path: root/hw/goldfish_nand.c

/* Copyright (C) 2007-2008 The Android Open Source Project
**
** This software is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public
** License version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation, and
** may be copied, distributed, and modified under those terms.
**
** This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
** but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
** MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
** GNU General Public License for more details.
*/
#include "qemu_file.h"
#include "goldfish_nand_reg.h"
#include "goldfish_nand.h"
#include "android/utils/tempfile.h"
#include "qemu_debug.h"
#include "android/android.h"

#ifdef TARGET_I386
#include "kvm.h"
#endif

#define  DEBUG  1
#if DEBUG
#  define  D(...)    VERBOSE_PRINT(init,__VA_ARGS__)
#  define  D_ACTIVE  VERBOSE_CHECK(init)
#  define  T(...)    VERBOSE_PRINT(nand_limits,__VA_ARGS__)
#  define  T_ACTIVE  VERBOSE_CHECK(nand_limits)
#else
#  define  D(...)    ((void)0)
#  define  D_ACTIVE  0
#  define  T(...)    ((void)0)
#  define  T_ACTIVE  0
#endif

/* lseek uses 64-bit offsets on Darwin. */
/* prefer lseek64 on Linux              */
#ifdef __APPLE__
#  define  llseek  lseek
#elif defined(__linux__)
#  define  llseek  lseek64
#endif

#define  XLOG  xlog

static void
xlog( const char*  format, ... )
{
    va_list  args;
    va_start(args, format);
    fprintf(stderr, "NAND: ");
    vfprintf(stderr, format, args);
    va_end(args);
}

/* Information on a single device/nand image used by the emulator
 */
typedef struct {
    char*      devname;      /* name for this device (not null-terminated, use len below) */
    size_t     devname_len;
    uint8_t*   data;         /* buffer for read/write actions to underlying image */
    int        fd;
    uint32_t   flags;
    uint32_t   page_size;
    uint32_t   extra_size;
    uint32_t   erase_size;   /* size of the data buffer mentioned above */
    uint64_t   max_size;     /* Capacity limit for the image. The actual underlying
                              * file may be smaller. */
} nand_dev;

nand_threshold    android_nand_write_threshold;
nand_threshold    android_nand_read_threshold;

#ifdef CONFIG_NAND_THRESHOLD

/* update a threshold, return 1 if limit is hit, 0 otherwise */
static void
nand_threshold_update( nand_threshold*  t, uint32_t  len )
{
    if (t->counter < t->limit) {
        uint64_t  avail = t->limit - t->counter;
        if (avail > len)
            avail = len;

        if (t->counter == 0) {
            T("%s: starting threshold counting to %lld",
              __FUNCTION__, t->limit);
        }
        t->counter += avail;
        if (t->counter >= t->limit) {
            /* threshold reach, send a signal to an external process */
            T( "%s: sending signal %d to pid %d !",
               __FUNCTION__, t->signal, t->pid );

            kill( t->pid, t->signal );
        }
    }
    return;
}

#define  NAND_UPDATE_READ_THRESHOLD(len)  \
    nand_threshold_update( &android_nand_read_threshold, (uint32_t)(len) )

#define  NAND_UPDATE_WRITE_THRESHOLD(len)  \
    nand_threshold_update( &android_nand_write_threshold, (uint32_t)(len) )

#else /* !NAND_THRESHOLD */

#define  NAND_UPDATE_READ_THRESHOLD(len)  \
    do {} while (0)

#define  NAND_UPDATE_WRITE_THRESHOLD(len)  \
    do {} while (0)

#endif /* !NAND_THRESHOLD */

static nand_dev *nand_devs = NULL;
static uint32_t nand_dev_count = 0;

/* The controller is the single access point for all NAND images currently
 * attached to the system.
 */
typedef struct {
    uint32_t base;

