Check in LLVM r95781.

43 files changed, 8209 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/examples/BrainF/BrainF.cpp b/examples/BrainF/BrainF.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a443ad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/BrainF/BrainF.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+//===-- BrainF.cpp - BrainF compiler example ----------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This class compiles the BrainF language into LLVM assembly.
+//
+// The BrainF language has 8 commands:
+// Command   Equivalent C    Action
+// -------   ------------    ------
+// ,         *h=getchar();   Read a character from stdin, 255 on EOF
+// .         putchar(*h);    Write a character to stdout
+// -         --*h;           Decrement tape
+// +         ++*h;           Increment tape
+// <         --h;            Move head left
+// >         ++h;            Move head right
+// [         while(*h) {     Start loop
+// ]         }               End loop
+//
+//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "BrainF.h"
+#include "llvm/Constants.h"
+#include "llvm/Instructions.h"
+#include "llvm/Intrinsics.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace llvm;
+
+//Set the constants for naming
+const char *BrainF::tapereg = "tape";
+const char *BrainF::headreg = "head";
+const char *BrainF::label   = "brainf";
+const char *BrainF::testreg = "test";
+
+Module *BrainF::parse(std::istream *in1, int mem, CompileFlags cf,
+                      LLVMContext& Context) {
+  in       = in1;
+  memtotal = mem;
+  comflag  = cf;
+
+  header(Context);
+  readloop(0, 0, 0, Context);
+  delete builder;
+  return module;
+}
+
+void BrainF::header(LLVMContext& C) {
+  module = new Module("BrainF", C);
+
+  //Function prototypes
+
+  //declare void @llvm.memset.i32(i8 *, i8, i32, i32)
+  const Type *Tys[] = { Type::getInt32Ty(C) };
+  Function *memset_func = Intrinsic::getDeclaration(module, Intrinsic::memset,
+                                                    Tys, 1);
+
+  //declare i32 @getchar()
+  getchar_func = cast<Function>(module->
+    getOrInsertFunction("getchar", IntegerType::getInt32Ty(C), NULL));
+
+  //declare i32 @putchar(i32)
+  putchar_func = cast<Function>(module->
+    getOrInsertFunction("putchar", IntegerType::getInt32Ty(C),
+                        IntegerType::getInt32Ty(C), NULL));
+
+
+  //Function header
+
+  //define void @brainf()
+  brainf_func = cast<Function>(module->
+    getOrInsertFunction("brainf", Type::getVoidTy(C), NULL));
+
+  builder = new IRBuilder<>(BasicBlock::Create(C, label, brainf_func));
+
+  //%arr = malloc i8, i32 %d
+  ConstantInt *val_mem = ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(32, memtotal));
+  BasicBlock* BB = builder->GetInsertBlock();
+  const Type* IntPtrTy = IntegerType::getInt32Ty(C);
+  const Type* Int8Ty = IntegerType::getInt8Ty(C);
+  Constant* allocsize = ConstantExpr::getSizeOf(Int8Ty);
+  allocsize = ConstantExpr::getTruncOrBitCast(allocsize, IntPtrTy);
+  ptr_arr = CallInst::CreateMalloc(BB, IntPtrTy, Int8Ty, allocsize, val_mem, 
+                                   NULL, "arr");
+  BB->getInstList().push_back(cast<Instruction>(ptr_arr));
+
+  //call void @llvm.memset.i32(i8 *%arr, i8 0, i32 %d, i32 1)
+  {
+    Value *memset_params[] = {
+      ptr_arr,
+      ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(8, 0)),
+      val_mem,
+      ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(32, 1))
+    };
+
+    CallInst *memset_call = builder->
+      CreateCall(memset_func, memset_params, array_endof(memset_params));
+    memset_call->setTailCall(false);
+  }
+
+  //%arrmax = getelementptr i8 *%arr, i32 %d
+  if (comflag & flag_arraybounds) {
+    ptr_arrmax = builder->
+      CreateGEP(ptr_arr, ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(32, memtotal)), "arrmax");
+  }
+
+  //%head.%d = getelementptr i8 *%arr, i32 %d
+  curhead = builder->CreateGEP(ptr_arr,
+                               ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(32, memtotal/2)),
+                               headreg);
+
+
+
+  //Function footer
+
+  //brainf.end:
+  endbb = BasicBlock::Create(C, label, brainf_func);
+
+  //call free(i8 *%arr)
+  endbb->getInstList().push_back(CallInst::CreateFree(ptr_arr, endbb));
+
+  //ret void
+  ReturnInst::Create(C, endbb);
+
+
+
+  //Error block for array out of bounds
+  if (comflag & flag_arraybounds)
+  {
+    //@aberrormsg = internal constant [%d x i8] c"\00"
+    Constant *msg_0 =
+      ConstantArray::get(C, "Error: The head has left the tape.", true);
+
+    GlobalVariable *aberrormsg = new GlobalVariable(
+      *module,
+      msg_0->getType(),
+      true,
+      GlobalValue::InternalLinkage,
+      msg_0,
+      "aberrormsg");
+
+    //declare i32 @puts(i8 *)
+    Function *puts_func = cast<Function>(module->
+      getOrInsertFunction("puts", IntegerType::getInt32Ty(C),
+                      PointerType::getUnqual(IntegerType::getInt8Ty(C)), NULL));
+
+    //brainf.aberror:
+    aberrorbb = BasicBlock::Create(C, label, brainf_func);
+
+    //call i32 @puts(i8 *getelementptr([%d x i8] *@aberrormsg, i32 0, i32 0))
+    {
+      Constant *zero_32 = Constant::getNullValue(IntegerType::getInt32Ty(C));
+
+      Constant *gep_params[] = {
+        zero_32,
+        zero_32
+      };
+
+      Constant *msgptr = ConstantExpr::
+        getGetElementPtr(aberrormsg, gep_params,
+                         array_lengthof(gep_params));
+
+      Value *puts_params[] = {
+        msgptr
+      };
+
+      CallInst *puts_call =
+        CallInst::Create(puts_func,
+                         puts_params, array_endof(puts_params),
+                         "", aberrorbb);
+      puts_call->setTailCall(false);
+    }
+
+    //br label %brainf.end
+    BranchInst::Create(endbb, aberrorbb);
+  }
+}
+
+void BrainF::readloop(PHINode *phi, BasicBlock *oldbb, BasicBlock *testbb,
+                      LLVMContext &C) {
+  Symbol cursym = SYM_NONE;
+  int curvalue = 0;
+  Symbol nextsym = SYM_NONE;
+  int nextvalue = 0;
+  char c;
+  int loop;
+  int direction;
+
+  while(cursym != SYM_EOF && cursym != SYM_ENDLOOP) {
+    // Write out commands
+    switch(cursym) {
+      case SYM_NONE:
+        // Do nothing
+        break;
+
+      case SYM_READ:
+        {
+          //%tape.%d = call i32 @getchar()
+          CallInst *getchar_call = builder->CreateCall(getchar_func, tapereg);
+          getchar_call->setTailCall(false);
+          Value *tape_0 = getchar_call;
+
+          //%tape.%d = trunc i32 %tape.%d to i8
+          Value *tape_1 = builder->
+            CreateTrunc(tape_0, IntegerType::getInt8Ty(C), tapereg);
+
+          //store i8 %tape.%d, i8 *%head.%d
+          builder->CreateStore(tape_1, curhead);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case SYM_WRITE:
+        {
+          //%tape.%d = load i8 *%head.%d
+          LoadInst *tape_0 = builder->CreateLoad(curhead, tapereg);
+
+          //%tape.%d = sext i8 %tape.%d to i32
+          Value *tape_1 = builder->
+            CreateSExt(tape_0, IntegerType::getInt32Ty(C), tapereg);
+
+          //call i32 @putchar(i32 %tape.%d)
+          Value *putchar_params[] = {
+            tape_1
+          };
+          CallInst *putchar_call = builder->
+            CreateCall(putchar_func,
+                       putchar_params, array_endof(putchar_params));
+          putchar_call->setTailCall(false);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case SYM_MOVE:
+        {
+          //%head.%d = getelementptr i8 *%head.%d, i32 %d
+          curhead = builder->
+            CreateGEP(curhead, ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(32, curvalue)),
+                      headreg);
+
+          //Error block for array out of bounds
+          if (comflag & flag_arraybounds)
+          {
+            //%test.%d = icmp uge i8 *%head.%d, %arrmax
+            Value *test_0 = builder->
+              CreateICmpUGE(curhead, ptr_arrmax, testreg);
+
+            //%test.%d = icmp ult i8 *%head.%d, %arr
+            Value *test_1 = builder->
+              CreateICmpULT(curhead, ptr_arr, testreg);
+
+            //%test.%d = or i1 %test.%d, %test.%d
+            Value *test_2 = builder->
+              CreateOr(test_0, test_1, testreg);
+
+            //br i1 %test.%d, label %main.%d, label %main.%d
+            BasicBlock *nextbb = BasicBlock::Create(C, label, brainf_func);
+            builder->CreateCondBr(test_2, aberrorbb, nextbb);
+
+            //main.%d:
+            builder->SetInsertPoint(nextbb);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case SYM_CHANGE:
+        {
+          //%tape.%d = load i8 *%head.%d
+          LoadInst *tape_0 = builder->CreateLoad(curhead, tapereg);
+
+          //%tape.%d = add i8 %tape.%d, %d
+          Value *tape_1 = builder->
+            CreateAdd(tape_0, ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(8, curvalue)), tapereg);
+
+          //store i8 %tape.%d, i8 *%head.%d\n"
+          builder->CreateStore(tape_1, curhead);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case SYM_LOOP:
+        {
+          //br label %main.%d
+          BasicBlock *testbb = BasicBlock::Create(C, label, brainf_func);
+          builder->CreateBr(testbb);
+
+          //main.%d:
+          BasicBlock *bb_0 = builder->GetInsertBlock();
+          BasicBlock *bb_1 = BasicBlock::Create(C, label, brainf_func);
+          builder->SetInsertPoint(bb_1);
+
+          // Make part of PHI instruction now, wait until end of loop to finish
+          PHINode *phi_0 =
+            PHINode::Create(PointerType::getUnqual(IntegerType::getInt8Ty(C)),
+                            headreg, testbb);
+          phi_0->reserveOperandSpace(2);
+          phi_0->addIncoming(curhead, bb_0);
+          curhead = phi_0;
+
+          readloop(phi_0, bb_1, testbb, C);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        std::cerr << "Error: Unknown symbol.\n";
+        abort();
+        break;
+    }
+
+    cursym = nextsym;
+    curvalue = nextvalue;
+    nextsym = SYM_NONE;
+
+    // Reading stdin loop
+    loop = (cursym == SYM_NONE)
+        || (cursym == SYM_MOVE)
+        || (cursym == SYM_CHANGE);
+    while(loop) {
+      *in>>c;
+      if (in->eof()) {
+        if (cursym == SYM_NONE) {
+          cursym = SYM_EOF;
+        } else {
+          nextsym = SYM_EOF;
+        }
+        loop = 0;
+      } else {
+        direction = 1;
+        switch(c) {
+          case '-':
+            direction = -1;
+            // Fall through
+
+          case '+':
+            if (cursym == SYM_CHANGE) {
+              curvalue += direction;
+              // loop = 1
+            } else {
+              if (cursym == SYM_NONE) {
+                cursym = SYM_CHANGE;
+                curvalue = direction;
+                // loop = 1
+              } else {
+                nextsym = SYM_CHANGE;
+                nextvalue = direction;
+                loop = 0;
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+
+          case '<':
+            direction = -1;
+            // Fall through
+
+          case '>':
+            if (cursym == SYM_MOVE) {
+              curvalue += direction;
+              // loop = 1
+            } else {
+              if (cursym == SYM_NONE) {
+                cursym = SYM_MOVE;
+                curvalue = direction;
+                // loop = 1
+              } else {
+                nextsym = SYM_MOVE;
+                nextvalue = direction;
+                loop = 0;
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+
+          case ',':
+            if (cursym == SYM_NONE) {
+              cursym = SYM_READ;
+            } else {
+              nextsym = SYM_READ;
+            }
+            loop = 0;
+            break;
+
+          case '.':
+            if (cursym == SYM_NONE) {
+              cursym = SYM_WRITE;
+            } else {
+              nextsym = SYM_WRITE;
+            }
+            loop = 0;
+            break;
+
+          case '[':
+            if (cursym == SYM_NONE) {
+              cursym = SYM_LOOP;
+            } else {
+              nextsym = SYM_LOOP;
+            }
+            loop = 0;
+            break;
+
+          case ']':
+            if (cursym == SYM_NONE) {
+              cursym = SYM_ENDLOOP;
+            } else {
+              nextsym = SYM_ENDLOOP;
+            }
+            loop = 0;
+            break;
+
+          // Ignore other characters
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (cursym == SYM_ENDLOOP) {
+    if (!phi) {
+      std::cerr << "Error: Extra ']'\n";
+      abort();
+    }
+
+    // Write loop test
+    {
+      //br label %main.%d
+      builder->CreateBr(testbb);
+
+      //main.%d:
+
+      //%head.%d = phi i8 *[%head.%d, %main.%d], [%head.%d, %main.%d]
+      //Finish phi made at beginning of loop
+      phi->addIncoming(curhead, builder->GetInsertBlock());
+      Value *head_0 = phi;
+
+      //%tape.%d = load i8 *%head.%d
+      LoadInst *tape_0 = new LoadInst(head_0, tapereg, testbb);
+
+      //%test.%d = icmp eq i8 %tape.%d, 0
+      ICmpInst *test_0 = new ICmpInst(*testbb, ICmpInst::ICMP_EQ, tape_0,
+                                    ConstantInt::get(C, APInt(8, 0)), testreg);
+
+      //br i1 %test.%d, label %main.%d, label %main.%d
+      BasicBlock *bb_0 = BasicBlock::Create(C, label, brainf_func);
+      BranchInst::Create(bb_0, oldbb, test_0, testbb);
+
+      //main.%d:
+      builder->SetInsertPoint(bb_0);
+
+      //%head.%d = phi i8 *[%head.%d, %main.%d]
+      PHINode *phi_1 = builder->
+        CreatePHI(PointerType::getUnqual(IntegerType::getInt8Ty(C)), headreg);
+      phi_1->reserveOperandSpace(1);
+      phi_1->addIncoming(head_0, testbb);
+      curhead = phi_1;
+    }
+
+    return;
+  }
+
+  //End of the program, so go to return block
+  builder->CreateBr(endbb);
+
+  if (phi) {
+    std::cerr << "Error: Missing ']'\n";
+    abort();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/examples/BrainF/BrainF.h b/examples/BrainF/BrainF.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..add0687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/BrainF/BrainF.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//===-- BrainF.h - BrainF compiler class ----------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This class stores the data for the BrainF compiler so it doesn't have
+// to pass all of it around.  The main method is parse.
+//
+//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef BRAINF_H
+#define BRAINF_H
+
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/IRBuilder.h"
+
+using namespace llvm;
+
+/// This class provides a parser for the BrainF language.
+/// The class itself is made to store values during
+/// parsing so they don't have to be passed around
+/// as much.
+class BrainF {
+  public:
+    /// Options for how BrainF should compile
+    enum CompileFlags {
+      flag_off         = 0,
+      flag_arraybounds = 1
+    };
+
+    /// This is the main method.  It parses BrainF from in1
+    /// and returns the module with a function
+    /// void brainf()
+    /// containing the resulting code.
+    /// On error, it calls abort.
+    /// The caller must delete the returned module.
+    Module *parse(std::istream *in1, int mem, CompileFlags cf,
+                  LLVMContext& C);
+
+  protected:
+    /// The different symbols in the BrainF language
+    enum Symbol {
+      SYM_NONE,
+      SYM_READ,
+      SYM_WRITE,
+      SYM_MOVE,
+      SYM_CHANGE,
+      SYM_LOOP,
+      SYM_ENDLOOP,
+      SYM_EOF
+    };
+
+    /// Names of the different parts of the language.
+    /// Tape is used for reading and writing the tape.
+    /// headreg is used for the position of the head.
+    /// label is used for the labels for the BasicBlocks.
+    /// testreg is used for testing the loop exit condition.
+    static const char *tapereg;
+    static const char *headreg;
+    static const char *label;
+    static const char *testreg;
+
+    /// Put the brainf function preamble and other fixed pieces of code
+    void header(LLVMContext& C);
+
+    /// The main loop for parsing.  It calls itself recursively
+    /// to handle the depth of nesting of "[]".
+    void readloop(PHINode *phi, BasicBlock *oldbb,
+                  BasicBlock *testbb, LLVMContext &Context);
+
+    /// Constants during parsing
+    int memtotal;
+    CompileFlags comflag;
+    std::istream *in;
+    Module *module;
+    Function *brainf_func;
+    Function *getchar_func;
+    Function *putchar_func;
+    Value *ptr_arr;
+    Value *ptr_arrmax;
+    BasicBlock *endbb;
+    BasicBlock *aberrorbb;
+
+    /// Variables
+    IRBuilder<> *builder;
+    Value *curhead;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/examples/BrainF/BrainFDriver.cpp b/examples/BrainF/BrainFDriver.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c11a580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/BrainF/BrainFDriver.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+//===-- BrainFDriver.cpp - BrainF compiler driver -----------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This program converts the BrainF language into LLVM assembly,
+// which it can then run using the JIT or output as BitCode.
+//
+// This implementation has a tape of 65536 bytes,
+// with the head starting in the middle.
+// Range checking is off by default, so be careful.
+// It can be enabled with -abc.
+//
+// Use:
+// ./BrainF -jit      prog.bf          #Run program now
+// ./BrainF -jit -abc prog.bf          #Run program now safely
+// ./BrainF           prog.bf          #Write as BitCode
+//
+// lli prog.bf.bc                      #Run generated BitCode
+// llvm-ld -native -o=prog prog.bf.bc  #Compile BitCode into native executable
+//
+//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "BrainF.h"
+#include "llvm/Constants.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
+#include "llvm/Bitcode/ReaderWriter.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/GenericValue.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ManagedStatic.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+using namespace llvm;
+
+//Command line options
+
+static cl::opt<std::string>
+InputFilename(cl::Positional, cl::desc("<input brainf>"));
+
+static cl::opt<std::string>
+OutputFilename("o", cl::desc("Output filename"), cl::value_desc("filename"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+ArrayBoundsChecking("abc", cl::desc("Enable array bounds checking"));
+
+static cl::opt<bool>
+JIT("jit", cl::desc("Run program Just-In-Time"));
+
+
+//Add main function so can be fully compiled
+void addMainFunction(Module *mod) {
+  //define i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8 **%argv)
+  Function *main_func = cast<Function>(mod->
+    getOrInsertFunction("main", IntegerType::getInt32Ty(mod->getContext()),
+                        IntegerType::getInt32Ty(mod->getContext()),
+                        PointerType::getUnqual(PointerType::getUnqual(
+                          IntegerType::getInt8Ty(mod->getContext()))), NULL));
+  {
+    Function::arg_iterator args = main_func->arg_begin();
+    Value *arg_0 = args++;
+    arg_0->setName("argc");
+    Value *arg_1 = args++;
+    arg_1->setName("argv");
+  }
+
+  //main.0:
+  BasicBlock *bb = BasicBlock::Create(mod->getContext(), "main.0", main_func);
+
+  //call void @brainf()
+  {
+    CallInst *brainf_call = CallInst::Create(mod->getFunction("brainf"),
+                                             "", bb);
+    brainf_call->setTailCall(false);
+  }
+
+  //ret i32 0
+  ReturnInst::Create(mod->getContext(),
+                     ConstantInt::get(mod->getContext(), APInt(32, 0)), bb);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc, argv, " BrainF compiler\n");
+
+  LLVMContext &Context = getGlobalContext();
+
+  if (InputFilename == "") {
+    errs() << "Error: You must specify the filename of the program to "
+    "be compiled.  Use --help to see the options.\n";
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  //Get the output stream
+  raw_ostream *out = &outs();
+  if (!JIT) {
+    if (OutputFilename == "") {
+      std::string base = InputFilename;
+      if (InputFilename == "-") { base = "a"; }
+
+      // Use default filename.
+      OutputFilename = base+".bc";
+    }
+    if (OutputFilename != "-") {
+      std::string ErrInfo;
+      out = new raw_fd_ostream(OutputFilename.c_str(), ErrInfo,
+                               raw_fd_ostream::F_Binary);
+    }
+  }
+
+  //Get the input stream
+  std::istream *in = &std::cin;
+  if (InputFilename != "-")
+    in = new std::ifstream(InputFilename.c_str());
+
+  //Gather the compile flags
+  BrainF::CompileFlags cf = BrainF::flag_off;
+  if (ArrayBoundsChecking)
+    cf = BrainF::CompileFlags(cf | BrainF::flag_arraybounds);
+
+  //Read the BrainF program
+  BrainF bf;
+  Module *mod = bf.parse(in, 65536, cf, Context); //64 KiB
+  if (in != &std::cin)
+    delete in;
+  addMainFunction(mod);
+
+  //Verify generated code
+  if (verifyModule(*mod)) {
+    errs() << "Error: module failed verification.  This shouldn't happen.\n";
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  //Write it out
+  if (JIT) {
+    InitializeNativeTarget();
+
+    outs() << "------- Running JIT -------\n";
+    ExecutionEngine *ee = EngineBuilder(mod).create();
+    std::vector<GenericValue> args;
+    Function *brainf_func = mod->getFunction("brainf");
+    GenericValue gv = ee->runFunction(brainf_func, args);
+  } else {
+    WriteBitcodeToFile(mod, *out);
+  }
+
+  //Clean up
+  if (out != &outs())
+    delete out;
+  delete mod;
+
+  llvm_shutdown();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/BrainF/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/BrainF/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bec105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/BrainF/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS jit bitwriter nativecodegen interpreter)
+
+add_llvm_example(BrainF
+  BrainF.cpp
+  BrainFDriver.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/BrainF/Makefile b/examples/BrainF/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c3e066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/BrainF/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+##===- examples/BrainF/Makefile ----------------------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../..
+TOOLNAME = BrainF
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := jit bitwriter nativecodegen interpreter
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f60c0ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+add_subdirectory(BrainF)
+add_subdirectory(Fibonacci)
+add_subdirectory(HowToUseJIT)
+add_subdirectory(Kaleidoscope)
+add_subdirectory(ModuleMaker)
+
+if( NOT WIN32 )
+    add_subdirectory(ExceptionDemo)
+endif()
+
+include(CheckIncludeFile)
+check_include_file(pthread.h HAVE_PTHREAD_H)
+
+if( HAVE_PTHREAD_H )
+  add_subdirectory(ParallelJIT)
+endif( HAVE_PTHREAD_H )
diff --git a/examples/ExceptionDemo/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/ExceptionDemo/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d661915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ExceptionDemo/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS jit nativecodegen)
+
+add_llvm_example(ExceptionDemo
+  ExceptionDemo.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/ExceptionDemo/ExceptionDemo.cpp b/examples/ExceptionDemo/ExceptionDemo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46dc481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ExceptionDemo/ExceptionDemo.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2028 @@
+//===-- examples/ExceptionDemo/ExceptionDemo.cpp - 
+//                      An example use of the llvm Exception mechanism --===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Demo program which implements an example LLVM exception implementation, and
+// shows several test cases including the handling of foreign exceptions.
+// It is run with type info types arguments to throw. A test will
+// be run for each given type info type. While type info types with the value 
+// of -1 will trigger a foreign C++ exception to be thrown; type info types
+// <= 6 and >= 1 will cause the associated generated exceptions to be thrown 
+// and caught by generated test functions; and type info types > 6
+// will result in exceptions which pass through to the test harness. All other
+// type info types are not supported and could cause a crash. In all cases,
+// the "finally" blocks of every generated test functions will executed 
+// regardless of whether or not that test function ignores or catches the
+// thrown exception.
+//
+// examples:
+//
+// ExceptionDemo
+//
+//     causes a usage to be printed to stderr
+// 
+// ExceptionDemo 2 3 7 -1
+//
+//     results in the following cases:
+//         - Value 2 causes an exception with a type info type of 2 to be 
+//           thrown and caught by an inner generated test function.
+//         - Value 3 causes an exception with a type info type of 3 to be 
+//           thrown and caught by an outer generated test function.
+//         - Value 7 causes an exception with a type info type of 7 to be 
+//           thrown and NOT be caught by any generated function.
+//         - Value -1 causes a foreign C++ exception to be thrown and not be
+//           caught by any generated function
+//
+//     Cases -1 and 7 are caught by a C++ test harness where the validity of
+//         of a C++ catch(...) clause catching a generated exception with a 
+//         type info type of 7 is questionable.
+//
+// This code uses code from the llvm compiler-rt project and the llvm 
+// Kaleidoscope project.
+//
+//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/PassManager.h"
+#include "llvm/Intrinsics.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetOptions.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/IRBuilder.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Dwarf.h"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+
+#ifndef USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS
+#define USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS true
+#endif
+
+// System C++ ABI unwind types from: 
+//     http://refspecs.freestandards.org/abi-eh-1.21.html
+
+extern "C" {
+
+typedef enum {
+    _URC_NO_REASON = 0,
+    _URC_FOREIGN_EXCEPTION_CAUGHT = 1,
+    _URC_FATAL_PHASE2_ERROR = 2,
+    _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR = 3,
+    _URC_NORMAL_STOP = 4,
+    _URC_END_OF_STACK = 5,
+    _URC_HANDLER_FOUND = 6,
+    _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT = 7,
+    _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND = 8
+} _Unwind_Reason_Code;
+
+typedef enum {
+    _UA_SEARCH_PHASE = 1,
+    _UA_CLEANUP_PHASE = 2,
+    _UA_HANDLER_FRAME = 4,
+    _UA_FORCE_UNWIND = 8,
+    _UA_END_OF_STACK = 16
+} _Unwind_Action;
+
+struct _Unwind_Exception;
+
+typedef void (*_Unwind_Exception_Cleanup_Fn) (_Unwind_Reason_Code,
+                                              struct _Unwind_Exception *);
+
+struct _Unwind_Exception {
+    uint64_t exception_class;
+    _Unwind_Exception_Cleanup_Fn exception_cleanup;
+
+    uintptr_t private_1;    
+    uintptr_t private_2;    
+
+    // @@@ The IA-64 ABI says that this structure must be double-word aligned.
