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| author | Chris Lattner <sabre@nondot.org> | 2007-11-03 08:55:29 +0000 |
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| committer | Chris Lattner <sabre@nondot.org> | 2007-11-03 08:55:29 +0000 |
| commit | 8f03287fabe922c9fc6c162269ab108c26f2a5d7 (patch) | |
| tree | 3b81a5f960ec30249de3f78705437f3f006dabfb /docs/tutorial/LangImpl7.html | |
| parent | c4c75f53f7a933644abd1805e73cb4655b3beb5b (diff) | |
| download | external_llvm-8f03287fabe922c9fc6c162269ab108c26f2a5d7.zip external_llvm-8f03287fabe922c9fc6c162269ab108c26f2a5d7.tar.gz external_llvm-8f03287fabe922c9fc6c162269ab108c26f2a5d7.tar.bz2 | |
hack and slash the first 20% of chapter seven.
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diff --git a/docs/tutorial/LangImpl7.html b/docs/tutorial/LangImpl7.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f80c067 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/tutorial/LangImpl7.html @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> + +<html> +<head> + <title>Kaleidoscope: Extending the Language: Mutable Variables / SSA + construction</title> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> + <meta name="author" content="Chris Lattner"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="../llvm.css" type="text/css"> +</head> + +<body> + +<div class="doc_title">Kaleidoscope: Extending the Language: Mutable Variables</div> + +<div class="doc_author"> + <p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a></p> +</div> + +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> +<div class="doc_section"><a name="intro">Part 7 Introduction</a></div> +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> + +<div class="doc_text"> + +<p>Welcome to Part 7 of the "<a href="index.html">Implementing a language with +LLVM</a>" tutorial. In parts 1 through 6, we've built a very respectable, +albeit simple, <a +href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming">functional +programming language</a>. In our journey, we learned some parsing techniques, +how to build and represent an AST, how to build LLVM IR, and how to optimize +the resultant code and JIT compile it.</p> + +<p>While Kaleidoscope is interesting as a functional language, this makes it +"too easy" to generate LLVM IR for it. In particular, a functional language +makes it very easy to build LLVM IR directly in <a +href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">SSA form</a>. +Since LLVM requires that the input code be in SSA form, this is a very nice +property and it is often unclear to newcomers how to generate code for an +imperative language with mutable variables.</p> + +<p>The short (and happy) summary of this chapter is that there is no need for +your front-end to build SSA form: LLVM provides highly tuned and well tested +support for this, though the way it works is a bit unexpected for some.</p> + +</div> + +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> +<div class="doc_section"><a name="why">Why is this a hard problem?</a></div> +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> + +<div class="doc_text"> + +<p> +To understand why mutable variables cause complexities in SSA construction, +consider this extremely simple C example: +</p> + +<div class="doc_code"> +<pre> +int G, H; +int test(_Bool Condition) { + int X; + if (Condition) + X = G; + else + X = H; + return X; +} +</pre> +</div> + +<p>In this case, we have the variable "X", whose value depends on the path +executed in the program. Because there are two different possible values for X +before the return instruction, a PHI node is inserted to merge the two values. +The LLVM IR that we want for this example looks like this:</p> + +<div class="doc_code"> +<pre> +@G = weak global i32 0 ; type of @G is i32* +@H = weak global i32 0 ; type of @H is i32* + +define i32 @test(i1 %Condition) { +entry: + br i1 %Condition, label %cond_true, label %cond_false + +cond_true: + %X.0 = load i32* @G + br label %cond_next + +cond_false: + %X.1 = load i32* @H + br label %cond_next + +cond_next: + %X.2 = phi i32 [ %X.1, %cond_false ], [ %X.0, %cond_true ] + ret i32 %X.2 +} +</pre> +</div> + +<p>In this example, the loads from the G and H global variables are explicit in +the LLVM IR, and they live in the then/else branches of the if statement +(cond_true/cond_false). In order to merge the incoming values, the X.2 phi node +in the cond_next block selects the right value to use based on where control +flow is coming from: if control flow comes from the cond_false block, X.2 gets +the value of X.1. Alternatively, if control flow comes from cond_tree, it gets +the value of X.0. The intent of this chapter is not to explain the details of +SSA form. For more information, see one of the many <a +href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">online +references</a>.</p> + +<p>The question for this article is "who places phi nodes when lowering +assignments to mutable variables?". The issue here is that LLVM +<em>requires</em> that its IR be in SSA form: there is no "non-ssa" mode for it. +However, SSA construction requires non-trivial algorithms and data structures, +so it is inconvenient and wasteful for every front-end to have to reproduce this +logic.