    // register state
    uint32_t dev;            /* offset in nand_devs for the device that is
                              * currently being accessed */
    uint32_t addr_low;
    uint32_t addr_high;
    uint32_t transfer_size;
    uint32_t data;
    uint32_t batch_addr_low;
    uint32_t batch_addr_high;
    uint32_t result;
} nand_dev_controller_state;

/* update this everytime you change the nand_dev_controller_state structure
 * 1: initial version, saving only nand_dev_controller_state fields
 * 2: saving actual disk contents as well
 * 3: use the correct data length and truncate to avoid padding.
 */
#define  NAND_DEV_STATE_SAVE_VERSION  4

#define  QFIELD_STRUCT  nand_dev_controller_state
QFIELD_BEGIN(nand_dev_controller_state_fields)
    QFIELD_INT32(dev),
    QFIELD_INT32(addr_low),
    QFIELD_INT32(addr_high),
    QFIELD_INT32(transfer_size),
    QFIELD_INT32(data),
    QFIELD_INT32(batch_addr_low),
    QFIELD_INT32(batch_addr_high),
    QFIELD_INT32(result),
QFIELD_END


/* EINTR-proof read - due to SIGALRM in use elsewhere */
static int  do_read(int  fd, void*  buf, size_t  size)
{
    int  ret;
    do {
        ret = read(fd, buf, size);
    } while (ret < 0 && errno == EINTR);

    return ret;
}

/* EINTR-proof write - due to SIGALRM in use elsewhere */
static int  do_write(int  fd, const void*  buf, size_t  size)
{
    int  ret;
    do {
        ret = write(fd, buf, size);
    } while (ret < 0 && errno == EINTR);

    return ret;
}

/* EINTR-proof lseek - due to SIGALRM in use elsewhere */
static int  do_lseek(int  fd, off_t offset, int whence)
{
    int  ret;
    do {
        ret = lseek(fd, offset, whence);
    } while (ret < 0 && errno == EINTR);

    return ret;
}

/* EINTR-proof ftruncate - due to SIGALRM in use elsewhere */
static int  do_ftruncate(int  fd, size_t  size)
{
    int  ret;
    do {
        ret = ftruncate(fd, size);
    } while (ret < 0 && errno == EINTR);

    return ret;
}

#define NAND_DEV_SAVE_DISK_BUF_SIZE 2048


/**
 * Copies the current contents of a disk image into the snapshot file.
 *
 * TODO optimize this using some kind of copy-on-write mechanism for
 *      unchanged disk sections.
 */
static void  nand_dev_save_disk_state(QEMUFile *f, nand_dev *dev)
{
    int buf_size = NAND_DEV_SAVE_DISK_BUF_SIZE;
    uint8_t buffer[NAND_DEV_SAVE_DISK_BUF_SIZE] = {0};
    int ret;
    uint64_t total_copied = 0;

    /* Size of file to restore, hence size of data block following.
     * TODO Work out whether to use lseek64 here. */

    ret = do_lseek(dev->fd, 0, SEEK_END);
    if (ret < 0) {
      XLOG("%s EOF seek failed: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
      qemu_file_set_error(f);
      return;
    }
    const uint64_t total_size = ret;
    qemu_put_be64(f, total_size);

    /* copy all data from the stream to the stored image */
    ret = do_lseek(dev->fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
    if (ret < 0) {
        XLOG("%s seek failed: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
        qemu_file_set_error(f);
        return;
    }
    do {
        ret = do_read(dev->fd, buffer, buf_size);
        if (ret < 0) {
            XLOG("%s read failed: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
            qemu_file_set_error(f);
            return;
        }
        qemu_put_buffer(f, buffer, ret);

        total_copied += ret;
    }
    while (ret == buf_size && total_copied < dev->max_size);

    /* TODO Maybe check that we've written total_size bytes */
}


/**
 * Saves the state of all disks managed by this controller to a snapshot file.
 */
static void nand_dev_save_disks(QEMUFile *f)
{
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < nand_dev_count; i++) {
        nand_dev_save_disk_state(f, nand_devs + i);
    }
}