+    //  Taking that literally does not make much sense generically.  Instead 
+    //  we provide the maximum alignment required by any type for the machine.
+} __attribute__((__aligned__));
+
+struct _Unwind_Context;
+typedef struct _Unwind_Context* _Unwind_Context_t;
+
+extern const uint8_t* _Unwind_GetLanguageSpecificData (_Unwind_Context_t c);
+extern uintptr_t _Unwind_GetGR (_Unwind_Context_t c, int i);
+extern void _Unwind_SetGR (_Unwind_Context_t c, int i, uintptr_t n);
+extern void _Unwind_SetIP (_Unwind_Context_t, uintptr_t new_value);
+extern uintptr_t _Unwind_GetIP (_Unwind_Context_t context);
+extern uintptr_t _Unwind_GetRegionStart (_Unwind_Context_t context);
+
+} // extern "C"
+
+//
+// Example types
+//
+
+/// This is our simplistic type info
+struct OurExceptionType_t {
+    /// type info type
+    int type;
+};
+
+
+/// This is our Exception class which relies on a negative offset to calculate
+/// pointers to its instances from pointers to its unwindException member.
+/// 
+/// Note: The above unwind.h defines struct _Unwind_Exception to be aligned
+///       on a double word boundary. This is necessary to match the standard:
+///       http://refspecs.freestandards.org/abi-eh-1.21.html
+struct OurBaseException_t {
+    struct OurExceptionType_t type;
+
+    // Note: This is properly aligned in unwind.h
+    struct _Unwind_Exception unwindException;
+};
+
+
+// Note: Not needed since we are C++
+typedef struct OurBaseException_t OurException;
+typedef struct _Unwind_Exception OurUnwindException;
+
+//
+// Various globals used to support typeinfo and generatted exceptions in 
+// general
+//
+
+static std::map<std::string, llvm::Value*> namedValues;
+
+int64_t ourBaseFromUnwindOffset;
+
+const unsigned char ourBaseExcpClassChars[] = 
+                                {'o', 'b', 'j', '\0', 'b', 'a', 's', '\0'};
+
+
+static uint64_t ourBaseExceptionClass = 0;
+
+static std::vector<std::string> ourTypeInfoNames;
+static std::map<int, std::string> ourTypeInfoNamesIndex;
+
+static llvm::StructType* ourTypeInfoType;
+static llvm::StructType* ourExceptionType;
+static llvm::StructType* ourUnwindExceptionType;
+
+static llvm::ConstantInt* ourExceptionNotThrownState;
+static llvm::ConstantInt* ourExceptionThrownState;
+static llvm::ConstantInt* ourExceptionCaughtState;
+
+typedef std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
+typedef std::vector<const llvm::Type*> ArgTypes;
+
+//
+// Code Generation Utilities
+//
+
+/// Utility used to create a function, both declarations and definitions
+/// @param module for module instance
+/// @param retType function return type
+/// @param theArgTypes function's ordered argument types
+/// @param theArgNames function's ordered arguments needed if use of this
+///        function corresponds to a function definition. Use empty 
+///        aggregate for function declarations.
+/// @param functName function name
+/// @param linkage function linkage
+/// @param declarationOnly for function declarations
+/// @param isVarArg function uses vararg arguments
+/// @returns function instance
+llvm::Function *createFunction(llvm::Module& module,
+                               const llvm::Type* retType,
+                               const ArgTypes& theArgTypes,
+                               const ArgNames& theArgNames,
+                               const std::string& functName,
+                               llvm::GlobalValue::LinkageTypes linkage,
+                               bool declarationOnly,
+                               bool isVarArg) {
+    llvm::FunctionType* functType = llvm::FunctionType::get(retType, 
+                                                            theArgTypes, 
+                                                            isVarArg);
+    llvm::Function* ret = llvm::Function::Create(functType, 
+                                                 linkage, 
+                                                 functName, 
+                                                 &module);
+    if (!ret || declarationOnly)
+        return(ret);
+
+    namedValues.clear();
+    unsigned i = 0; 
+    for (llvm::Function::arg_iterator argIndex = ret->arg_begin();
+         i != theArgNames.size();
+         ++argIndex, ++i) {
+
+        argIndex->setName(theArgNames[i]);
+        namedValues[theArgNames[i]] = argIndex;
+    }
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+
+/// Create an alloca instruction in the entry block of
+/// the parent function.  This is used for mutable variables etc.
+/// @param function parent instance
+/// @param varName stack variable name
+/// @param type stack variable type
+/// @param initWith optional constant initialization value
+/// @returns AllocaInst instance
+static llvm::AllocaInst *createEntryBlockAlloca(llvm::Function& function,
+                                            const std::string &varName,
+                                            const llvm::Type* type,
+                                            llvm::Constant* initWith = NULL) {
+    llvm::BasicBlock& block = function.getEntryBlock(); 
+    llvm::IRBuilder<> tmp(&block, block.begin());
+    llvm::AllocaInst* ret = tmp.CreateAlloca(type, 0, varName.c_str());
+
+    if (initWith) 
+        tmp.CreateStore(initWith, ret);
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+
+//
+// Code Generation Utilities End
+//
+
+//
+// Runtime C Library functions 
+//
+
+// Note: using an extern "C" block so that static functions can be used
+extern "C" {
+
+// Note: Better ways to decide on bit width
+//
+/// Prints a 32 bit number, according to the format, to stderr.
+/// @param intToPrint integer to print 
+/// @param format printf like format to use when printing
+void print32Int(int intToPrint, const char* format) {
+    if (format) {
+        // Note: No NULL check
+        fprintf(stderr, format, intToPrint);
+    }
+    else {
+        // Note: No NULL check
+        fprintf(stderr, "::print32Int(...):NULL arg.\n");
+    }
+}
+
+
+// Note: Better ways to decide on bit width
+//
+/// Prints a 64 bit number, according to the format, to stderr.
+/// @param intToPrint integer to print 
+/// @param format printf like format to use when printing
+void print64Int(long int intToPrint, const char* format) {
+    if (format) {
+        // Note: No NULL check
+        fprintf(stderr, format, intToPrint);
+    }
+    else {
+        // Note: No NULL check
+        fprintf(stderr, "::print64Int(...):NULL arg.\n");
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// Prints a C string to stderr
+/// @param toPrint string to print
+void printStr(char* toPrint) {
+    if (toPrint) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s", toPrint);
+    }
+    else {
+        fprintf(stderr, "::printStr(...):NULL arg.\n");
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// Deletes the true previosly allocated exception whose address
+/// is calculated from the supplied OurBaseException_t::unwindException
+/// member address. Handles (ignores), NULL pointers.
+/// @param expToDelete exception to delete
+void deleteOurException(OurUnwindException* expToDelete) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "deleteOurException(...).\n");
+#endif
+
+    if (expToDelete &&
+        (expToDelete->exception_class == ourBaseExceptionClass)) {
+
+        free(((char*) expToDelete) + ourBaseFromUnwindOffset);
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// This function is the struct _Unwind_Exception API mandated delete function 
+/// used by foreign exception handlers when deleting our exception 
+/// (OurException), instances.
+/// @param reason @link http://refspecs.freestandards.org/abi-eh-1.21.html 
+/// @unlink
+/// @param expToDelete exception instance to delete
+void deleteFromUnwindOurException(_Unwind_Reason_Code reason,
+                                  OurUnwindException* expToDelete) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "deleteFromUnwindOurException(...).\n");
+#endif
+
+    deleteOurException(expToDelete);
+}
+
+
+/// Creates (allocates on the heap), an exception (OurException instance),
+/// of the supplied type info type.
+/// @param type type info type
+OurUnwindException* createOurException(int type) {
+    size_t size = sizeof(OurException);
+    OurException* ret = (OurException*) memset(malloc(size), 0, size);
+    (ret->type).type = type;
+    (ret->unwindException).exception_class = ourBaseExceptionClass;
+    (ret->unwindException).exception_cleanup = deleteFromUnwindOurException;
+
+    return(&(ret->unwindException));
+}
+
+
+/// Read a uleb128 encoded value and advance pointer 
+/// See Variable Length Data in: 
+/// @link http://dwarfstd.org/Dwarf3.pdf @unlink
+/// @param data reference variable holding memory pointer to decode from
+/// @returns decoded value
+static uintptr_t readULEB128(const uint8_t** data) {
+    uintptr_t result = 0;
+    uintptr_t shift = 0;
+    unsigned char byte;
+    const uint8_t* p = *data;
+
+    do {
+        byte = *p++;
+        result |= (byte & 0x7f) << shift;
+        shift += 7;
+    } 
+    while (byte & 0x80);
+
+    *data = p;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/// Read a sleb128 encoded value and advance pointer 
+/// See Variable Length Data in: 
+/// @link http://dwarfstd.org/Dwarf3.pdf @unlink
+/// @param data reference variable holding memory pointer to decode from
+/// @returns decoded value
+static uintptr_t readSLEB128(const uint8_t** data) {
+    uintptr_t result = 0;
+    uintptr_t shift = 0;
+    unsigned char byte;
+    const uint8_t* p = *data;
+
+    do {
+        byte = *p++;
+        result |= (byte & 0x7f) << shift;
+        shift += 7;
+    } 
+    while (byte & 0x80);
+
+    *data = p;
+
+    if ((byte & 0x40) && (shift < (sizeof(result) << 3))) {
+        result |= (~0 << shift);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/// Read a pointer encoded value and advance pointer 
+/// See Variable Length Data in: 
+/// @link http://dwarfstd.org/Dwarf3.pdf @unlink
+/// @param data reference variable holding memory pointer to decode from
+/// @param encoding dwarf encoding type
+/// @returns decoded value
+static uintptr_t readEncodedPointer(const uint8_t** data, uint8_t encoding) {
+    uintptr_t result = 0;
+    const uint8_t* p = *data;
+
+    if (encoding == llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_omit) 
+        return(result);
+
+    // first get value 
+    switch (encoding & 0x0F) {
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_absptr:
+            result = *((uintptr_t*)p);
+            p += sizeof(uintptr_t);
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_uleb128:
+            result = readULEB128(&p);
+            break;
+        // Note: This case has not been tested
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_sleb128:
+            result = readSLEB128(&p);
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_udata2:
+            result = *((uint16_t*)p);
+            p += sizeof(uint16_t);
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_udata4:
+            result = *((uint32_t*)p);
+            p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_udata8:
+            result = *((uint64_t*)p);
+            p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_sdata2:
+            result = *((int16_t*)p);
+            p += sizeof(int16_t);
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_sdata4:
+            result = *((int32_t*)p);
+            p += sizeof(int32_t);
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_sdata8:
+            result = *((int64_t*)p);
+            p += sizeof(int64_t);
+            break;
+        default:
+            // not supported 
+            abort();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    // then add relative offset 
+    switch (encoding & 0x70) {
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_absptr:
+            // do nothing 
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_pcrel:
+            result += (uintptr_t)(*data);
+            break;
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_textrel:
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_datarel:
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_funcrel:
+        case llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_aligned:
+        default:
+            // not supported 
+            abort();
+            break;
+    }
+
+    // then apply indirection 
+    if (encoding & llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_indirect) {
+        result = *((uintptr_t*)result);
+    }
+
+    *data = p;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/// Deals with Dwarf actions matching our type infos 
+/// (OurExceptionType_t instances). Returns whether or not a dwarf emitted 
+/// action matches the supplied exception type. If such a match succeeds, 
+/// the resultAction argument will be set with > 0 index value. Only 
+/// corresponding llvm.eh.selector type info arguments, cleanup arguments 
+/// are supported. Filters are not supported.
+/// See Variable Length Data in: 
+/// @link http://dwarfstd.org/Dwarf3.pdf @unlink
+/// Also see @link http://refspecs.freestandards.org/abi-eh-1.21.html @unlink
+/// @param resultAction reference variable which will be set with result
+/// @param classInfo our array of type info pointers (to globals)
+/// @param actionEntry index into above type info array or 0 (clean up). 
+///        We do not support filters.
+/// @param exceptionClass exception class (_Unwind_Exception::exception_class)
+///        of thrown exception.
+/// @param exceptionObject thrown _Unwind_Exception instance.
+/// @returns whether or not a type info was found. False is returned if only
+///          a cleanup was found
+static bool handleActionValue(int64_t *resultAction,
+                              struct OurExceptionType_t **classInfo, 
+                              uintptr_t actionEntry, 
+                              uint64_t exceptionClass, 
+                              struct _Unwind_Exception *exceptionObject) {
+    bool ret = false;
+
+    if (!resultAction || 
+        !exceptionObject || 
+        (exceptionClass != ourBaseExceptionClass))
+        return(ret);
+
+    struct OurBaseException_t* excp = (struct OurBaseException_t*)
+                        (((char*) exceptionObject) + ourBaseFromUnwindOffset);
+    struct OurExceptionType_t *excpType = &(excp->type);
+    int type = excpType->type;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "handleActionValue(...): exceptionObject = <%p>, "
+                "excp = <%p>.\n",
+            exceptionObject,
+            excp);
+#endif
+
+    const uint8_t *actionPos = (uint8_t*) actionEntry,
+                  *tempActionPos;
+    int64_t typeOffset = 0,
+            actionOffset;
+
+    for (int i = 0; true; ++i) {
+        // Each emitted dwarf action corresponds to a 2 tuple of
+        // type info address offset, and action offset to the next
+        // emitted action.
+        typeOffset = readSLEB128(&actionPos);
+        tempActionPos = actionPos;
+        actionOffset = readSLEB128(&tempActionPos);
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+        fprintf(stderr,
+                "handleActionValue(...):typeOffset: <%lld>, "
+                    "actionOffset: <%lld>.\n",
+                typeOffset,
+                actionOffset);
+#endif
+        assert((typeOffset >= 0) && 
+               "handleActionValue(...):filters are not supported.");
+
+        // Note: A typeOffset == 0 implies that a cleanup llvm.eh.selector
+        //       argument has been matched.
+        if ((typeOffset > 0) &&
+            (type == (classInfo[-typeOffset])->type)) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "handleActionValue(...):actionValue <%d> found.\n",
+                    i);
+#endif
+            *resultAction = i + 1;
+            ret = true;
+            break;
+        }
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+        fprintf(stderr,
+                "handleActionValue(...):actionValue not found.\n");
+#endif
+        if (!actionOffset)
+            break;
+
+        actionPos += actionOffset;
+    }
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+
+/// Deals with the Language specific data portion of the emitted dwarf code.
+/// See @link http://refspecs.freestandards.org/abi-eh-1.21.html @unlink
+/// @param version unsupported (ignored), unwind version
+/// @param lsda language specific data area
+/// @param _Unwind_Action actions minimally supported unwind stage 
+///        (forced specifically not supported)
+/// @param exceptionClass exception class (_Unwind_Exception::exception_class)
+///        of thrown exception.
+/// @param exceptionObject thrown _Unwind_Exception instance.
+/// @param context unwind system context
+/// @returns minimally supported unwinding control indicator 
+static _Unwind_Reason_Code handleLsda(int version, 
+                                  const uint8_t* lsda,
+                                  _Unwind_Action actions,
+                                  uint64_t exceptionClass, 
+                                  struct _Unwind_Exception* exceptionObject,
+                                  _Unwind_Context_t context) {
+    _Unwind_Reason_Code ret = _URC_CONTINUE_UNWIND;
+
+    if (!lsda)
+        return(ret);
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, 
+            "handleLsda(...):lsda is non-zero.\n");
+#endif
+
+    // Get the current instruction pointer and offset it before next
+    // instruction in the current frame which threw the exception.
+    uintptr_t pc = _Unwind_GetIP(context)-1;
+
+    // Get beginning current frame's code (as defined by the 
+    // emitted dwarf code)
+    uintptr_t funcStart = _Unwind_GetRegionStart(context);
+    uintptr_t pcOffset = pc - funcStart;
+    struct OurExceptionType_t** classInfo = NULL;
+
+    // Note: See JITDwarfEmitter::EmitExceptionTable(...) for corresponding
+    //       dwarf emission
+
+    // Parse LSDA header.
+    uint8_t lpStartEncoding = *lsda++;
+
+    if (lpStartEncoding != llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_omit) {
+        readEncodedPointer(&lsda, lpStartEncoding); 
+    }
+
+    uint8_t ttypeEncoding = *lsda++;
+    uintptr_t classInfoOffset;
+
+    if (ttypeEncoding != llvm::dwarf::DW_EH_PE_omit) {
+        // Calculate type info locations in emitted dwarf code which
+        // were flagged by type info arguments to llvm.eh.selector
+        // intrinsic
+        classInfoOffset = readULEB128(&lsda);
+        classInfo = (struct OurExceptionType_t**) (lsda + classInfoOffset);
+    }
+
+    // Walk call-site table looking for range that 
+    // includes current PC. 
+
+    uint8_t         callSiteEncoding = *lsda++;
+    uint32_t        callSiteTableLength = readULEB128(&lsda);
+    const uint8_t*  callSiteTableStart = lsda;
+    const uint8_t*  callSiteTableEnd = callSiteTableStart + 
+                                                    callSiteTableLength;
+    const uint8_t*  actionTableStart = callSiteTableEnd;
+    const uint8_t*  callSitePtr = callSiteTableStart;
+
+    bool foreignException = false;
+
+    while (callSitePtr < callSiteTableEnd) {
+        uintptr_t start = readEncodedPointer(&callSitePtr, 
+                                             callSiteEncoding);
+        uintptr_t length = readEncodedPointer(&callSitePtr, 
+                                              callSiteEncoding);
+        uintptr_t landingPad = readEncodedPointer(&callSitePtr, 
+                                                  callSiteEncoding);
+
+        // Note: Action value
+        uintptr_t actionEntry = readULEB128(&callSitePtr);
+
+        if (exceptionClass != ourBaseExceptionClass) {
+            // We have been notified of a foreign exception being thrown,
+            // and we therefore need to execute cleanup landing pads
+            actionEntry = 0;
+            foreignException = true;
+        }
+
+        if (landingPad == 0) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "handleLsda(...): No landing pad found.\n");
+#endif
+
+            continue; // no landing pad for this entry
+        }
+
+        if (actionEntry) {
+            actionEntry += ((uintptr_t) actionTableStart) - 1;
+        }
+        else {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "handleLsda(...):No action table found.\n");
+#endif
+        }
+
+        bool exceptionMatched = false;
+
+        if ((start <= pcOffset) && (pcOffset < (start + length))) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "handleLsda(...): Landing pad found.\n");
+#endif
+            int64_t actionValue = 0;
+
+            if (actionEntry) {
+                exceptionMatched = handleActionValue
+                                   (
+                                       &actionValue,
+                                       classInfo, 
+                                       actionEntry, 
+                                       exceptionClass, 
+                                       exceptionObject
+                                   );
+            }
+
+            if (!(actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE)) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+                fprintf(stderr,
+                        "handleLsda(...): installed landing pad "
+                            "context.\n");
+#endif
+
+                // Found landing pad for the PC.
+                // Set Instruction Pointer to so we re-enter function 
+                // at landing pad. The landing pad is created by the 
+                // compiler to take two parameters in registers.
+                _Unwind_SetGR(context, 
+                              __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(0), 
+                              (uintptr_t)exceptionObject);
+
+                // Note: this virtual register directly corresponds
+                //       to the return of the llvm.eh.selector intrinsic
+                if (!actionEntry || !exceptionMatched) {
+                    // We indicate cleanup only
+                    _Unwind_SetGR(context, 
+                                  __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(1), 
+                                  0);
+                }
+                else {
+                    // Matched type info index of llvm.eh.selector intrinsic
+                    // passed here.
+                    _Unwind_SetGR(context, 
+                                  __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(1), 
+                                  actionValue);
+                }
+
+                // To execute landing pad set here
+                _Unwind_SetIP(context, funcStart + landingPad);
+                ret = _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT;
+            }
+            else if (exceptionMatched) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+                fprintf(stderr,
+                        "handleLsda(...): setting handler found.\n");
+#endif
+                ret = _URC_HANDLER_FOUND;
+            }
+            else {
+                // Note: Only non-clean up handlers are marked as
+                //       found. Otherwise the clean up handlers will be 
+                //       re-found and executed during the clean up 
+                //       phase.
+#ifdef DEBUG
+                fprintf(stderr,
+                        "handleLsda(...): cleanup handler found.\n");
+#endif
+            }
+
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+
+/// This is the personality function which is embedded (dwarf emitted), in the
+/// dwarf unwind info block. Again see: JITDwarfEmitter.cpp.
+/// See @link http://refspecs.freestandards.org/abi-eh-1.21.html @unlink
+/// @param version unsupported (ignored), unwind version
+/// @param _Unwind_Action actions minimally supported unwind stage 
+///        (forced specifically not supported)
+/// @param exceptionClass exception class (_Unwind_Exception::exception_class)
+///        of thrown exception.
+/// @param exceptionObject thrown _Unwind_Exception instance.
+/// @param context unwind system context
+/// @returns minimally supported unwinding control indicator 
+_Unwind_Reason_Code ourPersonality(int version, 
+                               _Unwind_Action actions,
+                               uint64_t exceptionClass, 
+                               struct _Unwind_Exception* exceptionObject,
+                               _Unwind_Context_t context) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, 
+            "We are in ourPersonality(...):actions is <%d>.\n",
+            actions);
+
+    if (actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ourPersonality(...):In search phase.\n");
+    }
+    else {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ourPersonality(...):In non-search phase.\n");
+    }
+#endif
+
+    const uint8_t* lsda = (uint8_t*) 
+                            _Unwind_GetLanguageSpecificData(context);
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, 
+            "ourPersonality(...):lsda = <%p>.\n",
+            lsda);
+#endif
+
+    // The real work of the personality function is captured here
+    return(handleLsda(version,
+                      lsda,
+                      actions,
+                      exceptionClass,
+                      exceptionObject,
+                      context));
+}
+
+
+/// Generates our _Unwind_Exception class from a given character array.
+/// thereby handling arbitrary lengths (not in standard), and handling
+/// embedded \0s.
+/// See @link http://refspecs.freestandards.org/abi-eh-1.21.html @unlink
+/// @param classChars char array to encode. NULL values not checkedf
+/// @param classCharsSize number of chars in classChars. Value is not checked.
+/// @returns class value
+uint64_t genClass(const unsigned char classChars[], size_t classCharsSize)
+{
+    uint64_t ret = classChars[0];
+
+    for (unsigned i = 1; i < classCharsSize; ++i) {
+        ret <<= 8;
+        ret += classChars[i];
+    }
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+} // extern "C"
+
+//
+// Runtime C Library functions End
+//
+
+//
+// Code generation functions
+//
+
+/// Generates code to print given constant string
+/// @param context llvm context
+/// @param module code for module instance
+/// @param builder builder instance
+/// @param toPrint string to print
+/// @param useGlobal A value of true (default) indicates a GlobalValue is 
+///        generated, and is used to hold the constant string. A value of 
+///        false indicates that the constant string will be stored on the 
+///        stack.
+void generateStringPrint(llvm::LLVMContext& context, 
+                         llvm::Module& module,
+                         llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder, 
+                         std::string toPrint,
+                         bool useGlobal = true) {
+    llvm::Function *printFunct = module.getFunction("printStr");
+
+    llvm::Value *stringVar;
+    llvm::Constant* stringConstant = 
+        llvm::ConstantArray::get(context, toPrint);
+
+    if (useGlobal) {
+        // Note: Does not work without allocation
+        stringVar = 
+            new llvm::GlobalVariable(module, 
+                                     stringConstant->getType(),
+                                     true, 
+                                     llvm::GlobalValue::LinkerPrivateLinkage, 
+                                     stringConstant, 
+                                     "");
+    }
+    else {
+        stringVar = builder.CreateAlloca(stringConstant->getType());
+        builder.CreateStore(stringConstant, stringVar);
+    }
+
+    llvm::Value* cast = 
+        builder.CreatePointerCast(stringVar, 
+                                  builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+    builder.CreateCall(printFunct, cast);
+}
+
+
+/// Generates code to print given runtime integer according to constant
+/// string format, and a given print function.
+/// @param context llvm context
+/// @param module code for module instance
+/// @param builder builder instance
+/// @param printFunct function used to "print" integer
+/// @param toPrint string to print
+/// @param format printf like formating string for print
+/// @param useGlobal A value of true (default) indicates a GlobalValue is 
+///        generated, and is used to hold the constant string. A value of 
+///        false indicates that the constant string will be stored on the 
+///        stack.
+void generateIntegerPrint(llvm::LLVMContext& context, 
+                          llvm::Module& module,
+                          llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder, 
+                          llvm::Function& printFunct,
+                          llvm::Value& toPrint,
+                          std::string format, 
+                          bool useGlobal = true) {
+    llvm::Constant *stringConstant = llvm::ConstantArray::get(context, format);
+    llvm::Value *stringVar;
+
+    if (useGlobal) {
+        // Note: Does not seem to work without allocation
+        stringVar = 
+            new llvm::GlobalVariable(module, 
+                                     stringConstant->getType(),
+                                    true, 
+                                     llvm::GlobalValue::LinkerPrivateLinkage, 
+                                     stringConstant, 
+                                     "");
+    }
+    else {
+        stringVar = builder.CreateAlloca(stringConstant->getType());
+        builder.CreateStore(stringConstant, stringVar);
+    }
+
+    llvm::Value* cast = 
+        builder.CreateBitCast(stringVar, 
+                              builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+    builder.CreateCall2(&printFunct, &toPrint, cast);
+}
+
+
+/// Generates code to handle finally block type semantics: always runs 
+/// regardless of whether a thrown exception is passing through or the 
+/// parent function is simply exiting. In addition to printing some state 
+/// to stderr, this code will resume the exception handling--runs the 
+/// unwind resume block, if the exception has not been previously caught 
+/// by a catch clause, and will otherwise execute the end block (terminator 
+/// block). In addition this function creates the corresponding function's 
+/// stack storage for the exception pointer and catch flag status.