</p> + +</div> + +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> +<div class="doc_section"><a name="memory">Memory in LLVM</a></div> +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> + +<div class="doc_text"> + +<p>The 'trick' here is that while LLVM does require all register values to be +in SSA form, it does not require (or permit) memory objects to be in SSA form. +In the example above, note that the loads from G and H are direct accesses to +G and H: they are not renamed or versioned. This differs from some other +compiler systems, which does try to version memory objects. In LLVM, instead of +encoding dataflow analysis of memory into the LLVM IR, it is handled with <a +href="../WritingAnLLVMPass.html">Analysis Passes</a> which are computed on +demand.</p> + +<p> +With this in mind, the high-level idea is that we want to make a stack variable +(which lives in memory, because it is on the stack) for each mutable object in +a function. To take advantage of this trick, we need to talk about how LLVM +represents stack variables. +</p> + +<p>In LLVM, all memory accesses are explicit with load/store instructions, and +it is carefully designed to not have (or need) an "address-of" operator. Notice +how the type of the @G/@H global variables is actually "i32*" even though the +variable is defined as "i32". What this means is that @G defines <em>space</em> +for an i32 in the global data area, but its <em>name</em> actually refers to the +address for that space. Stack variables work the same way, but instead of being +declared with global variable definitions, they are declared with the +<a href="../LangRef.html#i_alloca">LLVM alloca instruction</a>:</p> + +<div class="doc_code"> +<pre> +define i32 @test(i1 %Condition) { +entry: + %X = alloca i32 ; type of %X is i32*. + ... + %tmp = load i32* %X ; load the stack value %X from the stack. + %tmp2 = add i32 %tmp, 1 ; increment it + store i32 %tmp2, i32* %X ; store it back + ... +</pre> +</div> + +<p>This code shows an example of how you can declare and manipulate a stack +variable in the LLVM IR. Stack memory allocated with the alloca instruction is +fully general: you can pass the address of the stack slot to functions, you can +store it in other variables, etc. In our example above, we could rewrite the +example to use the alloca technique to avoid using a PHI node:</p> + +<div class="doc_code"> +<pre> +@G = weak global i32 0 ; type of @G is i32* +@H = weak global i32 0 ; type of @H is i32* + +define i32 @test(i1 %Condition) { +entry: + %X = alloca i32 ; type of %X is i32*. + br i1 %Condition, label %cond_true, label %cond_false + +cond_true: + %X.0 = load i32* @G + store i32 %X.0, i32* %X ; Update X + br label %cond_next + +cond_false: + %X.1 = load i32* @H + store i32 %X.1, i32* %X ; Update X + br label %cond_next + +cond_next: + %X.2 = load i32* %X ; Read X + ret i32 %X.2 +} +</pre> +</div> + +<p>With this, we have discovered a way to handle arbitrary mutable variables +without the need to create Phi nodes at all:</p> + +<ol> +<li>Each mutable variable becomes a stack allocation.</li> +<li>Each read of the variable becomes a load from the stack.</li> +<li>Each update of the variable becomes a store to the stack.</li> +<li>Taking the address of a variable just uses the stack address directly.</li> +</ol> + +<p>While this solution has solved our immediate problem, it introduced another +one: we have now apparently introduced a lot of stack traffic for very simple +and common operations, a major performance problem. Fortunately for us, the +LLVM optimizer has a highly-tuned optimization pass named "mem2reg" that handles +this case, promoting allocas like this into SSA registers, inserting Phi nodes +as appropriate. If you run this example through the pass, for example, you'll +get:</p> + +<div class="doc_code"> +<pre> +$ <b>llvm-as < example.ll | opt -mem2reg | llvm-dis</b> +@G = weak global i32 0 +@H = weak global i32 0 + +define i32 @test(i1 %Condition) { +entry: + br i1 %Condition, label %cond_true, label %cond_false + +cond_true: + %X.0 = load i32* @G + br label %cond_next + +cond_false: + %X.1 = load i32* @H + br label %cond_next + +cond_next: + %X.01 = phi i32 [ %X.1, %cond_false ], [ %X.0, %cond_true ] + ret i32 %X.01 +} +</pre> + +<p>The mem2reg pass is guaranteed to work, and + +which cases. +</p> + +<p>The final question you may be asking is: should I bother with this nonsense +for my front-end? Wouldn't it be better if I just did SSA construction +directly, avoiding use of the mem2reg optimization pass? + +Proven, well tested, debug info, etc. +</p> +</div> + + +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> +<div class="doc_section"><a name="code">Full Code Listing</a></div> +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> + +<div class="doc_text"> + +<p> +Here is the complete code listing for our running example, enhanced with the +if/then/else and for expressions.. To build this example, use: +</p> + +<div class="doc_code"> +<pre> + # Compile + g++ -g toy.cpp `llvm-config --cppflags --ldflags --libs core jit native` -O3 -o toy + # Run + ./toy +</pre> +</div> + +<p>Here is the code:</p> + +<div class="doc_code"> +<pre> +</pre> +</div> + +</div> + +<!-- *********************************************************************** --> +<hr> +<address> + <a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/check/referer"><img + src="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss" alt="Valid CSS!"></a> + <a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer"><img + src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01!"></a> + + <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a><br> + <a href="http://llvm.org">The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure</a><br> + Last modified: $Date: 2007-10-17 11:05:13 -0700 (Wed, 17 Oct 2007) $ +</address> +</body> +</html> |