/**
 * Overwrites the contents of the disk image managed by this device with the
 * contents as they were at the point the snapshot was made.
 */
static int  nand_dev_load_disk_state(QEMUFile *f, nand_dev *dev)
{
    int buf_size = NAND_DEV_SAVE_DISK_BUF_SIZE;
    uint8_t buffer[NAND_DEV_SAVE_DISK_BUF_SIZE] = {0};
    int ret;

    /* File size for restore and truncate */
    uint64_t total_size = qemu_get_be64(f);
    if (total_size > dev->max_size) {
        XLOG("%s, restore failed: size required (%lld) exceeds device limit (%lld)\n",
             __FUNCTION__, total_size, dev->max_size);
        return -EIO;
    }

    /* overwrite disk contents with snapshot contents */
    uint64_t next_offset = 0;
    ret = do_lseek(dev->fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
    if (ret < 0) {
        XLOG("%s seek failed: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
        return -EIO;
    }
    while (next_offset < total_size) {
        /* snapshot buffer may not be an exact multiple of buf_size
         * if necessary, adjust buffer size for last copy operation */
        if (total_size - next_offset < buf_size) {
            buf_size = total_size - next_offset;
        }

        ret = qemu_get_buffer(f, buffer, buf_size);
        if (ret != buf_size) {
            XLOG("%s read failed: expected %d bytes but got %d\n",
                 __FUNCTION__, buf_size, ret);
            return -EIO;
        }
        ret = do_write(dev->fd, buffer, buf_size);
        if (ret != buf_size) {
            XLOG("%s, write failed: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
            return -EIO;
        }

        next_offset += buf_size;
    }

    ret = do_ftruncate(dev->fd, total_size);
    if (ret < 0) {
        XLOG("%s ftruncate failed: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, strerror(errno));
        return -EIO;
    }

    return 0;
}

/**
 * Restores the state of all disks managed by this driver from a snapshot file.
 */
static int nand_dev_load_disks(QEMUFile *f)
{
    int i, ret;
    for (i = 0; i < nand_dev_count; i++) {
        ret = nand_dev_load_disk_state(f, nand_devs + i);
        if (ret)
            return ret; // abort on error
    }

    return 0;
}

static void  nand_dev_controller_state_save(QEMUFile *f, void  *opaque)
{
    nand_dev_controller_state* s = opaque;

    qemu_put_struct(f, nand_dev_controller_state_fields, s);

    /* The guest will continue writing to the disk image after the state has
     * been saved. To guarantee that the state is identical after resume, save
     * a copy of the current disk state in the snapshot.
     */
    nand_dev_save_disks(f);
}

static int   nand_dev_controller_state_load(QEMUFile *f, void  *opaque, int  version_id)
{
    nand_dev_controller_state*  s = opaque;
    int ret;

    if (version_id != NAND_DEV_STATE_SAVE_VERSION)
        return -1;

    if ((ret = qemu_get_struct(f, nand_dev_controller_state_fields, s)))
        return ret;
    if ((ret = nand_dev_load_disks(f)))
        return ret;

    return 0;
}

static uint32_t nand_dev_read_file(nand_dev *dev, uint32_t data, uint64_t addr, uint32_t total_len)
{
    uint32_t len = total_len;
    size_t read_len = dev->erase_size;
    int eof = 0;