+/// @param context llvm context
+/// @param module code for module instance
+/// @param builder builder instance
+/// @param toAddTo parent function to add block to
+/// @param blockName block name of new "finally" block.
+/// @param functionId output id used for printing
+/// @param terminatorBlock terminator "end" block
+/// @param unwindResumeBlock unwind resume block
+/// @param exceptionCaughtFlag reference exception caught/thrown status storage
+/// @param exceptionStorage reference to exception pointer storage
+/// @returns newly created block
+static llvm::BasicBlock* createFinallyBlock(llvm::LLVMContext& context, 
+                             llvm::Module& module, 
+                             llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder, 
+                             llvm::Function& toAddTo,
+                             std::string& blockName,
+                             std::string& functionId,
+                             llvm::BasicBlock& terminatorBlock,
+                             llvm::BasicBlock& unwindResumeBlock,
+                             llvm::Value** exceptionCaughtFlag,
+                             llvm::Value** exceptionStorage) {
+    assert(exceptionCaughtFlag && 
+           "ExceptionDemo::createFinallyBlock(...):exceptionCaughtFlag "
+               "is NULL");
+    assert(exceptionStorage && 
+           "ExceptionDemo::createFinallyBlock(...):exceptionStorage "
+               "is NULL");
+
+    *exceptionCaughtFlag = 
+        createEntryBlockAlloca(toAddTo,
+                               "exceptionCaught",
+                               ourExceptionNotThrownState->getType(),
+                               ourExceptionNotThrownState);
+
+    const llvm::PointerType* exceptionStorageType = 
+                                builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo();
+    *exceptionStorage = 
+        createEntryBlockAlloca(toAddTo,
+                               "exceptionStorage",
+                               exceptionStorageType,
+                               llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(
+                                   exceptionStorageType));
+
+    llvm::BasicBlock *ret = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context,
+                                                     blockName,
+                                                     &toAddTo);
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(ret);
+   
+    std::ostringstream bufferToPrint;
+    bufferToPrint << "Gen: Executing finally block "
+                  << blockName
+                  << " in "
+                  << functionId
+                  << std::endl;
+    generateStringPrint(context, 
+                        module, 
+                        builder, 
+                        bufferToPrint.str(),
+                        USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS);
+
+    llvm::SwitchInst* theSwitch = 
+        builder.CreateSwitch(builder.CreateLoad(*exceptionCaughtFlag), 
+                             &terminatorBlock,
+                             2);
+    theSwitch->addCase(ourExceptionCaughtState, &terminatorBlock);
+    theSwitch->addCase(ourExceptionThrownState, &unwindResumeBlock);
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+
+/// Generates catch block semantics which print a string to indicate type of
+/// catch executed, sets an exception caught flag, and executes passed in 
+/// end block (terminator block).
+/// @param context llvm context
+/// @param module code for module instance
+/// @param builder builder instance
+/// @param toAddTo parent function to add block to
+/// @param blockName block name of new "catch" block.
+/// @param functionId output id used for printing
+/// @param terminatorBlock terminator "end" block
+/// @param exceptionCaughtFlag exception caught/thrown status
+/// @returns newly created block
+static llvm::BasicBlock* createCatchBlock(llvm::LLVMContext& context, 
+                                          llvm::Module& module, 
+                                          llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder, 
+                                          llvm::Function& toAddTo,
+                                          std::string& blockName,
+                                          std::string& functionId,
+                                          llvm::BasicBlock& terminatorBlock,
+                                          llvm::Value& exceptionCaughtFlag) {
+
+    llvm::BasicBlock *ret = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context,
+                                                     blockName,
+                                                     &toAddTo);
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(ret);
+
+    std::ostringstream bufferToPrint;
+    bufferToPrint << "Gen: Executing catch block "
+                  << blockName
+                  << " in "
+                  << functionId
+                  << std::endl;
+    generateStringPrint(context, 
+                        module, 
+                        builder, 
+                        bufferToPrint.str(),
+                        USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS);
+    builder.CreateStore(ourExceptionCaughtState, &exceptionCaughtFlag);
+    builder.CreateBr(&terminatorBlock);
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+
+/// Generates a function which invokes a function (toInvoke) and, whose 
+/// unwind block will "catch" the type info types correspondingly held in the 
+/// exceptionTypesToCatch argument. If the toInvoke function throws an 
+/// exception which does not match any type info types contained in 
+/// exceptionTypesToCatch, the generated code will call _Unwind_Resume 
+/// with the raised exception. On the other hand the generated code will 
+/// normally exit if the toInvoke function does not throw an exception.
+/// The generated "finally" block is always run regardless of the cause of 
+/// the generated function exit.
+/// The generated function is returned after being verified.
+/// @param module code for module instance
+/// @param builder builder instance
+/// @param fpm a function pass manager holding optional IR to IR 
+///        transformations
+/// @param toInvoke inner function to invoke
+/// @param ourId id used to printing purposes
+/// @param numExceptionsToCatch length of exceptionTypesToCatch array
+/// @param exceptionTypesToCatch array of type info types to "catch"
+/// @returns generated function
+static
+llvm::Function* createCatchWrappedInvokeFunction(llvm::Module& module, 
+                    llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder, 
+                    llvm::FunctionPassManager& fpm,
+                    llvm::Function& toInvoke,
+                    std::string ourId,
+                    unsigned numExceptionsToCatch,
+                    unsigned exceptionTypesToCatch[]) {
+
+    llvm::LLVMContext& context = module.getContext();
+    llvm::Function *toPrint32Int = module.getFunction("print32Int");
+
+    ArgTypes argTypes;
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt32Ty());
+
+    ArgNames argNames;
+    argNames.push_back("exceptTypeToThrow");
+
+    llvm::Function* ret = createFunction(module, 
+                                         builder.getVoidTy(),
+                                         argTypes, 
+                                         argNames, 
+                                         ourId,
+                                         llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                                         false, 
+                                         false);
+
+    // Block which calls invoke
+    llvm::BasicBlock *entryBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context,
+                                                            "entry", 
+                                                            ret);
+    // Normal block for invoke
+    llvm::BasicBlock *normalBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, 
+                                                             "normal", 
+                                                             ret);
+    // Unwind block for invoke
+    llvm::BasicBlock *exceptionBlock = 
+        llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "exception", ret);
+
+    // Block which routes exception to correct catch handler block
+    llvm::BasicBlock *exceptionRouteBlock = 
+        llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "exceptionRoute", ret);
+
+    // Foreign exception handler
+    llvm::BasicBlock *externalExceptionBlock = 
+        llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "externalException", ret);
+
+    // Block which calls _Unwind_Resume
+    llvm::BasicBlock *unwindResumeBlock = 
+        llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "unwindResume", ret);
+
+    // Clean up block which delete exception if needed
+    llvm::BasicBlock *endBlock = 
+        llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context, "end", ret);
+
+    std::string nextName;
+    std::vector<llvm::BasicBlock*> catchBlocks(numExceptionsToCatch);
+    llvm::Value* exceptionCaughtFlag = NULL;
+    llvm::Value* exceptionStorage = NULL;
+
+    // Finally block which will branch to unwindResumeBlock if 
+    // exception is not caught. Initializes/allocates stack locations.
+    llvm::BasicBlock* finallyBlock = createFinallyBlock(context, 
+                                                        module, 
+                                                        builder, 
+                                                        *ret, 
+                                                        nextName = "finally", 
+                                                        ourId,
+                                                        *endBlock,
+                                                        *unwindResumeBlock,
+                                                        &exceptionCaughtFlag,
+                                                        &exceptionStorage);
+
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < numExceptionsToCatch; ++i) {
+        nextName = ourTypeInfoNames[exceptionTypesToCatch[i]];
+
+        // One catch block per type info to be caught
+        catchBlocks[i] = createCatchBlock(context, 
+                                          module, 
+                                          builder, 
+                                          *ret,
+                                          nextName, 
+                                          ourId,
+                                          *finallyBlock,
+                                          *exceptionCaughtFlag);
+    }
+
+    // Entry Block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(entryBlock);
+
+    std::vector<llvm::Value*> args;
+    args.push_back(namedValues["exceptTypeToThrow"]);
+    builder.CreateInvoke(&toInvoke, 
+                         normalBlock, 
+                         exceptionBlock, 
+                         args.begin(), 
+                         args.end());
+
+    // End Block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(endBlock);
+
+    generateStringPrint(context, 
+                        module,
+                        builder, 
+                        "Gen: In end block: exiting in " + ourId + ".\n",
+                        USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS);
+    llvm::Function *deleteOurException = 
+                                    module.getFunction("deleteOurException");
+
+    // Note: function handles NULL exceptions
+    builder.CreateCall(deleteOurException, 
+                       builder.CreateLoad(exceptionStorage));
+    builder.CreateRetVoid();
+
+    // Normal Block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(normalBlock);
+
+    generateStringPrint(context, 
+                        module,
+                        builder, 
+                        "Gen: No exception in " + ourId + "!\n",
+                        USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS);
+
+    // Finally block is always called
+    builder.CreateBr(finallyBlock);
+
+    // Unwind Resume Block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(unwindResumeBlock);
+
+    llvm::Function *resumeOurException = 
+                module.getFunction("_Unwind_Resume");
+    builder.CreateCall(resumeOurException, 
+                       builder.CreateLoad(exceptionStorage));
+    builder.CreateUnreachable();
+
+    // Exception Block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(exceptionBlock);
+
+    llvm::Function *ehException = module.getFunction("llvm.eh.exception");
+
+    // Retrieve thrown exception
+    llvm::Value* unwindException = builder.CreateCall(ehException);
+
+    // Store exception and flag
+    builder.CreateStore(unwindException, exceptionStorage);
+    builder.CreateStore(ourExceptionThrownState, exceptionCaughtFlag);
+    llvm::Function *personality = module.getFunction("ourPersonality");
+    llvm::Value* functPtr = 
+        builder.CreatePointerCast(personality, 
+                              builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+
+    args.clear();
+    args.push_back(unwindException);
+    args.push_back(functPtr);
+
+    // Note: Skipping index 0
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < numExceptionsToCatch; ++i) {
+        // Set up type infos to be caught
+        args.push_back(
+            module.getGlobalVariable(
+                ourTypeInfoNames[exceptionTypesToCatch[i]]));
+    }
+
+    args.push_back(llvm::ConstantInt::get(builder.getInt32Ty(), 0));
+
+    llvm::Function *ehSelector = module.getFunction("llvm.eh.selector");
+
+    // Set up this exeption block as the landing pad which will handle
+    // given type infos. See case Intrinsic::eh_selector in 
+    // SelectionDAGBuilder::visitIntrinsicCall(...) and AddCatchInfo(...)
+    // implemented in FunctionLoweringInfo.cpp to see how the implementation
+    // handles this call. This landing pad (this exception block), will be 
+    // called either because it nees to cleanup (call finally) or a type 
+    // info was found which matched the thrown exception.
+    llvm::Value* retTypeInfoIndex = builder.CreateCall(ehSelector, 
+                                                       args.begin(), 
+                                                       args.end());
+
+    // Retrieve exception_class member from thrown exception 
+    // (_Unwind_Exception instance). This member tells us whether or not
+    // the exception is foreign.
+    llvm::Value* unwindExceptionClass = 
+        builder.CreateLoad(
+            builder.CreateStructGEP(
+                builder.CreatePointerCast(
+                    unwindException, 
+                    ourUnwindExceptionType->getPointerTo()), 
+                0));
+
+    // Branch to the externalExceptionBlock if the exception is foreign or
+    // to a catch router if not. Either way the finally block will be run.
+    builder.CreateCondBr(
+        builder.CreateICmpEQ(unwindExceptionClass,
+                             llvm::ConstantInt::get(builder.getInt64Ty(), 
+                                                    ourBaseExceptionClass)),
+        exceptionRouteBlock,
+        externalExceptionBlock);
+
+    // External Exception Block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(externalExceptionBlock);
+
+    generateStringPrint(context, 
+                        module,
+                        builder, 
+                        "Gen: Foreign exception received.\n",
+                        USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS);
+
+    // Branch to the finally block
+    builder.CreateBr(finallyBlock);
+
+    // Exception Route Block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(exceptionRouteBlock);
+
+    // Casts exception pointer (_Unwind_Exception instance) to parent 
+    // (OurException instance).
+    //
+    // Note: ourBaseFromUnwindOffset is usually negative
+    llvm::Value* typeInfoThrown = 
+        builder.CreatePointerCast(
+            builder.CreateConstGEP1_64(unwindException,
+                                       ourBaseFromUnwindOffset),
+            ourExceptionType->getPointerTo());
+
+    // Retrieve thrown exception type info type
+    //
+    // Note: Index is not relative to pointer but instead to structure
+    //       unlike a true getelementptr (GEP) instruction
+    typeInfoThrown = builder.CreateStructGEP(typeInfoThrown, 0);
+
+    llvm::Value* typeInfoThrownType = 
+                     builder.CreateStructGEP(typeInfoThrown, 0);
+
+    generateIntegerPrint(context, 
+                         module,
+                         builder, 
+                         *toPrint32Int, 
+                         *(builder.CreateLoad(typeInfoThrownType)),
+                         "Gen: Exception type <%d> received (stack unwound) " 
+                                 " in " + 
+                             ourId + 
+                             ".\n",
+                         USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS);
+
+    // Route to matched type info catch block or run cleanup finally block
+    llvm::SwitchInst* switchToCatchBlock = 
+        builder.CreateSwitch(retTypeInfoIndex, 
+                             finallyBlock, 
+                             numExceptionsToCatch);
+
+    unsigned nextTypeToCatch;
+
+    for (unsigned i = 1; i <= numExceptionsToCatch; ++i) {
+        nextTypeToCatch = i - 1;
+        switchToCatchBlock->addCase(llvm::ConstantInt::get(
+                                        llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), 
+                                        i),
+                                    catchBlocks[nextTypeToCatch]);
+    }
+
+    llvm::verifyFunction(*ret);
+    fpm.run(*ret);
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+
+/// Generates function which throws either an exception matched to a runtime
+/// determined type info type (argument to generated function), or if this 
+/// runtime value matches nativeThrowType, throws a foreign exception by 
+/// calling nativeThrowFunct.
+/// @param module code for module instance
+/// @param builder builder instance
+/// @param fpm a function pass manager holding optional IR to IR 
+///        transformations
+/// @param ourId id used to printing purposes
+/// @param nativeThrowType a runtime argument of this value results in
+///        nativeThrowFunct being called to generate/throw exception.
+/// @param nativeThrowFunct function which will throw a foreign exception
+///        if the above nativeThrowType matches generated function's arg.
+/// @returns generated function
+static
+llvm::Function* createThrowExceptionFunction(llvm::Module& module, 
+                                         llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder, 
+                                         llvm::FunctionPassManager& fpm,
+                                         std::string ourId,
+                                         int32_t nativeThrowType,
+                                         llvm::Function& nativeThrowFunct) {
+    llvm::LLVMContext& context = module.getContext();
+    namedValues.clear();
+    ArgTypes unwindArgTypes;
+    unwindArgTypes.push_back(builder.getInt32Ty());
+    ArgNames unwindArgNames;
+    unwindArgNames.push_back("exceptTypeToThrow");
+
+    llvm::Function *ret = createFunction(module,
+                                         builder.getVoidTy(),
+                                         unwindArgTypes,
+                                         unwindArgNames,
+                                         ourId,
+                                         llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage,
+                                         false,
+                                         false);
+
+    // Throws either one of our exception or a native C++ exception depending
+    // on a runtime argument value containing a type info type.
+    llvm::BasicBlock *entryBlock = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context,
+                                                            "entry", 
+                                                            ret);
+    // Throws a foreign exception
+    llvm::BasicBlock *nativeThrowBlock = 
+                                llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context,
+                                                         "nativeThrow", 
+                                                         ret);
+    // Throws one of our Exceptions
+    llvm::BasicBlock *generatedThrowBlock = 
+                                llvm::BasicBlock::Create(context,
+                                                         "generatedThrow", 
+                                                         ret);
+    // Retrieved runtime type info type to throw
+    llvm::Value* exceptionType = namedValues["exceptTypeToThrow"];
+
+    // nativeThrowBlock block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(nativeThrowBlock);
+
+    // Throws foreign exception
+    builder.CreateCall(&nativeThrowFunct, exceptionType);
+    builder.CreateUnreachable();
+
+    // entry block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(entryBlock);
+
+    llvm::Function *toPrint32Int = module.getFunction("print32Int");
+    generateIntegerPrint(context, 
+                         module,
+                         builder, 
+                         *toPrint32Int, 
+                         *exceptionType, 
+                         "\nGen: About to throw exception type <%d> in " + 
+                             ourId + 
+                             ".\n",
+                         USE_GLOBAL_STR_CONSTS);
+
+    // Switches on runtime type info type value to determine whether or not
+    // a foreign exception is thrown. Defaults to throwing one of our 
+    // generated exceptions.
+    llvm::SwitchInst* theSwitch = builder.CreateSwitch(exceptionType,
+                                                       generatedThrowBlock,
+                                                       1);
+
+    theSwitch->addCase(llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(context), 
+                                              nativeThrowType),
+                       nativeThrowBlock);
+
+    // generatedThrow block
+
+    builder.SetInsertPoint(generatedThrowBlock);
+
+    llvm::Function *createOurException = 
+                module.getFunction("createOurException");
+    llvm::Function *raiseOurException = 
+                module.getFunction("_Unwind_RaiseException");
+
+    // Creates exception to throw with runtime type info type.
+    llvm::Value* exception = 
+        builder.CreateCall(createOurException, 
+                           namedValues["exceptTypeToThrow"]);
+
+    // Throw generated Exception
+    builder.CreateCall(raiseOurException, exception);
+    builder.CreateUnreachable();
+
+    llvm::verifyFunction(*ret);
+    fpm.run(*ret);
+
+    return(ret);
+}
+
+static void createStandardUtilityFunctions(unsigned numTypeInfos,
+                                           llvm::Module& module, 
+                                           llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder);
+
+/// Creates test code by generating and organizing these functions into the 
+/// test case. The test case consists of an outer function setup to invoke
+/// an inner function within an environment having multiple catch and single 
+/// finally blocks. This inner function is also setup to invoke a throw
+/// function within an evironment similar in nature to the outer function's 
+/// catch and finally blocks. Each of these two functions catch mutually
+/// exclusive subsets (even or odd) of the type info types configured
+/// for this this. All generated functions have a runtime argument which
+/// holds a type info type to throw that each function takes and passes it
+/// to the inner one if such a inner function exists. This type info type is
+/// looked at by the generated throw function to see whether or not it should
+/// throw a generated exception with the same type info type, or instead call
+/// a supplied a function which in turn will throw a foreign exception.
+/// @param module code for module instance
+/// @param builder builder instance
+/// @param fpm a function pass manager holding optional IR to IR 
+///        transformations
+/// @param nativeThrowFunctName name of external function which will throw
+///        a foreign exception
+/// @returns outermost generated test function.
+llvm::Function* createUnwindExceptionTest(llvm::Module& module, 
+                                          llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder, 
+                                          llvm::FunctionPassManager& fpm,
+                                          std::string nativeThrowFunctName) {
+    // Number of type infos to generate
+    unsigned numTypeInfos = 6;
+
+    // Initialze intrisics and external functions to use along with exception
+    // and type info globals.
+    createStandardUtilityFunctions(numTypeInfos,
+                                   module,
+                                   builder);
+    llvm::Function *nativeThrowFunct = 
+        module.getFunction(nativeThrowFunctName);
+
+    // Create exception throw function using the value ~0 to cause 
+    // foreign exceptions to be thrown.
+    llvm::Function* throwFunct = 
+                            createThrowExceptionFunction(module,
+                                                         builder,
+                                                         fpm,
+                                                         "throwFunct",
+                                                         ~0,
+                                                         *nativeThrowFunct);
+    // Inner function will catch even type infos
+    unsigned innerExceptionTypesToCatch[] = {6, 2, 4};
+    size_t numExceptionTypesToCatch = sizeof(innerExceptionTypesToCatch) / 
+                                          sizeof(unsigned);
+
+    // Generate inner function.
+    llvm::Function* innerCatchFunct = 
+        createCatchWrappedInvokeFunction(module,
+                                         builder,
+                                         fpm,
+                                         *throwFunct,
+                                         "innerCatchFunct",
+                                         numExceptionTypesToCatch,
+                                         innerExceptionTypesToCatch);
+
+    // Outer function will catch odd type infos
+    unsigned outerExceptionTypesToCatch[] = {3, 1, 5};
+    numExceptionTypesToCatch = sizeof(outerExceptionTypesToCatch) / 
+                                   sizeof(unsigned);
+
+    // Generate outer function
+    llvm::Function* outerCatchFunct = 
+        createCatchWrappedInvokeFunction(module,
+                                         builder,
+                                         fpm,
+                                         *innerCatchFunct,
+                                         "outerCatchFunct",
+                                         numExceptionTypesToCatch,
+                                         outerExceptionTypesToCatch);
+
+    // Return outer function to run
+    return(outerCatchFunct);
+}
+
+
+/// Represents our foreign exceptions
+class OurCppRunException : public std::runtime_error {
+public:
+    OurCppRunException(const std::string reason) :
+        std::runtime_error(reason) {}
+
+    OurCppRunException (const OurCppRunException& toCopy) :
+        std::runtime_error(toCopy) {}
+
+    OurCppRunException& operator = (const OurCppRunException& toCopy) {
+        return(reinterpret_cast<OurCppRunException&>(
+                   std::runtime_error::operator = (toCopy)
+               ));
+    }
+
+    ~OurCppRunException (void) throw () {};
+};
+
+
+/// Throws foreign C++ exception.
+/// @param ignoreIt unused parameter that allows function to match implied
+///        generated function contract.
+extern "C"
+void throwCppException (int32_t ignoreIt) {
+    throw(OurCppRunException("thrown by throwCppException(...)"));
+}
+
+typedef void (*OurExceptionThrowFunctType) (int32_t typeToThrow);
+
+/// This is a test harness which runs test by executing generated 
+/// function with a type info type to throw. Harness wraps the excecution 
+/// of generated function in a C++ try catch clause.
+/// @param engine execution engine to use for executing generated function.
+///        This demo program expects this to be a JIT instance for demo
+///        purposes.
+/// @param function generated test function to run
+/// @param typeToThrow type info type of generated exception to throw, or
+///        indicator to cause foreign exception to be thrown.
+static
+void runExceptionThrow(llvm::ExecutionEngine* engine, 
+                       llvm::Function* function, 
+                       int32_t typeToThrow) {
+
+    // Find test's function pointer
+    OurExceptionThrowFunctType functPtr = 
+          reinterpret_cast<OurExceptionThrowFunctType>(
+              reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(
+                  engine->getPointerToFunction(function)
+              )
+          );
+
+    try {
+        // Run test
+        (*functPtr)(typeToThrow);
+    }
+    catch (OurCppRunException exc) {
+        // Catch foreign C++ exception
+        fprintf(stderr,
+                "\nrunExceptionThrow(...):In C++ catch OurCppRunException "
+                    "with reason: %s.\n", 
+                exc.what());
+    }
+    catch (...) {
+        // Catch all exceptions including our generated ones. I'm not sure
+        // why this latter functionality should work, as it seems that
+        // our exceptions should be foreign to C++ (the _Unwind_Exception::
+        // exception_class should be different from the one used by C++), and
+        // therefore C++ should ignore the generated exceptions. 
+
+        fprintf(stderr,
+                "\nrunExceptionThrow(...):In C++ catch all.\n");
+    }
+}
+
+//
+// End test functions
+//
+
+/// This initialization routine creates type info globals and 
+/// adds external function declarations to module.
+/// @param numTypeInfos number of linear type info associated type info types
+///        to create as GlobalVariable instances, starting with the value 1.
+/// @param module code for module instance
+/// @param builder builder instance
+static void createStandardUtilityFunctions(unsigned numTypeInfos,
+                                           llvm::Module& module, 
+                                           llvm::IRBuilder<>& builder) {
+
+    llvm::LLVMContext& context = module.getContext();
+
+    // Exception initializations
+
+    // Setup exception catch state
+    ourExceptionNotThrownState = 
+                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), 0),
+    ourExceptionThrownState = 
+                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), 1),
+    ourExceptionCaughtState = 
+                    llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(context), 2),
+
+
+    // Create our type info type
+    ourTypeInfoType = llvm::StructType::get(context, 
+                                            builder.getInt32Ty(), 
+                                            NULL);
+
+    // Create OurException type
+    ourExceptionType = llvm::StructType::get(context, 
+                                             ourTypeInfoType,
+                                             NULL);
+
+    // Create portion of _Unwind_Exception type
+    //
+    // Note: Declaring only a portion of the _Unwind_Exception struct.
+    //       Does this cause problems?
+    ourUnwindExceptionType = llvm::StructType::get(context, 
+                                                   builder.getInt64Ty(),
+                                                   NULL);
+    struct OurBaseException_t dummyException;
+
+    // Calculate offset of OurException::unwindException member.
+    ourBaseFromUnwindOffset = ((uintptr_t) &dummyException) - 
+                           ((uintptr_t) &(dummyException.unwindException));
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "createStandardUtilityFunctions(...):ourBaseFromUnwindOffset "
+                "= %lld, sizeof(struct OurBaseException_t) - "
+                "sizeof(struct _Unwind_Exception) = %lu.\n",
+            ourBaseFromUnwindOffset,
+            sizeof(struct OurBaseException_t) - 
+                sizeof(struct _Unwind_Exception));
+#endif
+
+    size_t numChars = sizeof(ourBaseExcpClassChars) / sizeof(char);
+
+    // Create our _Unwind_Exception::exception_class value
+    ourBaseExceptionClass = genClass(ourBaseExcpClassChars, numChars);
+
+    // Type infos
+
+    std::string baseStr = "typeInfo", typeInfoName;
+    std::ostringstream typeInfoNameBuilder;
+    std::vector<llvm::Constant*> structVals;
+    
+    llvm::Constant *nextStruct;
+    llvm::GlobalVariable* nextGlobal = NULL;
+
+    // Generate each type info
+    //
+    // Note: First type info is not used.
