\headitemfont{\b}% for people to use in the template row; not changeable +\def\headitem{% + \checkenv\multitable + \crcr + \global\everytab={\bf}% can't use \headitemfont since the parsing differs + \the\everytab % for the first item +}% +% +% A \tab used to include \hskip1sp. But then the space in a template +% line is not enough. That is bad. So let's go back to just `&' until +% we again encounter the problem the 1sp was intended to solve. +% --karl, nathan@acm.org, 20apr99. +\def\tab{\checkenv\multitable &\the\everytab}% + +% @multitable ... @end multitable definitions: +% +\newtoks\everytab % insert after every tab. +% +\envdef\multitable{% + \vskip\parskip + \startsavinginserts + % + % @item within a multitable starts a normal row. + % We use \def instead of \let so that if one of the multitable entries + % contains an @itemize, we don't choke on the \item (seen as \crcr aka + % \endtemplate) expanding \doitemize. + \def\item{\crcr}% + % + \tolerance=9500 + \hbadness=9500 + \setmultitablespacing + \parskip=\multitableparskip + \parindent=\multitableparindent + \overfullrule=0pt + \global\colcount=0 + % + \everycr = {% + \noalign{% + \global\everytab={}% + \global\colcount=0 % Reset the column counter. + % Check for saved footnotes, etc. + \checkinserts + % Keeps underfull box messages off when table breaks over pages. + %\filbreak + % Maybe so, but it also creates really weird page breaks when the + % table breaks over pages. Wouldn't \vfil be better? Wait until the + % problem manifests itself, so it can be fixed for real --karl. + }% + }% + % + \parsearg\domultitable +} +\def\domultitable#1{% + % To parse everything between @multitable and @item: + \setuptable#1 \endsetuptable + % + % This preamble sets up a generic column definition, which will + % be used as many times as user calls for columns. + % \vtop will set a single line and will also let text wrap and + % continue for many paragraphs if desired. + \halign\bgroup &% + \global\advance\colcount by 1 + \multistrut + \vtop{% + % Use the current \colcount to find the correct column width: + \hsize=\expandafter\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname + % + % In order to keep entries from bumping into each other + % we will add a \leftskip of \multitablecolspace to all columns after + % the first one. + % + % If a template has been used, we will add \multitablecolspace + % to the width of each template entry. + % + % If the user has set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize we will + % use that dimension as the width of the column, and the \leftskip + % will keep entries from bumping into each other. Table will start at + % left margin and final column will justify at right margin. + % + % Make sure we don't inherit \rightskip from the outer environment. + \rightskip=0pt + \ifnum\colcount=1 + % The first column will be indented with the surrounding text. + \advance\hsize by\leftskip + \else + \ifsetpercent \else + % If user has not set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize + % we will advance \hsize by \multitablecolspace. + \advance\hsize by \multitablecolspace + \fi + % In either case we will make \leftskip=\multitablecolspace: + \leftskip=\multitablecolspace + \fi + % Ignoring space at the beginning and end avoids an occasional spurious + % blank line, when TeX decides to break the line at the space before the + % box from the multistrut, so the strut ends up on a line by itself. + % For example: + % @multitable @columnfractions .11 .89 + % @item @code{#} + % @tab Legal holiday which is valid in major parts of the whole country. + % Is automatically provided with highlighting sequences respectively + % marking characters. + \noindent\ignorespaces##\unskip\multistrut + }\cr +} +\def\Emultitable{% + \crcr + \egroup % end the \halign + \global\setpercentfalse +} + +\def\setmultitablespacing{% + \def\multistrut{\strut}% just use the standard line spacing + % + % Compute \multitablelinespace (if not defined by user) for use in + % \multitableparskip calculation. We used define \multistrut based on + % this, but (ironically) that caused the spacing to be off. + % See bug-texinfo report from Werner Lemberg, 31 Oct 2004 12:52:20 +0100. +\ifdim\multitablelinespace=0pt +\setbox0=\vbox{X}\global\multitablelinespace=\the\baselineskip +\global\advance\multitablelinespace by-\ht0 +\fi +%% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of +%% table. If not, do nothing. +%% If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace. +\ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace +\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace +\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller + %% than skip between lines in the table. +\fi% +\ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt +\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace +\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt %% to keep parskip somewhat smaller + %% than skip between lines in the table. +\fi} + + +\message{conditionals,} + +% @iftex, @ifnotdocbook, @ifnothtml, @ifnotinfo, @ifnotplaintext, +% @ifnotxml always succeed. They currently do nothing; we don't +% attempt to check whether the conditionals are properly nested. But we +% have to remember that they are conditionals, so that @end doesn't +% attempt to close an environment group. +% +\def\makecond#1{% + \expandafter\let\csname #1\endcsname = \relax + \expandafter\let\csname iscond.#1\endcsname = 1 +} +\makecond{iftex} +\makecond{ifnotdocbook} +\makecond{ifnothtml} +\makecond{ifnotinfo} +\makecond{ifnotplaintext} +\makecond{ifnotxml} + +% Ignore @ignore, @ifhtml, @ifinfo, and the like. +% +\def\direntry{\doignore{direntry}} +\def\documentdescription{\doignore{documentdescription}} +\def\docbook{\doignore{docbook}} +\def\html{\doignore{html}} +\def\ifdocbook{\doignore{ifdocbook}} +\def\ifhtml{\doignore{ifhtml}} +\def\ifinfo{\doignore{ifinfo}} +\def\ifnottex{\doignore{ifnottex}} +\def\ifplaintext{\doignore{ifplaintext}} +\def\ifxml{\doignore{ifxml}} +\def\ignore{\doignore{ignore}} +\def\menu{\doignore{menu}} +\def\xml{\doignore{xml}} + +% Ignore text until a line `@end #1', keeping track of nested conditionals. +% +% A count to remember the depth of nesting. +\newcount\doignorecount + +\def\doignore#1{\begingroup + % Scan in ``verbatim'' mode: + \obeylines + \catcode`\@ = \other + \catcode`\{ = \other + \catcode`\} = \other + % + % Make sure that spaces turn into tokens that match what \doignoretext wants. + \spaceisspace + % + % Count number of #1's that we've seen. + \doignorecount = 0 + % + % Swallow text until we reach the matching `@end #1'. + \dodoignore{#1}% +} + +{ \catcode`_=11 % We want to use \_STOP_ which cannot appear in texinfo source. + \obeylines % + % + \gdef\dodoignore#1{% + % #1 contains the command name as a string, e.g., `ifinfo'. + % + % Define a command to find the next `@end #1'. + \long\def\doignoretext##1^^M@end #1{% + \doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1\_STOP_}% + % + % And this command to find another #1 command, at the beginning of a + % line. (Otherwise, we would consider a line `@c @ifset', for + % example, to count as an @ifset for nesting.) + \long\def\doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1##2\_STOP_{\doignoreyyy{##2}\_STOP_}% + % + % And now expand that command. + \doignoretext ^^M% + }% +} + +\def\doignoreyyy#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\empty % Nothing found. + \let\next\doignoretextzzz + \else % Found a nested condition, ... + \advance\doignorecount by 1 + \let\next\doignoretextyyy % ..., look for another. + % If we're here, #1 ends with ^^M\ifinfo (for example). + \fi + \next #1% the token \_STOP_ is present just after this macro. +} + +% We have to swallow the remaining "\_STOP_". +% +\def\doignoretextzzz#1{% + \ifnum\doignorecount = 0 % We have just found the outermost @end. + \let\next\enddoignore + \else % Still inside a nested condition. + \advance\doignorecount by -1 + \let\next\doignoretext % Look for the next @end. + \fi + \next +} + +% Finish off ignored text. +{ \obeylines% + % Ignore anything after the last `@end #1'; this matters in verbatim + % environments, where otherwise the newline after an ignored conditional + % would result in a blank line in the output. + \gdef\enddoignore#1^^M{\endgroup\ignorespaces}% +} + + +% @set VAR sets the variable VAR to an empty value. +% @set VAR REST-OF-LINE sets VAR to the value REST-OF-LINE. +% +% Since we want to separate VAR from REST-OF-LINE (which might be +% empty), we can't just use \parsearg; we have to insert a space of our +% own to delimit the rest of the line, and then take it out again if we +% didn't need it. +% We rely on the fact that \parsearg sets \catcode`\ =10. +% +\parseargdef\set{\setyyy#1 \endsetyyy} +\def\setyyy#1 #2\endsetyyy{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \def\temp{#2}% + \edef\next{\gdef\makecsname{SET#1}}% + \ifx\temp\empty + \next{}% + \else + \setzzz#2\endsetzzz + \fi + }% +} +% Remove the trailing space \setxxx inserted. +\def\setzzz#1 \endsetzzz{\next{#1}} + +% @clear VAR clears (i.e., unsets) the variable VAR. +% +\parseargdef\clear{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname=\relax + }% +} + +% @value{foo} gets the text saved in variable foo. +\def\value{\begingroup\makevalueexpandable\valuexxx} +\def\valuexxx#1{\expandablevalue{#1}\endgroup} +{ + \catcode`\- = \active \catcode`\_ = \active + % + \gdef\makevalueexpandable{% + \let\value = \expandablevalue + % We don't want these characters active, ... + \catcode`\-=\other \catcode`\_=\other + % ..., but we might end up with active ones in the argument if + % we're called from @code, as @code{@value{foo-bar_}}, though. + % So \let them to their normal equivalents. + \let-\realdash \let_\normalunderscore + } +} + +% We have this subroutine so that we can handle at least some @value's +% properly in indexes (we call \makevalueexpandable in \indexdummies). +% The command has to be fully expandable (if the variable is set), since +% the result winds up in the index file. This means that if the +% variable's value contains other Texinfo commands, it's almost certain +% it will fail (although perhaps we could fix that with sufficient work +% to do a one-level expansion on the result, instead of complete). +% +\def\expandablevalue#1{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax + {[No value for ``#1'']}% + \message{Variable `#1', used in @value, is not set.}% + \else + \csname SET#1\endcsname + \fi +} + +% @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined +% with @set. +% +% To get special treatment of `@end ifset,' call \makeond and the redefine. +% +\makecond{ifset} +\def\ifset{\parsearg{\doifset{\let\next=\ifsetfail}}} +\def\doifset#1#2{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \let\next=\empty + \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#2\endcsname\relax + #1% If not set, redefine \next. + \fi + \expandafter + }\next +} +\def\ifsetfail{\doignore{ifset}} + +% @ifclear VAR ... @end ifclear reads the `...' iff VAR has never been +% defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear. +% +% The `\else' inside the `\doifset' parameter is a trick to reuse the +% above code: if the variable is not set, do nothing, if it is set, +% then redefine \next to \ifclearfail. +% +\makecond{ifclear} +\def\ifclear{\parsearg{\doifset{\else \let\next=\ifclearfail}}} +\def\ifclearfail{\doignore{ifclear}} + +% @dircategory CATEGORY -- specify a category of the dir file +% which this file should belong to. Ignore this in TeX. +\let\dircategory=\comment + +% @defininfoenclose. +\let\definfoenclose=\comment + + +\message{indexing,} +% Index generation facilities + +% Define \newwrite to be identical to plain tex's \newwrite +% except not \outer, so it can be used within macros and \if's. +\edef\newwrite{\makecsname{ptexnewwrite}} + +% \newindex {foo} defines an index named foo. +% It automatically defines \fooindex such that +% \fooindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index foo. +% It also defines \fooindfile to be the number of the output channel for +% the file that accumulates this index. The file's extension is foo. +% The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long +% for the sake of vms. +% +\def\newindex#1{% + \iflinks + \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname + \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 % Open the file + \fi + \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% % Define @#1index + \noexpand\doindex{#1}} +} + +% @defindex foo == \newindex{foo} +% +\def\defindex{\parsearg\newindex} + +% Define @defcodeindex, like @defindex except put all entries in @code. +% +\def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex} +% +\def\newcodeindex#1{% + \iflinks + \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname + \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 + \fi + \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{% + \noexpand\docodeindex{#1}}% +} + + +% @synindex foo bar makes index foo feed into index bar. +% Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index. +% +% @syncodeindex foo bar similar, but put all entries made for index foo +% inside @code. +% +\def\synindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\doindex{#1}{#2}} +\def\syncodeindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\docodeindex{#1}{#2}} + +% #1 is \doindex or \docodeindex, #2 the index getting redefined (foo), +% #3 the target index (bar). +\def\dosynindex#1#2#3{% + % Only do \closeout if we haven't already done it, else we'll end up + % closing the target index. + \expandafter \ifx\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname \relax + % The \closeout helps reduce unnecessary open files; the limit on the + % Acorn RISC OS is a mere 16 files. + \expandafter\closeout\csname#2indfile\endcsname + \expandafter\let\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname = 1 + \fi + % redefine \fooindfile: + \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp\expandafter=\csname#3indfile\endcsname + \expandafter\let\csname#2indfile\endcsname=\temp + % redefine \fooindex: + \expandafter\xdef\csname#2index\endcsname{\noexpand#1{#3}}% +} + +% Define \doindex, the driver for all \fooindex macros. +% Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro, +% and it is "foo", the name of the index. + +% \doindex just uses \parsearg; it calls \doind for the actual work. +% This is because \doind is more useful to call from other macros. + +% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic} +% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index. + +\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singleindexer} +\def\singleindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}} + +% like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument. +\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singlecodeindexer} +\def\singlecodeindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}} + +% Take care of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry. +% Since there are some commands we want to expand, and others we don't, +% we have to laboriously prevent expansion for those that we don't. +% +\def\indexdummies{% + \escapechar = `\\ % use backslash in output files. + \def\@{@}% change to @@ when we switch to @ as escape char in index files. + \def\ {\realbackslash\space }% + % + % Need these in case \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again. + % But can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes + % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters. + \let\{ = \mylbrace + \let\} = \myrbrace + % + % I don't entirely understand this, but when an index entry is + % generated from a macro call, the \endinput which \scanmacro inserts + % causes processing to be prematurely terminated. This is, + % apparently, because \indexsorttmp is fully expanded, and \endinput + % is an expandable command. The redefinition below makes \endinput + % disappear altogether for that purpose -- although logging shows that + % processing continues to some further point. On the other hand, it + % seems \endinput does not hurt in the printed index arg, since that + % is still getting written without apparent harm. + % + % Sample source (mac-idx3.tex, reported by Graham Percival to + % help-texinfo, 22may06): + % @macro funindex {WORD} + % @findex xyz + % @end macro + % ... + % @funindex commtest + % + % The above is not enough to reproduce the bug, but it gives the flavor. + % + % Sample whatsit resulting: + % .@write3{\entry{xyz}{@folio }{@code {xyz@endinput }}} + % + % So: + \let\endinput = \empty + % + % Do the redefinitions. + \commondummies +} + +% For the aux and toc files, @ is the escape character. So we want to +% redefine everything using @ as the escape character (instead of +% \realbackslash, still used for index files). When everything uses @, +% this will be simpler. +% +\def\atdummies{% + \def\@{@@}% + \def\ {@ }% + \let\{ = \lbraceatcmd + \let\} = \rbraceatcmd + % + % Do the redefinitions. + \commondummies + \otherbackslash +} + +% Called from \indexdummies and \atdummies. +% +\def\commondummies{% + % + % \definedummyword defines \#1 as \string\#1\space, thus effectively + % preventing its expansion. This is used only for control% words, + % not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect for + % control characters, but is needed to separate the control word + % from whatever follows. + % + % For control letters, we have \definedummyletter, which omits the + % space. + % + % These can be used both for control words that take an argument and + % those that do not. If it is followed by {arg} in the input, then + % that will dutifully get written to the index (or wherever). + % + \def\definedummyword ##1{\def##1{\string##1\space}}% + \def\definedummyletter##1{\def##1{\string##1}}% + \let\definedummyaccent\definedummyletter + % + \commondummiesnofonts + % + \definedummyletter\_% + % + % Non-English letters. + \definedummyword\AA + \definedummyword\AE + \definedummyword\L + \definedummyword\OE + \definedummyword\O + \definedummyword\aa + \definedummyword\ae + \definedummyword\l + \definedummyword\oe + \definedummyword\o + \definedummyword\ss + \definedummyword\exclamdown + \definedummyword\questiondown + \definedummyword\ordf + \definedummyword\ordm + % + % Although these internal commands shouldn't show up, sometimes they do. + \definedummyword\bf + \definedummyword\gtr + \definedummyword\hat + \definedummyword\less + \definedummyword\sf + \definedummyword\sl + \definedummyword\tclose + \definedummyword\tt + % + \definedummyword\LaTeX + \definedummyword\TeX + % + % Assorted special characters. + \definedummyword\bullet + \definedummyword\comma + \definedummyword\copyright + \definedummyword\registeredsymbol + \definedummyword\dots + \definedummyword\enddots + \definedummyword\equiv + \definedummyword\error + \definedummyword\euro + \definedummyword\guillemetleft + \definedummyword\guillemetright + \definedummyword\guilsinglleft + \definedummyword\guilsinglright + \definedummyword\expansion + \definedummyword\minus + \definedummyword\ogonek + \definedummyword\pounds + \definedummyword\point + \definedummyword\print + \definedummyword\quotedblbase + \definedummyword\quotedblleft + \definedummyword\quotedblright + \definedummyword\quoteleft + \definedummyword\quoteright + \definedummyword\quotesinglbase + \definedummyword\result + \definedummyword\textdegree + % + % We want to disable all macros so that they are not expanded by \write. + \macrolist + % + \normalturnoffactive + % + % Handle some cases of @value -- where it does not contain any + % (non-fully-expandable) commands. + \makevalueexpandable +} + +% \commondummiesnofonts: common to \commondummies and \indexnofonts. +% +\def\commondummiesnofonts{% + % Control letters and accents. + \definedummyletter\!% + \definedummyaccent\"% + \definedummyaccent\'% + \definedummyletter\*% + \definedummyaccent\,% + \definedummyletter\.% + \definedummyletter\/% + \definedummyletter\:% + \definedummyaccent\=% + \definedummyletter\?% + \definedummyaccent\^% + \definedummyaccent\`% + \definedummyaccent\~% + \definedummyword\u + \definedummyword\v + \definedummyword\H + \definedummyword\dotaccent + \definedummyword\ogonek + \definedummyword\ringaccent + \definedummyword\tieaccent + \definedummyword\ubaraccent + \definedummyword\udotaccent + \definedummyword\dotless + % + % Texinfo font commands. + \definedummyword\b + \definedummyword\i + \definedummyword\r + \definedummyword\sc + \definedummyword\t + % + % Commands that take arguments. + \definedummyword\acronym + \definedummyword\cite + \definedummyword\code + \definedummyword\command + \definedummyword\dfn + \definedummyword\emph + \definedummyword\env + \definedummyword\file + \definedummyword\kbd + \definedummyword\key + \definedummyword\math + \definedummyword\option + \definedummyword\pxref + \definedummyword\ref + \definedummyword\samp + \definedummyword\strong + \definedummyword\tie + \definedummyword\uref + \definedummyword\url + \definedummyword\var + \definedummyword\verb + \definedummyword\w + \definedummyword\xref +} + +% \indexnofonts is used when outputting the strings to sort the index +% by, and when constructing control sequence names. It eliminates all +% control sequences and just writes whatever the best ASCII sort string +% would be for a given command (usually its argument). +% +\def\indexnofonts{% + % Accent commands should become @asis. + \def\definedummyaccent##1{\let##1\asis}% + % We can just ignore other control letters. + \def\definedummyletter##1{\let##1\empty}% + % Hopefully, all control words can become @asis. + \let\definedummyword\definedummyaccent + % + \commondummiesnofonts + % + % Don't no-op \tt, since it isn't a user-level command + % and is used in the definitions of the active chars like <, >, |, etc. + % Likewise with the other plain tex font commands. + %\let\tt=\asis + % + \def\ { }% + \def\@{@}% + % how to handle braces? + \def\_{\normalunderscore}% + % + % Non-English letters. + \def\AA{AA}% + \def\AE{AE}% + \def\L{L}% + \def\OE{OE}% + \def\O{O}% + \def\aa{aa}% + \def\ae{ae}% + \def\l{l}% + \def\oe{oe}% + \def\o{o}% + \def\ss{ss}% + \def\exclamdown{!}% + \def\questiondown{?}% + \def\ordf{a}% + \def\ordm{o}% + % + \def\LaTeX{LaTeX}% + \def\TeX{TeX}% + % + % Assorted special characters. + % (The following {} will end up in the sort string, but that's ok.) + \def\bullet{bullet}% + \def\comma{,}% + \def\copyright{copyright}% + \def\registeredsymbol{R}% + \def\dots{...}% + \def\enddots{...}% + \def\equiv{==}% + \def\error{error}% + \def\euro{euro}% + \def\guillemetleft{<<}% + \def\guillemetright{>>}% + \def\guilsinglleft{<}% + \def\guilsinglright{>}% + \def\expansion{==>}% + \def\minus{-}% + \def\pounds{pounds}% + \def\point{.