    NAND_UPDATE_READ_THRESHOLD(total_len);

    do_lseek(dev->fd, addr, SEEK_SET);
    while(len > 0) {
        if(read_len < dev->erase_size) {
            memset(dev->data, 0xff, dev->erase_size);
            read_len = dev->erase_size;
            eof = 1;
        }
        if(len < read_len)
            read_len = len;
        if(!eof) {
            read_len = do_read(dev->fd, dev->data, read_len);
        }
#ifdef TARGET_I386
        if (kvm_enabled())
            cpu_synchronize_state(cpu_single_env, 0);
#endif
        cpu_memory_rw_debug(cpu_single_env, data, dev->data, read_len, 1);
        data += read_len;
        len -= read_len;
    }
    return total_len;
}

static uint32_t nand_dev_write_file(nand_dev *dev, uint32_t data, uint64_t addr, uint32_t total_len)
{
    uint32_t len = total_len;
    size_t write_len = dev->erase_size;
    int ret;

    NAND_UPDATE_WRITE_THRESHOLD(total_len);

    do_lseek(dev->fd, addr, SEEK_SET);
    while(len > 0) {
        if(len < write_len)
            write_len = len;
#ifdef TARGET_I386
        if (kvm_enabled())
                cpu_synchronize_state(cpu_single_env, 0);
#endif
        cpu_memory_rw_debug(cpu_single_env, data, dev->data, write_len, 0);
        ret = do_write(dev->fd, dev->data, write_len);
        if(ret < write_len) {
            XLOG("nand_dev_write_file, write failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
            break;
        }
        data += write_len;
        len -= write_len;
    }
    return total_len - len;
}

static uint32_t nand_dev_erase_file(nand_dev *dev, uint64_t addr, uint32_t total_len)
{
    uint32_t len = total_len;
    size_t write_len = dev->erase_size;
    int ret;

    do_lseek(dev->fd, addr, SEEK_SET);
    memset(dev->data, 0xff, dev->erase_size);
    while(len > 0) {
        if(len < write_len)
            write_len = len;
        ret = do_write(dev->fd, dev->data, write_len);
        if(ret < write_len) {
            XLOG( "nand_dev_write_file, write failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
            break;
        }
        len -= write_len;
    }
    return total_len - len;
}

/* this is a huge hack required to make the PowerPC emulator binary usable
 * on Mac OS X. If you define this function as 'static', the emulated kernel
 * will panic when attempting to mount the /data partition.
 *
 * worse, if you do *not* define the function as static on Linux-x86, the
 * emulated kernel will also panic !?
 *
 * I still wonder if this is a compiler bug, or due to some nasty thing the
 * emulator does with CPU registers during execution of the translated code.
 */
#if !(defined __APPLE__ && defined __powerpc__)
static
#endif
uint32_t nand_dev_do_cmd(nand_dev_controller_state *s, uint32_t cmd)
{
    uint32_t size;
    uint64_t addr;
    nand_dev *dev;

    if (cmd == NAND_CMD_WRITE_BATCH || cmd == NAND_CMD_READ_BATCH ||
        cmd == NAND_CMD_ERASE_BATCH) {
        struct batch_data bd;
        uint64_t bd_addr = ((uint64_t)s->batch_addr_high << 32) | s->batch_addr_low;

        cpu_physical_memory_read(bd_addr, (void*)&bd, sizeof(struct batch_data));
        s->dev = bd.dev;
        s->addr_low = bd.addr_low;
        s->addr_high = bd.addr_high;
        s->transfer_size = bd.transfer_size;
        s->data = bd.data;
    }
    addr = s->addr_low | ((uint64_t)s->addr_high << 32);
    size = s->transfer_size;
    if(s->dev >= nand_dev_count)
        return 0;
    dev = nand_devs + s->dev;