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i <= numTypeInfos; ++i) {
+        structVals.clear();
+        structVals.push_back(llvm::ConstantInt::get(builder.getInt32Ty(), i));
+        nextStruct = llvm::ConstantStruct::get(ourTypeInfoType, structVals);
+
+        typeInfoNameBuilder.str("");
+        typeInfoNameBuilder << baseStr << i;
+        typeInfoName = typeInfoNameBuilder.str();
+
+        // Note: Does not seem to work without allocation
+        nextGlobal = 
+            new llvm::GlobalVariable(module, 
+                                     ourTypeInfoType, 
+                                     true, 
+                                     llvm::GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage, 
+                                     nextStruct, 
+                                     typeInfoName);
+
+        ourTypeInfoNames.push_back(typeInfoName);
+        ourTypeInfoNamesIndex[i] = typeInfoName;
+    }
+
+    ArgNames argNames;
+    ArgTypes argTypes;
+    llvm::Function* funct = NULL;
+
+    // print32Int
+
+    const llvm::Type* retType = builder.getVoidTy();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt32Ty());
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    createFunction(module, 
+                   retType, 
+                   argTypes, 
+                   argNames, 
+                   "print32Int", 
+                   llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                   true, 
+                   false);
+
+    // print64Int
+
+    retType = builder.getVoidTy();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt64Ty());
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    createFunction(module, 
+                   retType, 
+                   argTypes, 
+                   argNames, 
+                   "print64Int", 
+                   llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                   true, 
+                   false);
+
+    // printStr
+
+    retType = builder.getVoidTy();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    createFunction(module, 
+                   retType, 
+                   argTypes, 
+                   argNames, 
+                   "printStr", 
+                   llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                   true, 
+                   false);
+
+    // throwCppException
+
+    retType = builder.getVoidTy();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt32Ty());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    createFunction(module, 
+                   retType, 
+                   argTypes, 
+                   argNames, 
+                   "throwCppException", 
+                   llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                   true, 
+                   false);
+
+    // deleteOurException
+
+    retType = builder.getVoidTy();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    createFunction(module, 
+                   retType, 
+                   argTypes, 
+                   argNames, 
+                   "deleteOurException", 
+                   llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                   true, 
+                   false);
+
+    // createOurException
+
+    retType = builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt32Ty());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    createFunction(module, 
+                   retType, 
+                   argTypes, 
+                   argNames, 
+                   "createOurException", 
+                   llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                   true, 
+                   false);
+
+    // _Unwind_RaiseException
+
+    retType = builder.getInt32Ty();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    funct = createFunction(module, 
+                           retType, 
+                           argTypes, 
+                           argNames, 
+                           "_Unwind_RaiseException", 
+                           llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                           true, 
+                           false);
+
+    funct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::NoReturn);
+
+    // _Unwind_Resume
+
+    retType = builder.getInt32Ty();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    funct = createFunction(module, 
+                           retType, 
+                           argTypes, 
+                           argNames, 
+                           "_Unwind_Resume", 
+                           llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                           true, 
+                           false);
+
+    funct->addFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::NoReturn);
+
+    // ourPersonality
+
+    retType = builder.getInt32Ty();
+
+    argTypes.clear();
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt32Ty());
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt32Ty());
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt64Ty());
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+    argTypes.push_back(builder.getInt8Ty()->getPointerTo());
+
+    argNames.clear();
+
+    createFunction(module, 
+                   retType, 
+                   argTypes, 
+                   argNames, 
+                   "ourPersonality", 
+                   llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage, 
+                   true, 
+                   false);
+
+    // llvm.eh.selector intrinsic
+
+    getDeclaration(&module, llvm::Intrinsic::eh_selector);
+
+    // llvm.eh.exception intrinsic
+
+    getDeclaration(&module, llvm::Intrinsic::eh_exception);
+
+    // llvm.eh.typeid.for intrinsic
+
+    getDeclaration(&module, llvm::Intrinsic::eh_typeid_for);
+}
+
+
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Main test driver code.
+//===---------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// Demo main routine which takes the type info types to throw. A test will
+/// be run for each given type info type. While type info types with the value 
+/// of -1 will trigger a foreign C++ exception to be thrown; type info types
+/// <= 6 and >= 1 will be caught by test functions; and type info types > 6
+/// will result in exceptions which pass through to the test harness. All other
+/// type info types are not supported and could cause a crash.
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    if (argc == 1) {
+        fprintf(stderr,
+                "\nUsage: ExceptionDemo <exception type to throw> "
+                    "[<type 2>...<type n>].\n"
+                    "   Each type must have the value of 1 - 6 for "
+                    "generated exceptions to be caught;\n"
+                    "   the value -1 for foreign C++ exceptions to be "
+                    "generated and thrown;\n"
+                    "   or the values > 6 for exceptions to be ignored.\n"
+                    "\nTry: ExceptionDemo 2 3 7 -1\n"
+                    "   for a full test.\n\n");
+        return(0);
+    }
+
+    // If not set, exception handling will not be turned on
+    llvm::DwarfExceptionHandling = true;
+
+    llvm::InitializeNativeTarget();
+    llvm::LLVMContext& context = llvm::getGlobalContext();
+    llvm::IRBuilder<> theBuilder(context);
+
+    // Make the module, which holds all the code.
+    llvm::Module* module = new llvm::Module("my cool jit", context);
+
+    // Build engine with JIT
+    llvm::EngineBuilder factory(module);
+    factory.setEngineKind(llvm::EngineKind::JIT);
+    factory.setAllocateGVsWithCode(false);
+    llvm::ExecutionEngine* executionEngine = factory.create();
+
+    {
+        llvm::FunctionPassManager fpm(module);
+
+        // Set up the optimizer pipeline.  
+        // Start with registering info about how the
+        // target lays out data structures.
+        fpm.add(new llvm::TargetData(*executionEngine->getTargetData()));
+
+        // Optimizations turned on
+#ifdef ADD_OPT_PASSES
+
+        // Promote allocas to registers.
+        fpm.add(llvm::createPromoteMemoryToRegisterPass());
+
+        // Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.
+        fpm.add(llvm::createInstructionCombiningPass());
+
+        // Reassociate expressions.
+        fpm.add(llvm::createReassociatePass());
+
+        // Eliminate Common SubExpressions.
+        fpm.add(llvm::createGVNPass());
+
+        // Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable 
+        // blocks, etc).
+        fpm.add(llvm::createCFGSimplificationPass());
+#endif  // ADD_OPT_PASSES
+
+        fpm.doInitialization();
+
+        // Generate test code using function throwCppException(...) as
+        // the function which throws foreign exceptions.
+        llvm::Function* toRun = 
+                          createUnwindExceptionTest(*module, 
+                                                    theBuilder, 
+                                                    fpm,
+                                                    "throwCppException");
+
+        fprintf(stderr, "\nBegin module dump:\n\n");
+
+        module->dump();
+
+        fprintf(stderr, "\nEnd module dump:\n");
+
+        fprintf(stderr, "\n\nBegin Test:\n");
+
+        for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
+            // Run test for each argument whose value is the exception
+            // type to throw.
+            runExceptionThrow(executionEngine, 
+                              toRun, 
+                              (unsigned) strtoul(argv[i], NULL, 10));
+        }
+
+        fprintf(stderr, "\nEnd Test:\n\n");
+    } 
+
+    delete executionEngine;
+  
+    return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/examples/ExceptionDemo/Makefile b/examples/ExceptionDemo/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06bba66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ExceptionDemo/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+##===- examples/ExceptionDemo/Makefile --------------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===---------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../..
+TOOLNAME = ExceptionDemo
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := jit interpreter nativecodegen
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
+
+CXXFLAGS += -fexceptions
diff --git a/examples/Fibonacci/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Fibonacci/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6937612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Fibonacci/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS jit interpreter nativecodegen)
+
+add_llvm_example(Fibonacci
+  fibonacci.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/Fibonacci/Makefile b/examples/Fibonacci/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71f6ba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Fibonacci/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+##===- examples/Fibonacci/Makefile -------------------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+
+LEVEL = ../..
+TOOLNAME = Fibonacci
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+# Link in JIT support
+LINK_COMPONENTS := jit interpreter nativecodegen
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Fibonacci/fibonacci.cpp b/examples/Fibonacci/fibonacci.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..353e173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Fibonacci/fibonacci.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+//===--- examples/Fibonacci/fibonacci.cpp - An example use of the JIT -----===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This small program provides an example of how to build quickly a small module
+// with function Fibonacci and execute it with the JIT.
+//
+// The goal of this snippet is to create in the memory the LLVM module
+// consisting of one function as follow:
+//
+//   int fib(int x) {
+//     if(x<=2) return 1;
+//     return fib(x-1)+fib(x-2);
+//   }
+//
+// Once we have this, we compile the module via JIT, then execute the `fib'
+// function and return result to a driver, i.e. to a "host program".
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/Constants.h"
+#include "llvm/Instructions.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Interpreter.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/GenericValue.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+using namespace llvm;
+
+static Function *CreateFibFunction(Module *M, LLVMContext &Context) {
+  // Create the fib function and insert it into module M.  This function is said
+  // to return an int and take an int parameter.
+  Function *FibF =
+    cast<Function>(M->getOrInsertFunction("fib", Type::getInt32Ty(Context), 
+                                          Type::getInt32Ty(Context),
+                                          (Type *)0));
+
+  // Add a basic block to the function.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(Context, "EntryBlock", FibF);
+
+  // Get pointers to the constants.
+  Value *One = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), 1);
+  Value *Two = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), 2);
+
+  // Get pointer to the integer argument of the add1 function...
+  Argument *ArgX = FibF->arg_begin();   // Get the arg.
+  ArgX->setName("AnArg");            // Give it a nice symbolic name for fun.
+
+  // Create the true_block.
+  BasicBlock *RetBB = BasicBlock::Create(Context, "return", FibF);
+  // Create an exit block.
+  BasicBlock* RecurseBB = BasicBlock::Create(Context, "recurse", FibF);
+
+  // Create the "if (arg <= 2) goto exitbb"
+  Value *CondInst = new ICmpInst(*BB, ICmpInst::ICMP_SLE, ArgX, Two, "cond");
+  BranchInst::Create(RetBB, RecurseBB, CondInst, BB);
+
+  // Create: ret int 1
+  ReturnInst::Create(Context, One, RetBB);
+
+  // create fib(x-1)
+  Value *Sub = BinaryOperator::CreateSub(ArgX, One, "arg", RecurseBB);
+  CallInst *CallFibX1 = CallInst::Create(FibF, Sub, "fibx1", RecurseBB);
+  CallFibX1->setTailCall();
+
+  // create fib(x-2)
+  Sub = BinaryOperator::CreateSub(ArgX, Two, "arg", RecurseBB);
+  CallInst *CallFibX2 = CallInst::Create(FibF, Sub, "fibx2", RecurseBB);
+  CallFibX2->setTailCall();
+
+
+  // fib(x-1)+fib(x-2)
+  Value *Sum = BinaryOperator::CreateAdd(CallFibX1, CallFibX2,
+                                         "addresult", RecurseBB);
+
+  // Create the return instruction and add it to the basic block
+  ReturnInst::Create(Context, Sum, RecurseBB);
+
+  return FibF;
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  int n = argc > 1 ? atol(argv[1]) : 24;
+
+  InitializeNativeTarget();
+  LLVMContext Context;
+  
+  // Create some module to put our function into it.
+  Module *M = new Module("test", Context);
+
+  // We are about to create the "fib" function:
+  Function *FibF = CreateFibFunction(M, Context);
+
+  // Now we going to create JIT
+  std::string errStr;
+  ExecutionEngine *EE = EngineBuilder(M).setErrorStr(&errStr).setEngineKind(EngineKind::JIT).create();
+
+  if (!EE) {
+    errs() << argv[0] << ": Failed to construct ExecutionEngine: " << errStr << "\n";
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  errs() << "verifying... ";
+  if (verifyModule(*M)) {
+    errs() << argv[0] << ": Error constructing function!\n";
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  errs() << "OK\n";
+  errs() << "We just constructed this LLVM module:\n\n---------\n" << *M;
+  errs() << "---------\nstarting fibonacci(" << n << ") with JIT...\n";
+
+  // Call the Fibonacci function with argument n:
+  std::vector<GenericValue> Args(1);
+  Args[0].IntVal = APInt(32, n);
+  GenericValue GV = EE->runFunction(FibF, Args);
+
+  // import result of execution
+  outs() << "Result: " << GV.IntVal << "\n";
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/HowToUseJIT/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/HowToUseJIT/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..428b53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/HowToUseJIT/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS jit interpreter nativecodegen)
+
+add_llvm_example(HowToUseJIT
+  HowToUseJIT.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/HowToUseJIT/HowToUseJIT.cpp b/examples/HowToUseJIT/HowToUseJIT.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e3b6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/HowToUseJIT/HowToUseJIT.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+//===-- examples/HowToUseJIT/HowToUseJIT.cpp - An example use of the JIT --===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//  This small program provides an example of how to quickly build a small
+//  module with two functions and execute it with the JIT.
+//
+// Goal:
+//  The goal of this snippet is to create in the memory
+//  the LLVM module consisting of two functions as follow: 
+//
+// int add1(int x) {
+//   return x+1;
+// }
+//
+// int foo() {
+//   return add1(10);
+// }
+//
+// then compile the module via JIT, then execute the `foo'
+// function and return result to a driver, i.e. to a "host program".
+//
+// Some remarks and questions:
+//
+// - could we invoke some code using noname functions too?
+//   e.g. evaluate "foo()+foo()" without fears to introduce
+//   conflict of temporary function name with some real
+//   existing function name?
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/Constants.h"
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/Instructions.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Interpreter.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/GenericValue.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ManagedStatic.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+using namespace llvm;
+
+int main() {
+  
+  InitializeNativeTarget();
+
+  LLVMContext Context;
+  
+  // Create some module to put our function into it.
+  Module *M = new Module("test", Context);
+
+  // Create the add1 function entry and insert this entry into module M.  The
+  // function will have a return type of "int" and take an argument of "int".
+  // The '0' terminates the list of argument types.
+  Function *Add1F =
+    cast<Function>(M->getOrInsertFunction("add1", Type::getInt32Ty(Context),
+                                          Type::getInt32Ty(Context),
+                                          (Type *)0));
+
+  // Add a basic block to the function. As before, it automatically inserts
+  // because of the last argument.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(Context, "EntryBlock", Add1F);
+
+  // Get pointers to the constant `1'.
+  Value *One = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), 1);
+
+  // Get pointers to the integer argument of the add1 function...
+  assert(Add1F->arg_begin() != Add1F->arg_end()); // Make sure there's an arg
+  Argument *ArgX = Add1F->arg_begin();  // Get the arg
+  ArgX->setName("AnArg");            // Give it a nice symbolic name for fun.
+
+  // Create the add instruction, inserting it into the end of BB.
+  Instruction *Add = BinaryOperator::CreateAdd(One, ArgX, "addresult", BB);
+
+  // Create the return instruction and add it to the basic block
+  ReturnInst::Create(Context, Add, BB);
+
+  // Now, function add1 is ready.
+
+
+  // Now we going to create function `foo', which returns an int and takes no
+  // arguments.
+  Function *FooF =
+    cast<Function>(M->getOrInsertFunction("foo", Type::getInt32Ty(Context),
+                                          (Type *)0));
+
+  // Add a basic block to the FooF function.
+  BB = BasicBlock::Create(Context, "EntryBlock", FooF);
+
+  // Get pointers to the constant `10'.
+  Value *Ten = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), 10);
+
+  // Pass Ten to the call call:
+  CallInst *Add1CallRes = CallInst::Create(Add1F, Ten, "add1", BB);
+  Add1CallRes->setTailCall(true);
+
+  // Create the return instruction and add it to the basic block.
+  ReturnInst::Create(Context, Add1CallRes, BB);
+
+  // Now we create the JIT.
+  ExecutionEngine* EE = EngineBuilder(M).create();
+
+  outs() << "We just constructed this LLVM module:\n\n" << *M;
+  outs() << "\n\nRunning foo: ";
+  outs().flush();
+
+  // Call the `foo' function with no arguments:
+  std::vector<GenericValue> noargs;
+  GenericValue gv = EE->runFunction(FooF, noargs);
+
+  // Import result of execution:
+  outs() << "Result: " << gv.IntVal << "\n";
+  EE->freeMachineCodeForFunction(FooF);
+  delete EE;
+  llvm_shutdown();
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/HowToUseJIT/Makefile b/examples/HowToUseJIT/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8919db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/HowToUseJIT/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+##===- examples/HowToUseJIT/Makefile -----------------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../..
+TOOLNAME = HowToUseJIT
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := jit interpreter nativecodegen
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Kaleidoscope/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c87ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+add_subdirectory(Chapter2)
+add_subdirectory(Chapter3)
+add_subdirectory(Chapter4)
+add_subdirectory(Chapter5)
+add_subdirectory(Chapter6)
+add_subdirectory(Chapter7)
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79f2b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+add_llvm_example(Kaleidoscope-Ch2
+  toy.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/Makefile b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a9b94c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+##===- examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/Makefile -------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../../..
+TOOLNAME = Kaleidoscope-Ch2
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/toy.cpp b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/toy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4f09d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter2/toy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Lexer
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
+// of these for known things.
+enum Token {
+  tok_eof = -1,
+
+  // commands
+  tok_def = -2, tok_extern = -3,
+
+  // primary
+  tok_identifier = -4, tok_number = -5
+};
+
+static std::string IdentifierStr;  // Filled in if tok_identifier
+static double NumVal;              // Filled in if tok_number
+
+/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
+static int gettok() {
+  static int LastChar = ' ';
+
+  // Skip any whitespace.
+  while (isspace(LastChar))
+    LastChar = getchar();
+
+  if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
+    IdentifierStr = LastChar;
+    while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
+      IdentifierStr += LastChar;
+
+    if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
+    return tok_identifier;
+  }
+
+  if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') {   // Number: [0-9.]+
+    std::string NumStr;
+    do {
+      NumStr += LastChar;
+      LastChar = getchar();
+    } while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
+
+    NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), 0);
+    return tok_number;
+  }
+
+  if (LastChar == '#') {
+    // Comment until end of line.
+    do LastChar = getchar();
+    while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' && LastChar != '\r');
+    
+    if (LastChar != EOF)
+      return gettok();
+  }
+  
+  // Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.
+  if (LastChar == EOF)
+    return tok_eof;
+
+  // Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
+  int ThisChar = LastChar;
+  LastChar = getchar();
+  return ThisChar;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
+class ExprAST {
+public:
+  virtual ~ExprAST() {}
+};
+
+/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
+class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  double Val;
+public:
+  NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
+};
+
+/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
+class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Name;
+public:
+  VariableExprAST(const std::string &name) : Name(name) {}
+};
+
+/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
+class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  char Op;
+  ExprAST *LHS, *RHS;
+public:
+  BinaryExprAST(char op, ExprAST *lhs, ExprAST *rhs) 
+    : Op(op), LHS(lhs), RHS(rhs) {}
+};
+
+/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
+class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Callee;
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+public:
+  CallExprAST(const std::string &callee, std::vector<ExprAST*> &args)
+    : Callee(callee), Args(args) {}
+};
+
+/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
+/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number
+/// of arguments the function takes).
+class PrototypeAST {
+  std::string Name;
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+public:
+  PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args)
+    : Name(name), Args(args) {}
+  
+};
+
+/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
+class FunctionAST {
+  PrototypeAST *Proto;
+  ExprAST *Body;
+public:
+  FunctionAST(PrototypeAST *proto, ExprAST *body)
+    : Proto(proto), Body(body) {}
+  
+};
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Parser
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current
+/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the
+/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
+static int CurTok;
+static int getNextToken() {
+  return CurTok = gettok();
+}
+
+/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
+/// defined.
+static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
+
+/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
+static int GetTokPrecedence() {
+  if (!isascii(CurTok))
+    return -1;
+  
+  // Make sure it's a declared binop.
+  int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
+  if (TokPrec <= 0) return -1;
+  return TokPrec;
+}
+
+/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
+ExprAST *Error(const char *Str) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);return 0;}
+PrototypeAST *ErrorP(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+FunctionAST *ErrorF(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression();
+
+/// identifierexpr
+///   ::= identifier
+///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseIdentifierExpr() {
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
+    return new VariableExprAST(IdName);
+  
+  // Call.
+  getNextToken();  // eat (
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+  if (CurTok != ')') {
+    while (1) {
+      ExprAST *Arg = ParseExpression();
+      if (!Arg) return 0;
+      Args.push_back(Arg);
+
+      if (CurTok == ')') break;
+
+      if (CurTok != ',')
+        return Error("Expected ')' or ',' in argument list");
+      getNextToken();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Eat the ')'.
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  return new CallExprAST(IdName, Args);
+}
+
+/// numberexpr ::= number
+static ExprAST *ParseNumberExpr() {
+  ExprAST *Result = new NumberExprAST(NumVal);
+  getNextToken(); // consume the number
+  return Result;
+}
+
+/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseParenExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat (.
+  ExprAST *V = ParseExpression();
+  if (!V) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return Error("expected ')'");
+  getNextToken();  // eat ).
+  return V;
+}
+
+/// primary
+///   ::= identifierexpr
+///   ::= numberexpr
+///   ::= parenexpr
+static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
+  switch (CurTok) {
+  default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
+  case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
+  case tok_number:     return ParseNumberExpr();
+  case '(':            return ParseParenExpr();
+  }
+}
+
+/// binoprhs
+///   ::= ('+' primary)*
+static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
+  // If this is a binop, find its precedence.
+  while (1) {
+    int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    
+    // If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
+    // consume it, otherwise we are done.
+    if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
+      return LHS;
+    
+    // Okay, we know this is a binop.
+    int BinOp = CurTok;
+    getNextToken();  // eat binop
+    
+    // Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.
+    ExprAST *RHS = ParsePrimary();
+    if (!RHS) return 0;
+    
+    // If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
+    // the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
+    int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
+      RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec+1, RHS);
+      if (RHS == 0) return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // Merge LHS/RHS.
+    LHS = new BinaryExprAST(BinOp, LHS, RHS);
+  }
+}
+
+/// expression
+///   ::= primary binoprhs
+///
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
+  ExprAST *LHS = ParsePrimary();
+  if (!LHS) return 0;
+  
+  return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
+}
+
+/// prototype
+///   ::= id '(' id* ')'
+static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
+  if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+    return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
+
+  std::string FnName = IdentifierStr;
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(')
+    return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
+  
+  std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
+  while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
+    ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
+  
+  // success.
+  getNextToken();  // eat ')'.
+  
+  return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames);
+}
+
+/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseDefinition() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat def.
+  PrototypeAST *Proto = ParsePrototype();
+  if (Proto == 0) return 0;
+
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression())
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// toplevelexpr ::= expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseTopLevelExpr() {
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression()) {
+    // Make an anonymous proto.
+    PrototypeAST *Proto = new PrototypeAST("", std::vector<std::string>());
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// external ::= 'extern' prototype
+static PrototypeAST *ParseExtern() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat extern.
+  return ParsePrototype();
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Top-Level parsing
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static void HandleDefinition() {
+  if (ParseDefinition()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Parsed a function definition.\n");
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleExtern() {
+  if (ParseExtern()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Parsed an extern\n");
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleTopLevelExpression() {
+  // Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.
+  if (ParseTopLevelExpr()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Parsed a top-level expr\n");
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'
+static void MainLoop() {
+  while (1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+    switch (CurTok) {
+    case tok_eof:    return;
+    case ';':        getNextToken(); break;  // ignore top-level semicolons.
+    case tok_def:    HandleDefinition(); break;
+    case tok_extern: HandleExtern(); break;
+    default:         HandleTopLevelExpression(); break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Main driver code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+int main() {
+  // Install standard binary operators.
+  // 1 is lowest precedence.
+  BinopPrecedence['<'] = 10;
+  BinopPrecedence['+'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['-'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['*'] = 40;  // highest.
+
+  // Prime the first token.
+  fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+  getNextToken();
+
+  // Run the main "interpreter loop" now.
+  MainLoop();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1af8db0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS core)
+
+add_llvm_example(Kaleidoscope-Ch3
+  toy.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/Makefile b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cc6948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+##===- examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/Makefile -------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../../..
+TOOLNAME = Kaleidoscope-Ch3
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := core
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/toy.cpp b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/toy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73520d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter3/toy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/IRBuilder.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+using namespace llvm;
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Lexer
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
+// of these for known things.
+enum Token {
+  tok_eof = -1,
+
+  // commands
+  tok_def = -2, tok_extern = -3,
+
+  // primary
+  tok_identifier = -4, tok_number = -5
+};
+
+static std::string IdentifierStr;  // Filled in if tok_identifier
+static double NumVal;              // Filled in if tok_number
+
+/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
+static int gettok() {
+  static int LastChar = ' ';
+
+  // Skip any whitespace.
+  while (isspace(LastChar))
+    LastChar = getchar();
+
+  if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
+    IdentifierStr = LastChar;
+    while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
+      IdentifierStr += LastChar;
+
+    if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
+    return tok_identifier;
+  }
+
+  if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') {   // Number: [0-9.]+
+    std::string NumStr;
+    do {
+      NumStr += LastChar;
+      LastChar = getchar();
+    } while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
+
+    NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), 0);
+    return tok_number;
+  }
+
+  if (LastChar == '#') {
+    // Comment until end of line.
+    do LastChar = getchar();
+    while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' && LastChar != '\r');
+    
+    if (LastChar != EOF)
+      return gettok();
+  }
+  
+  // Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.
+  if (LastChar == EOF)
+    return tok_eof;
+
+  // Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
+  int ThisChar = LastChar;
+  LastChar = getchar();
+  return ThisChar;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
+class ExprAST {
+public:
+  virtual ~ExprAST() {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen() = 0;
+};
+
+/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
+class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  double Val;
+public:
+  NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
+class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Name;
+public:
+  VariableExprAST(const std::string &name) : Name(name) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
+class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  char Op;
+  ExprAST *LHS, *RHS;
+public:
+  BinaryExprAST(char op, ExprAST *lhs, ExprAST *rhs) 
+    : Op(op), LHS(lhs), RHS(rhs) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
+class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Callee;
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+public:
+  CallExprAST(const std::string &callee, std::vector<ExprAST*> &args)
+    : Callee(callee), Args(args) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
+/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number
+/// of arguments the function takes).