}% + \def\print{-|}% + \def\quotedblbase{"}% + \def\quotedblleft{"}% + \def\quotedblright{"}% + \def\quoteleft{`}% + \def\quoteright{'}% + \def\quotesinglbase{,}% + \def\result{=>}% + \def\textdegree{degrees}% + % + % We need to get rid of all macros, leaving only the arguments (if present). + % Of course this is not nearly correct, but it is the best we can do for now. + % makeinfo does not expand macros in the argument to @deffn, which ends up + % writing an index entry, and texindex isn't prepared for an index sort entry + % that starts with \. + % + % Since macro invocations are followed by braces, we can just redefine them + % to take a single TeX argument. The case of a macro invocation that + % goes to end-of-line is not handled. + % + \macrolist +} + +\let\indexbackslash=0 %overridden during \printindex. +\let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)? + +% Most index entries go through here, but \dosubind is the general case. +% #1 is the index name, #2 is the entry text. +\def\doind#1#2{\dosubind{#1}{#2}{}} + +% Workhorse for all \fooindexes. +% #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there, #3 is subentry -- +% empty if called from \doind, as we usually are (the main exception +% is with most defuns, which call us directly). +% +\def\dosubind#1#2#3{% + \iflinks + {% + % Store the main index entry text (including the third arg). + \toks0 = {#2}% + % If third arg is present, precede it with a space. + \def\thirdarg{#3}% + \ifx\thirdarg\empty \else + \toks0 = \expandafter{\the\toks0 \space #3}% + \fi + % + \edef\writeto{\csname#1indfile\endcsname}% + % + \safewhatsit\dosubindwrite + }% + \fi +} + +% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file: +% +\def\dosubindwrite{% + % Put the index entry in the margin if desired. + \ifx\SETmarginindex\relax\else + \insert\margin{\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt \the\toks0}}% + \fi + % + % Remember, we are within a group. + \indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage + \def\backslashcurfont{\indexbackslash}% \indexbackslash isn't defined now + % so it will be output as is; and it will print as backslash. + % + % Process the index entry with all font commands turned off, to + % get the string to sort by. + {\indexnofonts + \edef\temp{\the\toks0}% need full expansion + \xdef\indexsorttmp{\temp}% + }% + % + % Set up the complete index entry, with both the sort key and + % the original text, including any font commands. We write + % three arguments to \entry to the .?? file (four in the + % subentry case), texindex reduces to two when writing the .??s + % sorted result. + \edef\temp{% + \write\writeto{% + \string\entry{\indexsorttmp}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}% + }% + \temp +} + +% Take care of unwanted page breaks/skips around a whatsit: +% +% If a skip is the last thing on the list now, preserve it +% by backing up by \lastskip, doing the \write, then inserting +% the skip again. Otherwise, the whatsit generated by the +% \write or \pdfdest will make \lastskip zero. The result is that +% sequences like this: +% @end defun +% @tindex whatever +% @defun ... +% will have extra space inserted, because the \medbreak in the +% start of the @defun won't see the skip inserted by the @end of +% the previous defun. +% +% But don't do any of this if we're not in vertical mode. We +% don't want to do a \vskip and prematurely end a paragraph. +% +% Avoid page breaks due to these extra skips, too. +% +% But wait, there is a catch there: +% We'll have to check whether \lastskip is zero skip. \ifdim is not +% sufficient for this purpose, as it ignores stretch and shrink parts +% of the skip. The only way seems to be to check the textual +% representation of the skip. +% +% The following is almost like \def\zeroskipmacro{0.0pt} except that +% the ``p'' and ``t'' characters have catcode \other, not 11 (letter). +% +\edef\zeroskipmacro{\expandafter\the\csname z@skip\endcsname} +% +\newskip\whatsitskip +\newcount\whatsitpenalty +% +% ..., ready, GO: +% +\def\safewhatsit#1{% +\ifhmode + #1% +\else + % \lastskip and \lastpenalty cannot both be nonzero simultaneously. + \whatsitskip = \lastskip + \edef\lastskipmacro{\the\lastskip}% + \whatsitpenalty = \lastpenalty + % + % If \lastskip is nonzero, that means the last item was a + % skip. And since a skip is discardable, that means this + % -\whatsitskip glue we're inserting is preceded by a + % non-discardable item, therefore it is not a potential + % breakpoint, therefore no \nobreak needed. + \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro + \else + \vskip-\whatsitskip + \fi + % + #1% + % + \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro + % If \lastskip was zero, perhaps the last item was a penalty, and + % perhaps it was >=10000, e.g., a \nobreak. In that case, we want + % to re-insert the same penalty (values >10000 are used for various + % signals); since we just inserted a non-discardable item, any + % following glue (such as a \parskip) would be a breakpoint. For example: + % + % @deffn deffn-whatever + % @vindex index-whatever + % Description. + % would allow a break between the index-whatever whatsit + % and the "Description." paragraph. + \ifnum\whatsitpenalty>9999 \penalty\whatsitpenalty \fi + \else + % On the other hand, if we had a nonzero \lastskip, + % this make-up glue would be preceded by a non-discardable item + % (the whatsit from the \write), so we must insert a \nobreak. + \nobreak\vskip\whatsitskip + \fi +\fi +} + +% The index entry written in the file actually looks like +% \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic} +% or +% \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}{subtopic} +% The texindex program reads in these files and writes files +% containing these kinds of lines: +% \initial {c} +% before the first topic whose initial is c +% \entry {topic}{pagelist} +% for a topic that is used without subtopics +% \primary {topic} +% for the beginning of a topic that is used with subtopics +% \secondary {subtopic}{pagelist} +% for each subtopic. + +% Define the user-accessible indexing commands +% @findex, @vindex, @kindex, @cindex. + +\def\findex {\fnindex} +\def\kindex {\kyindex} +\def\cindex {\cpindex} +\def\vindex {\vrindex} +\def\tindex {\tpindex} +\def\pindex {\pgindex} + +\def\cindexsub {\begingroup\obeylines\cindexsub} +{\obeylines % +\gdef\cindexsub "#1" #2^^M{\endgroup % +\dosubind{cp}{#2}{#1}}} + +% Define the macros used in formatting output of the sorted index material. + +% @printindex causes a particular index (the ??s file) to get printed. +% It does not print any chapter heading (usually an @unnumbered). +% +\parseargdef\printindex{\begingroup + \dobreak \chapheadingskip{10000}% + % + \smallfonts \rm + \tolerance = 9500 + \plainfrenchspacing + \everypar = {}% don't want the \kern\-parindent from indentation suppression. + % + % See if the index file exists and is nonempty. + % Change catcode of @ here so that if the index file contains + % \initial {@} + % as its first line, TeX doesn't complain about mismatched braces + % (because it thinks @} is a control sequence). + \catcode`\@ = 11 + \openin 1 \jobname.#1s + \ifeof 1 + % \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index, + % and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the + % index. The easiest way to prevent this problem is to make sure + % there is some text. + \putwordIndexNonexistent + \else + % + % If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof + % false. We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so + % it can discover if there is anything in it. + \read 1 to \temp + \ifeof 1 + \putwordIndexIsEmpty + \else + % Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape + % character. It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change + % to make right now. + \def\indexbackslash{\backslashcurfont}% + \catcode`\\ = 0 + \escapechar = `\\ + \begindoublecolumns + \input \jobname.#1s + \enddoublecolumns + \fi + \fi + \closein 1 +\endgroup} + +% These macros are used by the sorted index file itself. +% Change them to control the appearance of the index. + +\def\initial#1{{% + % Some minor font changes for the special characters. + \let\tentt=\sectt \let\tt=\sectt \let\sf=\sectt + % + % Remove any glue we may have, we'll be inserting our own. + \removelastskip + % + % We like breaks before the index initials, so insert a bonus. + \nobreak + \vskip 0pt plus 3\baselineskip + \penalty 0 + \vskip 0pt plus -3\baselineskip + % + % Typeset the initial. Making this add up to a whole number of + % baselineskips increases the chance of the dots lining up from column + % to column. It still won't often be perfect, because of the stretch + % we need before each entry, but it's better. + % + % No shrink because it confuses \balancecolumns. + \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus .5\baselineskip + \leftline{\secbf #1}% + % Do our best not to break after the initial. + \nobreak + \vskip .33\baselineskip plus .1\baselineskip +}} + +% \entry typesets a paragraph consisting of the text (#1), dot leaders, and +% then page number (#2) flushed to the right margin. It is used for index +% and table of contents entries. The paragraph is indented by \leftskip. +% +% A straightforward implementation would start like this: +% \def\entry#1#2{... +% But this freezes the catcodes in the argument, and can cause problems to +% @code, which sets - active. This problem was fixed by a kludge--- +% ``-'' was active throughout whole index, but this isn't really right. +% +% The right solution is to prevent \entry from swallowing the whole text. +% --kasal, 21nov03 +\def\entry{% + \begingroup + % + % Start a new paragraph if necessary, so our assignments below can't + % affect previous text. + \par + % + % Do not fill out the last line with white space. + \parfillskip = 0in + % + % No extra space above this paragraph. + \parskip = 0in + % + % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines. + \finalhyphendemerits = 0 + % + % \hangindent is only relevant when the entry text and page number + % don't both fit on one line. In that case, bob suggests starting the + % dots pretty far over on the line. Unfortunately, a large + % indentation looks wrong when the entry text itself is broken across + % lines. So we use a small indentation and put up with long leaders. + % + % \hangafter is reset to 1 (which is the value we want) at the start + % of each paragraph, so we need not do anything with that. + \hangindent = 2em + % + % When the entry text needs to be broken, just fill out the first line + % with blank space. + \rightskip = 0pt plus1fil + % + % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing + % columns. + \vskip 0pt plus1pt + % + % Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter): + \afterassignment\doentry + \let\temp = +} +\def\doentry{% + \bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace. + \noindent + \aftergroup\finishentry + % And now comes the text of the entry. +} +\def\finishentry#1{% + % #1 is the page number. + % + % The following is kludged to not output a line of dots in the index if + % there are no page numbers. The next person who breaks this will be + % cursed by a Unix daemon. + \setbox\boxA = \hbox{#1}% + \ifdim\wd\boxA = 0pt + \ % + \else + % + % If we must, put the page number on a line of its own, and fill out + % this line with blank space. (The \hfil is overwhelmed with the + % fill leaders glue in \indexdotfill if the page number does fit.) + \hfil\penalty50 + \null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number. + % + % The `\ ' here is removed by the implicit \unskip that TeX does as + % part of (the primitive) \par. Without it, a spurious underfull + % \hbox ensues. + \ifpdf + \pdfgettoks#1.% + \ \the\toksA + \else + \ #1% + \fi + \fi + \par + \endgroup +} + +% Like plain.tex's \dotfill, except uses up at least 1 em. +\def\indexdotfill{\cleaders + \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1fill} + +\def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}} + +\newskip\secondaryindent \secondaryindent=0.5cm +\def\secondary#1#2{{% + \parfillskip=0in + \parskip=0in + \hangindent=1in + \hangafter=1 + \noindent\hskip\secondaryindent\hbox{#1}\indexdotfill + \ifpdf + \pdfgettoks#2.\ \the\toksA % The page number ends the paragraph. + \else + #2 + \fi + \par +}} + +% Define two-column mode, which we use to typeset indexes. +% Adapted from the TeXbook, page 416, which is to say, +% the manmac.tex format used to print the TeXbook itself. +\catcode`\@=11 + +\newbox\partialpage +\newdimen\doublecolumnhsize + +\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns + % Grab any single-column material above us. + \output = {% + % + % Here is a possibility not foreseen in manmac: if we accumulate a + % whole lot of material, we might end up calling this \output + % routine twice in a row (see the doublecol-lose test, which is + % essentially a couple of indexes with @setchapternewpage off). In + % that case we just ship out what is in \partialpage with the normal + % output routine. Generally, \partialpage will be empty when this + % runs and this will be a no-op. See the indexspread.tex test case. + \ifvoid\partialpage \else + \onepageout{\pagecontents\partialpage}% + \fi + % + \global\setbox\partialpage = \vbox{% + % Unvbox the main output page. + \unvbox\PAGE + \kern-\topskip \kern\baselineskip + }% + }% + \eject % run that output routine to set \partialpage + % + % Use the double-column output routine for subsequent pages. + \output = {\doublecolumnout}% + % + % Change the page size parameters. We could do this once outside this + % routine, in each of @smallbook, @afourpaper, and the default 8.5x11 + % format, but then we repeat the same computation. Repeating a couple + % of assignments once per index is clearly meaningless for the + % execution time, so we may as well do it in one place. + % + % First we halve the line length, less a little for the gutter between + % the columns. We compute the gutter based on the line length, so it + % changes automatically with the paper format. The magic constant + % below is chosen so that the gutter has the same value (well, +-<1pt) + % as it did when we hard-coded it. + % + % We put the result in a separate register, \doublecolumhsize, so we + % can restore it in \pagesofar, after \hsize itself has (potentially) + % been clobbered. + % + \doublecolumnhsize = \hsize + \advance\doublecolumnhsize by -.04154\hsize + \divide\doublecolumnhsize by 2 + \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize + % + % Double the \vsize as well. (We don't need a separate register here, + % since nobody clobbers \vsize.) + \vsize = 2\vsize +} + +% The double-column output routine for all double-column pages except +% the last. +% +\def\doublecolumnout{% + \splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth + % Get the available space for the double columns -- the normal + % (undoubled) page height minus any material left over from the + % previous page. + \dimen@ = \vsize + \divide\dimen@ by 2 + \advance\dimen@ by -\ht\partialpage + % + % box0 will be the left-hand column, box2 the right. + \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ + \onepageout\pagesofar + \unvbox255 + \penalty\outputpenalty +} +% +% Re-output the contents of the output page -- any previous material, +% followed by the two boxes we just split, in box0 and box2. +\def\pagesofar{% + \unvbox\partialpage + % + \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize + \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize + \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}% +} +% +% All done with double columns. +\def\enddoublecolumns{% + % The following penalty ensures that the page builder is exercised + % _before_ we change the output routine. This is necessary in the + % following situation: + % + % The last section of the index consists only of a single entry. + % Before this section, \pagetotal is less than \pagegoal, so no + % break occurs before the last section starts. However, the last + % section, consisting of \initial and the single \entry, does not + % fit on the page and has to be broken off. Without the following + % penalty the page builder will not be exercised until \eject + % below, and by that time we'll already have changed the output + % routine to the \balancecolumns version, so the next-to-last + % double-column page will be processed with \balancecolumns, which + % is wrong: The two columns will go to the main vertical list, with + % the broken-off section in the recent contributions. As soon as + % the output routine finishes, TeX starts reconsidering the page + % break. The two columns and the broken-off section both fit on the + % page, because the two columns now take up only half of the page + % goal. When TeX sees \eject from below which follows the final + % section, it invokes the new output routine that we've set after + % \balancecolumns below; \onepageout will try to fit the two columns + % and the final section into the vbox of \pageheight (see + % \pagebody), causing an overfull box. + % + % Note that glue won't work here, because glue does not exercise the + % page builder, unlike penalties (see The TeXbook, pp. 280-281). + \penalty0 + % + \output = {% + % Split the last of the double-column material. Leave it on the + % current page, no automatic page break. + \balancecolumns + % + % If we end up splitting too much material for the current page, + % though, there will be another page break right after this \output + % invocation ends. Having called \balancecolumns once, we do not + % want to call it again. Therefore, reset \output to its normal + % definition right away. (We hope \balancecolumns will never be + % called on to balance too much material, but if it is, this makes + % the output somewhat more palatable.) + \global\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}% + }% + \eject + \endgroup % started in \begindoublecolumns + % + % \pagegoal was set to the doubled \vsize above, since we restarted + % the current page. We're now back to normal single-column + % typesetting, so reset \pagegoal to the normal \vsize (after the + % \endgroup where \vsize got restored). + \pagegoal = \vsize +} +% +% Called at the end of the double column material. +\def\balancecolumns{% + \setbox0 = \vbox{\unvbox255}% like \box255 but more efficient, see p.120. + \dimen@ = \ht0 + \advance\dimen@ by \topskip + \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip + \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to + %debug\message{final 2-column material height=\the\ht0, target=\the\dimen@.}% + \splittopskip = \topskip + % Loop until we get a decent breakpoint. + {% + \vbadness = 10000 + \loop + \global\setbox3 = \copy0 + \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@ + \ifdim\ht3>\dimen@ + \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt + \repeat + }% + %debug\message{split to \the\dimen@, column heights: \the\ht1, \the\ht3.}% + \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}% + \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}% + % + \pagesofar +} +\catcode`\@ = \other + + +\message{sectioning,} +% Chapters, sections, etc. + +% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron, of course. But we count the unnumbered +% sections so that we can refer to them unambiguously in the pdf +% outlines by their "section number". We avoid collisions with chapter +% numbers by starting them at 10000. (If a document ever has 10000 +% chapters, we're in trouble anyway, I'm sure.) +\newcount\unnumberedno \unnumberedno = 10000 +\newcount\chapno +\newcount\secno \secno=0 +\newcount\subsecno \subsecno=0 +\newcount\subsubsecno \subsubsecno=0 + +% This counter is funny since it counts through charcodes of letters A, B, ... +\newcount\appendixno \appendixno = `\@ +% +% \def\appendixletter{\char\the\appendixno} +% We do the following ugly conditional instead of the above simple +% construct for the sake of pdftex, which needs the actual +% letter in the expansion, not just typeset. +% +\def\appendixletter{% + \ifnum\appendixno=`A A% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`B B% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`C C% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`D D% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`E E% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`F F% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`G G% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`H H% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`I I% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`J J% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`K K% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`L L% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`M M% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`N N% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`O O% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`P P% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Q Q% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`R R% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`S S% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`T T% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`U U% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`V V% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`W W% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`X X% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Y Y% + \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Z Z% + % The \the is necessary, despite appearances, because \appendixletter is + % expanded while writing the .toc file. \char\appendixno is not + % expandable, thus it is written literally, thus all appendixes come out + % with the same letter (or @) in the toc without it. + \else\char\the\appendixno + \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi + \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi} + +% Each @chapter defines these (using marks) as the number+name, number +% and name of the chapter. Page headings and footings can use +% these. @section does likewise. +\def\thischapter{} +\def\thischapternum{} +\def\thischaptername{} +\def\thissection{} +\def\thissectionnum{} +\def\thissectionname{} + +\newcount\absseclevel % used to calculate proper heading level +\newcount\secbase\secbase=0 % @raisesections/@lowersections modify this count + +% @raisesections: treat @section as chapter, @subsection as section, etc. +\def\raisesections{\global\advance\secbase by -1} +\let\up=\raisesections % original BFox name + +% @lowersections: treat @chapter as section, @section as subsection, etc. +\def\lowersections{\global\advance\secbase by 1} +\let\down=\lowersections % original BFox name + +% we only have subsub. +\chardef\maxseclevel = 3 +% +% A numbered section within an unnumbered changes to unnumbered too. +% To achive this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in: +\chardef\unmlevel = \maxseclevel +% +% Trace whether the current chapter is an appendix or not: +% \chapheadtype is "N" or "A", unnumbered chapters are ignored. +\def\chapheadtype{N} + +% Choose a heading macro +% #1 is heading type +% #2 is heading level +% #3 is text for heading +\def\genhead#1#2#3{% + % Compute the abs. sec. level: + \absseclevel=#2 + \advance\absseclevel by \secbase + % Make sure \absseclevel doesn't fall outside the range: + \ifnum \absseclevel < 0 + \absseclevel = 0 + \else + \ifnum \absseclevel > 3 + \absseclevel = 3 + \fi + \fi + % The heading type: + \def\headtype{#1}% + \if \headtype U% + \ifnum \absseclevel < \unmlevel + \chardef\unmlevel = \absseclevel + \fi + \else + % Check for appendix sections: + \ifnum \absseclevel = 0 + \edef\chapheadtype{\headtype}% + \else + \if \headtype A\if \chapheadtype N% + \errmessage{@appendix... within a non-appendix chapter}% + \fi\fi + \fi + % Check for numbered within unnumbered: + \ifnum \absseclevel > \unmlevel + \def\headtype{U}% + \else + \chardef\unmlevel = 3 + \fi + \fi + % Now print the heading: + \if \headtype U% + \ifcase\absseclevel + \unnumberedzzz{#3}% + \or \unnumberedseczzz{#3}% + \or \unnumberedsubseczzz{#3}% + \or \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#3}% + \fi + \else + \if \headtype A% + \ifcase\absseclevel + \appendixzzz{#3}% + \or \appendixsectionzzz{#3}% + \or \appendixsubseczzz{#3}% + \or \appendixsubsubseczzz{#3}% + \fi + \else + \ifcase\absseclevel + \chapterzzz{#3}% + \or \seczzz{#3}% + \or \numberedsubseczzz{#3}% + \or \numberedsubsubseczzz{#3}% + \fi + \fi + \fi + \suppressfirstparagraphindent +} + +% an interface: +\def\numhead{\genhead N} +\def\apphead{\genhead A} +\def\unnmhead{\genhead U} + +% @chapter, @appendix, @unnumbered. Increment top-level counter, reset +% all lower-level sectioning counters to zero. +% +% Also set \chaplevelprefix, which we prepend to @float sequence numbers +% (e.g., figures), q.v. By default (before any chapter), that is empty. +\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty +% +\outer\parseargdef\chapter{\numhead0{#1}} % normally numhead0 calls chapterzzz +\def\chapterzzz#1{% + % section resetting is \global in case the chapter is in a group, such + % as an @include file. + \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 + \global\advance\chapno by 1 + % + % Used for \float. + \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\the\chapno.