    switch(cmd) {
    case NAND_CMD_GET_DEV_NAME:
        if(size > dev->devname_len)
            size = dev->devname_len;
#ifdef TARGET_I386
        if (kvm_enabled())
                cpu_synchronize_state(cpu_single_env, 0);
#endif
        cpu_memory_rw_debug(cpu_single_env, s->data, (uint8_t*)dev->devname, size, 1);
        return size;
    case NAND_CMD_READ_BATCH:
    case NAND_CMD_READ:
        if(addr >= dev->max_size)
            return 0;
        if(size > dev->max_size - addr)
            size = dev->max_size - addr;
        if(dev->fd >= 0)
            return nand_dev_read_file(dev, s->data, addr, size);
#ifdef TARGET_I386
        if (kvm_enabled())
                cpu_synchronize_state(cpu_single_env, 0);
#endif
        cpu_memory_rw_debug(cpu_single_env,s->data, &dev->data[addr], size, 1);
        return size;
    case NAND_CMD_WRITE_BATCH:
    case NAND_CMD_WRITE:
        if(dev->flags & NAND_DEV_FLAG_READ_ONLY)
            return 0;
        if(addr >= dev->max_size)
            return 0;
        if(size > dev->max_size - addr)
            size = dev->max_size - addr;
        if(dev->fd >= 0)
            return nand_dev_write_file(dev, s->data, addr, size);
#ifdef TARGET_I386
        if (kvm_enabled())
                cpu_synchronize_state(cpu_single_env, 0);
#endif
        cpu_memory_rw_debug(cpu_single_env,s->data, &dev->data[addr], size, 0);
        return size;
    case NAND_CMD_ERASE_BATCH:
    case NAND_CMD_ERASE:
        if(dev->flags & NAND_DEV_FLAG_READ_ONLY)
            return 0;
        if(addr >= dev->max_size)
            return 0;
        if(size > dev->max_size - addr)
            size = dev->max_size - addr;
        if(dev->fd >= 0)
            return nand_dev_erase_file(dev, addr, size);
        memset(&dev->data[addr], 0xff, size);
        return size;
    case NAND_CMD_BLOCK_BAD_GET: // no bad block support
        return 0;
    case NAND_CMD_BLOCK_BAD_SET:
        if(dev->flags & NAND_DEV_FLAG_READ_ONLY)
            return 0;
        return 0;
    default:
        cpu_abort(cpu_single_env, "nand_dev_do_cmd: Bad command %x\n", cmd);
        return 0;
    }
}

/* I/O write */
static void nand_dev_write(void *opaque, target_phys_addr_t offset, uint32_t value)
{
    nand_dev_controller_state *s = (nand_dev_controller_state *)opaque;

    switch (offset) {
    case NAND_DEV:
        s->dev = value;
        if(s->dev >= nand_dev_count) {
            cpu_abort(cpu_single_env, "nand_dev_write: Bad dev %x\n", value);
        }
        break;
    case NAND_ADDR_HIGH:
        s->addr_high = value;
        break;
    case NAND_ADDR_LOW:
        s->addr_low = value;
        break;
    case NAND_BATCH_ADDR_LOW:
        s->batch_addr_low = value;
        break;
    case NAND_BATCH_ADDR_HIGH:
        s->batch_addr_high = value;
        break;
    case NAND_TRANSFER_SIZE:
        s->transfer_size = value;
        break;
    case NAND_DATA:
        s->data = value;
        break;
    case NAND_COMMAND:
        s->result = nand_dev_do_cmd(s, value);
        if (value == NAND_CMD_WRITE_BATCH || value == NAND_CMD_READ_BATCH ||
            value == NAND_CMD_ERASE_BATCH) {
            struct batch_data bd;
            uint64_t bd_addr = ((uint64_t)s->batch_addr_high << 32) | s->batch_addr_low;
            bd.result = s->result;
            cpu_physical_memory_write(bd_addr, (void*)&bd, sizeof(struct batch_data));
        }
        break;
    default:
        cpu_abort(cpu_single_env, "nand_dev_write: Bad offset %x\n", offset);
        break;
    }
}