+class PrototypeAST {
+  std::string Name;
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+public:
+  PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args)
+    : Name(name), Args(args) {}
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
+class FunctionAST {
+  PrototypeAST *Proto;
+  ExprAST *Body;
+public:
+  FunctionAST(PrototypeAST *proto, ExprAST *body)
+    : Proto(proto), Body(body) {}
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Parser
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current
+/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the
+/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
+static int CurTok;
+static int getNextToken() {
+  return CurTok = gettok();
+}
+
+/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
+/// defined.
+static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
+
+/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
+static int GetTokPrecedence() {
+  if (!isascii(CurTok))
+    return -1;
+  
+  // Make sure it's a declared binop.
+  int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
+  if (TokPrec <= 0) return -1;
+  return TokPrec;
+}
+
+/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
+ExprAST *Error(const char *Str) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);return 0;}
+PrototypeAST *ErrorP(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+FunctionAST *ErrorF(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression();
+
+/// identifierexpr
+///   ::= identifier
+///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseIdentifierExpr() {
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
+    return new VariableExprAST(IdName);
+  
+  // Call.
+  getNextToken();  // eat (
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+  if (CurTok != ')') {
+    while (1) {
+      ExprAST *Arg = ParseExpression();
+      if (!Arg) return 0;
+      Args.push_back(Arg);
+
+      if (CurTok == ')') break;
+
+      if (CurTok != ',')
+        return Error("Expected ')' or ',' in argument list");
+      getNextToken();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Eat the ')'.
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  return new CallExprAST(IdName, Args);
+}
+
+/// numberexpr ::= number
+static ExprAST *ParseNumberExpr() {
+  ExprAST *Result = new NumberExprAST(NumVal);
+  getNextToken(); // consume the number
+  return Result;
+}
+
+/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseParenExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat (.
+  ExprAST *V = ParseExpression();
+  if (!V) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return Error("expected ')'");
+  getNextToken();  // eat ).
+  return V;
+}
+
+/// primary
+///   ::= identifierexpr
+///   ::= numberexpr
+///   ::= parenexpr
+static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
+  switch (CurTok) {
+  default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
+  case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
+  case tok_number:     return ParseNumberExpr();
+  case '(':            return ParseParenExpr();
+  }
+}
+
+/// binoprhs
+///   ::= ('+' primary)*
+static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
+  // If this is a binop, find its precedence.
+  while (1) {
+    int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    
+    // If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
+    // consume it, otherwise we are done.
+    if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
+      return LHS;
+    
+    // Okay, we know this is a binop.
+    int BinOp = CurTok;
+    getNextToken();  // eat binop
+    
+    // Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.
+    ExprAST *RHS = ParsePrimary();
+    if (!RHS) return 0;
+    
+    // If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
+    // the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
+    int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
+      RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec+1, RHS);
+      if (RHS == 0) return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // Merge LHS/RHS.
+    LHS = new BinaryExprAST(BinOp, LHS, RHS);
+  }
+}
+
+/// expression
+///   ::= primary binoprhs
+///
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
+  ExprAST *LHS = ParsePrimary();
+  if (!LHS) return 0;
+  
+  return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
+}
+
+/// prototype
+///   ::= id '(' id* ')'
+static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
+  if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+    return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
+
+  std::string FnName = IdentifierStr;
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(')
+    return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
+  
+  std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
+  while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
+    ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
+  
+  // success.
+  getNextToken();  // eat ')'.
+  
+  return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames);
+}
+
+/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseDefinition() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat def.
+  PrototypeAST *Proto = ParsePrototype();
+  if (Proto == 0) return 0;
+
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression())
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// toplevelexpr ::= expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseTopLevelExpr() {
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression()) {
+    // Make an anonymous proto.
+    PrototypeAST *Proto = new PrototypeAST("", std::vector<std::string>());
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// external ::= 'extern' prototype
+static PrototypeAST *ParseExtern() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat extern.
+  return ParsePrototype();
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Code Generation
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static Module *TheModule;
+static IRBuilder<> Builder(getGlobalContext());
+static std::map<std::string, Value*> NamedValues;
+
+Value *ErrorV(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+Value *NumberExprAST::Codegen() {
+  return ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(Val));
+}
+
+Value *VariableExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look this variable up in the function.
+  Value *V = NamedValues[Name];
+  return V ? V : ErrorV("Unknown variable name");
+}
+
+Value *BinaryExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *L = LHS->Codegen();
+  Value *R = RHS->Codegen();
+  if (L == 0 || R == 0) return 0;
+  
+  switch (Op) {
+  case '+': return Builder.CreateAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
+  case '-': return Builder.CreateSub(L, R, "subtmp");
+  case '*': return Builder.CreateMul(L, R, "multmp");
+  case '<':
+    L = Builder.CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
+    // Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
+    return Builder.CreateUIToFP(L, Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                "booltmp");
+  default: return ErrorV("invalid binary operator");
+  }
+}
+
+Value *CallExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look up the name in the global module table.
+  Function *CalleeF = TheModule->getFunction(Callee);
+  if (CalleeF == 0)
+    return ErrorV("Unknown function referenced");
+  
+  // If argument mismatch error.
+  if (CalleeF->arg_size() != Args.size())
+    return ErrorV("Incorrect # arguments passed");
+
+  std::vector<Value*> ArgsV;
+  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Args.size(); i != e; ++i) {
+    ArgsV.push_back(Args[i]->Codegen());
+    if (ArgsV.back() == 0) return 0;
+  }
+  
+  return Builder.CreateCall(CalleeF, ArgsV.begin(), ArgsV.end(), "calltmp");
+}
+
+Function *PrototypeAST::Codegen() {
+  // Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.
+	std::vector<const Type*> Doubles(Args.size(),
+                                   Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()));
+  FunctionType *FT = FunctionType::get(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                       Doubles, false);
+  
+  Function *F = Function::Create(FT, Function::ExternalLinkage, Name, TheModule);
+  
+  // If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a
+  // body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.
+  if (F->getName() != Name) {
+    // Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.
+    F->eraseFromParent();
+    F = TheModule->getFunction(Name);
+    
+    // If F already has a body, reject this.
+    if (!F->empty()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // If F took a different number of args, reject.
+    if (F->arg_size() != Args.size()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function with different # args");
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  // Set names for all arguments.
+  unsigned Idx = 0;
+  for (Function::arg_iterator AI = F->arg_begin(); Idx != Args.size();
+       ++AI, ++Idx) {
+    AI->setName(Args[Idx]);
+    
+    // Add arguments to variable symbol table.
+    NamedValues[Args[Idx]] = AI;
+  }
+  
+  return F;
+}
+
+Function *FunctionAST::Codegen() {
+  NamedValues.clear();
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Proto->Codegen();
+  if (TheFunction == 0)
+    return 0;
+  
+  // Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "entry", TheFunction);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(BB);
+  
+  if (Value *RetVal = Body->Codegen()) {
+    // Finish off the function.
+    Builder.CreateRet(RetVal);
+
+    // Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.
+    verifyFunction(*TheFunction);
+
+    return TheFunction;
+  }
+  
+  // Error reading body, remove function.
+  TheFunction->eraseFromParent();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static void HandleDefinition() {
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseDefinition()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read function definition:");
+      LF->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleExtern() {
+  if (PrototypeAST *P = ParseExtern()) {
+    if (Function *F = P->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read extern: ");
+      F->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleTopLevelExpression() {
+  // Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseTopLevelExpr()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read top-level expression:");
+      LF->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'
+static void MainLoop() {
+  while (1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+    switch (CurTok) {
+    case tok_eof:    return;
+    case ';':        getNextToken(); break;  // ignore top-level semicolons.
+    case tok_def:    HandleDefinition(); break;
+    case tok_extern: HandleExtern(); break;
+    default:         HandleTopLevelExpression(); break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.
+extern "C" 
+double putchard(double X) {
+  putchar((char)X);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Main driver code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+int main() {
+  LLVMContext &Context = getGlobalContext();
+
+  // Install standard binary operators.
+  // 1 is lowest precedence.
+  BinopPrecedence['<'] = 10;
+  BinopPrecedence['+'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['-'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['*'] = 40;  // highest.
+
+  // Prime the first token.
+  fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+  getNextToken();
+
+  // Make the module, which holds all the code.
+  TheModule = new Module("my cool jit", Context);
+
+  // Run the main "interpreter loop" now.
+  MainLoop();
+
+  // Print out all of the generated code.
+  TheModule->dump();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d1ac53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS core jit interpreter native)
+
+add_llvm_example(Kaleidoscope-Ch4
+  toy.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/Makefile b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bc742f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+##===- examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/Makefile -------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../../..
+TOOLNAME = Kaleidoscope-Ch4
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := core jit interpreter native
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/toy.cpp b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/toy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdc9d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter4/toy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Interpreter.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/PassManager.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/IRBuilder.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+using namespace llvm;
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Lexer
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
+// of these for known things.
+enum Token {
+  tok_eof = -1,
+
+  // commands
+  tok_def = -2, tok_extern = -3,
+
+  // primary
+  tok_identifier = -4, tok_number = -5
+};
+
+static std::string IdentifierStr;  // Filled in if tok_identifier
+static double NumVal;              // Filled in if tok_number
+
+/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
+static int gettok() {
+  static int LastChar = ' ';
+
+  // Skip any whitespace.
+  while (isspace(LastChar))
+    LastChar = getchar();
+
+  if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
+    IdentifierStr = LastChar;
+    while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
+      IdentifierStr += LastChar;
+
+    if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
+    return tok_identifier;
+  }
+
+  if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') {   // Number: [0-9.]+
+    std::string NumStr;
+    do {
+      NumStr += LastChar;
+      LastChar = getchar();
+    } while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
+
+    NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), 0);
+    return tok_number;
+  }
+
+  if (LastChar == '#') {
+    // Comment until end of line.
+    do LastChar = getchar();
+    while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' && LastChar != '\r');
+    
+    if (LastChar != EOF)
+      return gettok();
+  }
+  
+  // Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.
+  if (LastChar == EOF)
+    return tok_eof;
+
+  // Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
+  int ThisChar = LastChar;
+  LastChar = getchar();
+  return ThisChar;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
+class ExprAST {
+public:
+  virtual ~ExprAST() {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen() = 0;
+};
+
+/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
+class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  double Val;
+public:
+  NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
+class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Name;
+public:
+  VariableExprAST(const std::string &name) : Name(name) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
+class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  char Op;
+  ExprAST *LHS, *RHS;
+public:
+  BinaryExprAST(char op, ExprAST *lhs, ExprAST *rhs) 
+    : Op(op), LHS(lhs), RHS(rhs) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
+class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Callee;
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+public:
+  CallExprAST(const std::string &callee, std::vector<ExprAST*> &args)
+    : Callee(callee), Args(args) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
+/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number
+/// of arguments the function takes).
+class PrototypeAST {
+  std::string Name;
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+public:
+  PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args)
+    : Name(name), Args(args) {}
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
+class FunctionAST {
+  PrototypeAST *Proto;
+  ExprAST *Body;
+public:
+  FunctionAST(PrototypeAST *proto, ExprAST *body)
+    : Proto(proto), Body(body) {}
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Parser
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current
+/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the
+/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
+static int CurTok;
+static int getNextToken() {
+  return CurTok = gettok();
+}
+
+/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
+/// defined.
+static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
+
+/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
+static int GetTokPrecedence() {
+  if (!isascii(CurTok))
+    return -1;
+  
+  // Make sure it's a declared binop.
+  int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
+  if (TokPrec <= 0) return -1;
+  return TokPrec;
+}
+
+/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
+ExprAST *Error(const char *Str) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);return 0;}
+PrototypeAST *ErrorP(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+FunctionAST *ErrorF(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression();
+
+/// identifierexpr
+///   ::= identifier
+///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseIdentifierExpr() {
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
+    return new VariableExprAST(IdName);
+  
+  // Call.
+  getNextToken();  // eat (
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+  if (CurTok != ')') {
+    while (1) {
+      ExprAST *Arg = ParseExpression();
+      if (!Arg) return 0;
+      Args.push_back(Arg);
+
+      if (CurTok == ')') break;
+
+      if (CurTok != ',')
+        return Error("Expected ')' or ',' in argument list");
+      getNextToken();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Eat the ')'.
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  return new CallExprAST(IdName, Args);
+}
+
+/// numberexpr ::= number
+static ExprAST *ParseNumberExpr() {
+  ExprAST *Result = new NumberExprAST(NumVal);
+  getNextToken(); // consume the number
+  return Result;
+}
+
+/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseParenExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat (.
+  ExprAST *V = ParseExpression();
+  if (!V) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return Error("expected ')'");
+  getNextToken();  // eat ).
+  return V;
+}
+
+/// primary
+///   ::= identifierexpr
+///   ::= numberexpr
+///   ::= parenexpr
+static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
+  switch (CurTok) {
+  default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
+  case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
+  case tok_number:     return ParseNumberExpr();
+  case '(':            return ParseParenExpr();
+  }
+}
+
+/// binoprhs
+///   ::= ('+' primary)*
+static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
+  // If this is a binop, find its precedence.
+  while (1) {
+    int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    
+    // If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
+    // consume it, otherwise we are done.
+    if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
+      return LHS;
+    
+    // Okay, we know this is a binop.
+    int BinOp = CurTok;
+    getNextToken();  // eat binop
+    
+    // Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.
+    ExprAST *RHS = ParsePrimary();
+    if (!RHS) return 0;
+    
+    // If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
+    // the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
+    int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
+      RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec+1, RHS);
+      if (RHS == 0) return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // Merge LHS/RHS.
+    LHS = new BinaryExprAST(BinOp, LHS, RHS);
+  }
+}
+
+/// expression
+///   ::= primary binoprhs
+///
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
+  ExprAST *LHS = ParsePrimary();
+  if (!LHS) return 0;
+  
+  return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
+}
+
+/// prototype
+///   ::= id '(' id* ')'
+static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
+  if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+    return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
+
+  std::string FnName = IdentifierStr;
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(')
+    return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
+  
+  std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
+  while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
+    ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
+  
+  // success.
+  getNextToken();  // eat ')'.
+  
+  return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames);
+}
+
+/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseDefinition() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat def.
+  PrototypeAST *Proto = ParsePrototype();
+  if (Proto == 0) return 0;
+
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression())
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// toplevelexpr ::= expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseTopLevelExpr() {
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression()) {
+    // Make an anonymous proto.
+    PrototypeAST *Proto = new PrototypeAST("", std::vector<std::string>());
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// external ::= 'extern' prototype
+static PrototypeAST *ParseExtern() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat extern.
+  return ParsePrototype();
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Code Generation
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static Module *TheModule;
+static IRBuilder<> Builder(getGlobalContext());
+static std::map<std::string, Value*> NamedValues;
+static FunctionPassManager *TheFPM;
+
+Value *ErrorV(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+Value *NumberExprAST::Codegen() {
+  return ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(Val));
+}
+
+Value *VariableExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look this variable up in the function.
+  Value *V = NamedValues[Name];
+  return V ? V : ErrorV("Unknown variable name");
+}
+
+Value *BinaryExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *L = LHS->Codegen();
+  Value *R = RHS->Codegen();
+  if (L == 0 || R == 0) return 0;
+  
+  switch (Op) {
+  case '+': return Builder.CreateAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
+  case '-': return Builder.CreateSub(L, R, "subtmp");
+  case '*': return Builder.CreateMul(L, R, "multmp");
+  case '<':
+    L = Builder.CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
+    // Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
+    return Builder.CreateUIToFP(L, Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                "booltmp");
+  default: return ErrorV("invalid binary operator");
+  }
+}
+
+Value *CallExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look up the name in the global module table.
+  Function *CalleeF = TheModule->getFunction(Callee);
+  if (CalleeF == 0)
+    return ErrorV("Unknown function referenced");
+  
+  // If argument mismatch error.
+  if (CalleeF->arg_size() != Args.size())
+    return ErrorV("Incorrect # arguments passed");
+
+  std::vector<Value*> ArgsV;
+  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Args.size(); i != e; ++i) {
+    ArgsV.push_back(Args[i]->Codegen());
+    if (ArgsV.back() == 0) return 0;
+  }
+  
+  return Builder.CreateCall(CalleeF, ArgsV.begin(), ArgsV.end(), "calltmp");
+}
+
+Function *PrototypeAST::Codegen() {
+  // Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.
+	std::vector<const Type*> Doubles(Args.size(),
+                                   Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()));
+  FunctionType *FT = FunctionType::get(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                       Doubles, false);
+  
+  Function *F = Function::Create(FT, Function::ExternalLinkage, Name, TheModule);
+  
+  // If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a
+  // body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.
+  if (F->getName() != Name) {
+    // Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.
+    F->eraseFromParent();
+    F = TheModule->getFunction(Name);
+    
+    // If F already has a body, reject this.
+    if (!F->empty()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // If F took a different number of args, reject.
+    if (F->arg_size() != Args.size()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function with different # args");
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  // Set names for all arguments.
+  unsigned Idx = 0;
+  for (Function::arg_iterator AI = F->arg_begin(); Idx != Args.size();
+       ++AI, ++Idx) {
+    AI->setName(Args[Idx]);
+    
+    // Add arguments to variable symbol table.
+    NamedValues[Args[Idx]] = AI;
+  }
+  
+  return F;
+}
+
+Function *FunctionAST::Codegen() {
+  NamedValues.clear();
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Proto->Codegen();
+  if (TheFunction == 0)
+    return 0;
+  
+  // Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "entry", TheFunction);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(BB);
+  
+  if (Value *RetVal = Body->Codegen()) {
+    // Finish off the function.
+    Builder.CreateRet(RetVal);
+
+    // Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.
+    verifyFunction(*TheFunction);
+
+    // Optimize the function.
+    TheFPM->run(*TheFunction);
+    
+    return TheFunction;
+  }
+  
+  // Error reading body, remove function.
+  TheFunction->eraseFromParent();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static ExecutionEngine *TheExecutionEngine;
+
+static void HandleDefinition() {
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseDefinition()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read function definition:");
+      LF->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleExtern() {
+  if (PrototypeAST *P = ParseExtern()) {
+    if (Function *F = P->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read extern: ");
+      F->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleTopLevelExpression() {
+  // Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseTopLevelExpr()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      // JIT the function, returning a function pointer.
+      void *FPtr = TheExecutionEngine->getPointerToFunction(LF);
+      
+      // Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we
+      // can call it as a native function.
+      double (*FP)() = (double (*)())(intptr_t)FPtr;
+      fprintf(stderr, "Evaluated to %f\n", FP());
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'
+static void MainLoop() {
+  while (1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+    switch (CurTok) {
+    case tok_eof:    return;
+    case ';':        getNextToken(); break;  // ignore top-level semicolons.
+    case tok_def:    HandleDefinition(); break;
+    case tok_extern: HandleExtern(); break;
+    default:         HandleTopLevelExpression(); break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.
+extern "C" 
+double putchard(double X) {
+  putchar((char)X);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Main driver code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+int main() {
+  InitializeNativeTarget();
+  LLVMContext &Context = getGlobalContext();
+
+  // Install standard binary operators.
+  // 1 is lowest precedence.
+  BinopPrecedence['<'] = 10;
+  BinopPrecedence['+'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['-'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['*'] = 40;  // highest.
+
+  // Prime the first token.
+  fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+  getNextToken();
+
+  // Make the module, which holds all the code.
+  TheModule = new Module("my cool jit", Context);
+
+  // Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.
+  TheExecutionEngine = EngineBuilder(TheModule).create();
+
+  FunctionPassManager OurFPM(TheModule);
+
+  // Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the
+  // target lays out data structures.
+  OurFPM.add(new TargetData(*TheExecutionEngine->getTargetData()));
+  // Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.
+  OurFPM.add(createInstructionCombiningPass());
+  // Reassociate expressions.
+  OurFPM.add(createReassociatePass());
+  // Eliminate Common SubExpressions.
+  OurFPM.add(createGVNPass());
+  // Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).
+  OurFPM.add(createCFGSimplificationPass());
+
+  OurFPM.doInitialization();
+
+  // Set the global so the code gen can use this.
+  TheFPM = &OurFPM;
+
+  // Run the main "interpreter loop" now.
+  MainLoop();
+
+  TheFPM = 0;
+
+  // Print out all of the generated code.
+  TheModule->dump();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d75ad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS core jit interpreter native)
+
+add_llvm_example(Kaleidoscope-Ch5
+  toy.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/Makefile b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a8355d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+##===- examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/Makefile -------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../../..
+TOOLNAME = Kaleidoscope-Ch5
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := core jit interpreter native
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/toy.cpp b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/toy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24f551f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter5/toy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Interpreter.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/PassManager.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/IRBuilder.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+using namespace llvm;
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Lexer
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
+// of these for known things.
+enum Token {
+  tok_eof = -1,
+
+  // commands
+  tok_def = -2, tok_extern = -3,
+
+  // primary
+  tok_identifier = -4, tok_number = -5,
+  
+  // control
+  tok_if = -6, tok_then = -7, tok_else = -8,
+  tok_for = -9, tok_in = -10
+};
+
+static std::string IdentifierStr;  // Filled in if tok_identifier
+static double NumVal;              // Filled in if tok_number
+
+/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
+static int gettok() {
+  static int LastChar = ' ';
+
+  // Skip any whitespace.
+  while (isspace(LastChar))
+    LastChar = getchar();
+
+  if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
+    IdentifierStr = LastChar;
+    while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
+      IdentifierStr += LastChar;
+
+    if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "if") return tok_if;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "then") return tok_then;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "else") return tok_else;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "for") return tok_for;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "in") return tok_in;
+    return tok_identifier;
+  }
+
+  if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') {   // Number: [0-9.]+
+    std::string NumStr;
+    do {
+      NumStr += LastChar;
+      LastChar = getchar();
+    } while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
+
+    NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), 0);
+    return tok_number;
+  }
+
+  if (LastChar == '#') {
+    // Comment until end of line.
+    do LastChar = getchar();
+    while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' && LastChar != '\r');
+    
+    if (LastChar != EOF)
+      return gettok();
+  }
+  
+  // Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.
+  if (LastChar == EOF)
+    return tok_eof;
+
+  // Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
+  int ThisChar = LastChar;
+  LastChar = getchar();
+  return ThisChar;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
+class ExprAST {
+public:
+  virtual ~ExprAST() {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen() = 0;
+};
+
+/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
+class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  double Val;
+public:
+  NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
+class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Name;
+public:
+  VariableExprAST(const std::string &name) : Name(name) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
+class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  char Op;
+  ExprAST *LHS, *RHS;
+public:
+  BinaryExprAST(char op, ExprAST *lhs, ExprAST *rhs) 
+    : Op(op), LHS(lhs), RHS(rhs) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
+class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Callee;
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+public:
+  CallExprAST(const std::string &callee, std::vector<ExprAST*> &args)
+    : Callee(callee), Args(args) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.
+class IfExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  ExprAST *Cond, *Then, *Else;
+public:
+  IfExprAST(ExprAST *cond, ExprAST *then, ExprAST *_else)
+  : Cond(cond), Then(then), Else(_else) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.
+class ForExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string VarName;
+  ExprAST *Start, *End, *Step, *Body;
+public:
+  ForExprAST(const std::string &varname, ExprAST *start, ExprAST *end,
+             ExprAST *step, ExprAST *body)
+    : VarName(varname), Start(start), End(end), Step(step), Body(body) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
+/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number
+/// of arguments the function takes).
+class PrototypeAST {
+  std::string Name;
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+public:
+  PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args)
+    : Name(name), Args(args) {}
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
+class FunctionAST {
+  PrototypeAST *Proto;
+  ExprAST *Body;
+public:
+  FunctionAST(PrototypeAST *proto, ExprAST *body)
+    : Proto(proto), Body(body) {}
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Parser
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current
+/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the
+/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
+static int CurTok;
+static int getNextToken() {
+  return CurTok = gettok();
+}
+
+/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
+/// defined.
+static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
+
+/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
+static int GetTokPrecedence() {
+  if (!isascii(CurTok))
+    return -1;
+  
+  // Make sure it's a declared binop.
+  int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
+  if (TokPrec <= 0) return -1;
+  return TokPrec;
+}
+
+/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
+ExprAST *Error(const char *Str) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);return 0;}
+PrototypeAST *ErrorP(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+FunctionAST *ErrorF(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression();
+
+/// identifierexpr
+///   ::= identifier
+///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseIdentifierExpr() {
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
+    return new VariableExprAST(IdName);
+  
+  // Call.
+  getNextToken();  // eat (
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+  if (CurTok != ')') {
+    while (1) {
+      ExprAST *Arg = ParseExpression();
+      if (!Arg) return 0;
+      Args.push_back(Arg);
+
+      if (CurTok == ')') break;
+
+      if (CurTok != ',')
+        return Error("Expected ')' or ',' in argument list");
+      getNextToken();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Eat the ')'.
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  return new CallExprAST(IdName, Args);
+}
+
+/// numberexpr ::= number
+static ExprAST *ParseNumberExpr() {
+  ExprAST *Result = new NumberExprAST(NumVal);
+  getNextToken(); // consume the number
+  return Result;
+}
+
+/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseParenExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat (.
+  ExprAST *V = ParseExpression();
+  if (!V) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return Error("expected ')'");
+  getNextToken();  // eat ).
+  return V;
+}
+
+/// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression
+static ExprAST *ParseIfExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat the if.
+  
+  // condition.
+  ExprAST *Cond = ParseExpression();
+  if (!Cond) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_then)
+    return Error("expected then");
+  getNextToken();  // eat the then
+  
+  ExprAST *Then = ParseExpression();
+  if (Then == 0) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_else)
+    return Error("expected else");
+  
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  ExprAST *Else = ParseExpression();
+  if (!Else) return 0;
+  
+  return new IfExprAST(Cond, Then, Else);
+}
+
+/// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression
+static ExprAST *ParseForExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat the for.