}% + \resetallfloatnos + % + \message{\putwordChapter\space \the\chapno}% + % + % Write the actual heading. + \chapmacro{#1}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno}% + % + % So @section and the like are numbered underneath this chapter. + \global\let\section = \numberedsec + \global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec + \global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec +} + +\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally apphead0 calls appendixzzz +\def\appendixzzz#1{% + \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 + \global\advance\appendixno by 1 + \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\appendixletter.}% + \resetallfloatnos + % + \def\appendixnum{\putwordAppendix\space \appendixletter}% + \message{\appendixnum}% + % + \chapmacro{#1}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter}% + % + \global\let\section = \appendixsec + \global\let\subsection = \appendixsubsec + \global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec +} + +\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}} % normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz +\def\unnumberedzzz#1{% + \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 + \global\advance\unnumberedno by 1 + % + % Since an unnumbered has no number, no prefix for figures. + \global\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty + \resetallfloatnos + % + % This used to be simply \message{#1}, but TeX fully expands the + % argument to \message. Therefore, if #1 contained @-commands, TeX + % expanded them. For example, in `@unnumbered The @cite{Book}', TeX + % expanded @cite (which turns out to cause errors because \cite is meant + % to be executed, not expanded). + % + % Anyway, we don't want the fully-expanded definition of @cite to appear + % as a result of the \message, we just want `@cite' itself. We use + % \the<toks register> to achieve this: TeX expands \the<toks> only once, + % simply yielding the contents of <toks register>. (We also do this for + % the toc entries.) + \toks0 = {#1}% + \message{(\the\toks0)}% + % + \chapmacro{#1}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno}% + % + \global\let\section = \unnumberedsec + \global\let\subsection = \unnumberedsubsec + \global\let\subsubsection = \unnumberedsubsubsec +} + +% @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered. +\outer\parseargdef\centerchap{% + % Well, we could do the following in a group, but that would break + % an assumption that \chapmacro is called at the outermost level. + % Thus we are safer this way: --kasal, 24feb04 + \let\centerparametersmaybe = \centerparameters + \unnmhead0{#1}% + \let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax +} + +% @top is like @unnumbered. +\let\top\unnumbered + +% Sections. +\outer\parseargdef\numberedsec{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz +\def\seczzz#1{% + \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}% +} + +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}} % normally calls appendixsectionzzz +\def\appendixsectionzzz#1{% + \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter.\the\secno}% +} +\let\appendixsec\appendixsection + +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}} % normally calls unnumberedseczzz +\def\unnumberedseczzz#1{% + \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\secno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno}% +} + +% Subsections. +\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}} % normally calls numberedsubseczzz +\def\numberedsubseczzz#1{% + \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}% +} + +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}} % normally calls appendixsubseczzz +\def\appendixsubseczzz#1{% + \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yappendix}% + {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}% +} + +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}} %normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz +\def\unnumberedsubseczzz#1{% + \global\subsubsecno=0 \global\advance\subsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynothing}% + {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}% +} + +% Subsubsections. +\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}} % normally numberedsubsubseczzz +\def\numberedsubsubseczzz#1{% + \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynumbered}% + {\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}% +} + +\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}} % normally appendixsubsubseczzz +\def\appendixsubsubseczzz#1{% + \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yappendix}% + {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}% +} + +\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}} %normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz +\def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz#1{% + \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1 + \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynothing}% + {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}% +} + +% These macros control what the section commands do, according +% to what kind of chapter we are in (ordinary, appendix, or unnumbered). +% Define them by default for a numbered chapter. +\let\section = \numberedsec +\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec +\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec + +% Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading + +% NOTE on use of \vbox for chapter headings, section headings, and such: +% 1) We use \vbox rather than the earlier \line to permit +% overlong headings to fold. +% 2) \hyphenpenalty is set to 10000 because hyphenation in a +% heading is obnoxious; this forbids it. +% 3) Likewise, headings look best if no \parindent is used, and +% if justification is not attempted. Hence \raggedright. + +\def\majorheading{% + {\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }% + \parsearg\chapheadingzzz +} + +\def\chapheading{\chapbreak \parsearg\chapheadingzzz} +\def\chapheadingzzz#1{% + {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 + \parindent=0pt\ptexraggedright + \rmisbold #1\hfill}}% + \bigskip \par\penalty 200\relax + \suppressfirstparagraphindent +} + +% @heading, @subheading, @subsubheading. +\parseargdef\heading{\sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yomitfromtoc}{} + \suppressfirstparagraphindent} +\parseargdef\subheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{} + \suppressfirstparagraphindent} +\parseargdef\subsubheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{} + \suppressfirstparagraphindent} + +% These macros generate a chapter, section, etc. heading only +% (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it), +% given all the information in convenient, parsed form. + +%%% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative) +\def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi} + +%%% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it +% Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed) + +\newskip\chapheadingskip + +\def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}} +\def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject} +% Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will +% get the headings for the next chapter, which is wrong. But we don't +% care -- we just disable all headings on the filler page. +\def\chapoddpage{% + \chappager + \ifodd\pageno \else + \begingroup + \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}% + \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}% + \hbox to 0pt{}% + \chappager + \endgroup + \fi +} + +\def\setchapternewpage #1 {\csname CHAPPAG#1\endcsname} + +\def\CHAPPAGoff{% +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapbreak +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager} + +\def\CHAPPAGon{% +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chappager +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager +\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSsingle}} + +\def\CHAPPAGodd{% +\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage +\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapoddpage +\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chapoddpage +\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}} + +\CHAPPAGon + +% Chapter opening. +% +% #1 is the text, #2 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing, +% Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc), #3 the chapter number. +% +% To test against our argument. +\def\Ynothingkeyword{Ynothing} +\def\Yomitfromtockeyword{Yomitfromtoc} +\def\Yappendixkeyword{Yappendix} +% +\def\chapmacro#1#2#3{% + % Insert the first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark). + \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs + \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{}\gdef\thissectionnum{}% + \gdef\thissection{}}% + % + \def\temptype{#2}% + \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword + \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}% + \gdef\thischapter{\thischaptername}}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword + \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}% + \gdef\thischapter{}}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword + \toks0={#1}% + \xdef\lastchapterdefs{% + \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}% + \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\appendixletter}% + \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordAppendix{} \noexpand\thischapternum: + \noexpand\thischaptername}% + }% + \else + \toks0={#1}% + \xdef\lastchapterdefs{% + \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}% + \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\the\chapno}% + \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\putwordChapter{} \noexpand\thischapternum: + \noexpand\thischaptername}% + }% + \fi\fi\fi + % + % Output the mark. Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of + % the preceding space. + \safewhatsit\domark + % + % Insert the chapter heading break. + \pchapsepmacro + % + % Now the second mark, after the heading break. No break points + % between here and the heading. + \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs + \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \domark + % + {% + \chapfonts \rmisbold + % + % Have to define \lastsection before calling \donoderef, because the + % xref code eventually uses it. On the other hand, it has to be called + % after \pchapsepmacro, or the headline will change too soon. + \gdef\lastsection{#1}% + % + % Only insert the separating space if we have a chapter/appendix + % number, and don't print the unnumbered ``number''. + \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{}% + \def\toctype{unnchap}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{}% contents like unnumbered, but no toc entry + \def\toctype{omit}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} #3\enspace}% + \def\toctype{app}% + \else + \setbox0 = \hbox{#3\enspace}% + \def\toctype{numchap}% + \fi\fi\fi + % + % Write the toc entry for this chapter. Must come before the + % \donoderef, because we include the current node name in the toc + % entry, and \donoderef resets it to empty. + \writetocentry{\toctype}{#1}{#3}% + % + % For pdftex, we have to write out the node definition (aka, make + % the pdfdest) after any page break, but before the actual text has + % been typeset. If the destination for the pdf outline is after the + % text, then jumping from the outline may wind up with the text not + % being visible, for instance under high magnification. + \donoderef{#2}% + % + % Typeset the actual heading. + \nobreak % Avoid page breaks at the interline glue. + \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \ptexraggedright + \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe + \unhbox0 #1\par}% + }% + \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title + \nobreak +} + +% @centerchap -- centered and unnumbered. +\let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax +\def\centerparameters{% + \advance\rightskip by 3\rightskip + \leftskip = \rightskip + \parfillskip = 0pt +} + + +% I don't think this chapter style is supported any more, so I'm not +% updating it with the new noderef stuff. We'll see. --karl, 11aug03. +% +\def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname} +% +\def\unnchfopen #1{% +\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 + \parindent=0pt\ptexraggedright + \rmisbold #1\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak +} +\def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts +\vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}% +\par\penalty 5000 % +} +\def\centerchfopen #1{% +\chapoddpage {\chapfonts \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000\tolerance=5000 + \parindent=0pt + \hfill {\rmisbold #1}\hfill}}\bigskip \par\nobreak +} +\def\CHAPFopen{% + \global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen + \global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfopen} + + +% Section titles. These macros combine the section number parts and +% call the generic \sectionheading to do the printing. +% +\newskip\secheadingskip +\def\secheadingbreak{\dobreak \secheadingskip{-1000}} + +% Subsection titles. +\newskip\subsecheadingskip +\def\subsecheadingbreak{\dobreak \subsecheadingskip{-500}} + +% Subsubsection titles. +\def\subsubsecheadingskip{\subsecheadingskip} +\def\subsubsecheadingbreak{\subsecheadingbreak} + + +% Print any size, any type, section title. +% +% #1 is the text, #2 is the section level (sec/subsec/subsubsec), #3 is +% the section type for xrefs (Ynumbered, Ynothing, Yappendix), #4 is the +% section number. +% +\def\seckeyword{sec} +% +\def\sectionheading#1#2#3#4{% + {% + % Switch to the right set of fonts. + \csname #2fonts\endcsname \rmisbold + % + \def\sectionlevel{#2}% + \def\temptype{#3}% + % + % Insert first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark). + \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword + \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword + \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{#1}\gdef\thissectionnum{}% + \gdef\thissection{\thissectionname}}% + \fi + \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword + % Don't redefine \thissection. + \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword + \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword + \toks0={#1}% + \xdef\lastsectiondefs{% + \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}% + \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}% + \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum: + \noexpand\thissectionname}% + }% + \fi + \else + \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword + \toks0={#1}% + \xdef\lastsectiondefs{% + \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}% + \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}% + \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\putwordSection{} \noexpand\thissectionnum: + \noexpand\thissectionname}% + }% + \fi + \fi\fi\fi + % + % Go into vertical mode. Usually we'll already be there, but we + % don't want the following whatsit to end up in a preceding paragraph + % if the document didn't happen to have a blank line. + \par + % + % Output the mark. Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of + % the preceding space. + \safewhatsit\domark + % + % Insert space above the heading. + \csname #2headingbreak\endcsname + % + % Now the second mark, after the heading break. No break points + % between here and the heading. + \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs + \domark + % + % Only insert the space after the number if we have a section number. + \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{}% + \def\toctype{unn}% + \gdef\lastsection{#1}% + \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword + % for @headings -- no section number, don't include in toc, + % and don't redefine \lastsection. + \setbox0 = \hbox{}% + \def\toctype{omit}% + \let\sectionlevel=\empty + \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword + \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}% + \def\toctype{app}% + \gdef\lastsection{#1}% + \else + \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}% + \def\toctype{num}% + \gdef\lastsection{#1}% + \fi\fi\fi + % + % Write the toc entry (before \donoderef). See comments in \chapmacro. + \writetocentry{\toctype\sectionlevel}{#1}{#4}% + % + % Write the node reference (= pdf destination for pdftex). + % Again, see comments in \chapmacro. + \donoderef{#3}% + % + % Interline glue will be inserted when the vbox is completed. + % That glue will be a valid breakpoint for the page, since it'll be + % preceded by a whatsit (usually from the \donoderef, or from the + % \writetocentry if there was no node). We don't want to allow that + % break, since then the whatsits could end up on page n while the + % section is on page n+1, thus toc/etc. are wrong. Debian bug 276000. + \nobreak + % + % Output the actual section heading. + \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \ptexraggedright + \hangindent=\wd0 % zero if no section number + \unhbox0 #1}% + }% + % Add extra space after the heading -- half of whatever came above it. + % Don't allow stretch, though. + \kern .5 \csname #2headingskip\endcsname + % + % Do not let the kern be a potential breakpoint, as it would be if it + % was followed by glue. + \nobreak + % + % We'll almost certainly start a paragraph next, so don't let that + % glue accumulate. (Not a breakpoint because it's preceded by a + % discardable item.) + \vskip-\parskip + % + % This is purely so the last item on the list is a known \penalty > + % 10000. This is so \startdefun can avoid allowing breakpoints after + % section headings. Otherwise, it would insert a valid breakpoint between: + % + % @section sec-whatever + % @deffn def-whatever + \penalty 10001 +} + + +\message{toc,} +% Table of contents. +\newwrite\tocfile + +% Write an entry to the toc file, opening it if necessary. +% Called from @chapter, etc. +% +% Example usage: \writetocentry{sec}{Section Name}{\the\chapno.\the\secno} +% We append the current node name (if any) and page number as additional +% arguments for the \{chap,sec,...}entry macros which will eventually +% read this. The node name is used in the pdf outlines as the +% destination to jump to. +% +% We open the .toc file for writing here instead of at @setfilename (or +% any other fixed time) so that @contents can be anywhere in the document. +% But if #1 is `omit', then we don't do anything. This is used for the +% table of contents chapter openings themselves. +% +\newif\iftocfileopened +\def\omitkeyword{omit}% +% +\def\writetocentry#1#2#3{% + \edef\writetoctype{#1}% + \ifx\writetoctype\omitkeyword \else + \iftocfileopened\else + \immediate\openout\tocfile = \jobname.toc + \global\tocfileopenedtrue + \fi + % + \iflinks + {\atdummies + \edef\temp{% + \write\tocfile{@#1entry{#2}{#3}{\lastnode}{\noexpand\folio}}}% + \temp + }% + \fi + \fi + % + % Tell \shipout to create a pdf destination on each page, if we're + % writing pdf. These are used in the table of contents. We can't + % just write one on every page because the title pages are numbered + % 1 and 2 (the page numbers aren't printed), and so are the first + % two pages of the document. Thus, we'd have two destinations named + % `1', and two named `2'. + \ifpdf \global\pdfmakepagedesttrue \fi +} + + +% These characters do not print properly in the Computer Modern roman +% fonts, so we must take special care. This is more or less redundant +% with the Texinfo input format setup at the end of this file. +% +\def\activecatcodes{% + \catcode`\"=\active + \catcode`\$=\active + \catcode`\<=\active + \catcode`\>=\active + \catcode`\\=\active + \catcode`\^=\active + \catcode`\_=\active + \catcode`\|=\active + \catcode`\~=\active +} + + +% Read the toc file, which is essentially Texinfo input. +\def\readtocfile{% + \setupdatafile + \activecatcodes + \input \tocreadfilename +} + +\newskip\contentsrightmargin \contentsrightmargin=1in +\newcount\savepageno +\newcount\lastnegativepageno \lastnegativepageno = -1 + +% Prepare to read what we've written to \tocfile. +% +\def\startcontents#1{% + % If @setchapternewpage on, and @headings double, the contents should + % start on an odd page, unlike chapters. Thus, we maintain + % \contentsalignmacro in parallel with \pagealignmacro. + % From: Torbjorn Granlund <tege@matematik.su.se> + \contentsalignmacro + \immediate\closeout\tocfile + % + % Don't need to put `Contents' or `Short Contents' in the headline. + % It is abundantly clear what they are. + \chapmacro{#1}{Yomitfromtoc}{}% + % + \savepageno = \pageno + \begingroup % Set up to handle contents files properly. + \raggedbottom % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom. + \advance\hsize by -\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length. + % + % Roman numerals for page numbers. + \ifnum \pageno>0 \global\pageno = \lastnegativepageno \fi +} + +% redefined for the two-volume lispref. We always output on +% \jobname.toc even if this is redefined. +% +\def\tocreadfilename{\jobname.toc} + +% Normal (long) toc. +% +\def\contents{% + \startcontents{\putwordTOC}% + \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space + \ifeof 1 \else + \readtocfile + \fi + \vfill \eject + \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect + \ifeof 1 \else + \pdfmakeoutlines + \fi + \closein 1 + \endgroup + \lastnegativepageno = \pageno + \global\pageno = \savepageno +} + +% And just the chapters. +\def\summarycontents{% + \startcontents{\putwordShortTOC}% + % + \let\numchapentry = \shortchapentry + \let\appentry = \shortchapentry + \let\unnchapentry = \shortunnchapentry + % We want a true roman here for the page numbers. + \secfonts + \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf + \let\sl=\shortcontsl \let\tt=\shortconttt + \rm + \hyphenpenalty = 10000 + \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little. + \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{} + \let\appsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\unnsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\numsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\appsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\unnsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\numsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\appsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \let\unnsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry + \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space + \ifeof 1 \else + \readtocfile + \fi + \closein 1 + \vfill \eject + \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect + \endgroup + \lastnegativepageno = \pageno + \global\pageno = \savepageno +} +\let\shortcontents = \summarycontents + +% Typeset the label for a chapter or appendix for the short contents. +% The arg is, e.g., `A' for an appendix, or `3' for a chapter. +% +\def\shortchaplabel#1{% + % This space should be enough, since a single number is .5em, and the + % widest letter (M) is 1em, at least in the Computer Modern fonts. + % But use \hss just in case. + % (This space doesn't include the extra space that gets added after + % the label; that gets put in by \shortchapentry above.) + % + % We'd like to right-justify chapter numbers, but that looks strange + % with appendix letters. And right-justifying numbers and + % left-justifying letters looks strange when there is less than 10 + % chapters. Have to read the whole toc once to know how many chapters + % there are before deciding ... + \hbox to 1em{#1\hss}% +} + +% These macros generate individual entries in the table of contents. +% The first argument is the chapter or section name. +% The last argument is the page number. +% The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ... + +% Chapters, in the main contents. +\def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} +% +% Chapters, in the short toc. +% See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings. +\def\shortchapentry#1#2#3#4{% + \tocentry{\shortchaplabel{#2}\labelspace #1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}% +} + +% Appendices, in the main contents. +% Need the word Appendix, and a fixed-size box. +% +\def\appendixbox#1{% + % We use M since it's probably the widest letter. + \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} M}% + \hbox to \wd0{\putwordAppendix{} #1\hss}} +% +\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\labelspace#1}{#4}} + +% Unnumbered chapters. +\def\unnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#1}{#4}} +\def\shortunnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\tocentry{#1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}} + +% Sections. +\def\numsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} +\let\appsecentry=\numsecentry +\def\unnsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#1}{#4}} + +% Subsections. +\def\numsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} +\let\appsubsecentry=\numsubsecentry +\def\unnsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#1}{#4}} + +% And subsubsections. +\def\numsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}} +\let\appsubsubsecentry=\numsubsubsecentry +\def\unnsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#1}{#4}} + +% This parameter controls the indentation of the various levels. +% Same as \defaultparindent. +\newdimen\tocindent \tocindent = 15pt + +% Now for the actual typesetting. In all these, #1 is the text and #2 is the +% page number. +% +% If the toc has to be broken over pages, we want it to be at chapters +% if at all possible; hence the \penalty. +\def\dochapentry#1#2{% + \penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip + \begingroup + \chapentryfonts + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}% + \endgroup + \nobreak\vskip .25\baselineskip plus.1\baselineskip +} + +\def\dosecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \secentryfonts \leftskip=\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}% +\endgroup} + +\def\dosubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \subsecentryfonts \leftskip=2\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}% +\endgroup} + +\def\dosubsubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup + \subsubsecentryfonts \leftskip=3\tocindent + \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}% +\endgroup} + +% We use the same \entry macro as for the index entries. +\let\tocentry = \entry + +% Space between chapter (or whatever) number and the title. +\def\labelspace{\hskip1em \relax} + +\def\dopageno#1{{\rm #1}} +\def\doshortpageno#1{{\rm #1}} + +\def\chapentryfonts{\secfonts \rm} +\def\secentryfonts{\textfonts} +\def\subsecentryfonts{\textfonts} +\def\subsubsecentryfonts{\textfonts} + + +\message{environments,} +% @foo ... @end foo. + +% @tex ... @end tex escapes into raw Tex temporarily. +% One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works. +% But \@ or @@ will get a plain tex @ character. + +\envdef\tex{% + \setupmarkupstyle{tex}% + \catcode `\\=0 \catcode `\{=1 \catcode `\}=2 + \catcode `\$=3 \catcode `\&=4 \catcode `\#=6 + \catcode `\^=7 \catcode `\_=8 \catcode `\~=\active \let~=\tie + \catcode `\%=14 + \catcode `\+=\other + \catcode `\"=\other + \catcode `\|=\other + \catcode `\<=\other + \catcode `\>=\other + \catcode`\`=\other + \catcode`\'=\other + \escapechar=`\\ + % + \let\b=\ptexb + \let\bullet=\ptexbullet + \let\c=\ptexc + \let\,=\ptexcomma + \let\.=\ptexdot + \let\dots=\ptexdots + \let\equiv=\ptexequiv + \let\!=\ptexexclam + \let\i=\ptexi + \let\indent=\ptexindent + \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent + \let\{=\ptexlbrace + \let\+=\tabalign + \let\}=\ptexrbrace + \let\/=\ptexslash + \let\*=\ptexstar + \let\t=\ptext + \expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop % outer + \let\frenchspacing=\plainfrenchspacing + % + \def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}}% + \def\enddots{\relax\ifmmode\endldots\else$\mathsurround=0pt \endldots\,$\fi}% + \def\@{@}% +} +% There is no need to define \Etex. + +% Define @lisp ... @end lisp. +% @lisp environment forms a group so it can rebind things, +% including the definition of @end lisp (which normally is erroneous). + +% Amount to narrow the margins by for @lisp. +\newskip\lispnarrowing \lispnarrowing=0.4in + +% This is the definition that ^^M gets inside @lisp, @example, and other +% such environments. \null is better than a space, since it doesn't +% have any width. +\def\lisppar{\null\endgraf} + +% This space is always present above and below environments. +\newskip\envskipamount \envskipamount = 0pt + +% Make spacing and below environment symmetrical. We use \parskip here +% to help in doing that, since in @example-like environments \parskip +% is reset to zero; thus the \afterenvbreak inserts no space -- but the +% start of the next paragraph will insert \parskip. +% +\def\aboveenvbreak{{% + % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and + % \sectionheading, q.v. + \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else + \advance\envskipamount by \parskip + \endgraf + \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount + \removelastskip + % it's not a good place to break if the last penalty was \nobreak + % or better ... + \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \penalty-50 \fi + \vskip\envskipamount + \fi + \fi +}} + +\let\afterenvbreak = \aboveenvbreak + +% \nonarrowing is a flag. If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins; it will +% also clear it, so that its embedded environments do the narrowing again. +\let\nonarrowing=\relax + +% @cartouche ... @end cartouche: draw rectangle w/rounded corners around +% environment contents. +\font\circle=lcircle10 +\newdimen\circthick +\newdimen\cartouter\newdimen\cartinner +\newskip\normbskip\newskip\normpskip\newskip\normlskip +\circthick=\fontdimen8\circle +% +\def\ctl{{\circle\char'013\hskip -6pt}}% 6pt from pl file: 1/2charwidth +\def\ctr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'010}} +\def\cbl{{\circle\char'012\hskip -6pt}} +\def\cbr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'011}} +\def\carttop{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip + \ctl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\ctr + \hskip\rskip}} +\def\cartbot{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip + \cbl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\cbr + \hskip\rskip}} +% +\newskip\lskip\newskip\rskip + +\envdef\cartouche{% + \ifhmode\par\fi % can't be in the midst of a paragraph. + \startsavinginserts + \lskip=\leftskip \rskip=\rightskip + \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt % we want these *outside*. + \cartinner=\hsize \advance\cartinner by-\lskip + \advance\cartinner by-\rskip + \cartouter=\hsize + \advance\cartouter by 18.4pt % allow for 3pt kerns on either + % side, and for 6pt waste from + % each corner char, and rule thickness + \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip + % Flag to tell @lisp, etc., not to narrow margin. + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \vbox\bgroup + \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt + \carttop + \hbox\bgroup + \hskip\lskip + \vrule\kern3pt + \vbox\bgroup + \kern3pt + \hsize=\cartinner + \baselineskip=\normbskip + \lineskip=\normlskip + \parskip=\normpskip + \vskip -\parskip + \comment % For explanation, see the end of \def\group. +} +\def\Ecartouche{% + \ifhmode\par\fi + \kern3pt + \egroup + \kern3pt\vrule + \hskip\rskip + \egroup + \cartbot + \egroup + \checkinserts +} + + +% This macro is called at the beginning of all the @example variants, +% inside a group. +\newdimen\nonfillparindent +\def\nonfillstart{% + \aboveenvbreak + \hfuzz = 12pt % Don't be fussy + \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens. + \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines + \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output + \parskip = 0pt + % Turn off paragraph indentation but redefine \indent to emulate + % the normal \indent. + \nonfillparindent=\parindent + \parindent = 0pt + \let\indent\nonfillindent + % + \emergencystretch = 0pt % don't try to avoid overfull boxes + \ifx\nonarrowing\relax + \advance \leftskip by \lispnarrowing + \exdentamount=\lispnarrowing + \else + \let\nonarrowing = \relax + \fi + \let\exdent=\nofillexdent +} + +\begingroup +\obeyspaces +% We want to swallow spaces (but not other tokens) after the fake +% @indent in our nonfill-environments, where spaces are normally +% active and set to @tie, resulting in them not being ignored after +% @indent. +\gdef\nonfillindent{\futurelet\temp\nonfillindentcheck}% +\gdef\nonfillindentcheck{% +\ifx\temp % +\expandafter\nonfillindentgobble% +\else% +\leavevmode\nonfillindentbox% +\fi% +}% +\endgroup +\def\nonfillindentgobble#1{\nonfillindent} +\def\nonfillindentbox{\hbox to \nonfillparindent{\hss}} + +% If you want all examples etc. small: @set dispenvsize small. +% If you want even small examples the full size: @set dispenvsize nosmall. +% This affects the following displayed environments: +% @example, @display, @format, @lisp +% +\def\smallword{small} +\def\nosmallword{nosmall} +\let\SETdispenvsize\relax +\def\setnormaldispenv{% + \ifx\SETdispenvsize\smallword + % end paragraph for sake of leading, in case document has no blank + % line. This is redundant with what happens in \aboveenvbreak, but + % we need to do it before changing the fonts, and it's inconvenient + % to change the fonts afterward. + \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi + \smallexamplefonts \rm + \fi +} +\def\setsmalldispenv{% + \ifx\SETdispenvsize\nosmallword + \else + \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi + \smallexamplefonts \rm + \fi +} + +% We often define two environments, @foo and @smallfoo. +% Let's do it by one command: +\def\makedispenv #1#2{ + \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2} + \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2} + \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak + \expandafter\let\csname Esmall#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak +} + +% Define two synonyms: +\def\maketwodispenvs #1#2#3{ + \makedispenv{#1}{#3} + \makedispenv{#2}{#3} +} + +% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font; @example: same as @lisp. +% +% @smallexample and @smalllisp: use smaller fonts. +% Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox. +% +\maketwodispenvs {lisp}{example}{% + \nonfillstart + \tt\setupmarkupstyle{example}% + \let\kbdfont = \kbdexamplefont % Allow @kbd to do something special. + \gobble % eat return +} +% @display/@smalldisplay: same as @lisp except keep current font. +% +\makedispenv {display}{% + \nonfillstart + \gobble +} + +% @format/@smallformat: same as @display except don't narrow margins. +% +\makedispenv{format}{% + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \nonfillstart + \gobble +} + +% @flushleft: same as @format, but doesn't obey \SETdispenvsize. +\envdef\flushleft{% + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \nonfillstart + \gobble +} +\let\Eflushleft = \afterenvbreak + +% @flushright. +% +\envdef\flushright{% + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \nonfillstart + \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill + \gobble +} +\let\Eflushright = \afterenvbreak + + +% @raggedright does more-or-less normal line breaking but no right +% justification. From plain.tex. +\envdef\raggedright{% + \rightskip0pt plus2em \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em\relax +} +\let\Eraggedright\par + +\envdef\raggedleft{% + \parindent=0pt \leftskip0pt plus2em + \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em \parfillskip=0pt + \hbadness=10000 % Last line will usually be underfull, so turn off + % badness reporting. +} +\let\Eraggedleft\par + +\envdef\raggedcenter{% + \parindent=0pt \rightskip0pt plus1em \leftskip0pt plus1em + \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em \parfillskip=0pt + \hbadness=10000 % Last line will usually be underfull, so turn off + % badness reporting. +} +\let\Eraggedcenter\par + + +% @quotation does normal linebreaking (hence we can't use \nonfillstart) +% and narrows the margins. We keep \parskip nonzero in general, since +% we're doing normal filling. So, when using \aboveenvbreak and +% \afterenvbreak, temporarily make \parskip 0. +% +\def\quotationstart{% + {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip + \parindent=0pt + % + % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down. + \ifx\nonarrowing\relax + \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing + \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing + \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing + \else + \let\nonarrowing = \relax + \fi + \parsearg\quotationlabel +} + +\envdef\quotation{% + \setnormaldispenv + \quotationstart +} + +\envdef\smallquotation{% + \setsmalldispenv + \quotationstart +} +\let\Esmallquotation = \Equotation + +% We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're +% doing normal filling. +% +\def\Equotation{% + \par + \ifx\quotationauthor\undefined\else + % indent a bit. + \leftline{\kern 2\leftskip \sl ---\quotationauthor}% + \fi + {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}% +} + +% If we're given an argument, typeset it in bold with a colon after. +\def\quotationlabel#1{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \ifx\temp\empty \else + {\bf #1: }% + \fi +} + + +% LaTeX-like @verbatim...@end verbatim and @verb{<char>...<char>} +% If we want to allow any <char> as delimiter, +% we need the curly braces so that makeinfo sees the @verb command, eg: +% `@verbx...x' would look like the '@verbx' command. --janneke@gnu.org +% +% [Knuth]: Donald Ervin Knuth, 1996. The TeXbook. +% +% [Knuth] p.344; only we need to do the other characters Texinfo sets +% active too. Otherwise, they get lost as the first character on a +% verbatim line. +\def\dospecials{% + \do\ \do\\\do\{\do\}\do\$\do\&% + \do\#\do\^\do\^^K\do\_\do\^^A\do\%\do\~% + \do\<\do\>\do\|\do\@\do+\do\"% + % Don't do the quotes -- if we do, @set txicodequoteundirected and + % @set txicodequotebacktick will not have effect on @verb and + % @verbatim, and ?` and !` ligatures won't get disabled. + %\do\`\do\'% +} +% +% [Knuth] p. 380 +\def\uncatcodespecials{% + \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=\other}\dospecials} +% +% Setup for the @verb command. +% +% Eight spaces for a tab +\begingroup + \catcode`\^^I=\active + \gdef\tabeightspaces{\catcode`\^^I=\active\def^^I{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }} +\endgroup +% +\def\setupverb{% + \tt % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim + \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf}% + \setupmarkupstyle{verb}% + \tabeightspaces + % Respect line breaks, + % print special symbols as themselves, and + % make each space count + % must do in this order: + \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces +} + +% Setup for the @verbatim environment +% +% Real tab expansion +\newdimen\tabw \setbox0=\hbox{\tt\space} \tabw=8\wd0 % tab amount +% +\def\starttabbox{\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup} +% +\begingroup + \catcode`\^^I=\active + \gdef\tabexpand{% + \catcode`\^^I=\active + \def^^I{\leavevmode\egroup + \dimen0=\wd0 % the width so far, or since the previous tab + \divide\dimen0 by\tabw + \multiply\dimen0 by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw + \advance\dimen0 by\tabw % advance to next multiple of \tabw + \wd0=\dimen0 \box0 \starttabbox + }% + } +\endgroup + +% start the verbatim environment. +\def\setupverbatim{% + \let\nonarrowing = t% + \nonfillstart + % Easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim + \tt + \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box0\endgraf}% + \tabexpand + \setupmarkupstyle{verbatim}% + % Respect line breaks, + % print special symbols as themselves, and + % make each space count + % must do in this order: + \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces + \everypar{\starttabbox}% +} + +% Do the @verb magic: verbatim text is quoted by unique +% delimiter characters. Before first delimiter expect a +% right brace, after last delimiter expect closing brace: +% +% \def\doverb'{'<char>#1<char>'}'{#1} +% +% [Knuth] p. 382; only eat outer {} +\begingroup + \catcode`[=1\catcode`]=2\catcode`\{=\other\catcode`\}=\other + \gdef\doverb{#1[\def\next##1#1}[##1\endgroup]\next] +\endgroup +% +\def\verb{\begingroup\setupverb\doverb} +% +% +% Do the @verbatim magic: define the macro \doverbatim so that +% the (first) argument ends when '@end verbatim' is reached, ie: +% +% \def\doverbatim#1@end verbatim{#1} +% +% For Texinfo it's a lot easier than for LaTeX, +% because texinfo's \verbatim doesn't stop at '\end{verbatim}': +% we need not redefine '\', '{' and '}'. +% +% Inspired by LaTeX's verbatim command set [latex.ltx] +% +\begingroup + \catcode`\ =\active + \obeylines % + % ignore everything up to the first ^^M, that's the newline at the end + % of the @verbatim input line itself. Otherwise we get an extra blank + % line in the output. + \xdef\doverbatim#1^^M#2@end verbatim{#2\noexpand\end\gobble verbatim}% + % We really want {...\end verbatim} in the body of the macro, but + % without the active space; thus we have to use \xdef and \gobble. +\endgroup +% +\envdef\verbatim{% + \setupverbatim\doverbatim +} +\let\Everbatim = \afterenvbreak + + +% @verbatiminclude FILE - insert text of file in verbatim environment. +% +\def\verbatiminclude{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\doverbatiminclude} +% +\def\doverbatiminclude#1{% + {% + \makevalueexpandable + \setupverbatim + \indexnofonts % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names. + \input #1 + \afterenvbreak + }% +} + +% @copying ... @end copying. +% Save the text away for @insertcopying later. +% +% We save the uninterpreted tokens, rather than creating a box. +% Saving the text in a box would be much easier, but then all the +% typesetting commands (@smallbook, font changes, etc.) have to be done +% beforehand -- and a) we want @copying to be done first in the source +% file; b) letting users define the frontmatter in as flexible order as +% possible is very desirable. +% +\def\copying{\checkenv{}\begingroup\scanargctxt\docopying} +\def\docopying#1@end copying{\endgroup\def\copyingtext{#1}} +% +\def\insertcopying{% + \begingroup + \parindent = 0pt % paragraph indentation looks wrong on title page + \scanexp\copyingtext + \endgroup +} + + +\message{defuns,} +% @defun etc. + +\newskip\defbodyindent \defbodyindent=.4in +\newskip\defargsindent \defargsindent=50pt +\newskip\deflastargmargin \deflastargmargin=18pt +\newcount\defunpenalty + +% Start the processing of @deffn: +\def\startdefun{% + \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 + \medbreak + \defunpenalty=10003 % Will keep this @deffn together with the + % following @def command, see below. + \else + % If there are two @def commands in a row, we'll have a \nobreak, + % which is there to keep the function description together with its + % header. But if there's nothing but headers, we need to allow a + % break somewhere. Check specifically for penalty 10002, inserted + % by \printdefunline, instead of 10000, since the sectioning + % commands also insert a nobreak penalty, and we don't want to allow + % a break between a section heading and a defun. + % + % As a minor refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling + % with penalty of 10003 after the very first @deffn in the + % sequence (see above), and penalty of 10002 after any following + % @def command. + \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty2000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi + % + % Similarly, after a section heading, do not allow a break. + % But do insert the glue. + \medskip % preceded by discardable penalty, so not a breakpoint + \fi + % + \parindent=0in + \advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent + \exdentamount=\defbodyindent +} + +\def\dodefunx#1{% + % First, check whether we are in the right environment: + \checkenv#1% + % + % As above, allow line break if we have multiple x headers in a row. + % It's not a great place, though. + \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty3000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi + % + % And now, it's time to reuse the body of the original defun: + \expandafter\gobbledefun#1% +} +\def\gobbledefun#1\startdefun{} + +% \printdefunline \deffnheader{text} +% +\def\printdefunline#1#2{% + \begingroup + % call \deffnheader: + #1#2 \endheader + % common ending: + \interlinepenalty = 10000 + \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil + \endgraf + \nobreak\vskip -\parskip + \penalty\defunpenalty % signal to \startdefun and \dodefunx + % Some of the @defun-type tags do not enable magic parentheses, + % rendering the following check redundant. But we don't optimize. + \checkparencounts + \endgroup +} + +\def\Edefun{\endgraf\medbreak} + +% \makedefun{deffn} creates \deffn, \deffnx and \Edeffn; +% the only thing remaining is to define \deffnheader. +% +\def\makedefun#1{% + \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname = \Edefun + \edef\temp{\noexpand\domakedefun + \makecsname{#1}\makecsname{#1x}\makecsname{#1header}}% + \temp +} + +% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader +% +% Define \deffn and \deffnx, without parameters. +% \deffnheader has to be defined explicitly. +% +\def\domakedefun#1#2#3{% + \envdef#1{% + \startdefun + \parseargusing\activeparens{\printdefunline#3}% + }% + \def#2{\dodefunx#1}% + \def#3% +} + +%%% Untyped functions: + +% @deffn category name args +\makedefun{deffn}{\deffngeneral{}} + +% @deffn category class name args +\makedefun{defop}#1 {\defopon{#1\ \putwordon}} + +% \defopon {category on}class name args +\def\defopon#1#2 {\deffngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} } + +% \deffngeneral {subind}category name args +% +\def\deffngeneral#1#2 #3 #4\endheader{% + % Remember that \dosubind{fn}{foo}{} is equivalent to \doind{fn}{foo}. + \dosubind{fn}{\code{#3}}{#1}% + \defname{#2}{}{#3}\magicamp\defunargs{#4\unskip}% +} + +%%% Typed functions: + +% @deftypefn category type name args +\makedefun{deftypefn}{\deftypefngeneral{}} + +% @deftypeop category class type name args +\makedefun{deftypeop}#1 {\deftypeopon{#1\ \putwordon}} + +% \deftypeopon {category on}class type name args +\def\deftypeopon#1#2 {\deftypefngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} } + +% \deftypefngeneral {subind}category type name args +% +\def\deftypefngeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{% + \dosubind{fn}{\code{#4}}{#1}% + \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}% +} + +%%% Typed variables: + +% @deftypevr category type var args +\makedefun{deftypevr}{\deftypecvgeneral{}} + +% @deftypecv category class type var args +\makedefun{deftypecv}#1 {\deftypecvof{#1\ \putwordof}} + +% \deftypecvof {category of}class type var args +\def\deftypecvof#1#2 {\deftypecvgeneral{\putwordof\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} } + +% \deftypecvgeneral {subind}category type var args +% +\def\deftypecvgeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{% + \dosubind{vr}{\code{#4}}{#1}% + \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}% +} + +%%% Untyped variables: + +% @defvr category var args +\makedefun{defvr}#1 {\deftypevrheader{#1} {} } + +% @defcv category class var args +\makedefun{defcv}#1 {\defcvof{#1\ \putwordof}} + +% \defcvof {category of}class var args +\def\defcvof#1#2 {\deftypecvof{#1}#2 {} } + +%%% Type: +% @deftp category name args +\makedefun{deftp}#1 #2 #3\endheader{% + \doind{tp}{\code{#2}}% + \defname{#1}{}{#2}\defunargs{#3\unskip}% +} + +% Remaining @defun-like shortcuts: +\makedefun{defun}{\deffnheader{\putwordDeffunc} } +\makedefun{defmac}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefmac} } +\makedefun{defspec}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefspec} } +\makedefun{deftypefun}{\deftypefnheader{\putwordDeffunc} } +\makedefun{defvar}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefvar} } +\makedefun{defopt}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefopt} } +\makedefun{deftypevar}{\deftypevrheader{\putwordDefvar} } +\makedefun{defmethod}{\defopon\putwordMethodon} +\makedefun{deftypemethod}{\deftypeopon\putwordMethodon} +\makedefun{defivar}{\defcvof\putwordInstanceVariableof} +\makedefun{deftypeivar}{\deftypecvof\putwordInstanceVariableof} + +% \defname, which formats the name of the @def (not the args). +% #1 is the category, such as "Function". +% #2 is the return type, if any. +% #3 is the function name. +% +% We are followed by (but not passed) the arguments, if any. +% +\def\defname#1#2#3{% + % Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were outside the @def... + \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent + % + % How we'll format the type name. Putting it in brackets helps + % distinguish it from the body text that may end up on the next line + % just below it. + \def\temp{#1}% + \setbox0=\hbox{\kern\deflastargmargin \ifx\temp\empty\else [\rm\temp]\fi} + % + % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape. + % The first line needs space for \box0; but if \rightskip is nonzero, + % we need only space for the part of \box0 which exceeds it: + \dimen0=\hsize \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0 \advance\dimen0 by \rightskip + % The continuations: + \dimen2=\hsize \advance\dimen2 by -\defargsindent + % (plain.tex says that \dimen1 should be used only as global.) + \parshape 2 0in \dimen0 \defargsindent \dimen2 + % + % Put the type name to the right margin. + \noindent + \hbox to 0pt{% + \hfil\box0 \kern-\hsize + % \hsize has to be shortened this way: + \kern\leftskip + % Intentionally do not respect \rightskip, since we need the space. + }% + % + % Allow all lines to be underfull without complaint: + \tolerance=10000 \hbadness=10000 + \exdentamount=\defbodyindent + {% + % defun fonts. We use typewriter by default (used to be bold) because: + % . we're printing identifiers, they should be in tt in principle. + % . in languages with many accents, such as Czech or French, it's + % common to leave accents off identifiers. The result looks ok in + % tt, but exceedingly strange in rm. + % . we don't want -- and --- to be treated as ligatures. + % . this still does not fix the ?` and !` ligatures, but so far no + % one has made identifiers using them :). + \df \tt + \def\temp{#2}% return value type + \ifx\temp\empty\else \tclose{\temp} \fi + #3% output function name + }% + {\rm\enskip}% hskip 0.5 em of \tenrm + % + \boldbrax + % arguments will be output next, if any. +} + +% Print arguments in slanted roman (not ttsl), inconsistently with using +% tt for the name. This is because literal text is sometimes needed in +% the argument list (groff manual), and ttsl and tt are not very +% distinguishable. Prevent hyphenation at `-' chars. +% +\def\defunargs#1{% + % use sl by default (not ttsl), + % tt for the names. + \df \sl \hyphenchar\font=0 + % + % On the other hand, if an argument has two dashes (for instance), we + % want a way to get ttsl. Let's try @var for that. + \def\var##1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\ttslanted{##1}}}% + #1% + \sl\hyphenchar\font=45 +} + +% We want ()&[] to print specially on the defun line. +% +\def\activeparens{% + \catcode`\(=\active \catcode`\)=\active + \catcode`\[=\active \catcode`\]=\active + \catcode`\&=\active +} + +% Make control sequences which act like normal parenthesis chars. +\let\lparen = ( \let\rparen = ) + +% Be sure that we always have a definition for `(', etc. For example, +% if the fn name has parens in it, \boldbrax will not be in effect yet, +% so TeX would otherwise complain about undefined control sequence. +{ + \activeparens + \global\let(=\lparen \global\let)=\rparen + \global\let[=\lbrack \global\let]=\rbrack + \global\let& = \& + + \gdef\boldbrax{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb} + \gdef\magicamp{\let&=\amprm} +} + +\newcount\parencount + +% If we encounter &foo, then turn on ()-hacking afterwards +\newif\ifampseen +\def\amprm#1 {\ampseentrue{\bf\ }} + +\def\parenfont{% + \ifampseen + % At the first level, print parens in roman, + % otherwise use the default font. + \ifnum \parencount=1 \rm \fi + \else + % The \sf parens (in \boldbrax) actually are a little bolder than + % the contained text. This is especially needed for [ and ] . + \sf + \fi +} +\def\infirstlevel#1{% + \ifampseen + \ifnum\parencount=1 + #1% + \fi + \fi +} +\def\bfafterword#1 {#1 \bf} + +\def\opnr{% + \global\advance\parencount by 1 + {\parenfont(}% + \infirstlevel \bfafterword +} +\def\clnr{% + {\parenfont)}% + \infirstlevel \sl + \global\advance\parencount by -1 +} + +\newcount\brackcount +\def\lbrb{% + \global\advance\brackcount by 1 + {\bf[}% +} +\def\rbrb{% + {\bf]}% + \global\advance\brackcount by -1 +} + +\def\checkparencounts{% + \ifnum\parencount=0 \else \badparencount \fi + \ifnum\brackcount=0 \else \badbrackcount \fi +} +% these should not use \errmessage; the glibc manual, at least, actually +% has such constructs (when documenting function pointers). +\def\badparencount{% + \message{Warning: unbalanced parentheses in @def...}% + \global\parencount=0 +} +\def\badbrackcount{% + \message{Warning: unbalanced square brackets in @def...}% + \global\brackcount=0 +} + + +\message{macros,} +% @macro. + +% To do this right we need a feature of e-TeX, \scantokens, +% which we arrange to emulate with a temporary file in ordinary TeX. +\ifx\eTeXversion\undefined + \newwrite\macscribble + \def\scantokens#1{% + \toks0={#1}% + \immediate\openout\macscribble=\jobname.tmp + \immediate\write\macscribble{\the\toks0}% + \immediate\closeout\macscribble + \input \jobname.tmp + } +\fi + +\def\scanmacro#1{% + \begingroup + \newlinechar`\^^M + \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces + % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex + % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active + % backslash to get it printed correctly. Previously, we had + % \catcode`\\=\other instead. We'll see whether a problem appears + % with macro expansion. --kasal, 19aug04 + \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@ + % ... and \example + \spaceisspace + % + % Append \endinput to make sure that TeX does not see the ending newline. + % I've verified that it is necessary both for e-TeX and for ordinary TeX + % --kasal, 29nov03 + \scantokens{#1\endinput}% + \endgroup +} + +\def\scanexp#1{% + \edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}% + \temp +} + +\newcount\paramno % Count of parameters +\newtoks\macname % Macro name +\newif\ifrecursive % Is it recursive? + +% List of all defined macros in the form +% \definedummyword\macro1\definedummyword\macro2... +% Currently is also contains all @aliases; the list can be split +% if there is a need. +\def\macrolist{} + +% Add the macro to \macrolist +\def\addtomacrolist#1{\expandafter \addtomacrolistxxx \csname#1\endcsname} +\def\addtomacrolistxxx#1{% + \toks0 = \expandafter{\macrolist\definedummyword#1}% + \xdef\macrolist{\the\toks0}% +} + +% Utility routines. +% This does \let #1 = #2, with \csnames; that is, +% \let \csname#1\endcsname = \csname#2\endcsname +% (except of course we have to play expansion games). +% +\def\cslet#1#2{% + \expandafter\let + \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname + \csname#2\endcsname +} + +% Trim leading and trailing spaces off a string. +% Concepts from aro-bend problem 15 (see CTAN). +{\catcode`\@=11 +\gdef\eatspaces #1{\expandafter\trim@\expandafter{#1 }} +\gdef\trim@ #1{\trim@@ @#1 @ #1 @ @@} +\gdef\trim@@ #1@ #2@ #3@@{\trim@@@\empty #2 @} +\def\unbrace#1{#1} +\unbrace{\gdef\trim@@@ #1 } #2@{#1} +} + +% Trim a single trailing ^^M off a string. +{\catcode`\^^M=\other \catcode`\Q=3% +\gdef\eatcr #1{\eatcra #1Q^^MQ}% +\gdef\eatcra#1^^MQ{\eatcrb#1Q}% +\gdef\eatcrb#1Q#2Q{#1}% +} + +% Macro bodies are absorbed as an argument in a context where +% all characters are catcode 10, 11 or 12, except \ which is active +% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \. + +% Non-ASCII encodings make 8-bit characters active, so un-activate +% them to avoid their expansion. Must do this non-globally, to +% confine the change to the current group. + +% It's necessary to have hard CRs when the macro is executed. This is +% done by making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro +% body, and then making it the \newlinechar in \scanmacro. + +\def\scanctxt{% + \catcode`\"=\other + \catcode`\+=\other + \catcode`\<=\other + \catcode`\>=\other + \catcode`\@=\other + \catcode`\^=\other + \catcode`\_=\other + \catcode`\|=\other + \catcode`\~=\other + \ifx\declaredencoding\ascii \else \setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other \fi +} + +\def\scanargctxt{% + \scanctxt + \catcode`\\=\other + \catcode`\^^M=\other +} + +\def\macrobodyctxt{% + \scanctxt + \catcode`\{=\other + \catcode`\}=\other + \catcode`\^^M=\other + \usembodybackslash +} + +\def\macroargctxt{% + \scanctxt + \catcode`\\=\other +} + +% \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies. +% It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N +% where N is the macro parameter number. +% We define \csname macarg.\endcsname to be \realbackslash, so +% \\ in macro replacement text gets you a backslash. + +{\catcode`@=0 @catcode`@\=@active + @gdef@usembodybackslash{@let\=@mbodybackslash} + @gdef@mbodybackslash#1\{@csname macarg.#1@endcsname} +} +\expandafter\def\csname macarg.\endcsname{\realbackslash} + +\def\macro{\recursivefalse\parsearg\macroxxx} +\def\rmacro{\recursivetrue\parsearg\macroxxx} + +\def\macroxxx#1{% + \getargs{#1}% now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist + \ifx\argl\empty % no arguments + \paramno=0% + \else + \expandafter\parsemargdef \argl;% + \fi + \if1\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname + \message{Warning: redefining \the\macname}% + \else + \expandafter\ifx\csname \the\macname\endcsname \relax + \else \errmessage{Macro name \the\macname\space already defined}\fi + \global\cslet{macsave.\the\macname}{\the\macname}% + \global\expandafter\let\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname=1% + \addtomacrolist{\the\macname}% + \fi + \begingroup \macrobodyctxt + \ifrecursive \expandafter\parsermacbody + \else \expandafter\parsemacbody + \fi} + +\parseargdef\unmacro{% + \if1\csname ismacro.#1\endcsname + \global\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}% + \global\expandafter\let \csname ismacro.#1\endcsname=0% + % Remove the macro name from \macrolist: + \begingroup + \expandafter\let\csname#1\endcsname \relax + \let\definedummyword\unmacrodo + \xdef\macrolist{\macrolist}% + \endgroup + \else + \errmessage{Macro #1 not defined}% + \fi +} + +% Called by \do from \dounmacro on each macro. The idea is to omit any +% macro definitions that have been changed to \relax. +% +\def\unmacrodo#1{% + \ifx #1\relax + % remove this + \else + \noexpand\definedummyword \noexpand#1% + \fi +} + +% This makes use of the obscure feature that if the last token of a +% <parameter list> is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by +% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed. +\def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}} +\def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs} +\def\getmacname #1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}} +\def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}} + +% Parse the optional {params} list. Set up \paramno and \paramlist +% so \defmacro knows what to do. Define \macarg.blah for each blah +% in the params list, to be ##N where N is the position in that list. +% That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above). + +% We need to get `macro parameter char #' into several definitions. +% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX: let \hash be something +% unexpandable, insert that wherever you need a #, and then redefine +% it to # just before using the token list produced. +% +% The same technique is used to protect \eatspaces till just before +% the macro is used. + +\def\parsemargdef#1;{\paramno=0\def\paramlist{}% + \let\hash\relax\let\xeatspaces\relax\parsemargdefxxx#1,;,} +\def\parsemargdefxxx#1,{% + \if#1;\let\next=\relax + \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx + \advance\paramno by 1% + \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname + {\xeatspaces{\hash\the\paramno}}% + \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}% + \fi\next} + +% These two commands read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies. +% (They're different since rec and nonrec macros end differently.) + +\long\def\parsemacbody#1@end macro% +{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}% +\long\def\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro% +{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}% + +% This defines the macro itself. There are six cases: recursive and +% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, and many arguments. +% Much magic with \expandafter here. +% \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file +% they're defined in; @include reads the file inside a group. +\def\defmacro{% + \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars + \ifrecursive + \ifcase\paramno + % 0 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}% + \or % 1 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt + \noexpand\braceorline + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{% + \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}% + \else % many + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt + \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{% + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}% + \expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\xdef + \expandafter\expandafter + \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname + \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}% + \fi + \else + \ifcase\paramno + % 0 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}% + \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}% + \or % 1 + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt + \noexpand\braceorline + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{% + \egroup + \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}% + \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}% + \else % many + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{% + \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{% + \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}% + \expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\xdef + \expandafter\expandafter + \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname + \paramlist{% + \egroup + \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}% + \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}% + \fi + \fi} + +\def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}} + +% \braceorline decides whether the next nonwhitespace character is a +% {. If so it reads up to the closing }, if not, it reads the whole +% line. Whatever was read is then fed to the next control sequence +% as an argument (by \parsebrace or \parsearg) +\def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx} +\def\braceorlinexxx{% + \ifx\nchar\bgroup\else + \expandafter\parsearg + \fi \macnamexxx} + + +% @alias. +% We need some trickery to remove the optional spaces around the equal +% sign. Just make them active and then expand them all to nothing. +\def\alias{\parseargusing\obeyspaces\aliasxxx} +\def\aliasxxx #1{\aliasyyy#1\relax} +\def\aliasyyy #1=#2\relax{% + {% + \expandafter\let\obeyedspace=\empty + \addtomacrolist{#1}% + \xdef\next{\global\let\makecsname{#1}=\makecsname{#2}}% + }% + \next +} + + +\message{cross references,} + +\newwrite\auxfile +\newif\ifhavexrefs % True if xref values are known. +\newif\ifwarnedxrefs % True if we warned once that they aren't known. + +% @inforef is relatively simple. +\def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**} +\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{\putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}}, + node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}} + +% @node's only job in TeX is to define \lastnode, which is used in +% cross-references. The @node line might or might not have commas, and +% might or might not have spaces before the first comma, like: +% @node foo , bar , ... +% We don't want such trailing spaces in the node name. +% +\parseargdef\node{\checkenv{}\donode #1 ,\finishnodeparse} +% +% also remove a trailing comma, in case of something like this: +% @node Help-Cross, , , Cross-refs +\def\donode#1 ,#2\finishnodeparse{\dodonode #1,\finishnodeparse} +\def\dodonode#1,#2\finishnodeparse{\gdef\lastnode{#1}} + +\let\nwnode=\node +\let\lastnode=\empty + +% Write a cross-reference definition for the current node. #1 is the +% type (Ynumbered, Yappendix, Ynothing). +% +\def\donoderef#1{% + \ifx\lastnode\empty\else + \setref{\lastnode}{#1}% + \global\let\lastnode=\empty + \fi +} + +% @anchor{NAME} -- define xref target at arbitrary point. +% +\newcount\savesfregister +% +\def\savesf{\relax \ifhmode \savesfregister=\spacefactor \fi} +\def\restoresf{\relax \ifhmode \spacefactor=\savesfregister \fi} +\def\anchor#1{\savesf \setref{#1}{Ynothing}\restoresf \ignorespaces} + +% \setref{NAME}{SNT} defines a cross-reference point NAME (a node or an +% anchor), which consists of three parts: +% 1) NAME-title - the current sectioning name taken from \lastsection, +% or the anchor name. +% 2) NAME-snt - section number and type, passed as the SNT arg, or +% empty for anchors. +% 3) NAME-pg - the page number. +% +% This is called from \donoderef, \anchor, and \dofloat. In the case of +% floats, there is an additional part, which is not written here: +% 4) NAME-lof - the text as it should appear in a @listoffloats. +% +\def\setref#1#2{% + \pdfmkdest{#1}% + \iflinks + {% + \atdummies % preserve commands, but don't expand them + \edef\writexrdef##1##2{% + \write\auxfile{@xrdef{#1-% #1 of \setref, expanded by the \edef + ##1}{##2}}% these are parameters of \writexrdef + }% + \toks0 = \expandafter{\lastsection}% + \immediate \writexrdef{title}{\the\toks0 }% + \immediate \writexrdef{snt}{\csname #2\endcsname}% \Ynumbered etc. + \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, during \shipout + }% + \fi +} + +% @xref, @pxref, and @ref generate cross-references. For \xrefX, #1 is +% the node name, #2 the name of the Info cross-reference, #3 the printed +% node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed +% manual. All but the node name can be omitted. +% +\def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} +\def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} +\def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]} +\def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup + \unsepspaces + \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}% + \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #3}% + \setbox1=\hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}% + \setbox0=\hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}% + \ifdim \wd0 = 0pt + % No printed node name was explicitly given. + \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname\relax + % Use the node name inside the square brackets. + \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}% + \else + % Use the actual chapter/section title appear inside + % the square brackets. Use the real section title if we have it. + \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt + % It is in another manual, so we don't have it. + \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}% + \else + \ifhavexrefs + % We know the real title if we have the xref values. + \def\printedrefname{\refx{#1-title}{}}% + \else + % Otherwise just copy the Info node name. + \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}% + \fi% + \fi + \fi + \fi + % + % Make link in pdf output. + \ifpdf + {\indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + % This expands tokens, so do it after making catcode changes, so _ + % etc. don't get their TeX definitions. + \getfilename{#4}% + % + % See comments at \activebackslashdouble. + {\activebackslashdouble \xdef\pdfxrefdest{#1}% + \backslashparens\pdfxrefdest}% + % + \leavevmode + \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}% + \ifnum\filenamelength>0 + goto file{\the\filename.pdf} name{\pdfxrefdest}% + \else + goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfxrefdest}}% + \fi + }% + \setcolor{\linkcolor}% + \fi + % + % Float references are printed completely differently: "Figure 1.2" + % instead of "[somenode], p.3". We distinguish them by the + % LABEL-title being set to a magic string. + {% + % Have to otherify everything special to allow the \csname to + % include an _ in the xref name, etc. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\Xthisreftitle + \csname XR#1-title\endcsname + }% + \iffloat\Xthisreftitle + % If the user specified the print name (third arg) to the ref, + % print it instead of our usual "Figure 1.2". + \ifdim\wd0 = 0pt + \refx{#1-snt}{}% + \else + \printedrefname + \fi + % + % if the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append + % "in MANUALNAME". + \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt + \space \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}% + \fi + \else + % node/anchor (non-float) references. + % + % If we use \unhbox0 and \unhbox1 to print the node names, TeX does not + % insert empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will + % not find a line break at a hyphen in a node names. Since some manuals + % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens, this + % is a loss. Therefore, we give the text of the node name again, so it + % is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time. + \ifdim \wd1 > 0pt + \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}% + \else + % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the + % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand + % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of + % printing. So we \turnoffactive for the \refx-snt, back on for the + % printing, back off for the \refx-pg. + {\turnoffactive + % Only output a following space if the -snt ref is nonempty; for + % @unnumbered and @anchor, it won't be. + \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \refx{#1-snt}{}}% + \ifdim \wd2 > 0pt \refx{#1-snt}\space\fi + }% + % output the `[mynode]' via a macro so it can be overridden. + \xrefprintnodename\printedrefname + % + % But we always want a comma and a space: + ,\space + % + % output the `page 3'. + \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}% + \fi + \fi + \endlink +\endgroup} + +% This macro is called from \xrefX for the `[nodename]' part of xref +% output. It's a separate macro only so it can be changed more easily, +% since square brackets don't work well in some documents. Particularly +% one that Bob is working on :). +% +\def\xrefprintnodename#1{[#1]} + +% Things referred to by \setref. +% +\def\Ynothing{} +\def\Yomitfromtoc{} +\def\Ynumbered{% + \ifnum\secno=0 + \putwordChapter@tie \the\chapno + \else \ifnum\subsecno=0 + \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno + \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0 + \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno + \else + \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno + \fi\fi\fi +} +\def\Yappendix{% + \ifnum\secno=0 + \putwordAppendix@tie @char\the\appendixno{}% + \else \ifnum\subsecno=0 + \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno + \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0 + \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno + \else + \putwordSection@tie + @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno + \fi\fi\fi +} + +% Define \refx{NAME}{SUFFIX} to reference a cross-reference string named NAME. +% If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward. +% +\def\refx#1#2{% + {% + \indexnofonts + \otherbackslash + \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\thisrefX + \csname XR#1\endcsname + }% + \ifx\thisrefX\relax + % If not defined, say something at least. + \angleleft un\-de\-fined\angleright + \iflinks + \ifhavexrefs + \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `#1'.}% + \else + \ifwarnedxrefs\else + \global\warnedxrefstrue + \message{Cross reference values unknown; you must run TeX again.}% + \fi + \fi + \fi + \else + % It's defined, so just use it. + \thisrefX + \fi + #2% Output the suffix in any case. +} + +% This is the macro invoked by entries in the aux file. Usually it's +% just a \def (we prepend XR to the control sequence name to avoid +% collisions). But if this is a float type, we have more work to do. +% +\def\xrdef#1#2{% + {% The node name might contain 8-bit characters, which in our current + % implementation are changed to commands like @'e. Don't let these + % mess up the control sequence name. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \xdef\safexrefname{#1}% + }% + % + \expandafter\gdef\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname{#2}% remember this xref + % + % Was that xref control sequence that we just defined for a float? + \expandafter\iffloat\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname + % it was a float, and we have the (safe) float type in \iffloattype. + \expandafter\let\expandafter\floatlist + \csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname + % + % Is this the first time we've seen this float type? + \expandafter\ifx\floatlist\relax + \toks0 = {\do}% yes, so just \do + \else + % had it before, so preserve previous elements in list. + \toks0 = \expandafter{\floatlist\do}% + \fi + % + % Remember this xref in the control sequence \floatlistFLOATTYPE, + % for later use in \listoffloats. + \expandafter\xdef\csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname{\the\toks0 + {\safexrefname}}% + \fi +} + +% Read the last existing aux file, if any. No error if none exists. +% +\def\tryauxfile{% + \openin 1 \jobname.aux + \ifeof 1 \else + \readdatafile{aux}% + \global\havexrefstrue + \fi + \closein 1 +} + +\def\setupdatafile{% + \catcode`\^^@=\other + \catcode`\^^A=\other + \catcode`\^^B=\other + \catcode`\^^C=\other + \catcode`\^^D=\other + \catcode`\^^E=\other + \catcode`\^^F=\other + \catcode`\^^G=\other + \catcode`\^^H=\other + \catcode`\^^K=\other + \catcode`\^^L=\other + \catcode`\^^N=\other + \catcode`\^^P=\other + \catcode`\^^Q=\other + \catcode`\^^R=\other + \catcode`\^^S=\other + \catcode`\^^T=\other + \catcode`\^^U=\other + \catcode`\^^V=\other + \catcode`\^^W=\other + \catcode`\^^X=\other + \catcode`\^^Z=\other + \catcode`\^^[=\other + \catcode`\^^\=\other + \catcode`\^^]=\other + \catcode`\^^^=\other + \catcode`\^^_=\other + % It was suggested to set the catcode of ^ to 7, which would allow ^^e4 etc. + % in xref tags, i.e., node names. But since ^^e4 notation isn't + % supported in the main text, it doesn't seem desirable. Furthermore, + % that is not enough: for node names that actually contain a ^ + % character, we would end up writing a line like this: 'xrdef {'hat + % b-title}{'hat b} and \xrdef does a \csname...\endcsname on the first + % argument, and \hat is not an expandable control sequence. It could + % all be worked out, but why? Either we support ^^ or we don't. + % + % The other change necessary for this was to define \auxhat: + % \def\auxhat{\def^{'hat }}% extra space so ok if followed by letter + % and then to call \auxhat in \setq. + % + \catcode`\^=\other + % + % Special characters. Should be turned off anyway, but... + \catcode`\~=\other + \catcode`\[=\other + \catcode`\]=\other + \catcode`\"=\other + \catcode`\_=\other + \catcode`\|=\other + \catcode`\<=\other + \catcode`\>=\other + \catcode`\$=\other + \catcode`\#=\other + \catcode`\&=\other + \catcode`\%=\other + \catcode`+=\other % avoid \+ for paranoia even though we've turned it off + % + % This is to support \ in node names and titles, since the \ + % characters end up in a \csname. It's easier than + % leaving it active and making its active definition an actual \ + % character. What I don't understand is why it works in the *value* + % of the xrdef. Seems like it should be a catcode12 \, and that + % should not typeset properly. But it works, so I'm moving on for + % now. --karl, 15jan04. + \catcode`\\=\other + % + % Make the characters 128-255 be printing characters. + {% + \count1=128 + \def\loop{% + \catcode\count1=\other + \advance\count1 by 1 + \ifnum \count1<256 \loop \fi + }% + }% + % + % @ is our escape character in .aux files, and we need braces. + \catcode`\{=1 + \catcode`\}=2 + \catcode`\@=0 +} + +\def\readdatafile#1{% +\begingroup + \setupdatafile + \input\jobname.#1 +\endgroup} + + +\message{insertions,} +% including footnotes. + +\newcount \footnoteno + +% The trailing space in the following definition for supereject is +% vital for proper filling; pages come out unaligned when you do a +% pagealignmacro call if that space before the closing brace is +% removed. (Generally, numeric constants should always be followed by a +% space to prevent strange expansion errors.) +\def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 } + +% @footnotestyle is meaningful for info output only. +\let\footnotestyle=\comment + +{\catcode `\@=11 +% +% Auto-number footnotes. Otherwise like plain. +\gdef\footnote{% + \let\indent=\ptexindent + \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent + \global\advance\footnoteno by \@ne + \edef\thisfootno{$^{\the\footnoteno}$}% + % + % In case the footnote comes at the end of a sentence, preserve the + % extra spacing after we do the footnote number. + \let\@sf\empty + \ifhmode\edef\@sf{\spacefactor\the\spacefactor}\ptexslash\fi + % + % Remove inadvertent blank space before typesetting the footnote number. + \unskip + \thisfootno\@sf + \dofootnote +}% + +% Don't bother with the trickery in plain.tex to not require the +% footnote text as a parameter. Our footnotes don't need to be so general. +% +% Oh yes, they do; otherwise, @ifset (and anything else that uses +% \parseargline) fails inside footnotes because the tokens are fixed when +% the footnote is read. --karl, 16nov96. +% +\gdef\dofootnote{% + \insert\footins\bgroup + % We want to typeset this text as a normal paragraph, even if the + % footnote reference occurs in (for example) a display environment. + % So reset some parameters. + \hsize=\pagewidth + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\ht\strutbox % top baseline for broken footnotes + \splitmaxdepth\dp\strutbox + \floatingpenalty\@MM + \leftskip\z@skip + \rightskip\z@skip + \spaceskip\z@skip + \xspaceskip\z@skip + \parindent\defaultparindent + % + \smallfonts \rm + % + % Because we use hanging indentation in footnotes, a @noindent appears + % to exdent this text, so make it be a no-op. makeinfo does not use + % hanging indentation so @noindent can still be needed within footnote + % text after an @example or the like (not that this is good style). + \let\noindent = \relax + % + % Hang the footnote text off the number. Use \everypar in case the + % footnote extends for more than one paragraph. + \everypar = {\hang}% + \textindent{\thisfootno}% + % + % Don't crash into the line above the footnote text. Since this + % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it + % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote. + \footstrut + \futurelet\next\fo@t +} +}%end \catcode `\@=11 + +% In case a @footnote appears in a vbox, save the footnote text and create +% the real \insert just after the vbox finished. Otherwise, the insertion +% would be lost. +% Similarly, if a @footnote appears inside an alignment, save the footnote +% text to a box and make the \insert when a row of the table is finished. +% And the same can be done for other insert classes. --kasal, 16nov03. + +% Replace the \insert primitive by a cheating macro. +% Deeper inside, just make sure that the saved insertions are not spilled +% out prematurely. +% +\def\startsavinginserts{% + \ifx \insert\ptexinsert + \let\insert\saveinsert + \else + \let\checkinserts\relax + \fi +} + +% This \insert replacement works for both \insert\footins{foo} and +% \insert\footins\bgroup foo\egroup, but it doesn't work for \insert27{foo}. +% +\def\saveinsert#1{% + \edef\next{\noexpand\savetobox \makeSAVEname#1}% + \afterassignment\next + % swallow the left brace + \let\temp = +} +\def\makeSAVEname#1{\makecsname{SAVE\expandafter\gobble\string#1}} +\def\savetobox#1{\global\setbox#1 = \vbox\bgroup \unvbox#1} + +\def\checksaveins#1{\ifvoid#1\else \placesaveins#1\fi} + +\def\placesaveins#1{% + \ptexinsert \csname\expandafter\gobblesave\string#1\endcsname + {\box#1}% +} + +% eat @SAVE -- beware, all of them have catcode \other: +{ + \def\dospecials{\do S\do A\do V\do E} \uncatcodespecials % ;-) + \gdef\gobblesave @SAVE{} +} + +% initialization: +\def\newsaveins #1{% + \edef\next{\noexpand\newsaveinsX \makeSAVEname#1}% + \next +} +\def\newsaveinsX #1{% + \csname newbox\endcsname #1% + \expandafter\def\expandafter\checkinserts\expandafter{\checkinserts + \checksaveins #1}% +} + +% initialize: +\let\checkinserts\empty +\newsaveins\footins +\newsaveins\margin + + +% @image. We use the macros from epsf.tex to support this. +% If epsf.tex is not installed and @image is used, we complain. +% +% Check for and read epsf.tex up front. If we read it only at @image +% time, we might be inside a group, and then its definitions would get +% undone and the next image would fail. +\openin 1 = epsf.tex +\ifeof 1 \else + % Do not bother showing banner with epsf.tex v2.7k (available in + % doc/epsf.tex and on ctan). + \def\epsfannounce{\toks0 = }% + \input epsf.tex +\fi +\closein 1 +% +% We will only complain once about lack of epsf.tex. +\newif\ifwarnednoepsf +\newhelp\noepsfhelp{epsf.tex must be installed for images to + work. It is also included in the Texinfo distribution, or you can get + it from ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex.} +% +\def\image#1{% + \ifx\epsfbox\undefined + \ifwarnednoepsf \else + \errhelp = \noepsfhelp + \errmessage{epsf.tex not found, images will be ignored}% + \global\warnednoepsftrue + \fi + \else + \imagexxx #1,,,,,\finish + \fi +} +% +% Arguments to @image: +% #1 is (mandatory) image filename; we tack on .eps extension. +% #2 is (optional) width, #3 is (optional) height. +% #4 is (ignored optional) html alt text. +% #5 is (ignored optional) extension. +% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing this stuff. +\newif\ifimagevmode +\def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup + \catcode`\^^M = 5 % in case we're inside an example + \normalturnoffactive % allow _ et al. in names + % If the image is by itself, center it. + \ifvmode + \imagevmodetrue + \nobreak\medskip + % Usually we'll have text after the image which will insert + % \parskip glue, so insert it here too to equalize the space + % above and below. + \nobreak\vskip\parskip + \nobreak + \fi + % + % Leave vertical mode so that indentation from an enclosing + % environment such as @quotation is respected. On the other hand, if + % it's at the top level, we don't want the normal paragraph indentation. + \noindent + % + % Output the image. + \ifpdf + \dopdfimage{#1}{#2}{#3}% + \else + % \epsfbox itself resets \epsf?size at each figure. + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfxsize=#2\relax \fi + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfysize=#3\relax \fi + \epsfbox{#1.eps}% + \fi + % + \ifimagevmode \medskip \fi % space after the standalone image +\endgroup} + + +% @float FLOATTYPE,LABEL,LOC ... @end float for displayed figures, tables, +% etc. We don't actually implement floating yet, we always include the +% float "here". But it seemed the best name for the future. +% +\envparseargdef\float{\eatcommaspace\eatcommaspace\dofloat#1, , ,\finish} + +% There may be a space before second and/or third parameter; delete it. +\def\eatcommaspace#1, {#1,} + +% #1 is the optional FLOATTYPE, the text label for this float, typically +% "Figure", "Table", "Example", etc. Can't contain commas. If omitted, +% this float will not be numbered and cannot be referred to. +% +% #2 is the optional xref label. Also must be present for the float to +% be referable. +% +% #3 is the optional positioning argument; for now, it is ignored. It +% will somehow specify the positions allowed to float to (here, top, bottom). +% +% We keep a separate counter for each FLOATTYPE, which we reset at each +% chapter-level command. +\let\resetallfloatnos=\empty +% +\def\dofloat#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{% + \let\thiscaption=\empty + \let\thisshortcaption=\empty + % + % don't lose footnotes inside @float. + % + % BEWARE: when the floats start float, we have to issue warning whenever an + % insert appears inside a float which could possibly float. --kasal, 26may04 + % + \startsavinginserts + % + % We can't be used inside a paragraph. + \par + % + \vtop\bgroup + \def\floattype{#1}% + \def\floatlabel{#2}% + \def\floatloc{#3}% we do nothing with this yet. + % + \ifx\floattype\empty + \let\safefloattype=\empty + \else + {% + % the floattype might have accents or other special characters, + % but we need to use it in a control sequence name. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}% + }% + \fi + % + % If label is given but no type, we handle that as the empty type. + \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else + % We want each FLOATTYPE to be numbered separately (Figure 1, + % Table 1, Figure 2, ...). (And if no label, no number.) + % + \expandafter\getfloatno\csname\safefloattype floatno\endcsname + \global\advance\floatno by 1 + % + {% + % This magic value for \lastsection is output by \setref as the + % XREFLABEL-title value. \xrefX uses it to distinguish float + % labels (which have a completely different output format) from + % node and anchor labels. And \xrdef uses it to construct the + % lists of floats. + % + \edef\lastsection{\floatmagic=\safefloattype}% + \setref{\floatlabel}{Yfloat}% + }% + \fi + % + % start with \parskip glue, I guess. + \vskip\parskip + % + % Don't suppress indentation if a float happens to start a section. + \restorefirstparagraphindent +} + +% we have these possibilities: +% @float Foo,lbl & @caption{Cap}: Foo 1.1: Cap +% @float Foo,lbl & no caption: Foo 1.1 +% @float Foo & @caption{Cap}: Foo: Cap +% @float Foo & no caption: Foo +% @float ,lbl & Caption{Cap}: 1.1: Cap +% @float ,lbl & no caption: 1.1 +% @float & @caption{Cap}: Cap +% @float & no caption: +% +\def\Efloat{% + \let\floatident = \empty + % + % In all cases, if we have a float type, it comes first. + \ifx\floattype\empty \else \def\floatident{\floattype}\fi + % + % If we have an xref label, the number comes next. + \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else + \ifx\floattype\empty \else % if also had float type, need tie first. + \appendtomacro\floatident{\tie}% + \fi + % the number. + \appendtomacro\floatident{\chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}% + \fi + % + % Start the printed caption with what we've constructed in + % \floatident, but keep it separate; we need \floatident again. + \let\captionline = \floatident + % + \ifx\thiscaption\empty \else + \ifx\floatident\empty \else + \appendtomacro\captionline{: }% had ident, so need a colon between + \fi + % + % caption text. + \appendtomacro\captionline{\scanexp\thiscaption}% + \fi + % + % If we have anything to print, print it, with space before. + % Eventually this needs to become an \insert. + \ifx\captionline\empty \else + \vskip.5\parskip + \captionline + % + % Space below caption. + \vskip\parskip + \fi + % + % If have an xref label, write the list of floats info. Do this + % after the caption, to avoid chance of it being a breakpoint. + \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else + % Write the text that goes in the lof to the aux file as + % \floatlabel-lof. Besides \floatident, we include the short + % caption if specified, else the full caption if specified, else nothing. + {% + \atdummies + % + % since we read the caption text in the macro world, where ^^M + % is turned into a normal character, we have to scan it back, so + % we don't write the literal three characters "^^M" into the aux file. + \scanexp{% + \xdef\noexpand\gtemp{% + \ifx\thisshortcaption\empty + \thiscaption + \else + \thisshortcaption + \fi + }% + }% + \immediate\write\auxfile{@xrdef{\floatlabel-lof}{\floatident + \ifx\gtemp\empty \else : \gtemp \fi}}% + }% + \fi + \egroup % end of \vtop + % + % place the captured inserts + % + % BEWARE: when the floats start floating, we have to issue warning + % whenever an insert appears inside a float which could possibly + % float. --kasal, 26may04 + % + \checkinserts +} + +% Append the tokens #2 to the definition of macro #1, not expanding either. +% +\def\appendtomacro#1#2{% + \expandafter\def\expandafter#1\expandafter{#1#2}% +} + +% @caption, @shortcaption +% +\def\caption{\docaption\thiscaption} +\def\shortcaption{\docaption\thisshortcaption} +\def\docaption{\checkenv\float \bgroup\scanargctxt\defcaption} +\def\defcaption#1#2{\egroup \def#1{#2}} + +% The parameter is the control sequence identifying the counter we are +% going to use. Create it if it doesn't exist and assign it to \floatno. +\def\getfloatno#1{% + \ifx#1\relax + % Haven't seen this figure type before. + \csname newcount\endcsname #1% + % + % Remember to reset this floatno at the next chap. + \expandafter\gdef\expandafter\resetallfloatnos + \expandafter{\resetallfloatnos #1=0 }% + \fi + \let\floatno#1% +} + +% \setref calls this to get the XREFLABEL-snt value. We want an @xref +% to the FLOATLABEL to expand to "Figure 3.1". We call \setref when we +% first read the @float command. +% +\def\Yfloat{\floattype@tie \chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}% + +% Magic string used for the XREFLABEL-title value, so \xrefX can +% distinguish floats from other xref types. +\def\floatmagic{!!float!!} + +% #1 is the control sequence we are passed; we expand into a conditional +% which is true if #1 represents a float ref. That is, the magic +% \lastsection value which we \setref above. +% +\def\iffloat#1{\expandafter\doiffloat#1==\finish} +% +% #1 is (maybe) the \floatmagic string. If so, #2 will be the +% (safe) float type for this float. We set \iffloattype to #2. +% +\def\doiffloat#1=#2=#3\finish{% + \def\temp{#1}% + \def\iffloattype{#2}% + \ifx\temp\floatmagic +} + +% @listoffloats FLOATTYPE - print a list of floats like a table of contents. +% +\parseargdef\listoffloats{% + \def\floattype{#1}% floattype + {% + % the floattype might have accents or other special characters, + % but we need to use it in a control sequence name. + \indexnofonts + \turnoffactive + \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}% + }% + % + % \xrdef saves the floats as a \do-list in \floatlistSAFEFLOATTYPE. + \expandafter\ifx\csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname \relax + \ifhavexrefs + % if the user said @listoffloats foo but never @float foo. + \message{\linenumber No `\safefloattype' floats to list.}% + \fi + \else + \begingroup + \leftskip=\tocindent % indent these entries like a toc + \let\do=\listoffloatsdo + \csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname + \endgroup + \fi +} + +% This is called on each entry in a list of floats. We're passed the +% xref label, in the form LABEL-title, which is how we save it in the +% aux file. We strip off the -title and look up \XRLABEL-lof, which +% has the text we're supposed to typeset here. +% +% Figures without xref labels will not be included in the list (since +% they won't appear in the aux file). +% +\def\listoffloatsdo#1{\listoffloatsdoentry#1\finish} +\def\listoffloatsdoentry#1-title\finish{{% + % Can't fully expand XR#1-lof because it can contain anything. Just + % pass the control sequence. On the other hand, XR#1-pg is just the + % page number, and we want to fully expand that so we can get a link + % in pdf output. + \toksA = \expandafter{\csname XR#1-lof\endcsname}% + % + % use the same \entry macro we use to generate the TOC and index. + \edef\writeentry{\noexpand\entry{\the\toksA}{\csname XR#1-pg\endcsname}}% + \writeentry +}} + + +\message{localization,} + +% For single-language documents, @documentlanguage is usually given very +% early, just after @documentencoding. Single argument is the language +% (de) or locale (de_DE) abbreviation. +% +{ + \catcode`\_ = \active + \globaldefs=1 +\parseargdef\documentlanguage{\begingroup + \let_=\normalunderscore % normal _ character for filenames + \tex % read txi-??.tex file in plain TeX. + % Read the file by the name they passed if it exists. + \openin 1 txi-#1.tex + \ifeof 1 + \documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore{#1_\finish}% + \else + \globaldefs = 1 % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist + \input txi-#1.tex + \fi + \closein 1 + \endgroup % end raw TeX +\endgroup} +} +% +% If they passed de_DE, and txi-de_DE.tex doesn't exist, +% try txi-de.tex. +% +\def\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{% + \openin 1 txi-#1.tex + \ifeof 1 + \errhelp = \nolanghelp + \errmessage{Cannot read language file txi-#1.tex}% + \else + \input txi-#1.tex + \fi + \closein 1 +} +% +\newhelp\nolanghelp{The given language definition file cannot be found or +is empty. Maybe you need to install it? Putting it in the current +directory should work if nowhere else does.