/* I/O read */
static uint32_t nand_dev_read(void *opaque, target_phys_addr_t offset)
{
    nand_dev_controller_state *s = (nand_dev_controller_state *)opaque;
    nand_dev *dev;

    switch (offset) {
    case NAND_VERSION:
        return NAND_VERSION_CURRENT;
    case NAND_NUM_DEV:
        return nand_dev_count;
    case NAND_RESULT:
        return s->result;
    }

    if(s->dev >= nand_dev_count)
        return 0;

    dev = nand_devs + s->dev;

    switch (offset) {
    case NAND_DEV_FLAGS:
        return dev->flags;

    case NAND_DEV_NAME_LEN:
        return dev->devname_len;

    case NAND_DEV_PAGE_SIZE:
        return dev->page_size;

    case NAND_DEV_EXTRA_SIZE:
        return dev->extra_size;

    case NAND_DEV_ERASE_SIZE:
        return dev->erase_size;

    case NAND_DEV_SIZE_LOW:
        return (uint32_t)dev->max_size;

    case NAND_DEV_SIZE_HIGH:
        return (uint32_t)(dev->max_size >> 32);

    default:
        cpu_abort(cpu_single_env, "nand_dev_read: Bad offset %x\n", offset);
        return 0;
    }
}

static CPUReadMemoryFunc *nand_dev_readfn[] = {
   nand_dev_read,
   nand_dev_read,
   nand_dev_read
};

static CPUWriteMemoryFunc *nand_dev_writefn[] = {
   nand_dev_write,
   nand_dev_write,
   nand_dev_write
};

/* initialize the QFB device */
void nand_dev_init(uint32_t base)
{
    int iomemtype;
    static int  instance_id = 0;
    nand_dev_controller_state *s;

    s = (nand_dev_controller_state *)qemu_mallocz(sizeof(nand_dev_controller_state));
    iomemtype = cpu_register_io_memory(nand_dev_readfn, nand_dev_writefn, s);
    cpu_register_physical_memory(base, 0x00000fff, iomemtype);
    s->base = base;

    register_savevm( "nand_dev", instance_id++, NAND_DEV_STATE_SAVE_VERSION,
                      nand_dev_controller_state_save, nand_dev_controller_state_load, s);
}

static int arg_match(const char *a, const char *b, size_t b_len)
{
    while(*a && b_len--) {
        if(*a++ != *b++)
            return 0;
    }
    return b_len == 0;
}

void nand_add_dev(const char *arg)
{
    uint64_t dev_size = 0;
    const char *next_arg;
    const char *value;
    size_t arg_len, value_len;
    nand_dev *new_devs, *dev;
    char *devname = NULL;
    size_t devname_len = 0;
    char *initfilename = NULL;
    char *rwfilename = NULL;
    int initfd = -1;
    int rwfd = -1;
    int read_only = 0;
    int pad;
    ssize_t read_size;
    uint32_t page_size = 2048;
    uint32_t extra_size = 64;
    uint32_t erase_pages = 64;

    VERBOSE_PRINT(init, "%s: %s", __FUNCTION__, arg);

    while(arg) {
        next_arg = strchr(arg, ',');
        value = strchr(arg, '=');
        if(next_arg != NULL) {
            arg_len = next_arg - arg;
            next_arg++;
            if(value >= next_arg)
                value = NULL;
        }
        else
            arg_len = strlen(arg);
        if(value != NULL) {
            size_t new_arg_len = value - arg;
            value_len = arg_len - new_arg_len - 1;
            arg_len = new_arg_len;
            value++;
        }
        else
            value_len = 0;