+
+  if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+    return Error("expected identifier after for");
+  
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '=')
+    return Error("expected '=' after for");
+  getNextToken();  // eat '='.
+  
+  
+  ExprAST *Start = ParseExpression();
+  if (Start == 0) return 0;
+  if (CurTok != ',')
+    return Error("expected ',' after for start value");
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  ExprAST *End = ParseExpression();
+  if (End == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // The step value is optional.
+  ExprAST *Step = 0;
+  if (CurTok == ',') {
+    getNextToken();
+    Step = ParseExpression();
+    if (Step == 0) return 0;
+  }
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_in)
+    return Error("expected 'in' after for");
+  getNextToken();  // eat 'in'.
+  
+  ExprAST *Body = ParseExpression();
+  if (Body == 0) return 0;
+
+  return new ForExprAST(IdName, Start, End, Step, Body);
+}
+
+/// primary
+///   ::= identifierexpr
+///   ::= numberexpr
+///   ::= parenexpr
+///   ::= ifexpr
+///   ::= forexpr
+static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
+  switch (CurTok) {
+  default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
+  case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
+  case tok_number:     return ParseNumberExpr();
+  case '(':            return ParseParenExpr();
+  case tok_if:         return ParseIfExpr();
+  case tok_for:        return ParseForExpr();
+  }
+}
+
+/// binoprhs
+///   ::= ('+' primary)*
+static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
+  // If this is a binop, find its precedence.
+  while (1) {
+    int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    
+    // If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
+    // consume it, otherwise we are done.
+    if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
+      return LHS;
+    
+    // Okay, we know this is a binop.
+    int BinOp = CurTok;
+    getNextToken();  // eat binop
+    
+    // Parse the primary expression after the binary operator.
+    ExprAST *RHS = ParsePrimary();
+    if (!RHS) return 0;
+    
+    // If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
+    // the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
+    int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
+      RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec+1, RHS);
+      if (RHS == 0) return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // Merge LHS/RHS.
+    LHS = new BinaryExprAST(BinOp, LHS, RHS);
+  }
+}
+
+/// expression
+///   ::= primary binoprhs
+///
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
+  ExprAST *LHS = ParsePrimary();
+  if (!LHS) return 0;
+  
+  return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
+}
+
+/// prototype
+///   ::= id '(' id* ')'
+static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
+  if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+    return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
+
+  std::string FnName = IdentifierStr;
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(')
+    return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
+  
+  std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
+  while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
+    ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
+  
+  // success.
+  getNextToken();  // eat ')'.
+  
+  return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames);
+}
+
+/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseDefinition() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat def.
+  PrototypeAST *Proto = ParsePrototype();
+  if (Proto == 0) return 0;
+
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression())
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// toplevelexpr ::= expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseTopLevelExpr() {
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression()) {
+    // Make an anonymous proto.
+    PrototypeAST *Proto = new PrototypeAST("", std::vector<std::string>());
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// external ::= 'extern' prototype
+static PrototypeAST *ParseExtern() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat extern.
+  return ParsePrototype();
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Code Generation
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static Module *TheModule;
+static IRBuilder<> Builder(getGlobalContext());
+static std::map<std::string, Value*> NamedValues;
+static FunctionPassManager *TheFPM;
+
+Value *ErrorV(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+Value *NumberExprAST::Codegen() {
+  return ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(Val));
+}
+
+Value *VariableExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look this variable up in the function.
+  Value *V = NamedValues[Name];
+  return V ? V : ErrorV("Unknown variable name");
+}
+
+Value *BinaryExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *L = LHS->Codegen();
+  Value *R = RHS->Codegen();
+  if (L == 0 || R == 0) return 0;
+  
+  switch (Op) {
+  case '+': return Builder.CreateAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
+  case '-': return Builder.CreateSub(L, R, "subtmp");
+  case '*': return Builder.CreateMul(L, R, "multmp");
+  case '<':
+    L = Builder.CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
+    // Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
+    return Builder.CreateUIToFP(L, Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                "booltmp");
+  default: return ErrorV("invalid binary operator");
+  }
+}
+
+Value *CallExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look up the name in the global module table.
+  Function *CalleeF = TheModule->getFunction(Callee);
+  if (CalleeF == 0)
+    return ErrorV("Unknown function referenced");
+  
+  // If argument mismatch error.
+  if (CalleeF->arg_size() != Args.size())
+    return ErrorV("Incorrect # arguments passed");
+
+  std::vector<Value*> ArgsV;
+  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Args.size(); i != e; ++i) {
+    ArgsV.push_back(Args[i]->Codegen());
+    if (ArgsV.back() == 0) return 0;
+  }
+  
+  return Builder.CreateCall(CalleeF, ArgsV.begin(), ArgsV.end(), "calltmp");
+}
+
+Value *IfExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *CondV = Cond->Codegen();
+  if (CondV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
+  CondV = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(CondV, 
+                              ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(0.0)),
+                                "ifcond");
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
+  
+  // Create blocks for the then and else cases.  Insert the 'then' block at the
+  // end of the function.
+  BasicBlock *ThenBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "then", TheFunction);
+  BasicBlock *ElseBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "else");
+  BasicBlock *MergeBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "ifcont");
+  
+  Builder.CreateCondBr(CondV, ThenBB, ElseBB);
+  
+  // Emit then value.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(ThenBB);
+  
+  Value *ThenV = Then->Codegen();
+  if (ThenV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
+  // Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.
+  ThenBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  
+  // Emit else block.
+  TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(ElseBB);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(ElseBB);
+  
+  Value *ElseV = Else->Codegen();
+  if (ElseV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
+  // Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.
+  ElseBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  
+  // Emit merge block.
+  TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(MergeBB);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(MergeBB);
+  PHINode *PN = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                  "iftmp");
+  
+  PN->addIncoming(ThenV, ThenBB);
+  PN->addIncoming(ElseV, ElseBB);
+  return PN;
+}
+
+Value *ForExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Output this as:
+  //   ...
+  //   start = startexpr
+  //   goto loop
+  // loop: 
+  //   variable = phi [start, loopheader], [nextvariable, loopend]
+  //   ...
+  //   bodyexpr
+  //   ...
+  // loopend:
+  //   step = stepexpr
+  //   nextvariable = variable + step
+  //   endcond = endexpr
+  //   br endcond, loop, endloop
+  // outloop:
+  
+  // Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.
+  Value *StartVal = Start->Codegen();
+  if (StartVal == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current
+  // block.
+  Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
+  BasicBlock *PreheaderBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  BasicBlock *LoopBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "loop", TheFunction);
+  
+  // Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.
+  Builder.CreateBr(LoopBB);
+
+  // Start insertion in LoopBB.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(LoopBB);
+  
+  // Start the PHI node with an entry for Start.
+  PHINode *Variable = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()), VarName.c_str());
+  Variable->addIncoming(StartVal, PreheaderBB);
+  
+  // Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node.  If it
+  // shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.
+  Value *OldVal = NamedValues[VarName];
+  NamedValues[VarName] = Variable;
+  
+  // Emit the body of the loop.  This, like any other expr, can change the
+  // current BB.  Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't
+  // allow an error.
+  if (Body->Codegen() == 0)
+    return 0;
+  
+  // Emit the step value.
+  Value *StepVal;
+  if (Step) {
+    StepVal = Step->Codegen();
+    if (StepVal == 0) return 0;
+  } else {
+    // If not specified, use 1.0.
+    StepVal = ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(1.0));
+  }
+  
+  Value *NextVar = Builder.CreateAdd(Variable, StepVal, "nextvar");
+
+  // Compute the end condition.
+  Value *EndCond = End->Codegen();
+  if (EndCond == 0) return EndCond;
+  
+  // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
+  EndCond = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(EndCond, 
+                              ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(0.0)),
+                                  "loopcond");
+  
+  // Create the "after loop" block and insert it.
+  BasicBlock *LoopEndBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  BasicBlock *AfterBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "afterloop", TheFunction);
+  
+  // Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.
+  Builder.CreateCondBr(EndCond, LoopBB, AfterBB);
+  
+  // Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(AfterBB);
+  
+  // Add a new entry to the PHI node for the backedge.
+  Variable->addIncoming(NextVar, LoopEndBB);
+  
+  // Restore the unshadowed variable.
+  if (OldVal)
+    NamedValues[VarName] = OldVal;
+  else
+    NamedValues.erase(VarName);
+
+  
+  // for expr always returns 0.0.
+  return Constant::getNullValue(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()));
+}
+
+Function *PrototypeAST::Codegen() {
+  // Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.
+	std::vector<const Type*> Doubles(Args.size(),
+                                   Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()));
+  FunctionType *FT = FunctionType::get(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                       Doubles, false);
+  
+  Function *F = Function::Create(FT, Function::ExternalLinkage, Name, TheModule);
+  
+  // If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a
+  // body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.
+  if (F->getName() != Name) {
+    // Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.
+    F->eraseFromParent();
+    F = TheModule->getFunction(Name);
+    
+    // If F already has a body, reject this.
+    if (!F->empty()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // If F took a different number of args, reject.
+    if (F->arg_size() != Args.size()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function with different # args");
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  // Set names for all arguments.
+  unsigned Idx = 0;
+  for (Function::arg_iterator AI = F->arg_begin(); Idx != Args.size();
+       ++AI, ++Idx) {
+    AI->setName(Args[Idx]);
+    
+    // Add arguments to variable symbol table.
+    NamedValues[Args[Idx]] = AI;
+  }
+  
+  return F;
+}
+
+Function *FunctionAST::Codegen() {
+  NamedValues.clear();
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Proto->Codegen();
+  if (TheFunction == 0)
+    return 0;
+  
+  // Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "entry", TheFunction);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(BB);
+  
+  if (Value *RetVal = Body->Codegen()) {
+    // Finish off the function.
+    Builder.CreateRet(RetVal);
+
+    // Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.
+    verifyFunction(*TheFunction);
+
+    // Optimize the function.
+    TheFPM->run(*TheFunction);
+    
+    return TheFunction;
+  }
+  
+  // Error reading body, remove function.
+  TheFunction->eraseFromParent();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static ExecutionEngine *TheExecutionEngine;
+
+static void HandleDefinition() {
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseDefinition()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read function definition:");
+      LF->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleExtern() {
+  if (PrototypeAST *P = ParseExtern()) {
+    if (Function *F = P->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read extern: ");
+      F->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleTopLevelExpression() {
+  // Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseTopLevelExpr()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      // JIT the function, returning a function pointer.
+      void *FPtr = TheExecutionEngine->getPointerToFunction(LF);
+      
+      // Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we
+      // can call it as a native function.
+      double (*FP)() = (double (*)())(intptr_t)FPtr;
+      fprintf(stderr, "Evaluated to %f\n", FP());
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'
+static void MainLoop() {
+  while (1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+    switch (CurTok) {
+    case tok_eof:    return;
+    case ';':        getNextToken(); break;  // ignore top-level semicolons.
+    case tok_def:    HandleDefinition(); break;
+    case tok_extern: HandleExtern(); break;
+    default:         HandleTopLevelExpression(); break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.
+extern "C" 
+double putchard(double X) {
+  putchar((char)X);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Main driver code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+int main() {
+  InitializeNativeTarget();
+  LLVMContext &Context = getGlobalContext();
+
+  // Install standard binary operators.
+  // 1 is lowest precedence.
+  BinopPrecedence['<'] = 10;
+  BinopPrecedence['+'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['-'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['*'] = 40;  // highest.
+
+  // Prime the first token.
+  fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+  getNextToken();
+
+  // Make the module, which holds all the code.
+  TheModule = new Module("my cool jit", Context);
+
+  // Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.
+  TheExecutionEngine = EngineBuilder(TheModule).create();
+
+  FunctionPassManager OurFPM(TheModule);
+
+  // Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the
+  // target lays out data structures.
+  OurFPM.add(new TargetData(*TheExecutionEngine->getTargetData()));
+  // Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.
+  OurFPM.add(createInstructionCombiningPass());
+  // Reassociate expressions.
+  OurFPM.add(createReassociatePass());
+  // Eliminate Common SubExpressions.
+  OurFPM.add(createGVNPass());
+  // Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).
+  OurFPM.add(createCFGSimplificationPass());
+
+  OurFPM.doInitialization();
+
+  // Set the global so the code gen can use this.
+  TheFPM = &OurFPM;
+
+  // Run the main "interpreter loop" now.
+  MainLoop();
+
+  TheFPM = 0;
+
+  // Print out all of the generated code.
+  TheModule->dump();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e15a5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS core jit interpreter native)
+
+add_llvm_example(Kaleidoscope-Ch6
+  toy.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/Makefile b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de2d758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+##===- examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/Makefile -------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../../..
+TOOLNAME = Kaleidoscope-Ch6
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := core jit interpreter native
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/toy.cpp b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/toy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4b5b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter6/toy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,969 @@
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Interpreter.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/PassManager.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/IRBuilder.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+using namespace llvm;
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Lexer
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
+// of these for known things.
+enum Token {
+  tok_eof = -1,
+
+  // commands
+  tok_def = -2, tok_extern = -3,
+
+  // primary
+  tok_identifier = -4, tok_number = -5,
+  
+  // control
+  tok_if = -6, tok_then = -7, tok_else = -8,
+  tok_for = -9, tok_in = -10,
+  
+  // operators
+  tok_binary = -11, tok_unary = -12
+};
+
+static std::string IdentifierStr;  // Filled in if tok_identifier
+static double NumVal;              // Filled in if tok_number
+
+/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
+static int gettok() {
+  static int LastChar = ' ';
+
+  // Skip any whitespace.
+  while (isspace(LastChar))
+    LastChar = getchar();
+
+  if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
+    IdentifierStr = LastChar;
+    while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
+      IdentifierStr += LastChar;
+
+    if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "if") return tok_if;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "then") return tok_then;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "else") return tok_else;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "for") return tok_for;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "in") return tok_in;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "binary") return tok_binary;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "unary") return tok_unary;
+    return tok_identifier;
+  }
+
+  if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') {   // Number: [0-9.]+
+    std::string NumStr;
+    do {
+      NumStr += LastChar;
+      LastChar = getchar();
+    } while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
+
+    NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), 0);
+    return tok_number;
+  }
+
+  if (LastChar == '#') {
+    // Comment until end of line.
+    do LastChar = getchar();
+    while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' && LastChar != '\r');
+    
+    if (LastChar != EOF)
+      return gettok();
+  }
+  
+  // Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.
+  if (LastChar == EOF)
+    return tok_eof;
+
+  // Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
+  int ThisChar = LastChar;
+  LastChar = getchar();
+  return ThisChar;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
+class ExprAST {
+public:
+  virtual ~ExprAST() {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen() = 0;
+};
+
+/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
+class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  double Val;
+public:
+  NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
+class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Name;
+public:
+  VariableExprAST(const std::string &name) : Name(name) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// UnaryExprAST - Expression class for a unary operator.
+class UnaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  char Opcode;
+  ExprAST *Operand;
+public:
+  UnaryExprAST(char opcode, ExprAST *operand) 
+    : Opcode(opcode), Operand(operand) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
+class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  char Op;
+  ExprAST *LHS, *RHS;
+public:
+  BinaryExprAST(char op, ExprAST *lhs, ExprAST *rhs) 
+    : Op(op), LHS(lhs), RHS(rhs) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
+class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Callee;
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+public:
+  CallExprAST(const std::string &callee, std::vector<ExprAST*> &args)
+    : Callee(callee), Args(args) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.
+class IfExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  ExprAST *Cond, *Then, *Else;
+public:
+  IfExprAST(ExprAST *cond, ExprAST *then, ExprAST *_else)
+  : Cond(cond), Then(then), Else(_else) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.
+class ForExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string VarName;
+  ExprAST *Start, *End, *Step, *Body;
+public:
+  ForExprAST(const std::string &varname, ExprAST *start, ExprAST *end,
+             ExprAST *step, ExprAST *body)
+    : VarName(varname), Start(start), End(end), Step(step), Body(body) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
+/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number
+/// of arguments the function takes), as well as if it is an operator.
+class PrototypeAST {
+  std::string Name;
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+  bool isOperator;
+  unsigned Precedence;  // Precedence if a binary op.
+public:
+  PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args,
+               bool isoperator = false, unsigned prec = 0)
+  : Name(name), Args(args), isOperator(isoperator), Precedence(prec) {}
+  
+  bool isUnaryOp() const { return isOperator && Args.size() == 1; }
+  bool isBinaryOp() const { return isOperator && Args.size() == 2; }
+  
+  char getOperatorName() const {
+    assert(isUnaryOp() || isBinaryOp());
+    return Name[Name.size()-1];
+  }
+  
+  unsigned getBinaryPrecedence() const { return Precedence; }
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
+class FunctionAST {
+  PrototypeAST *Proto;
+  ExprAST *Body;
+public:
+  FunctionAST(PrototypeAST *proto, ExprAST *body)
+    : Proto(proto), Body(body) {}
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Parser
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current
+/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the
+/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
+static int CurTok;
+static int getNextToken() {
+  return CurTok = gettok();
+}
+
+/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
+/// defined.
+static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
+
+/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
+static int GetTokPrecedence() {
+  if (!isascii(CurTok))
+    return -1;
+  
+  // Make sure it's a declared binop.
+  int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
+  if (TokPrec <= 0) return -1;
+  return TokPrec;
+}
+
+/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
+ExprAST *Error(const char *Str) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);return 0;}
+PrototypeAST *ErrorP(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+FunctionAST *ErrorF(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression();
+
+/// identifierexpr
+///   ::= identifier
+///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseIdentifierExpr() {
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
+    return new VariableExprAST(IdName);
+  
+  // Call.
+  getNextToken();  // eat (
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+  if (CurTok != ')') {
+    while (1) {
+      ExprAST *Arg = ParseExpression();
+      if (!Arg) return 0;
+      Args.push_back(Arg);
+
+      if (CurTok == ')') break;
+
+      if (CurTok != ',')
+        return Error("Expected ')' or ',' in argument list");
+      getNextToken();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Eat the ')'.
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  return new CallExprAST(IdName, Args);
+}
+
+/// numberexpr ::= number
+static ExprAST *ParseNumberExpr() {
+  ExprAST *Result = new NumberExprAST(NumVal);
+  getNextToken(); // consume the number
+  return Result;
+}
+
+/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseParenExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat (.
+  ExprAST *V = ParseExpression();
+  if (!V) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return Error("expected ')'");
+  getNextToken();  // eat ).
+  return V;
+}
+
+/// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression
+static ExprAST *ParseIfExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat the if.
+  
+  // condition.
+  ExprAST *Cond = ParseExpression();
+  if (!Cond) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_then)
+    return Error("expected then");
+  getNextToken();  // eat the then
+  
+  ExprAST *Then = ParseExpression();
+  if (Then == 0) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_else)
+    return Error("expected else");
+  
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  ExprAST *Else = ParseExpression();
+  if (!Else) return 0;
+  
+  return new IfExprAST(Cond, Then, Else);
+}
+
+/// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression
+static ExprAST *ParseForExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat the for.
+
+  if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+    return Error("expected identifier after for");
+  
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '=')
+    return Error("expected '=' after for");
+  getNextToken();  // eat '='.
+  
+  
+  ExprAST *Start = ParseExpression();
+  if (Start == 0) return 0;
+  if (CurTok != ',')
+    return Error("expected ',' after for start value");
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  ExprAST *End = ParseExpression();
+  if (End == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // The step value is optional.
+  ExprAST *Step = 0;
+  if (CurTok == ',') {
+    getNextToken();
+    Step = ParseExpression();
+    if (Step == 0) return 0;
+  }
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_in)
+    return Error("expected 'in' after for");
+  getNextToken();  // eat 'in'.
+  
+  ExprAST *Body = ParseExpression();
+  if (Body == 0) return 0;
+
+  return new ForExprAST(IdName, Start, End, Step, Body);
+}
+
+/// primary
+///   ::= identifierexpr
+///   ::= numberexpr
+///   ::= parenexpr
+///   ::= ifexpr
+///   ::= forexpr
+static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
+  switch (CurTok) {
+  default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
+  case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
+  case tok_number:     return ParseNumberExpr();
+  case '(':            return ParseParenExpr();
+  case tok_if:         return ParseIfExpr();
+  case tok_for:        return ParseForExpr();
+  }
+}
+
+/// unary
+///   ::= primary
+///   ::= '!' unary
+static ExprAST *ParseUnary() {
+  // If the current token is not an operator, it must be a primary expr.
+  if (!isascii(CurTok) || CurTok == '(' || CurTok == ',')
+    return ParsePrimary();
+  
+  // If this is a unary operator, read it.
+  int Opc = CurTok;
+  getNextToken();
+  if (ExprAST *Operand = ParseUnary())
+    return new UnaryExprAST(Opc, Operand);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// binoprhs
+///   ::= ('+' unary)*
+static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
+  // If this is a binop, find its precedence.
+  while (1) {
+    int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    
+    // If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
+    // consume it, otherwise we are done.
+    if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
+      return LHS;
+    
+    // Okay, we know this is a binop.
+    int BinOp = CurTok;
+    getNextToken();  // eat binop
+    
+    // Parse the unary expression after the binary operator.
+    ExprAST *RHS = ParseUnary();
+    if (!RHS) return 0;
+    
+    // If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
+    // the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
+    int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
+      RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec+1, RHS);
+      if (RHS == 0) return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // Merge LHS/RHS.
+    LHS = new BinaryExprAST(BinOp, LHS, RHS);
+  }
+}
+
+/// expression
+///   ::= unary binoprhs
+///
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
+  ExprAST *LHS = ParseUnary();
+  if (!LHS) return 0;
+  
+  return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
+}
+
+/// prototype
+///   ::= id '(' id* ')'
+///   ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)
+///   ::= unary LETTER (id)
+static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
+  std::string FnName;
+  
+  unsigned Kind = 0; // 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.
+  unsigned BinaryPrecedence = 30;
+  
+  switch (CurTok) {
+  default:
+    return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
+  case tok_identifier:
+    FnName = IdentifierStr;
+    Kind = 0;
+    getNextToken();
+    break;
+  case tok_unary:
+    getNextToken();
+    if (!isascii(CurTok))
+      return ErrorP("Expected unary operator");
+    FnName = "unary";
+    FnName += (char)CurTok;
+    Kind = 1;
+    getNextToken();
+    break;
+  case tok_binary:
+    getNextToken();
+    if (!isascii(CurTok))
+      return ErrorP("Expected binary operator");
+    FnName = "binary";
+    FnName += (char)CurTok;
+    Kind = 2;
+    getNextToken();
+    
+    // Read the precedence if present.
+    if (CurTok == tok_number) {
+      if (NumVal < 1 || NumVal > 100)
+        return ErrorP("Invalid precedecnce: must be 1..100");
+      BinaryPrecedence = (unsigned)NumVal;
+      getNextToken();
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(')
+    return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
+  
+  std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
+  while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
+    ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
+  
+  // success.
+  getNextToken();  // eat ')'.
+  
+  // Verify right number of names for operator.
+  if (Kind && ArgNames.size() != Kind)
+    return ErrorP("Invalid number of operands for operator");
+  
+  return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames, Kind != 0, BinaryPrecedence);
+}
+
+/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseDefinition() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat def.
+  PrototypeAST *Proto = ParsePrototype();
+  if (Proto == 0) return 0;
+
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression())
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// toplevelexpr ::= expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseTopLevelExpr() {
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression()) {
+    // Make an anonymous proto.
+    PrototypeAST *Proto = new PrototypeAST("", std::vector<std::string>());
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// external ::= 'extern' prototype
+static PrototypeAST *ParseExtern() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat extern.
+  return ParsePrototype();
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Code Generation
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static Module *TheModule;
+static IRBuilder<> Builder(getGlobalContext());
+static std::map<std::string, Value*> NamedValues;
+static FunctionPassManager *TheFPM;
+
+Value *ErrorV(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+Value *NumberExprAST::Codegen() {
+  return ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(Val));
+}
+
+Value *VariableExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look this variable up in the function.
+  Value *V = NamedValues[Name];
+  return V ? V : ErrorV("Unknown variable name");
+}
+
+Value *UnaryExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *OperandV = Operand->Codegen();
+  if (OperandV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  Function *F = TheModule->getFunction(std::string("unary")+Opcode);
+  if (F == 0)
+    return ErrorV("Unknown unary operator");
+  
+  return Builder.CreateCall(F, OperandV, "unop");
+}
+
+Value *BinaryExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *L = LHS->Codegen();
+  Value *R = RHS->Codegen();
+  if (L == 0 || R == 0) return 0;
+  
+  switch (Op) {
+  case '+': return Builder.CreateAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
+  case '-': return Builder.CreateSub(L, R, "subtmp");
+  case '*': return Builder.CreateMul(L, R, "multmp");
+  case '<':
+    L = Builder.CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
+    // Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
+    return Builder.CreateUIToFP(L, Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                "booltmp");
+  default: break;
+  }
+  
+  // If it wasn't a builtin binary operator, it must be a user defined one. Emit
+  // a call to it.
+  Function *F = TheModule->getFunction(std::string("binary")+Op);
+  assert(F && "binary operator not found!");
+  
+  Value *Ops[] = { L, R };
+  return Builder.CreateCall(F, Ops, Ops+2, "binop");
+}
+
+Value *CallExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look up the name in the global module table.
+  Function *CalleeF = TheModule->getFunction(Callee);
+  if (CalleeF == 0)
+    return ErrorV("Unknown function referenced");
+  
+  // If argument mismatch error.
+  if (CalleeF->arg_size() != Args.size())
+    return ErrorV("Incorrect # arguments passed");
+
+  std::vector<Value*> ArgsV;
+  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Args.size(); i != e; ++i) {
+    ArgsV.push_back(Args[i]->Codegen());
+    if (ArgsV.back() == 0) return 0;
+  }
+  
+  return Builder.CreateCall(CalleeF, ArgsV.begin(), ArgsV.end(), "calltmp");
+}
+
+Value *IfExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *CondV = Cond->Codegen();
+  if (CondV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
+  CondV = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(CondV, 
+                              ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(0.0)),
+                                "ifcond");
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
+  
+  // Create blocks for the then and else cases.  Insert the 'then' block at the
+  // end of the function.