} + +% This macro is called from txi-??.tex files; the first argument is the +% \language name to set (without the "\lang@" prefix), the second and +% third args are \{left,right}hyphenmin. +% +% The language names to pass are determined when the format is built. +% See the etex.log file created at that time, e.g., +% /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c/pdftex/etex.log. +% +% With TeX Live 2008, etex now includes hyphenation patterns for all +% available languages. This means we can support hyphenation in +% Texinfo, at least to some extent. (This still doesn't solve the +% accented characters problem.) +% +\catcode`@=11 +\def\txisetlanguage#1#2#3{% + % do not set the language if the name is undefined in the current TeX. + \expandafter\ifx\csname lang@#1\endcsname \relax + \message{no patterns for #1}% + \else + \global\language = \csname lang@#1\endcsname + \fi + % but there is no harm in adjusting the hyphenmin values regardless. + \global\lefthyphenmin = #2\relax + \global\righthyphenmin = #3\relax +} + +% Helpers for encodings. +% Set the catcode of characters 128 through 255 to the specified number. +% +\def\setnonasciicharscatcode#1{% + \count255=128 + \loop\ifnum\count255<256 + \global\catcode\count255=#1\relax + \advance\count255 by 1 + \repeat +} + +\def\setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal#1{% + \count255=128 + \loop\ifnum\count255<256 + \catcode\count255=#1\relax + \advance\count255 by 1 + \repeat +} + +% @documentencoding sets the definition of non-ASCII characters +% according to the specified encoding. +% +\parseargdef\documentencoding{% + % Encoding being declared for the document. + \def\declaredencoding{\csname #1.enc\endcsname}% + % + % Supported encodings: names converted to tokens in order to be able + % to compare them with \ifx. + \def\ascii{\csname US-ASCII.enc\endcsname}% + \def\latnine{\csname ISO-8859-15.enc\endcsname}% + \def\latone{\csname ISO-8859-1.enc\endcsname}% + \def\lattwo{\csname ISO-8859-2.enc\endcsname}% + \def\utfeight{\csname UTF-8.enc\endcsname}% + % + \ifx \declaredencoding \ascii + \asciichardefs + % + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \lattwo + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + \lattwochardefs + % + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + \latonechardefs + % + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latnine + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + \latninechardefs + % + \else \ifx \declaredencoding \utfeight + \setnonasciicharscatcode\active + \utfeightchardefs + % + \else + \message{Unknown document encoding #1, ignoring.}% + % + \fi % utfeight + \fi % latnine + \fi % latone + \fi % lattwo + \fi % ascii +} + +% A message to be logged when using a character that isn't available +% the default font encoding (OT1). +% +\def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing in OT1 encoding: #1.}} + +% Take account of \c (plain) vs. \, (Texinfo) difference. +\def\cedilla#1{\ifx\c\ptexc\c{#1}\else\,{#1}\fi} + +% First, make active non-ASCII characters in order for them to be +% correctly categorized when TeX reads the replacement text of +% macros containing the character definitions. +\setnonasciicharscatcode\active +% +% Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions. +\def\latonechardefs{% + \gdef^^a0{~} + \gdef^^a1{\exclamdown} + \gdef^^a2{\missingcharmsg{CENT SIGN}} + \gdef^^a3{{\pounds}} + \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}} + \gdef^^a5{\missingcharmsg{YEN SIGN}} + \gdef^^a6{\missingcharmsg{BROKEN BAR}} + \gdef^^a7{\S} + \gdef^^a8{\"{}} + \gdef^^a9{\copyright} + \gdef^^aa{\ordf} + \gdef^^ab{\guillemetleft} + \gdef^^ac{$\lnot$} + \gdef^^ad{\-} + \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol} + \gdef^^af{\={}} + % + \gdef^^b0{\textdegree} + \gdef^^b1{$\pm$} + \gdef^^b2{$^2$} + \gdef^^b3{$^3$} + \gdef^^b4{\'{}} + \gdef^^b5{$\mu$} + \gdef^^b6{\P} + % + \gdef^^b7{$^.$} + \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ } + \gdef^^b9{$^1$} + \gdef^^ba{\ordm} + % + \gdef^^bb{\guilletright} + \gdef^^bc{$1\over4$} + \gdef^^bd{$1\over2$} + \gdef^^be{$3\over4$} + \gdef^^bf{\questiondown} + % + \gdef^^c0{\`A} + \gdef^^c1{\'A} + \gdef^^c2{\^A} + \gdef^^c3{\~A} + \gdef^^c4{\"A} + \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A} + \gdef^^c6{\AE} + \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C} + \gdef^^c8{\`E} + \gdef^^c9{\'E} + \gdef^^ca{\^E} + \gdef^^cb{\"E} + \gdef^^cc{\`I} + \gdef^^cd{\'I} + \gdef^^ce{\^I} + \gdef^^cf{\"I} + % + \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH}} + \gdef^^d1{\~N} + \gdef^^d2{\`O} + \gdef^^d3{\'O} + \gdef^^d4{\^O} + \gdef^^d5{\~O} + \gdef^^d6{\"O} + \gdef^^d7{$\times$} + \gdef^^d8{\O} + \gdef^^d9{\`U} + \gdef^^da{\'U} + \gdef^^db{\^U} + \gdef^^dc{\"U} + \gdef^^dd{\'Y} + \gdef^^de{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN}} + \gdef^^df{\ss} + % + \gdef^^e0{\`a} + \gdef^^e1{\'a} + \gdef^^e2{\^a} + \gdef^^e3{\~a} + \gdef^^e4{\"a} + \gdef^^e5{\ringaccent a} + \gdef^^e6{\ae} + \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c} + \gdef^^e8{\`e} + \gdef^^e9{\'e} + \gdef^^ea{\^e} + \gdef^^eb{\"e} + \gdef^^ec{\`{\dotless i}} + \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless i}} + \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless i}} + \gdef^^ef{\"{\dotless i}} + % + \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH}} + \gdef^^f1{\~n} + \gdef^^f2{\`o} + \gdef^^f3{\'o} + \gdef^^f4{\^o} + \gdef^^f5{\~o} + \gdef^^f6{\"o} + \gdef^^f7{$\div$} + \gdef^^f8{\o} + \gdef^^f9{\`u} + \gdef^^fa{\'u} + \gdef^^fb{\^u} + \gdef^^fc{\"u} + \gdef^^fd{\'y} + \gdef^^fe{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN}} + \gdef^^ff{\"y} +} + +% Latin9 (ISO-8859-15) encoding character definitions. +\def\latninechardefs{% + % Encoding is almost identical to Latin1. + \latonechardefs + % + \gdef^^a4{\euro} + \gdef^^a6{\v S} + \gdef^^a8{\v s} + \gdef^^b4{\v Z} + \gdef^^b8{\v z} + \gdef^^bc{\OE} + \gdef^^bd{\oe} + \gdef^^be{\"Y} +} + +% Latin2 (ISO-8859-2) character definitions. +\def\lattwochardefs{% + \gdef^^a0{~} + \gdef^^a1{\ogonek{A}} + \gdef^^a2{\u{}} + \gdef^^a3{\L} + \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}} + \gdef^^a5{\v L} + \gdef^^a6{\'S} + \gdef^^a7{\S} + \gdef^^a8{\"{}} + \gdef^^a9{\v S} + \gdef^^aa{\cedilla S} + \gdef^^ab{\v T} + \gdef^^ac{\'Z} + \gdef^^ad{\-} + \gdef^^ae{\v Z} + \gdef^^af{\dotaccent Z} + % + \gdef^^b0{\textdegree} + \gdef^^b1{\ogonek{a}} + \gdef^^b2{\ogonek{ }} + \gdef^^b3{\l} + \gdef^^b4{\'{}} + \gdef^^b5{\v l} + \gdef^^b6{\'s} + \gdef^^b7{\v{}} + \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ } + \gdef^^b9{\v s} + \gdef^^ba{\cedilla s} + \gdef^^bb{\v t} + \gdef^^bc{\'z} + \gdef^^bd{\H{}} + \gdef^^be{\v z} + \gdef^^bf{\dotaccent z} + % + \gdef^^c0{\'R} + \gdef^^c1{\'A} + \gdef^^c2{\^A} + \gdef^^c3{\u A} + \gdef^^c4{\"A} + \gdef^^c5{\'L} + \gdef^^c6{\'C} + \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C} + \gdef^^c8{\v C} + \gdef^^c9{\'E} + \gdef^^ca{\ogonek{E}} + \gdef^^cb{\"E} + \gdef^^cc{\v E} + \gdef^^cd{\'I} + \gdef^^ce{\^I} + \gdef^^cf{\v D} + % + \gdef^^d0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE}} + \gdef^^d1{\'N} + \gdef^^d2{\v N} + \gdef^^d3{\'O} + \gdef^^d4{\^O} + \gdef^^d5{\H O} + \gdef^^d6{\"O} + \gdef^^d7{$\times$} + \gdef^^d8{\v R} + \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U} + \gdef^^da{\'U} + \gdef^^db{\H U} + \gdef^^dc{\"U} + \gdef^^dd{\'Y} + \gdef^^de{\cedilla T} + \gdef^^df{\ss} + % + \gdef^^e0{\'r} + \gdef^^e1{\'a} + \gdef^^e2{\^a} + \gdef^^e3{\u a} + \gdef^^e4{\"a} + \gdef^^e5{\'l} + \gdef^^e6{\'c} + \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c} + \gdef^^e8{\v c} + \gdef^^e9{\'e} + \gdef^^ea{\ogonek{e}} + \gdef^^eb{\"e} + \gdef^^ec{\v e} + \gdef^^ed{\'\i} + \gdef^^ee{\^\i} + \gdef^^ef{\v d} + % + \gdef^^f0{\missingcharmsg{LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE}} + \gdef^^f1{\'n} + \gdef^^f2{\v n} + \gdef^^f3{\'o} + \gdef^^f4{\^o} + \gdef^^f5{\H o} + \gdef^^f6{\"o} + \gdef^^f7{$\div$} + \gdef^^f8{\v r} + \gdef^^f9{\ringaccent u} + \gdef^^fa{\'u} + \gdef^^fb{\H u} + \gdef^^fc{\"u} + \gdef^^fd{\'y} + \gdef^^fe{\cedilla t} + \gdef^^ff{\dotaccent{}} +} + +% UTF-8 character definitions. +% +% This code to support UTF-8 is based on LaTeX's utf8.def, with some +% changes for Texinfo conventions. It is included here under the GPL by +% permission from Frank Mittelbach and the LaTeX team. +% +\newcount\countUTFx +\newcount\countUTFy +\newcount\countUTFz + +\gdef\UTFviiiTwoOctets#1#2{\expandafter + \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\endcsname} +% +\gdef\UTFviiiThreeOctets#1#2#3{\expandafter + \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\endcsname} +% +\gdef\UTFviiiFourOctets#1#2#3#4{\expandafter + \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\string #4\endcsname} + +\gdef\UTFviiiDefined#1{% + \ifx #1\relax + \message{\linenumber Unicode char \string #1 not defined for Texinfo}% + \else + \expandafter #1% + \fi +} + +\begingroup + \catcode`\~13 + \catcode`\"12 + + \def\UTFviiiLoop{% + \global\catcode\countUTFx\active + \uccode`\~\countUTFx + \uppercase\expandafter{\UTFviiiTmp}% + \advance\countUTFx by 1 + \ifnum\countUTFx < \countUTFy + \expandafter\UTFviiiLoop + \fi} + + \countUTFx = "C2 + \countUTFy = "E0 + \def\UTFviiiTmp{% + \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiTwoOctets\string~}} + \UTFviiiLoop + + \countUTFx = "E0 + \countUTFy = "F0 + \def\UTFviiiTmp{% + \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiThreeOctets\string~}} + \UTFviiiLoop + + \countUTFx = "F0 + \countUTFy = "F4 + \def\UTFviiiTmp{% + \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiFourOctets\string~}} + \UTFviiiLoop +\endgroup + +\begingroup + \catcode`\"=12 + \catcode`\<=12 + \catcode`\.=12 + \catcode`\,=12 + \catcode`\;=12 + \catcode`\!=12 + \catcode`\~=13 + + \gdef\DeclareUnicodeCharacter#1#2{% + \countUTFz = "#1\relax + \wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}% + \begingroup + \parseXMLCharref + \def\UTFviiiTwoOctets##1##2{% + \csname u8:##1\string ##2\endcsname}% + \def\UTFviiiThreeOctets##1##2##3{% + \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\endcsname}% + \def\UTFviiiFourOctets##1##2##3##4{% + \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\string ##4\endcsname}% + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter + \gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2}% + \endgroup} + + \gdef\parseXMLCharref{% + \ifnum\countUTFz < "A0\relax + \errhelp = \EMsimple + \errmessage{Cannot define Unicode char value < 00A0}% + \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "800\relax + \parseUTFviiiA,% + \parseUTFviiiB C\UTFviiiTwoOctets.,% + \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "10000\relax + \parseUTFviiiA;% + \parseUTFviiiA,% + \parseUTFviiiB E\UTFviiiThreeOctets.{,;}% + \else + \parseUTFviiiA;% + \parseUTFviiiA,% + \parseUTFviiiA!% + \parseUTFviiiB F\UTFviiiFourOctets.{!,;}% + \fi\fi\fi + } + + \gdef\parseUTFviiiA#1{% + \countUTFx = \countUTFz + \divide\countUTFz by 64 + \countUTFy = \countUTFz + \multiply\countUTFz by 64 + \advance\countUTFx by -\countUTFz + \advance\countUTFx by 128 + \uccode `#1\countUTFx + \countUTFz = \countUTFy} + + \gdef\parseUTFviiiB#1#2#3#4{% + \advance\countUTFz by "#10\relax + \uccode `#3\countUTFz + \uppercase{\gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2#3#4}}} +\endgroup + +\def\utfeightchardefs{% + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A0}{\tie} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A1}{\exclamdown} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A3}{\pounds} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A8}{\"{ }} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A9}{\copyright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AA}{\ordf} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AB}{\guillemetleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AD}{\-} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AE}{\registeredsymbol} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AF}{\={ }} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B0}{\ringaccent{ }} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B4}{\'{ }} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B8}{\cedilla{ }} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BA}{\ordm} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BB}{\guillemetright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BF}{\questiondown} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C0}{\`A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C1}{\'A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C2}{\^A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C3}{\~A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C4}{\"A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C5}{\AA} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C6}{\AE} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C7}{\cedilla{C}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C8}{\`E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C9}{\'E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CA}{\^E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CB}{\"E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CC}{\`I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CD}{\'I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CE}{\^I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CF}{\"I} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D1}{\~N} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D2}{\`O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D3}{\'O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D4}{\^O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D5}{\~O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D6}{\"O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D8}{\O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D9}{\`U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DA}{\'U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DB}{\^U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DC}{\"U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DD}{\'Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DF}{\ss} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E0}{\`a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E1}{\'a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E2}{\^a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E3}{\~a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E4}{\"a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E5}{\aa} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E6}{\ae} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E7}{\cedilla{c}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E8}{\`e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E9}{\'e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EA}{\^e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EB}{\"e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EC}{\`{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00ED}{\'{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EE}{\^{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EF}{\"{\dotless{i}}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F1}{\~n} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F2}{\`o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F3}{\'o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F4}{\^o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F5}{\~o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F6}{\"o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F8}{\o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F9}{\`u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FA}{\'u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FB}{\^u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FC}{\"u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FD}{\'y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FF}{\"y} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0100}{\=A} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0101}{\=a} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0102}{\u{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0103}{\u{a}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0104}{\ogonek{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0105}{\ogonek{a}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0106}{\'C} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0107}{\'c} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0108}{\^C} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0109}{\^c} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0118}{\ogonek{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0119}{\ogonek{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010A}{\dotaccent{C}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010B}{\dotaccent{c}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010C}{\v{C}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010D}{\v{c}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010E}{\v{D}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0112}{\=E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0113}{\=e} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0114}{\u{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0115}{\u{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0116}{\dotaccent{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0117}{\dotaccent{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011A}{\v{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011B}{\v{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011C}{\^G} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011D}{\^g} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011E}{\u{G}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011F}{\u{g}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0120}{\dotaccent{G}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0121}{\dotaccent{g}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0124}{\^H} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0125}{\^h} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0128}{\~I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0129}{\~{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012A}{\=I} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012B}{\={\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012C}{\u{I}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012D}{\u{\dotless{i}}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0130}{\dotaccent{I}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0131}{\dotless{i}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0132}{IJ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0133}{ij} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0134}{\^J} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0135}{\^{\dotless{j}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0139}{\'L} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013A}{\'l} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0141}{\L} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0142}{\l} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0143}{\'N} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0144}{\'n} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0147}{\v{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0148}{\v{n}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014C}{\=O} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014D}{\=o} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014E}{\u{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014F}{\u{o}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0150}{\H{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0151}{\H{o}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0152}{\OE} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0153}{\oe} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0154}{\'R} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0155}{\'r} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0158}{\v{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0159}{\v{r}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015A}{\'S} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015B}{\'s} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015C}{\^S} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015D}{\^s} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015E}{\cedilla{S}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015F}{\cedilla{s}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0160}{\v{S}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0161}{\v{s}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0162}{\cedilla{t}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0163}{\cedilla{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0164}{\v{T}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0168}{\~U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0169}{\~u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016A}{\=U} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016B}{\=u} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016C}{\u{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016D}{\u{u}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016E}{\ringaccent{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016F}{\ringaccent{u}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0170}{\H{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0171}{\H{u}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0174}{\^W} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0175}{\^w} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0176}{\^Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0177}{\^y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0178}{\"Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0179}{\'Z} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017A}{\'z} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017B}{\dotaccent{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017C}{\dotaccent{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017D}{\v{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017E}{\v{z}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C4}{D\v{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C5}{D\v{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C6}{d\v{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C7}{LJ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C8}{Lj} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C9}{lj} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CA}{NJ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CB}{Nj} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CC}{nj} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CD}{\v{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CE}{\v{a}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CF}{\v{I}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D0}{\v{\dotless{i}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D1}{\v{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D2}{\v{o}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D3}{\v{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D4}{\v{u}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E2}{\={\AE}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E3}{\={\ae}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E6}{\v{G}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E7}{\v{g}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E8}{\v{K}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E9}{\v{k}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F0}{\v{\dotless{j}}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F1}{DZ} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F2}{Dz} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F3}{dz} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F4}{\'G} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F5}{\'g} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F8}{\`N} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F9}{\`n} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FC}{\'{\AE}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FD}{\'{\ae}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FE}{\'{\O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FF}{\'{\o}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021E}{\v{H}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021F}{\v{h}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0226}{\dotaccent{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0227}{\dotaccent{a}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0228}{\cedilla{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0229}{\cedilla{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022E}{\dotaccent{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022F}{\dotaccent{o}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0232}{\=Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0233}{\=y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0237}{\dotless{j}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{02DB}{\ogonek{ }} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E02}{\dotaccent{B}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E03}{\dotaccent{b}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E04}{\udotaccent{B}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E05}{\udotaccent{b}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E06}{\ubaraccent{B}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E07}{\ubaraccent{b}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0A}{\dotaccent{D}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0B}{\dotaccent{d}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0C}{\udotaccent{D}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0D}{\udotaccent{d}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0E}{\ubaraccent{D}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0F}{\ubaraccent{d}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1E}{\dotaccent{F}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1F}{\dotaccent{f}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E20}{\=G} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E21}{\=g} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E22}{\dotaccent{H}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E23}{\dotaccent{h}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E24}{\udotaccent{H}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E25}{\udotaccent{h}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E26}{\"H} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E27}{\"h} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E30}{\'K} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E31}{\'k} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E32}{\udotaccent{K}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E33}{\udotaccent{k}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E34}{\ubaraccent{K}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E35}{\ubaraccent{k}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E36}{\udotaccent{L}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E37}{\udotaccent{l}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3A}{\ubaraccent{L}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3B}{\ubaraccent{l}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3E}{\'M} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3F}{\'m} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E40}{\dotaccent{M}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E41}{\dotaccent{m}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E42}{\udotaccent{M}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E43}{\udotaccent{m}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E44}{\dotaccent{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E45}{\dotaccent{n}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E46}{\udotaccent{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E47}{\udotaccent{n}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E48}{\ubaraccent{N}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E49}{\ubaraccent{n}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E54}{\'P} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E55}{\'p} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E56}{\dotaccent{P}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E57}{\dotaccent{p}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E58}{\dotaccent{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E59}{\dotaccent{r}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5A}{\udotaccent{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5B}{\udotaccent{r}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5E}{\ubaraccent{R}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5F}{\ubaraccent{r}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E60}{\dotaccent{S}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E61}{\dotaccent{s}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E62}{\udotaccent{S}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E63}{\udotaccent{s}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6A}{\dotaccent{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6B}{\dotaccent{t}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6C}{\udotaccent{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6D}{\udotaccent{t}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6E}{\ubaraccent{T}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6F}{\ubaraccent{t}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7C}{\~V} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7D}{\~v} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7E}{\udotaccent{V}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7F}{\udotaccent{v}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E80}{\`W} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E81}{\`w} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E82}{\'W} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E83}{\'w} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E84}{\"W} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E85}{\"w} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E86}{\dotaccent{W}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E87}{\dotaccent{w}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E88}{\udotaccent{W}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E89}{\udotaccent{w}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8A}{\dotaccent{X}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8B}{\dotaccent{x}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8C}{\"X} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8D}{\"x} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8E}{\dotaccent{Y}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8F}{\dotaccent{y}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E90}{\^Z} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E91}{\^z} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E92}{\udotaccent{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E93}{\udotaccent{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E94}{\ubaraccent{Z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E95}{\ubaraccent{z}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E96}{\ubaraccent{h}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E97}{\"t} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E98}{\ringaccent{w}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E99}{\ringaccent{y}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA0}{\udotaccent{A}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA1}{\udotaccent{a}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB8}{\udotaccent{E}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB9}{\udotaccent{e}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBC}{\~E} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBD}{\~e} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECA}{\udotaccent{I}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECB}{\udotaccent{i}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECC}{\udotaccent{O}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECD}{\udotaccent{o}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE4}{\udotaccent{U}} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE5}{\udotaccent{u}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF2}{\`Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF3}{\`y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF4}{\udotaccent{Y}} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF8}{\~Y} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF9}{\~y} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2013}{--} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2014}{---} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2018}{\quoteleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2019}{\quoteright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201A}{\quotesinglbase} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201C}{\quotedblleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201D}{\quotedblright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201E}{\quotedblbase} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2022}{\bullet} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2026}{\dots} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2039}{\guilsinglleft} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203A}{\guilsinglright} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\euro} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2192}{\expansion} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D2}{\result} + + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{\minus} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2217}{\point} + \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2261}{\equiv} +}% end of \utfeightchardefs + + +% US-ASCII character definitions. +\def\asciichardefs{% nothing need be done + \relax +} + +% Make non-ASCII characters printable again for compatibility with +% existing Texinfo documents that may use them, even without declaring a +% document encoding. +% +\setnonasciicharscatcode \other + + +\message{formatting,} + +\newdimen\defaultparindent \defaultparindent = 15pt + +\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt +\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt +\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt + +% Prevent underfull vbox error messages. +\vbadness = 10000 + +% Don't be so finicky about underfull hboxes, either. +\hbadness = 2000 + +% Following George Bush, get rid of widows and orphans. +\widowpenalty=10000 +\clubpenalty=10000 + +% Use TeX 3.0's \emergencystretch to help line breaking, but if we're +% using an old version of TeX, don't do anything. We want the amount of +% stretch added to depend on the line length, hence the dependence on +% \hsize. We call this whenever the paper size is set. +% +\def\setemergencystretch{% + \ifx\emergencystretch\thisisundefined + % Allow us to assign to \emergencystretch anyway. + \def\emergencystretch{\dimen0}% + \else + \emergencystretch = .15\hsize + \fi +} + +% Parameters in order: 1) textheight; 2) textwidth; +% 3) voffset; 4) hoffset; 5) binding offset; 6) topskip; +% 7) physical page height; 8) physical page width. +% +% We also call \setleading{\textleading}, so the caller should define +% \textleading. The caller should also set \parskip. +% +\def\internalpagesizes#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{% + \voffset = #3\relax + \topskip = #6\relax + \splittopskip = \topskip + % + \vsize = #1\relax + \advance\vsize by \topskip + \outervsize = \vsize + \advance\outervsize by 2\topandbottommargin + \pageheight = \vsize + % + \hsize = #2\relax + \outerhsize = \hsize + \advance\outerhsize by 0.5in + \pagewidth = \hsize + % + \normaloffset = #4\relax + \bindingoffset = #5\relax + % + \ifpdf + \pdfpageheight #7\relax + \pdfpagewidth #8\relax + % if we don't reset these, they will remain at "1 true in" of + % whatever layout pdftex was dumped with. + \pdfhorigin = 1 true in + \pdfvorigin = 1 true in + \fi + % + \setleading{\textleading} + % + \parindent = \defaultparindent + \setemergencystretch +} + +% @letterpaper (the default). +\def\letterpaper{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt + \textleading = 13.2pt + % + % If page is nothing but text, make it come out even. + \internalpagesizes{607.2pt}{6in}% that's 46 lines + {\voffset}{.25in}% + {\bindingoffset}{36pt}% + {11in}{8.5in}% +}} + +% Use @smallbook to reset parameters for 7x9.25 trim size. +\def\smallbook{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt + \textleading = 12pt + % + \internalpagesizes{7.5in}{5in}% + {-.2in}{0in}% + {\bindingoffset}{16pt}% + {9.25in}{7in}% + % + \lispnarrowing = 0.3in + \tolerance = 700 + \hfuzz = 1pt + \contentsrightmargin = 0pt + \defbodyindent = .5cm +}} + +% Use @smallerbook to reset parameters for 6x9 trim size. +% (Just testing, parameters still in flux.) +\def\smallerbook{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 1.5pt plus 1pt + \textleading = 12pt + % + \internalpagesizes{7.4in}{4.8in}% + {-.2in}{-.4in}% + {0pt}{14pt}% + {9in}{6in}% + % + \lispnarrowing = 0.25in + \tolerance = 700 + \hfuzz = 1pt + \contentsrightmargin = 0pt + \defbodyindent = .4cm +}} + +% Use @afourpaper to print on European A4 paper. +\def\afourpaper{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt + \textleading = 13.2pt + % + % Double-side printing via postscript on Laserjet 4050 + % prints double-sided nicely when \bindingoffset=10mm and \hoffset=-6mm. + % To change the settings for a different printer or situation, adjust + % \normaloffset until the front-side and back-side texts align. Then + % do the same for \bindingoffset. You can set these for testing in + % your texinfo source file like this: + % @tex + % \global\normaloffset = -6mm + % \global\bindingoffset = 10mm + % @end tex + \internalpagesizes{673.2pt}{160mm}% that's 51 lines + {\voffset}{\hoffset}% + {\bindingoffset}{44pt}% + {297mm}{210mm}% + % + \tolerance = 700 + \hfuzz = 1pt + \contentsrightmargin = 0pt + \defbodyindent = 5mm +}} + +% Use @afivepaper to print on European A5 paper. +% From romildo@urano.iceb.ufop.br, 2 July 2000. +% He also recommends making @example and @lisp be small. +\def\afivepaper{{\globaldefs = 1 + \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt minus 0.1pt + \textleading = 12.5pt + % + \internalpagesizes{160mm}{120mm}% + {\voffset}{\hoffset}% + {\bindingoffset}{8pt}% + {210mm}{148mm}% + % + \lispnarrowing = 0.2in + \tolerance = 800 + \hfuzz = 1.2pt + \contentsrightmargin = 0pt + \defbodyindent = 2mm + \tableindent = 12mm +}} + +% A specific text layout, 24x15cm overall, intended for A4 paper. +\def\afourlatex{{\globaldefs = 1 + \afourpaper + \internalpagesizes{237mm}{150mm}% + {\voffset}{4.6mm}% + {\bindingoffset}{7mm}% + {297mm}{210mm}% + % + % Must explicitly reset to 0 because we call \afourpaper. + \globaldefs = 0 +}} + +% Use @afourwide to print on A4 paper in landscape format. +\def\afourwide{{\globaldefs = 1 + \afourpaper + \internalpagesizes{241mm}{165mm}% + {\voffset}{-2.95mm}% + {\bindingoffset}{7mm}% + {297mm}{210mm}% + \globaldefs = 0 +}} + +% @pagesizes TEXTHEIGHT[,TEXTWIDTH] +% Perhaps we should allow setting the margins, \topskip, \parskip, +% and/or leading, also. Or perhaps we should compute them somehow. +% +\parseargdef\pagesizes{\pagesizesyyy #1,,\finish} +\def\pagesizesyyy#1,#2,#3\finish{{% + \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \hsize=#2\relax \fi + \globaldefs = 1 + % + \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt + \setleading{\textleading}% + % + \dimen0 = #1\relax + \advance\dimen0 by \voffset + % + \dimen2 = \hsize + \advance\dimen2 by \normaloffset + % + \internalpagesizes{#1}{\hsize}% + {\voffset}{\normaloffset}% + {\bindingoffset}{44pt}% + {\dimen0}{\dimen2}% +}} + +% Set default to letter. +% +\letterpaper + + +\message{and turning on texinfo input format.} + +% DEL is a comment character, in case @c does not suffice. +\catcode`\^^? = 14 + +% Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text. +\catcode`\"=\other +\catcode`\~=\other +\catcode`\^=\other +\catcode`\_=\other +\catcode`\|=\other +\catcode`\<=\other +\catcode`\>=\other +\catcode`\+=\other +\catcode`\$=\other +\def\normaldoublequote{"} +\def\normaltilde{~} +\def\normalcaret{^} +\def\normalunderscore{_} +\def\normalverticalbar{|} +\def\normalless{<} +\def\normalgreater{>} +\def\normalplus{+} +\def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix + +% This macro is used to make a character print one way in \tt +% (where it can probably be output as-is), and another way in other fonts, +% where something hairier probably needs to be done. +% +% #1 is what to print if we are indeed using \tt; #2 is what to print +% otherwise. Since all the Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero +% interword stretch (and shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all +% typewriter fonts to have this, we can check that font parameter. +% +\def\ifusingtt#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen3\font=0pt #1\else #2\fi} + +% Same as above, but check for italic font. Actually this also catches +% non-italic slanted fonts since it is impossible to distinguish them from +% italic fonts. But since this is only used by $ and it uses \sl anyway +% this is not a problem. +\def\ifusingit#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen1\font>0pt #1\else #2\fi} + +% Turn off all special characters except @ +% (and those which the user can use as if they were ordinary). +% Most of these we simply print from the \tt font, but for some, we can +% use math or other variants that look better in normal text. + +\catcode`\"=\active +\def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}} +\let"=\activedoublequote +\catcode`\~=\active +\def~{{\tt\char126}} +\chardef\hat=`\^ +\catcode`\^=\active +\def^{{\tt \hat}} + +\catcode`\_=\active +\def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_} +\let\realunder=_ +% Subroutine for the previous macro. +\def\_{\leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em } + +\catcode`\|=\active +\def|{{\tt\char124}} +\chardef \less=`\< +\catcode`\<=\active +\def<{{\tt \less}} +\chardef \gtr=`\> +\catcode`\>=\active +\def>{{\tt \gtr}} +\catcode`\+=\active +\def+{{\tt \char 43}} +\catcode`\$=\active +\def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix + +% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file +% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line. +% So turn them off again, and have \everyjob (or @setfilename) turn them on. +% \otherifyactive is called near the end of this file. +\def\otherifyactive{\catcode`+=\other \catcode`\_=\other} + +% Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters even after +% parsing them. +\def\turnoffactive{% + \normalturnoffactive + \otherbackslash +} + +\catcode`\@=0 + +% \backslashcurfont outputs one backslash character in current font, +% as in \char`\\. +\global\chardef\backslashcurfont=`\\ +\global\let\rawbackslashxx=\backslashcurfont % let existing .??s files work + +% \realbackslash is an actual character `\' with catcode other, and +% \doublebackslash is two of them (for the pdf outlines). +{\catcode`\\=\other @gdef@realbackslash{\} @gdef@doublebackslash{\\}} + +% In texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash +% in fixed width font. +\catcode`\\=\active +@def@normalbackslash{{@tt@backslashcurfont}} +% On startup, @fixbackslash assigns: +% @let \ = @normalbackslash + +% \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont. +% \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with +% catcode other. +@gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@backslashcurfont} +@gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash} + +% Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of +% the literal character `\'. +% +@def@normalturnoffactive{% + @let\=@normalbackslash + @let"=@normaldoublequote + @let~=@normaltilde + @let^=@normalcaret + @let_=@normalunderscore + @let|=@normalverticalbar + @let<=@normalless + @let>=@normalgreater + @let+=@normalplus + @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix + @markupsetuplqdefault + @markupsetuprqdefault + @unsepspaces +} + +% Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily. +% This is canceled by @fixbackslash. +@otherifyactive + +% If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up. +% That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing +% a backslash. +% +@gdef@eatinput input texinfo{@fixbackslash} +@global@let\ = @eatinput + +% On the other hand, perhaps the file did not have a `\input texinfo'. Then +% the first `\' in the file would cause an error. This macro tries to fix +% that, assuming it is called before the first `\' could plausibly occur. +% Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input +% file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format. +% +@gdef@fixbackslash{% + @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @normalbackslash @fi + @catcode`+=@active + @catcode`@_=@active +} + +% Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages. +@escapechar = `@@ + +% These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special. +@catcode`@& = @other +@catcode`@# = @other +@catcode`@% = @other + +@c Finally, make ` and ' active, so that txicodequoteundirected and +@c txicodequotebacktick work right in, e.g., @w{@code{`foo'}}. If we +@c don't make ` and ' active, @code will not get them as active chars. +@c Do this last of all since we use ` in the previous @catcode assignments. +@catcode`@'=@active +@catcode`@`=@active +@markupsetuplqdefault +@markupsetuprqdefault + +@c Local variables: +@c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp) +@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message" +@c time-stamp-start: "def\\\\texinfoversion{" +@c time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H" +@c time-stamp-end: "}" +@c End: + +@c vim:sw=2: + +@ignore + arch-tag: e1b36e32-c96e-4135-a41a-0b2efa2ea115 +@end ignore diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80a2209 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/version.texi @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +@ignore +Copyright (C) 1988-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@end ignore + +@set LASTCHANGE Wed Dec 23 16:29:41 EST 2009 + +@set EDITION 4.1 +@set VERSION 4.1 +@set UPDATED 23 December 2009 +@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2009 |