        if(devname == NULL) {
            if(value != NULL)
                goto bad_arg_and_value;
            devname_len = arg_len;
            devname = malloc(arg_len+1);
            if(devname == NULL)
                goto out_of_memory;
            memcpy(devname, arg, arg_len);
            devname[arg_len] = 0;
        }
        else if(value == NULL) {
            if(arg_match("readonly", arg, arg_len)) {
                read_only = 1;
            }
            else {
                XLOG("bad arg: %.*s\n", arg_len, arg);
                exit(1);
            }
        }
        else {
            if(arg_match("size", arg, arg_len)) {
                char *ep;
                dev_size = strtoull(value, &ep, 0);
                if(ep != value + value_len)
                    goto bad_arg_and_value;
            }
            else if(arg_match("pagesize", arg, arg_len)) {
                char *ep;
                page_size = strtoul(value, &ep, 0);
                if(ep != value + value_len)
                    goto bad_arg_and_value;
            }
            else if(arg_match("extrasize", arg, arg_len)) {
                char *ep;
                extra_size = strtoul(value, &ep, 0);
                if(ep != value + value_len)
                    goto bad_arg_and_value;
            }
            else if(arg_match("erasepages", arg, arg_len)) {
                char *ep;
                erase_pages = strtoul(value, &ep, 0);
                if(ep != value + value_len)
                    goto bad_arg_and_value;
            }
            else if(arg_match("initfile", arg, arg_len)) {
                initfilename = malloc(value_len + 1);
                if(initfilename == NULL)
                    goto out_of_memory;
                memcpy(initfilename, value, value_len);
                initfilename[value_len] = '\0';
            }
            else if(arg_match("file", arg, arg_len)) {
                rwfilename = malloc(value_len + 1);
                if(rwfilename == NULL)
                    goto out_of_memory;
                memcpy(rwfilename, value, value_len);
                rwfilename[value_len] = '\0';
            }
            else {
                goto bad_arg_and_value;
            }
        }

        arg = next_arg;
    }

    if (rwfilename == NULL) {
        /* we create a temporary file to store everything */
        TempFile*    tmp = tempfile_create();

        if (tmp == NULL) {
            XLOG("could not create temp file for %.*s NAND disk image: %s\n",
                  devname_len, devname, strerror(errno));
            exit(1);
        }
        rwfilename = (char*) tempfile_path(tmp);
        if (VERBOSE_CHECK(init))
            dprint( "mapping '%.*s' NAND image to %s", devname_len, devname, rwfilename);
    }

    if(rwfilename) {
        if (initfilename) {
            /* Overwrite with content of the 'initfilename'. */
            if (read_only) {
                /* Cannot be readonly when initializing the device from another file. */
                XLOG("incompatible read only option is requested while initializing %.*s from %s\n",
                     devname_len, devname, initfilename);
                exit(1);
            }
            rwfd = open(rwfilename, O_BINARY | O_TRUNC | O_RDWR);
        } else {
            rwfd = open(rwfilename, O_BINARY | (read_only ? O_RDONLY : O_RDWR));
        }
        if(rwfd < 0) {
            XLOG("could not open file %s, %s\n", rwfilename, strerror(errno));
            exit(1);
        }
        /* this could be a writable temporary file. use atexit_close_fd to ensure
         * that it is properly cleaned up at exit on Win32
         */
        if (!read_only)
            atexit_close_fd(rwfd);
    }

    if(initfilename) {
        initfd = open(initfilename, O_BINARY | O_RDONLY);
        if(initfd < 0) {
            XLOG("could not open file %s, %s\n", initfilename, strerror(errno));
            exit(1);
        }
        if(dev_size == 0) {
            dev_size = do_lseek(initfd, 0, SEEK_END);
            do_lseek(initfd, 0, SEEK_SET);
        }
    }

    new_devs = realloc(nand_devs, sizeof(nand_devs[0]) * (nand_dev_count + 1));
    if(new_devs == NULL)
        goto out_of_memory;
    nand_devs = new_devs;
    dev = &new_devs[nand_dev_count];

    dev->page_size = page_size;
    dev->extra_size = extra_size;
    dev->erase_size = erase_pages * (page_size + extra_size);
    pad = dev_size % dev->erase_size;
    if (pad != 0) {
        dev_size += (dev->erase_size - pad);
        D("rounding devsize up to a full eraseunit, now %llx\n", dev_size);
    }
    dev->devname = devname;
    dev->devname_len = devname_len;
    dev->max_size = dev_size;
    dev->data = malloc(dev->erase_size);
    if(dev->data == NULL)
        goto out_of_memory;
    dev->flags = read_only ? NAND_DEV_FLAG_READ_ONLY : 0;
#ifdef TARGET_I386
    dev->flags |= NAND_DEV_FLAG_BATCH_CAP;
#endif