+  BasicBlock *ThenBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "then", TheFunction);
+  BasicBlock *ElseBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "else");
+  BasicBlock *MergeBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "ifcont");
+  
+  Builder.CreateCondBr(CondV, ThenBB, ElseBB);
+  
+  // Emit then value.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(ThenBB);
+  
+  Value *ThenV = Then->Codegen();
+  if (ThenV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
+  // Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.
+  ThenBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  
+  // Emit else block.
+  TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(ElseBB);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(ElseBB);
+  
+  Value *ElseV = Else->Codegen();
+  if (ElseV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
+  // Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.
+  ElseBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  
+  // Emit merge block.
+  TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(MergeBB);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(MergeBB);
+  PHINode *PN = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                  "iftmp");
+  
+  PN->addIncoming(ThenV, ThenBB);
+  PN->addIncoming(ElseV, ElseBB);
+  return PN;
+}
+
+Value *ForExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Output this as:
+  //   ...
+  //   start = startexpr
+  //   goto loop
+  // loop: 
+  //   variable = phi [start, loopheader], [nextvariable, loopend]
+  //   ...
+  //   bodyexpr
+  //   ...
+  // loopend:
+  //   step = stepexpr
+  //   nextvariable = variable + step
+  //   endcond = endexpr
+  //   br endcond, loop, endloop
+  // outloop:
+  
+  // Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.
+  Value *StartVal = Start->Codegen();
+  if (StartVal == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current
+  // block.
+  Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
+  BasicBlock *PreheaderBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  BasicBlock *LoopBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "loop", TheFunction);
+  
+  // Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.
+  Builder.CreateBr(LoopBB);
+
+  // Start insertion in LoopBB.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(LoopBB);
+  
+  // Start the PHI node with an entry for Start.
+  PHINode *Variable = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()), VarName.c_str());
+  Variable->addIncoming(StartVal, PreheaderBB);
+  
+  // Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node.  If it
+  // shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.
+  Value *OldVal = NamedValues[VarName];
+  NamedValues[VarName] = Variable;
+  
+  // Emit the body of the loop.  This, like any other expr, can change the
+  // current BB.  Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't
+  // allow an error.
+  if (Body->Codegen() == 0)
+    return 0;
+  
+  // Emit the step value.
+  Value *StepVal;
+  if (Step) {
+    StepVal = Step->Codegen();
+    if (StepVal == 0) return 0;
+  } else {
+    // If not specified, use 1.0.
+    StepVal = ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(1.0));
+  }
+  
+  Value *NextVar = Builder.CreateAdd(Variable, StepVal, "nextvar");
+
+  // Compute the end condition.
+  Value *EndCond = End->Codegen();
+  if (EndCond == 0) return EndCond;
+  
+  // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
+  EndCond = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(EndCond, 
+                              ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(0.0)),
+                                  "loopcond");
+  
+  // Create the "after loop" block and insert it.
+  BasicBlock *LoopEndBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  BasicBlock *AfterBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "afterloop", TheFunction);
+  
+  // Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.
+  Builder.CreateCondBr(EndCond, LoopBB, AfterBB);
+  
+  // Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(AfterBB);
+  
+  // Add a new entry to the PHI node for the backedge.
+  Variable->addIncoming(NextVar, LoopEndBB);
+  
+  // Restore the unshadowed variable.
+  if (OldVal)
+    NamedValues[VarName] = OldVal;
+  else
+    NamedValues.erase(VarName);
+
+  
+  // for expr always returns 0.0.
+  return Constant::getNullValue(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()));
+}
+
+Function *PrototypeAST::Codegen() {
+  // Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.
+	std::vector<const Type*> Doubles(Args.size(),
+                                   Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()));
+  FunctionType *FT = FunctionType::get(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                       Doubles, false);
+  
+  Function *F = Function::Create(FT, Function::ExternalLinkage, Name, TheModule);
+  
+  // If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a
+  // body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.
+  if (F->getName() != Name) {
+    // Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.
+    F->eraseFromParent();
+    F = TheModule->getFunction(Name);
+    
+    // If F already has a body, reject this.
+    if (!F->empty()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // If F took a different number of args, reject.
+    if (F->arg_size() != Args.size()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function with different # args");
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  // Set names for all arguments.
+  unsigned Idx = 0;
+  for (Function::arg_iterator AI = F->arg_begin(); Idx != Args.size();
+       ++AI, ++Idx) {
+    AI->setName(Args[Idx]);
+    
+    // Add arguments to variable symbol table.
+    NamedValues[Args[Idx]] = AI;
+  }
+  
+  return F;
+}
+
+Function *FunctionAST::Codegen() {
+  NamedValues.clear();
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Proto->Codegen();
+  if (TheFunction == 0)
+    return 0;
+  
+  // If this is an operator, install it.
+  if (Proto->isBinaryOp())
+    BinopPrecedence[Proto->getOperatorName()] = Proto->getBinaryPrecedence();
+  
+  // Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "entry", TheFunction);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(BB);
+  
+  if (Value *RetVal = Body->Codegen()) {
+    // Finish off the function.
+    Builder.CreateRet(RetVal);
+
+    // Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.
+    verifyFunction(*TheFunction);
+
+    // Optimize the function.
+    TheFPM->run(*TheFunction);
+    
+    return TheFunction;
+  }
+  
+  // Error reading body, remove function.
+  TheFunction->eraseFromParent();
+
+  if (Proto->isBinaryOp())
+    BinopPrecedence.erase(Proto->getOperatorName());
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static ExecutionEngine *TheExecutionEngine;
+
+static void HandleDefinition() {
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseDefinition()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read function definition:");
+      LF->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleExtern() {
+  if (PrototypeAST *P = ParseExtern()) {
+    if (Function *F = P->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read extern: ");
+      F->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleTopLevelExpression() {
+  // Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseTopLevelExpr()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      // JIT the function, returning a function pointer.
+      void *FPtr = TheExecutionEngine->getPointerToFunction(LF);
+      
+      // Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we
+      // can call it as a native function.
+      double (*FP)() = (double (*)())(intptr_t)FPtr;
+      fprintf(stderr, "Evaluated to %f\n", FP());
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'
+static void MainLoop() {
+  while (1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+    switch (CurTok) {
+    case tok_eof:    return;
+    case ';':        getNextToken(); break;  // ignore top-level semicolons.
+    case tok_def:    HandleDefinition(); break;
+    case tok_extern: HandleExtern(); break;
+    default:         HandleTopLevelExpression(); break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.
+extern "C" 
+double putchard(double X) {
+  putchar((char)X);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// printd - printf that takes a double prints it as "%f\n", returning 0.
+extern "C" 
+double printd(double X) {
+  printf("%f\n", X);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Main driver code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+int main() {
+  InitializeNativeTarget();
+  LLVMContext &Context = getGlobalContext();
+
+  // Install standard binary operators.
+  // 1 is lowest precedence.
+  BinopPrecedence['<'] = 10;
+  BinopPrecedence['+'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['-'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['*'] = 40;  // highest.
+
+  // Prime the first token.
+  fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+  getNextToken();
+
+  // Make the module, which holds all the code.
+  TheModule = new Module("my cool jit", Context);
+
+  // Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.
+  TheExecutionEngine = EngineBuilder(TheModule).create();
+
+  FunctionPassManager OurFPM(TheModule);
+
+  // Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the
+  // target lays out data structures.
+  OurFPM.add(new TargetData(*TheExecutionEngine->getTargetData()));
+  // Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.
+  OurFPM.add(createInstructionCombiningPass());
+  // Reassociate expressions.
+  OurFPM.add(createReassociatePass());
+  // Eliminate Common SubExpressions.
+  OurFPM.add(createGVNPass());
+  // Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).
+  OurFPM.add(createCFGSimplificationPass());
+
+  OurFPM.doInitialization();
+
+  // Set the global so the code gen can use this.
+  TheFPM = &OurFPM;
+
+  // Run the main "interpreter loop" now.
+  MainLoop();
+
+  TheFPM = 0;
+
+  // Print out all of the generated code.
+  TheModule->dump();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b8227c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS core jit interpreter native)
+
+add_llvm_example(Kaleidoscope-Ch7
+  toy.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/Makefile b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8911d52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+##===- examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/Makefile -------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../../..
+TOOLNAME = Kaleidoscope-Ch7
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+REQUIRES_RTTI := 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := core jit interpreter native
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/toy.cpp b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/toy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..951dfd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Chapter7/toy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1135 @@
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/ExecutionEngine.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Interpreter.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/PassManager.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/Verifier.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/IRBuilder.h"
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <vector>
+using namespace llvm;
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Lexer
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
+// of these for known things.
+enum Token {
+  tok_eof = -1,
+
+  // commands
+  tok_def = -2, tok_extern = -3,
+
+  // primary
+  tok_identifier = -4, tok_number = -5,
+  
+  // control
+  tok_if = -6, tok_then = -7, tok_else = -8,
+  tok_for = -9, tok_in = -10,
+  
+  // operators
+  tok_binary = -11, tok_unary = -12,
+  
+  // var definition
+  tok_var = -13
+};
+
+static std::string IdentifierStr;  // Filled in if tok_identifier
+static double NumVal;              // Filled in if tok_number
+
+/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
+static int gettok() {
+  static int LastChar = ' ';
+
+  // Skip any whitespace.
+  while (isspace(LastChar))
+    LastChar = getchar();
+
+  if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
+    IdentifierStr = LastChar;
+    while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
+      IdentifierStr += LastChar;
+
+    if (IdentifierStr == "def") return tok_def;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "extern") return tok_extern;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "if") return tok_if;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "then") return tok_then;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "else") return tok_else;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "for") return tok_for;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "in") return tok_in;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "binary") return tok_binary;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "unary") return tok_unary;
+    if (IdentifierStr == "var") return tok_var;
+    return tok_identifier;
+  }
+
+  if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') {   // Number: [0-9.]+
+    std::string NumStr;
+    do {
+      NumStr += LastChar;
+      LastChar = getchar();
+    } while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
+
+    NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), 0);
+    return tok_number;
+  }
+
+  if (LastChar == '#') {
+    // Comment until end of line.
+    do LastChar = getchar();
+    while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' && LastChar != '\r');
+    
+    if (LastChar != EOF)
+      return gettok();
+  }
+  
+  // Check for end of file.  Don't eat the EOF.
+  if (LastChar == EOF)
+    return tok_eof;
+
+  // Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
+  int ThisChar = LastChar;
+  LastChar = getchar();
+  return ThisChar;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
+class ExprAST {
+public:
+  virtual ~ExprAST() {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen() = 0;
+};
+
+/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
+class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  double Val;
+public:
+  NumberExprAST(double val) : Val(val) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
+class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Name;
+public:
+  VariableExprAST(const std::string &name) : Name(name) {}
+  const std::string &getName() const { return Name; }
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// UnaryExprAST - Expression class for a unary operator.
+class UnaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  char Opcode;
+  ExprAST *Operand;
+public:
+  UnaryExprAST(char opcode, ExprAST *operand) 
+    : Opcode(opcode), Operand(operand) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
+class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  char Op;
+  ExprAST *LHS, *RHS;
+public:
+  BinaryExprAST(char op, ExprAST *lhs, ExprAST *rhs) 
+    : Op(op), LHS(lhs), RHS(rhs) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
+class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string Callee;
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+public:
+  CallExprAST(const std::string &callee, std::vector<ExprAST*> &args)
+    : Callee(callee), Args(args) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.
+class IfExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  ExprAST *Cond, *Then, *Else;
+public:
+  IfExprAST(ExprAST *cond, ExprAST *then, ExprAST *_else)
+  : Cond(cond), Then(then), Else(_else) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.
+class ForExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::string VarName;
+  ExprAST *Start, *End, *Step, *Body;
+public:
+  ForExprAST(const std::string &varname, ExprAST *start, ExprAST *end,
+             ExprAST *step, ExprAST *body)
+    : VarName(varname), Start(start), End(end), Step(step), Body(body) {}
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// VarExprAST - Expression class for var/in
+class VarExprAST : public ExprAST {
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, ExprAST*> > VarNames;
+  ExprAST *Body;
+public:
+  VarExprAST(const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, ExprAST*> > &varnames,
+             ExprAST *body)
+  : VarNames(varnames), Body(body) {}
+  
+  virtual Value *Codegen();
+};
+
+/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
+/// which captures its argument names as well as if it is an operator.
+class PrototypeAST {
+  std::string Name;
+  std::vector<std::string> Args;
+  bool isOperator;
+  unsigned Precedence;  // Precedence if a binary op.
+public:
+  PrototypeAST(const std::string &name, const std::vector<std::string> &args,
+               bool isoperator = false, unsigned prec = 0)
+  : Name(name), Args(args), isOperator(isoperator), Precedence(prec) {}
+  
+  bool isUnaryOp() const { return isOperator && Args.size() == 1; }
+  bool isBinaryOp() const { return isOperator && Args.size() == 2; }
+  
+  char getOperatorName() const {
+    assert(isUnaryOp() || isBinaryOp());
+    return Name[Name.size()-1];
+  }
+  
+  unsigned getBinaryPrecedence() const { return Precedence; }
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+  
+  void CreateArgumentAllocas(Function *F);
+};
+
+/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
+class FunctionAST {
+  PrototypeAST *Proto;
+  ExprAST *Body;
+public:
+  FunctionAST(PrototypeAST *proto, ExprAST *body)
+    : Proto(proto), Body(body) {}
+  
+  Function *Codegen();
+};
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Parser
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer.  CurTok is the current
+/// token the parser is looking at.  getNextToken reads another token from the
+/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
+static int CurTok;
+static int getNextToken() {
+  return CurTok = gettok();
+}
+
+/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
+/// defined.
+static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
+
+/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
+static int GetTokPrecedence() {
+  if (!isascii(CurTok))
+    return -1;
+  
+  // Make sure it's a declared binop.
+  int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
+  if (TokPrec <= 0) return -1;
+  return TokPrec;
+}
+
+/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
+ExprAST *Error(const char *Str) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);return 0;}
+PrototypeAST *ErrorP(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+FunctionAST *ErrorF(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression();
+
+/// identifierexpr
+///   ::= identifier
+///   ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseIdentifierExpr() {
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
+    return new VariableExprAST(IdName);
+  
+  // Call.
+  getNextToken();  // eat (
+  std::vector<ExprAST*> Args;
+  if (CurTok != ')') {
+    while (1) {
+      ExprAST *Arg = ParseExpression();
+      if (!Arg) return 0;
+      Args.push_back(Arg);
+
+      if (CurTok == ')') break;
+
+      if (CurTok != ',')
+        return Error("Expected ')' or ',' in argument list");
+      getNextToken();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Eat the ')'.
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  return new CallExprAST(IdName, Args);
+}
+
+/// numberexpr ::= number
+static ExprAST *ParseNumberExpr() {
+  ExprAST *Result = new NumberExprAST(NumVal);
+  getNextToken(); // consume the number
+  return Result;
+}
+
+/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
+static ExprAST *ParseParenExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat (.
+  ExprAST *V = ParseExpression();
+  if (!V) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return Error("expected ')'");
+  getNextToken();  // eat ).
+  return V;
+}
+
+/// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression
+static ExprAST *ParseIfExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat the if.
+  
+  // condition.
+  ExprAST *Cond = ParseExpression();
+  if (!Cond) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_then)
+    return Error("expected then");
+  getNextToken();  // eat the then
+  
+  ExprAST *Then = ParseExpression();
+  if (Then == 0) return 0;
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_else)
+    return Error("expected else");
+  
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  ExprAST *Else = ParseExpression();
+  if (!Else) return 0;
+  
+  return new IfExprAST(Cond, Then, Else);
+}
+
+/// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression
+static ExprAST *ParseForExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat the for.
+
+  if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+    return Error("expected identifier after for");
+  
+  std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
+  getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+  
+  if (CurTok != '=')
+    return Error("expected '=' after for");
+  getNextToken();  // eat '='.
+  
+  
+  ExprAST *Start = ParseExpression();
+  if (Start == 0) return 0;
+  if (CurTok != ',')
+    return Error("expected ',' after for start value");
+  getNextToken();
+  
+  ExprAST *End = ParseExpression();
+  if (End == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // The step value is optional.
+  ExprAST *Step = 0;
+  if (CurTok == ',') {
+    getNextToken();
+    Step = ParseExpression();
+    if (Step == 0) return 0;
+  }
+  
+  if (CurTok != tok_in)
+    return Error("expected 'in' after for");
+  getNextToken();  // eat 'in'.
+  
+  ExprAST *Body = ParseExpression();
+  if (Body == 0) return 0;
+
+  return new ForExprAST(IdName, Start, End, Step, Body);
+}
+
+/// varexpr ::= 'var' identifier ('=' expression)? 
+//                    (',' identifier ('=' expression)?)* 'in' expression
+static ExprAST *ParseVarExpr() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat the var.
+
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, ExprAST*> > VarNames;
+
+  // At least one variable name is required.
+  if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+    return Error("expected identifier after var");
+  
+  while (1) {
+    std::string Name = IdentifierStr;
+    getNextToken();  // eat identifier.
+
+    // Read the optional initializer.
+    ExprAST *Init = 0;
+    if (CurTok == '=') {
+      getNextToken(); // eat the '='.
+      
+      Init = ParseExpression();
+      if (Init == 0) return 0;
+    }
+    
+    VarNames.push_back(std::make_pair(Name, Init));
+    
+    // End of var list, exit loop.
+    if (CurTok != ',') break;
+    getNextToken(); // eat the ','.
+    
+    if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
+      return Error("expected identifier list after var");
+  }
+  
+  // At this point, we have to have 'in'.
+  if (CurTok != tok_in)
+    return Error("expected 'in' keyword after 'var'");
+  getNextToken();  // eat 'in'.
+  
+  ExprAST *Body = ParseExpression();
+  if (Body == 0) return 0;
+  
+  return new VarExprAST(VarNames, Body);
+}
+
+/// primary
+///   ::= identifierexpr
+///   ::= numberexpr
+///   ::= parenexpr
+///   ::= ifexpr
+///   ::= forexpr
+///   ::= varexpr
+static ExprAST *ParsePrimary() {
+  switch (CurTok) {
+  default: return Error("unknown token when expecting an expression");
+  case tok_identifier: return ParseIdentifierExpr();
+  case tok_number:     return ParseNumberExpr();
+  case '(':            return ParseParenExpr();
+  case tok_if:         return ParseIfExpr();
+  case tok_for:        return ParseForExpr();
+  case tok_var:        return ParseVarExpr();
+  }
+}
+
+/// unary
+///   ::= primary
+///   ::= '!' unary
+static ExprAST *ParseUnary() {
+  // If the current token is not an operator, it must be a primary expr.
+  if (!isascii(CurTok) || CurTok == '(' || CurTok == ',')
+    return ParsePrimary();
+  
+  // If this is a unary operator, read it.
+  int Opc = CurTok;
+  getNextToken();
+  if (ExprAST *Operand = ParseUnary())
+    return new UnaryExprAST(Opc, Operand);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// binoprhs
+///   ::= ('+' unary)*
+static ExprAST *ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec, ExprAST *LHS) {
+  // If this is a binop, find its precedence.
+  while (1) {
+    int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    
+    // If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
+    // consume it, otherwise we are done.
+    if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
+      return LHS;
+    
+    // Okay, we know this is a binop.
+    int BinOp = CurTok;
+    getNextToken();  // eat binop
+    
+    // Parse the unary expression after the binary operator.
+    ExprAST *RHS = ParseUnary();
+    if (!RHS) return 0;
+    
+    // If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
+    // the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
+    int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
+    if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
+      RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec+1, RHS);
+      if (RHS == 0) return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // Merge LHS/RHS.
+    LHS = new BinaryExprAST(BinOp, LHS, RHS);
+  }
+}
+
+/// expression
+///   ::= unary binoprhs
+///
+static ExprAST *ParseExpression() {
+  ExprAST *LHS = ParseUnary();
+  if (!LHS) return 0;
+  
+  return ParseBinOpRHS(0, LHS);
+}
+
+/// prototype
+///   ::= id '(' id* ')'
+///   ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)
+///   ::= unary LETTER (id)
+static PrototypeAST *ParsePrototype() {
+  std::string FnName;
+  
+  unsigned Kind = 0; // 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.
+  unsigned BinaryPrecedence = 30;
+  
+  switch (CurTok) {
+  default:
+    return ErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
+  case tok_identifier:
+    FnName = IdentifierStr;
+    Kind = 0;
+    getNextToken();
+    break;
+  case tok_unary:
+    getNextToken();
+    if (!isascii(CurTok))
+      return ErrorP("Expected unary operator");
+    FnName = "unary";
+    FnName += (char)CurTok;
+    Kind = 1;
+    getNextToken();
+    break;
+  case tok_binary:
+    getNextToken();
+    if (!isascii(CurTok))
+      return ErrorP("Expected binary operator");
+    FnName = "binary";
+    FnName += (char)CurTok;
+    Kind = 2;
+    getNextToken();
+    
+    // Read the precedence if present.
+    if (CurTok == tok_number) {
+      if (NumVal < 1 || NumVal > 100)
+        return ErrorP("Invalid precedecnce: must be 1..100");
+      BinaryPrecedence = (unsigned)NumVal;
+      getNextToken();
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  
+  if (CurTok != '(')
+    return ErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
+  
+  std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
+  while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
+    ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
+  if (CurTok != ')')
+    return ErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
+  
+  // success.
+  getNextToken();  // eat ')'.
+  
+  // Verify right number of names for operator.
+  if (Kind && ArgNames.size() != Kind)
+    return ErrorP("Invalid number of operands for operator");
+  
+  return new PrototypeAST(FnName, ArgNames, Kind != 0, BinaryPrecedence);
+}
+
+/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseDefinition() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat def.
+  PrototypeAST *Proto = ParsePrototype();
+  if (Proto == 0) return 0;
+
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression())
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// toplevelexpr ::= expression
+static FunctionAST *ParseTopLevelExpr() {
+  if (ExprAST *E = ParseExpression()) {
+    // Make an anonymous proto.
+    PrototypeAST *Proto = new PrototypeAST("", std::vector<std::string>());
+    return new FunctionAST(Proto, E);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// external ::= 'extern' prototype
+static PrototypeAST *ParseExtern() {
+  getNextToken();  // eat extern.
+  return ParsePrototype();
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Code Generation
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static Module *TheModule;
+static IRBuilder<> Builder(getGlobalContext());
+static std::map<std::string, AllocaInst*> NamedValues;
+static FunctionPassManager *TheFPM;
+
+Value *ErrorV(const char *Str) { Error(Str); return 0; }
+
+/// CreateEntryBlockAlloca - Create an alloca instruction in the entry block of
+/// the function.  This is used for mutable variables etc.
+static AllocaInst *CreateEntryBlockAlloca(Function *TheFunction,
+                                          const std::string &VarName) {
+  IRBuilder<> TmpB(&TheFunction->getEntryBlock(),
+                 TheFunction->getEntryBlock().begin());
+  return TmpB.CreateAlloca(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()), 0,
+                           VarName.c_str());
+}
+
+Value *NumberExprAST::Codegen() {
+  return ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(Val));
+}
+
+Value *VariableExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look this variable up in the function.
+  Value *V = NamedValues[Name];
+  if (V == 0) return ErrorV("Unknown variable name");
+
+  // Load the value.
+  return Builder.CreateLoad(V, Name.c_str());
+}
+
+Value *UnaryExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *OperandV = Operand->Codegen();
+  if (OperandV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  Function *F = TheModule->getFunction(std::string("unary")+Opcode);
+  if (F == 0)
+    return ErrorV("Unknown unary operator");
+  
+  return Builder.CreateCall(F, OperandV, "unop");
+}
+
+Value *BinaryExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Special case '=' because we don't want to emit the LHS as an expression.
+  if (Op == '=') {
+    // Assignment requires the LHS to be an identifier.
+    VariableExprAST *LHSE = dynamic_cast<VariableExprAST*>(LHS);
+    if (!LHSE)
+      return ErrorV("destination of '=' must be a variable");
+    // Codegen the RHS.
+    Value *Val = RHS->Codegen();
+    if (Val == 0) return 0;
+
+    // Look up the name.
+    Value *Variable = NamedValues[LHSE->getName()];
+    if (Variable == 0) return ErrorV("Unknown variable name");
+
+    Builder.CreateStore(Val, Variable);
+    return Val;
+  }
+  
+  Value *L = LHS->Codegen();
+  Value *R = RHS->Codegen();
+  if (L == 0 || R == 0) return 0;
+  
+  switch (Op) {
+  case '+': return Builder.CreateAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
+  case '-': return Builder.CreateSub(L, R, "subtmp");
+  case '*': return Builder.CreateMul(L, R, "multmp");
+  case '<':
+    L = Builder.CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
+    // Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
+    return Builder.CreateUIToFP(L, Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                "booltmp");
+  default: break;
+  }
+  
+  // If it wasn't a builtin binary operator, it must be a user defined one. Emit
+  // a call to it.
+  Function *F = TheModule->getFunction(std::string("binary")+Op);
+  assert(F && "binary operator not found!");
+  
+  Value *Ops[] = { L, R };
+  return Builder.CreateCall(F, Ops, Ops+2, "binop");
+}
+
+Value *CallExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Look up the name in the global module table.
+  Function *CalleeF = TheModule->getFunction(Callee);
+  if (CalleeF == 0)
+    return ErrorV("Unknown function referenced");
+  
+  // If argument mismatch error.
+  if (CalleeF->arg_size() != Args.size())
+    return ErrorV("Incorrect # arguments passed");
+
+  std::vector<Value*> ArgsV;
+  for (unsigned i = 0, e = Args.size(); i != e; ++i) {
+    ArgsV.push_back(Args[i]->Codegen());
+    if (ArgsV.back() == 0) return 0;
+  }
+  
+  return Builder.CreateCall(CalleeF, ArgsV.begin(), ArgsV.end(), "calltmp");
+}
+
+Value *IfExprAST::Codegen() {
+  Value *CondV = Cond->Codegen();
+  if (CondV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
+  CondV = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(CondV, 
+                              ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(0.0)),
+                                "ifcond");
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
+  
+  // Create blocks for the then and else cases.  Insert the 'then' block at the
+  // end of the function.
