1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
|
<title>Introduction</title>
<section id="requisites">
<title>What you need to know</title>
<para>The reader of this document is required to have some knowledge in
the area of digital video broadcasting (DVB) and should be familiar with
part I of the MPEG2 specification ISO/IEC 13818 (aka ITU-T H.222), i.e
you should know what a program/transport stream (PS/TS) is and what is
meant by a packetized elementary stream (PES) or an I-frame.</para>
<para>Various DVB standards documents are available from
<ulink url="http://www.dvb.org" /> and/or
<ulink url="http://www.etsi.org" />.</para>
<para>It is also necessary to know how to access unix/linux devices and
how to use ioctl calls. This also includes the knowledge of C or C++.
</para>
</section>
<section id="history">
<title>History</title>
<para>The first API for DVB cards we used at Convergence in late 1999
was an extension of the Video4Linux API which was primarily developed
for frame grabber cards. As such it was not really well suited to be
used for DVB cards and their new features like recording MPEG streams
and filtering several section and PES data streams at the same time.
</para>
<para>In early 2000, we were approached by Nokia with a proposal for a
new standard Linux DVB API. As a commitment to the development of
terminals based on open standards, Nokia and Convergence made it
available to all Linux developers and published it on
<ulink url="http://www.linuxtv.org/" /> in September 2000.
Convergence is the maintainer of the Linux DVB API. Together with the
LinuxTV community (i.e. you, the reader of this document), the Linux DVB
API will be constantly reviewed and improved. With the Linux driver for
the Siemens/Hauppauge DVB PCI card Convergence provides a first
implementation of the Linux DVB API.</para>
</section>
<section id="overview">
<title>Overview</title>
<figure id="stb_components">
<title>Components of a DVB card/STB</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="dvbstb.pdf" format="PS" />
</imageobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="dvbstb.png" format="PNG" />
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
</figure>
<para>A DVB PCI card or DVB set-top-box (STB) usually consists of the
following main hardware components: </para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Frontend consisting of tuner and DVB demodulator</para>
<para>Here the raw signal reaches the DVB hardware from a satellite dish
or antenna or directly from cable. The frontend down-converts and
demodulates this signal into an MPEG transport stream (TS). In case of a
satellite frontend, this includes a facility for satellite equipment
control (SEC), which allows control of LNB polarization, multi feed
switches or dish rotors.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Conditional Access (CA) hardware like CI adapters and smartcard slots
</para>
<para>The complete TS is passed through the CA hardware. Programs to
which the user has access (controlled by the smart card) are decoded in
real time and re-inserted into the TS.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Demultiplexer which filters the incoming DVB stream</para>
<para>The demultiplexer splits the TS into its components like audio and
video streams. Besides usually several of such audio and video streams
it also contains data streams with information about the programs
offered in this or other streams of the same provider.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>MPEG2 audio and video decoder</para>
<para>The main targets of the demultiplexer are the MPEG2 audio and
video decoders. After decoding they pass on the uncompressed audio and
video to the computer screen or (through a PAL/NTSC encoder) to a TV
set.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para><xref linkend="stb_components" /> shows a crude schematic of the control and data flow
between those components.</para>
<para>On a DVB PCI card not all of these have to be present since some
functionality can be provided by the main CPU of the PC (e.g. MPEG
picture and sound decoding) or is not needed (e.g. for data-only uses
like “internet over satellite”). Also not every card or STB
provides conditional access hardware.</para>
</section>
<section id="dvb_devices">
<title>Linux DVB Devices</title>
<para>The Linux DVB API lets you control these hardware components
through currently six Unix-style character devices for video, audio,
frontend, demux, CA and IP-over-DVB networking. The video and audio
devices control the MPEG2 decoder hardware, the frontend device the
tuner and the DVB demodulator. The demux device gives you control over
the PES and section filters of the hardware. If the hardware does not
support filtering these filters can be implemented in software. Finally,
the CA device controls all the conditional access capabilities of the
hardware. It can depend on the individual security requirements of the
platform, if and how many of the CA functions are made available to the
application through this device.</para>
<para>All devices can be found in the <emphasis role="tt">/dev</emphasis>
tree under <emphasis role="tt">/dev/dvb</emphasis>. The individual devices
are called:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="tt">/dev/dvb/adapterN/audioM</emphasis>,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="tt">/dev/dvb/adapterN/videoM</emphasis>,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="tt">/dev/dvb/adapterN/frontendM</emphasis>,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="tt">/dev/dvb/adapterN/netM</emphasis>,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="tt">/dev/dvb/adapterN/demuxM</emphasis>,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="tt">/dev/dvb/adapterN/dvrM</emphasis>,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="tt">/dev/dvb/adapterN/caM</emphasis>,</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>where N enumerates the DVB PCI cards in a system starting
from 0, and M enumerates the devices of each type within each
adapter, starting from 0, too. We will omit the “<emphasis
role="tt">/dev/dvb/adapterN/</emphasis>” in the further dicussion
of these devices. The naming scheme for the devices is the same wheter
devfs is used or not.</para>
<para>More details about the data structures and function calls of all
the devices are described in the following chapters.</para>
</section>
<section id="include_files">
<title>API include files</title>
<para>For each of the DVB devices a corresponding include file exists.
The DVB API include files should be included in application sources with
a partial path like:</para>
<programlisting>
#include <linux/dvb/audio.h>
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
#include <linux/dvb/ca.h>
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
#include <linux/dvb/dmx.h>
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
#include <linux/dvb/frontend.h>
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
#include <linux/dvb/net.h>
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
#include <linux/dvb/osd.h>
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
#include <linux/dvb/video.h>
</programlisting>
<para>To enable applications to support different API version, an
additional include file <emphasis
role="tt">linux/dvb/version.h</emphasis> exists, which defines the
constant <emphasis role="tt">DVB_API_VERSION</emphasis>. This document
describes <emphasis role="tt">DVB_API_VERSION 3</emphasis>.
</para>
</section>
|