    if (initfd >= 0) {
        do {
            read_size = do_read(initfd, dev->data, dev->erase_size);
            if(read_size < 0) {
                XLOG("could not read file %s, %s\n", initfilename, strerror(errno));
                exit(1);
            }
            if(do_write(rwfd, dev->data, read_size) != read_size) {
                XLOG("could not write file %s, %s\n", rwfilename, strerror(errno));
                exit(1);
            }
        } while(read_size == dev->erase_size);
        close(initfd);
    }
    dev->fd = rwfd;

    nand_dev_count++;

    return;

out_of_memory:
    XLOG("out of memory\n");
    exit(1);

bad_arg_and_value:
    XLOG("bad arg: %.*s=%.*s\n", arg_len, arg, value_len, value);
    exit(1);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_NAND_LIMITS

static uint64_t
parse_nand_rw_limit( const char*  value )
{
    char*     end;
    uint64_t  val = strtoul( value, &end, 0 );

    if (end == value) {
        derror( "bad parameter value '%s': expecting unsigned integer", value );
        exit(1);
    }

    switch (end[0]) {
        case 'K':  val <<= 10; break;
        case 'M':  val <<= 20; break;
        case 'G':  val <<= 30; break;
        case 0: break;
        default:
            derror( "bad read/write limit suffix: use K, M or G" );
            exit(1);
    }
    return val;
}

void
parse_nand_limits(char*  limits)
{
    int      pid = -1, signal = -1;
    int64_t  reads = 0, writes = 0;
    char*    item = limits;

    /* parse over comma-separated items */
    while (item && *item) {
        char*  next = strchr(item, ',');
        char*  end;

        if (next == NULL) {
            next = item + strlen(item);
        } else {
            *next++ = 0;
        }

        if ( !memcmp(item, "pid=", 4) ) {
            pid = strtol(item+4, &end, 10);
            if (end == NULL || *end) {
                derror( "bad parameter, expecting pid=<number>, got '%s'",
                        item );
                exit(1);
            }
            if (pid <= 0) {
                derror( "bad parameter: process identifier must be > 0" );
                exit(1);
            }
        }
        else if ( !memcmp(item, "signal=", 7) ) {
            signal = strtol(item+7,&end, 10);
            if (end == NULL || *end) {
                derror( "bad parameter: expecting signal=<number>, got '%s'",
                        item );
                exit(1);
            }
            if (signal <= 0) {
                derror( "bad parameter: signal number must be > 0" );
                exit(1);
            }
        }
        else if ( !memcmp(item, "reads=", 6) ) {
            reads = parse_nand_rw_limit(item+6);
        }
        else if ( !memcmp(item, "writes=", 7) ) {
            writes = parse_nand_rw_limit(item+7);
        }
        else {
            derror( "bad parameter '%s' (see -help-nand-limits)", item );
            exit(1);
        }
        item = next;
    }
    if (pid < 0) {
        derror( "bad paramater: missing pid=<number>" );
        exit(1);
    }
    else if (signal < 0) {
        derror( "bad parameter: missing signal=<number>" );
        exit(1);
    }
    else if (reads == 0 && writes == 0) {
        dwarning( "no read or write limit specified. ignoring -nand-limits" );
    } else {
        nand_threshold*  t;

        t  = &android_nand_read_threshold;
        t->pid     = pid;
        t->signal  = signal;
        t->counter = 0;
        t->limit   = reads;

        t  = &android_nand_write_threshold;
        t->pid     = pid;
        t->signal  = signal;
        t->counter = 0;
        t->limit   = writes;
    }
}
#endif /* CONFIG_NAND_LIMITS */