+  BasicBlock *ThenBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "then", TheFunction);
+  BasicBlock *ElseBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "else");
+  BasicBlock *MergeBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "ifcont");
+  
+  Builder.CreateCondBr(CondV, ThenBB, ElseBB);
+  
+  // Emit then value.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(ThenBB);
+  
+  Value *ThenV = Then->Codegen();
+  if (ThenV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
+  // Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.
+  ThenBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  
+  // Emit else block.
+  TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(ElseBB);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(ElseBB);
+  
+  Value *ElseV = Else->Codegen();
+  if (ElseV == 0) return 0;
+  
+  Builder.CreateBr(MergeBB);
+  // Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.
+  ElseBB = Builder.GetInsertBlock();
+  
+  // Emit merge block.
+  TheFunction->getBasicBlockList().push_back(MergeBB);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(MergeBB);
+  PHINode *PN = Builder.CreatePHI(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                  "iftmp");
+  
+  PN->addIncoming(ThenV, ThenBB);
+  PN->addIncoming(ElseV, ElseBB);
+  return PN;
+}
+
+Value *ForExprAST::Codegen() {
+  // Output this as:
+  //   var = alloca double
+  //   ...
+  //   start = startexpr
+  //   store start -> var
+  //   goto loop
+  // loop: 
+  //   ...
+  //   bodyexpr
+  //   ...
+  // loopend:
+  //   step = stepexpr
+  //   endcond = endexpr
+  //
+  //   curvar = load var
+  //   nextvar = curvar + step
+  //   store nextvar -> var
+  //   br endcond, loop, endloop
+  // outloop:
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
+
+  // Create an alloca for the variable in the entry block.
+  AllocaInst *Alloca = CreateEntryBlockAlloca(TheFunction, VarName);
+  
+  // Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.
+  Value *StartVal = Start->Codegen();
+  if (StartVal == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // Store the value into the alloca.
+  Builder.CreateStore(StartVal, Alloca);
+  
+  // Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current
+  // block.
+  BasicBlock *LoopBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "loop", TheFunction);
+  
+  // Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.
+  Builder.CreateBr(LoopBB);
+
+  // Start insertion in LoopBB.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(LoopBB);
+  
+  // Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node.  If it
+  // shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.
+  AllocaInst *OldVal = NamedValues[VarName];
+  NamedValues[VarName] = Alloca;
+  
+  // Emit the body of the loop.  This, like any other expr, can change the
+  // current BB.  Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't
+  // allow an error.
+  if (Body->Codegen() == 0)
+    return 0;
+  
+  // Emit the step value.
+  Value *StepVal;
+  if (Step) {
+    StepVal = Step->Codegen();
+    if (StepVal == 0) return 0;
+  } else {
+    // If not specified, use 1.0.
+    StepVal = ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(1.0));
+  }
+  
+  // Compute the end condition.
+  Value *EndCond = End->Codegen();
+  if (EndCond == 0) return EndCond;
+  
+  // Reload, increment, and restore the alloca.  This handles the case where
+  // the body of the loop mutates the variable.
+  Value *CurVar = Builder.CreateLoad(Alloca, VarName.c_str());
+  Value *NextVar = Builder.CreateAdd(CurVar, StepVal, "nextvar");
+  Builder.CreateStore(NextVar, Alloca);
+  
+  // Convert condition to a bool by comparing equal to 0.0.
+  EndCond = Builder.CreateFCmpONE(EndCond, 
+                              ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(0.0)),
+                                  "loopcond");
+  
+  // Create the "after loop" block and insert it.
+  BasicBlock *AfterBB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "afterloop", TheFunction);
+  
+  // Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.
+  Builder.CreateCondBr(EndCond, LoopBB, AfterBB);
+  
+  // Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(AfterBB);
+  
+  // Restore the unshadowed variable.
+  if (OldVal)
+    NamedValues[VarName] = OldVal;
+  else
+    NamedValues.erase(VarName);
+
+  
+  // for expr always returns 0.0.
+  return Constant::getNullValue(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()));
+}
+
+Value *VarExprAST::Codegen() {
+  std::vector<AllocaInst *> OldBindings;
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Builder.GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
+
+  // Register all variables and emit their initializer.
+  for (unsigned i = 0, e = VarNames.size(); i != e; ++i) {
+    const std::string &VarName = VarNames[i].first;
+    ExprAST *Init = VarNames[i].second;
+    
+    // Emit the initializer before adding the variable to scope, this prevents
+    // the initializer from referencing the variable itself, and permits stuff
+    // like this:
+    //  var a = 1 in
+    //    var a = a in ...   # refers to outer 'a'.
+    Value *InitVal;
+    if (Init) {
+      InitVal = Init->Codegen();
+      if (InitVal == 0) return 0;
+    } else { // If not specified, use 0.0.
+      InitVal = ConstantFP::get(getGlobalContext(), APFloat(0.0));
+    }
+    
+    AllocaInst *Alloca = CreateEntryBlockAlloca(TheFunction, VarName);
+    Builder.CreateStore(InitVal, Alloca);
+
+    // Remember the old variable binding so that we can restore the binding when
+    // we unrecurse.
+    OldBindings.push_back(NamedValues[VarName]);
+    
+    // Remember this binding.
+    NamedValues[VarName] = Alloca;
+  }
+  
+  // Codegen the body, now that all vars are in scope.
+  Value *BodyVal = Body->Codegen();
+  if (BodyVal == 0) return 0;
+  
+  // Pop all our variables from scope.
+  for (unsigned i = 0, e = VarNames.size(); i != e; ++i)
+    NamedValues[VarNames[i].first] = OldBindings[i];
+
+  // Return the body computation.
+  return BodyVal;
+}
+
+Function *PrototypeAST::Codegen() {
+  // Make the function type:  double(double,double) etc.
+  std::vector<const Type*> Doubles(Args.size(), 
+                                   Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()));
+  FunctionType *FT = FunctionType::get(Type::getDoubleTy(getGlobalContext()),
+                                       Doubles, false);
+  
+  Function *F = Function::Create(FT, Function::ExternalLinkage, Name, TheModule);
+  
+  // If F conflicted, there was already something named 'Name'.  If it has a
+  // body, don't allow redefinition or reextern.
+  if (F->getName() != Name) {
+    // Delete the one we just made and get the existing one.
+    F->eraseFromParent();
+    F = TheModule->getFunction(Name);
+    
+    // If F already has a body, reject this.
+    if (!F->empty()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    
+    // If F took a different number of args, reject.
+    if (F->arg_size() != Args.size()) {
+      ErrorF("redefinition of function with different # args");
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  // Set names for all arguments.
+  unsigned Idx = 0;
+  for (Function::arg_iterator AI = F->arg_begin(); Idx != Args.size();
+       ++AI, ++Idx)
+    AI->setName(Args[Idx]);
+    
+  return F;
+}
+
+/// CreateArgumentAllocas - Create an alloca for each argument and register the
+/// argument in the symbol table so that references to it will succeed.
+void PrototypeAST::CreateArgumentAllocas(Function *F) {
+  Function::arg_iterator AI = F->arg_begin();
+  for (unsigned Idx = 0, e = Args.size(); Idx != e; ++Idx, ++AI) {
+    // Create an alloca for this variable.
+    AllocaInst *Alloca = CreateEntryBlockAlloca(F, Args[Idx]);
+
+    // Store the initial value into the alloca.
+    Builder.CreateStore(AI, Alloca);
+
+    // Add arguments to variable symbol table.
+    NamedValues[Args[Idx]] = Alloca;
+  }
+}
+
+Function *FunctionAST::Codegen() {
+  NamedValues.clear();
+  
+  Function *TheFunction = Proto->Codegen();
+  if (TheFunction == 0)
+    return 0;
+  
+  // If this is an operator, install it.
+  if (Proto->isBinaryOp())
+    BinopPrecedence[Proto->getOperatorName()] = Proto->getBinaryPrecedence();
+  
+  // Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(getGlobalContext(), "entry", TheFunction);
+  Builder.SetInsertPoint(BB);
+  
+  // Add all arguments to the symbol table and create their allocas.
+  Proto->CreateArgumentAllocas(TheFunction);
+
+  if (Value *RetVal = Body->Codegen()) {
+    // Finish off the function.
+    Builder.CreateRet(RetVal);
+
+    // Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.
+    verifyFunction(*TheFunction);
+
+    // Optimize the function.
+    TheFPM->run(*TheFunction);
+    
+    return TheFunction;
+  }
+  
+  // Error reading body, remove function.
+  TheFunction->eraseFromParent();
+
+  if (Proto->isBinaryOp())
+    BinopPrecedence.erase(Proto->getOperatorName());
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+static ExecutionEngine *TheExecutionEngine;
+
+static void HandleDefinition() {
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseDefinition()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read function definition:");
+      LF->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleExtern() {
+  if (PrototypeAST *P = ParseExtern()) {
+    if (Function *F = P->Codegen()) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Read extern: ");
+      F->dump();
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+static void HandleTopLevelExpression() {
+  // Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.
+  if (FunctionAST *F = ParseTopLevelExpr()) {
+    if (Function *LF = F->Codegen()) {
+      // JIT the function, returning a function pointer.
+      void *FPtr = TheExecutionEngine->getPointerToFunction(LF);
+      
+      // Cast it to the right type (takes no arguments, returns a double) so we
+      // can call it as a native function.
+      double (*FP)() = (double (*)())(intptr_t)FPtr;
+      fprintf(stderr, "Evaluated to %f\n", FP());
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Skip token for error recovery.
+    getNextToken();
+  }
+}
+
+/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'
+static void MainLoop() {
+  while (1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+    switch (CurTok) {
+    case tok_eof:    return;
+    case ';':        getNextToken(); break;  // ignore top-level semicolons.
+    case tok_def:    HandleDefinition(); break;
+    case tok_extern: HandleExtern(); break;
+    default:         HandleTopLevelExpression(); break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.
+extern "C" 
+double putchard(double X) {
+  putchar((char)X);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// printd - printf that takes a double prints it as "%f\n", returning 0.
+extern "C" 
+double printd(double X) {
+  printf("%f\n", X);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// Main driver code.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+int main() {
+  InitializeNativeTarget();
+  LLVMContext &Context = getGlobalContext();
+
+  // Install standard binary operators.
+  // 1 is lowest precedence.
+  BinopPrecedence['='] = 2;
+  BinopPrecedence['<'] = 10;
+  BinopPrecedence['+'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['-'] = 20;
+  BinopPrecedence['*'] = 40;  // highest.
+
+  // Prime the first token.
+  fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
+  getNextToken();
+
+  // Make the module, which holds all the code.
+  TheModule = new Module("my cool jit", Context);
+
+  // Create the JIT.  This takes ownership of the module.
+  TheExecutionEngine = EngineBuilder(TheModule).create();
+
+  FunctionPassManager OurFPM(TheModule);
+
+  // Set up the optimizer pipeline.  Start with registering info about how the
+  // target lays out data structures.
+  OurFPM.add(new TargetData(*TheExecutionEngine->getTargetData()));
+  // Promote allocas to registers.
+  OurFPM.add(createPromoteMemoryToRegisterPass());
+  // Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.
+  OurFPM.add(createInstructionCombiningPass());
+  // Reassociate expressions.
+  OurFPM.add(createReassociatePass());
+  // Eliminate Common SubExpressions.
+  OurFPM.add(createGVNPass());
+  // Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).
+  OurFPM.add(createCFGSimplificationPass());
+
+  OurFPM.doInitialization();
+
+  // Set the global so the code gen can use this.
+  TheFPM = &OurFPM;
+
+  // Run the main "interpreter loop" now.
+  MainLoop();
+
+  TheFPM = 0;
+
+  // Print out all of the generated code.
+  TheModule->dump();
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/Kaleidoscope/Makefile b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd0c252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Kaleidoscope/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+##===- examples/Kaleidoscope/Makefile ----------------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL=../..
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.config
+
+PARALLEL_DIRS:= Chapter2 Chapter3 Chapter4 Chapter5 Chapter6 Chapter7
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/Makefile b/examples/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc3a7d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+##===- examples/Makefile -----------------------------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL=..
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.config
+
+PARALLEL_DIRS:= BrainF Fibonacci HowToUseJIT Kaleidoscope ModuleMaker
+
+ifeq ($(HAVE_PTHREAD),1)
+PARALLEL_DIRS += ParallelJIT 
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(LLVM_ON_UNIX),1)
+PARALLEL_DIRS += ExceptionDemo
+endif
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/ModuleMaker/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/ModuleMaker/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81e9115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ModuleMaker/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS bitwriter)
+
+add_llvm_example(ModuleMaker
+  ModuleMaker.cpp
+  )
diff --git a/examples/ModuleMaker/Makefile b/examples/ModuleMaker/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9454cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ModuleMaker/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+##===- examples/ModuleMaker/Makefile -----------------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL=../..
+TOOLNAME=ModuleMaker
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+LINK_COMPONENTS := bitwriter
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
diff --git a/examples/ModuleMaker/ModuleMaker.cpp b/examples/ModuleMaker/ModuleMaker.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bc52c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ModuleMaker/ModuleMaker.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//===- examples/ModuleMaker/ModuleMaker.cpp - Example project ---*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This programs is a simple example that creates an LLVM module "from scratch",
+// emitting it as a bitcode file to standard out.  This is just to show how
+// LLVM projects work and to demonstrate some of the LLVM APIs.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/Constants.h"
+#include "llvm/Instructions.h"
+#include "llvm/Bitcode/ReaderWriter.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+using namespace llvm;
+
+int main() {
+  LLVMContext Context;
+
+  // Create the "module" or "program" or "translation unit" to hold the
+  // function
+  Module *M = new Module("test", Context);
+
+  // Create the main function: first create the type 'int ()'
+  FunctionType *FT =
+    FunctionType::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), /*not vararg*/false);
+
+  // By passing a module as the last parameter to the Function constructor,
+  // it automatically gets appended to the Module.
+  Function *F = Function::Create(FT, Function::ExternalLinkage, "main", M);
+
+  // Add a basic block to the function... again, it automatically inserts
+  // because of the last argument.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(Context, "EntryBlock", F);
+
+  // Get pointers to the constant integers...
+  Value *Two = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), 2);
+  Value *Three = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), 3);
+
+  // Create the add instruction... does not insert...
+  Instruction *Add = BinaryOperator::Create(Instruction::Add, Two, Three,
+                                            "addresult");
+
+  // explicitly insert it into the basic block...
+  BB->getInstList().push_back(Add);
+
+  // Create the return instruction and add it to the basic block
+  BB->getInstList().push_back(ReturnInst::Create(Context, Add));
+
+  // Output the bitcode file to stdout
+  WriteBitcodeToFile(M, outs());
+
+  // Delete the module and all of its contents.
+  delete M;
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/ModuleMaker/README.txt b/examples/ModuleMaker/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecbe30e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ModuleMaker/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//                         ModuleMaker Sample project
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+This project is an extremely simple example of using some simple pieces of the 
+LLVM API.  The actual executable generated by this project simply emits an 
+LLVM bytecode file to standard output.  It is designed to show some basic 
+usage of LLVM APIs, and how to link to LLVM libraries.
diff --git a/examples/ParallelJIT/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/ParallelJIT/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbdc6e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ParallelJIT/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+set(LLVM_LINK_COMPONENTS jit interpreter nativecodegen)
+
+add_llvm_example(ParallelJIT
+  ParallelJIT.cpp
+  )
+
+if(HAVE_LIBPTHREAD)
+  target_link_libraries(ParallelJIT pthread)
+endif(HAVE_LIBPTHREAD)
diff --git a/examples/ParallelJIT/Makefile b/examples/ParallelJIT/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a49d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ParallelJIT/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+##===- examples/ParallelJIT/Makefile -----------------------*- Makefile -*-===##
+# 
+#                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+#
+# This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+# License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+# 
+##===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+LEVEL = ../..
+TOOLNAME = ParallelJIT
+EXAMPLE_TOOL = 1
+
+LINK_COMPONENTS := jit interpreter nativecodegen
+
+include $(LEVEL)/Makefile.common
+
+LIBS += -lpthread
diff --git a/examples/ParallelJIT/ParallelJIT.cpp b/examples/ParallelJIT/ParallelJIT.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9231abf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ParallelJIT/ParallelJIT.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+//===-- examples/ParallelJIT/ParallelJIT.cpp - Exercise threaded-safe JIT -===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
+// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Parallel JIT
+//
+// This test program creates two LLVM functions then calls them from three
+// separate threads.  It requires the pthreads library.
+// The three threads are created and then block waiting on a condition variable.
+// Once all threads are blocked on the conditional variable, the main thread
+// wakes them up. This complicated work is performed so that all three threads
+// call into the JIT at the same time (or the best possible approximation of the
+// same time). This test had assertion errors until I got the locking right.
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
+#include "llvm/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/Constants.h"
+#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
+#include "llvm/Instructions.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/JIT.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/Interpreter.h"
+#include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/GenericValue.h"
+#include "llvm/Target/TargetSelect.h"
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace llvm;
+
+static Function* createAdd1(Module *M) {
+  // Create the add1 function entry and insert this entry into module M.  The
+  // function will have a return type of "int" and take an argument of "int".
+  // The '0' terminates the list of argument types.
+  Function *Add1F =
+    cast<Function>(M->getOrInsertFunction("add1",
+                                          Type::getInt32Ty(M->getContext()),
+                                          Type::getInt32Ty(M->getContext()),
+                                          (Type *)0));
+
+  // Add a basic block to the function. As before, it automatically inserts
+  // because of the last argument.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(M->getContext(), "EntryBlock", Add1F);
+
+  // Get pointers to the constant `1'.
+  Value *One = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(M->getContext()), 1);
+
+  // Get pointers to the integer argument of the add1 function...
+  assert(Add1F->arg_begin() != Add1F->arg_end()); // Make sure there's an arg
+  Argument *ArgX = Add1F->arg_begin();  // Get the arg
+  ArgX->setName("AnArg");            // Give it a nice symbolic name for fun.
+
+  // Create the add instruction, inserting it into the end of BB.
+  Instruction *Add = BinaryOperator::CreateAdd(One, ArgX, "addresult", BB);
+
+  // Create the return instruction and add it to the basic block
+  ReturnInst::Create(M->getContext(), Add, BB);
+
+  // Now, function add1 is ready.
+  return Add1F;
+}
+
+static Function *CreateFibFunction(Module *M) {
+  // Create the fib function and insert it into module M.  This function is said
+  // to return an int and take an int parameter.
+  Function *FibF = 
+    cast<Function>(M->getOrInsertFunction("fib",
+                                          Type::getInt32Ty(M->getContext()),
+                                          Type::getInt32Ty(M->getContext()),
+                                          (Type *)0));
+
+  // Add a basic block to the function.
+  BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(M->getContext(), "EntryBlock", FibF);
+
+  // Get pointers to the constants.
+  Value *One = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(M->getContext()), 1);
+  Value *Two = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(M->getContext()), 2);
+
+  // Get pointer to the integer argument of the add1 function...
+  Argument *ArgX = FibF->arg_begin();   // Get the arg.
+  ArgX->setName("AnArg");            // Give it a nice symbolic name for fun.
+
+  // Create the true_block.
+  BasicBlock *RetBB = BasicBlock::Create(M->getContext(), "return", FibF);
+  // Create an exit block.
+  BasicBlock* RecurseBB = BasicBlock::Create(M->getContext(), "recurse", FibF);
+
+  // Create the "if (arg < 2) goto exitbb"
+  Value *CondInst = new ICmpInst(*BB, ICmpInst::ICMP_SLE, ArgX, Two, "cond");
+  BranchInst::Create(RetBB, RecurseBB, CondInst, BB);
+
+  // Create: ret int 1
+  ReturnInst::Create(M->getContext(), One, RetBB);
+
+  // create fib(x-1)
+  Value *Sub = BinaryOperator::CreateSub(ArgX, One, "arg", RecurseBB);
+  Value *CallFibX1 = CallInst::Create(FibF, Sub, "fibx1", RecurseBB);
+
+  // create fib(x-2)
+  Sub = BinaryOperator::CreateSub(ArgX, Two, "arg", RecurseBB);
+  Value *CallFibX2 = CallInst::Create(FibF, Sub, "fibx2", RecurseBB);
+
+  // fib(x-1)+fib(x-2)
+  Value *Sum =
+    BinaryOperator::CreateAdd(CallFibX1, CallFibX2, "addresult", RecurseBB);
+
+  // Create the return instruction and add it to the basic block
+  ReturnInst::Create(M->getContext(), Sum, RecurseBB);
+
+  return FibF;
+}
+
+struct threadParams {
+  ExecutionEngine* EE;
+  Function* F;
+  int value;
+};
+
+// We block the subthreads just before they begin to execute:
+// we want all of them to call into the JIT at the same time,
+// to verify that the locking is working correctly.
+class WaitForThreads
+{
+public:
+  WaitForThreads()
+  {
+    n = 0;
+    waitFor = 0;
+
+    int result = pthread_cond_init( &condition, NULL );
+    assert( result == 0 );
+
+    result = pthread_mutex_init( &mutex, NULL );
+    assert( result == 0 );
+  }
+
+  ~WaitForThreads()
+  {
+    int result = pthread_cond_destroy( &condition );
+    assert( result == 0 );
+
+    result = pthread_mutex_destroy( &mutex );
+    assert( result == 0 );
+  }
+
+  // All threads will stop here until another thread calls releaseThreads
+  void block()
+  {
+    int result = pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex );
+    assert( result == 0 );
+    n ++;
+    //~ std::cout << "block() n " << n << " waitFor " << waitFor << std::endl;
+
+    assert( waitFor == 0 || n <= waitFor );
+    if ( waitFor > 0 && n == waitFor )
+    {
+      // There are enough threads blocked that we can release all of them
+      std::cout << "Unblocking threads from block()" << std::endl;
+      unblockThreads();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      // We just need to wait until someone unblocks us
+      result = pthread_cond_wait( &condition, &mutex );
+      assert( result == 0 );
+    }
+
+    // unlock the mutex before returning
+    result = pthread_mutex_unlock( &mutex );
+    assert( result == 0 );
+  }
+
+  // If there are num or more threads blocked, it will signal them all
+  // Otherwise, this thread blocks until there are enough OTHER threads
+  // blocked
+  void releaseThreads( size_t num )
+  {
+    int result = pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex );
+    assert( result == 0 );
+
+    if ( n >= num ) {
+      std::cout << "Unblocking threads from releaseThreads()" << std::endl;
+      unblockThreads();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      waitFor = num;
+      pthread_cond_wait( &condition, &mutex );
+    }
+
+    // unlock the mutex before returning
+    result = pthread_mutex_unlock( &mutex );
+    assert( result == 0 );
+  }
+
+private:
+  void unblockThreads()
+  {
+    // Reset the counters to zero: this way, if any new threads
+    // enter while threads are exiting, they will block instead
+    // of triggering a new release of threads
+    n = 0;
+
+    // Reset waitFor to zero: this way, if waitFor threads enter
+    // while threads are exiting, they will block instead of
+    // triggering a new release of threads
+    waitFor = 0;
+
+    int result = pthread_cond_broadcast( &condition );
+    assert(result == 0); result=result;
+  }
+
+  size_t n;
+  size_t waitFor;
+  pthread_cond_t condition;
+  pthread_mutex_t mutex;
+};
+
+static WaitForThreads synchronize;
+
+void* callFunc( void* param )
+{
+  struct threadParams* p = (struct threadParams*) param;
+
+  // Call the `foo' function with no arguments:
+  std::vector<GenericValue> Args(1);
+  Args[0].IntVal = APInt(32, p->value);
+
+  synchronize.block(); // wait until other threads are at this point
+  GenericValue gv = p->EE->runFunction(p->F, Args);
+
+  return (void*)(intptr_t)gv.IntVal.getZExtValue();
+}
+
+int main() {
+  InitializeNativeTarget();
+  LLVMContext Context;
+
+  // Create some module to put our function into it.
+  Module *M = new Module("test", Context);
+
+  Function* add1F = createAdd1( M );
+  Function* fibF = CreateFibFunction( M );
+
+  // Now we create the JIT.
+  ExecutionEngine* EE = EngineBuilder(M).create();
+
+  //~ std::cout << "We just constructed this LLVM module:\n\n" << *M;
+  //~ std::cout << "\n\nRunning foo: " << std::flush;
+
+  // Create one thread for add1 and two threads for fib
+  struct threadParams add1 = { EE, add1F, 1000 };
+  struct threadParams fib1 = { EE, fibF, 39 };
+  struct threadParams fib2 = { EE, fibF, 42 };
+
+  pthread_t add1Thread;
+  int result = pthread_create( &add1Thread, NULL, callFunc, &add1 );
+  if ( result != 0 ) {
+          std::cerr << "Could not create thread" << std::endl;
+          return 1;
+  }
+
+  pthread_t fibThread1;
+  result = pthread_create( &fibThread1, NULL, callFunc, &fib1 );
+  if ( result != 0 ) {
+          std::cerr << "Could not create thread" << std::endl;
+          return 1;
+  }
+
+  pthread_t fibThread2;
+  result = pthread_create( &fibThread2, NULL, callFunc, &fib2 );
+  if ( result != 0 ) {
+          std::cerr << "Could not create thread" << std::endl;
+          return 1;
+  }
+
+  synchronize.releaseThreads(3); // wait until other threads are at this point
+
+  void* returnValue;
+  result = pthread_join( add1Thread, &returnValue );
+  if ( result != 0 ) {
+          std::cerr << "Could not join thread" << std::endl;
+          return 1;
+  }
+  std::cout << "Add1 returned " << intptr_t(returnValue) << std::endl;
+
+  result = pthread_join( fibThread1, &returnValue );
+  if ( result != 0 ) {
+          std::cerr << "Could not join thread" << std::endl;
+          return 1;
+  }
+  std::cout << "Fib1 returned " << intptr_t(returnValue) << std::endl;
+
+  result = pthread_join( fibThread2, &returnValue );
+  if ( result != 0 ) {
+          std::cerr << "Could not join thread" << std::endl;
+          return 1;
+  }
+  std::cout << "Fib2 returned " << intptr_t(returnValue) << std::endl;
+
+  return 0;
+}