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authorSebastian Schmidt <yath@yath.de>2012-04-17 11:23:35 +0200
committerSebastian Schmidt <yath@yath.de>2012-04-17 11:24:20 +0200
commitf4b417c62a4f272c4cf9a074d0f7a3a97201f9db (patch)
treee2196f3b6361e2377c43ab47a3abf17d8f6afd77 /doc
parent791237e44695d2ee123c8a6f665ef074f5fadfbb (diff)
downloadexternal_bash-f4b417c62a4f272c4cf9a074d0f7a3a97201f9db.zip
external_bash-f4b417c62a4f272c4cf9a074d0f7a3a97201f9db.tar.gz
external_bash-f4b417c62a4f272c4cf9a074d0f7a3a97201f9db.tar.bz2
Update to upstream bash 4.2
This upgrades bash to from 4.1-rc to 4.2-release. See CWRU/changelog for changes. Change-Id: I926269c300cf44fa25964b5b375a148fcf11c4b7
Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
-rw-r--r--doc/FAQ126
-rw-r--r--doc/Makefile.in2
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.02358
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.1580
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.html597
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.pdfbin288296 -> 296259 bytes
-rw-r--r--doc/bash.ps11648
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.dvibin663456 -> 680368 bytes
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.html5315
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.info1164
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.pdfbin559434 -> 570072 bytes
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.ps13391
-rw-r--r--doc/bashref.texi398
-rw-r--r--doc/builtins.0704
-rw-r--r--doc/builtins.ps3329
-rw-r--r--doc/rbash.04
-rw-r--r--doc/rbash.ps12
-rw-r--r--doc/version.texi12
18 files changed, 20849 insertions, 18791 deletions
diff --git a/doc/FAQ b/doc/FAQ
index bef8106..33ca3d3 100644
--- a/doc/FAQ
+++ b/doc/FAQ
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.11, for Bash version 4.1.
+This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.12, for Bash version 4.2.
This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
Section B: The latest version
-B1) What's new in version 4.1?
-B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.1 and
+B1) What's new in version 4.2?
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.2 and
previous bash versions?
Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
@@ -144,26 +144,26 @@ of Case Western Reserve University.
A2) What's the latest version?
-The latest version is 4.1, first made available on 31 December, 2009.
+The latest version is 4.2, first made available on 14 February, 2011.
A3) Where can I get it?
Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
-The following URLs tell how to get version 4.1:
+The following URLs tell how to get version 4.2:
-ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.1.tar.gz
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.1.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz
Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
-ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.1.tar.gz
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.1.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.2.tar.gz
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.2.tar.gz
Any patches for the current version are available with the URL:
-ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.1-patches/
+ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.2-patches/
A4) On what machines will bash run?
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Mark began to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the current status.
Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services
for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix. I do not anticipate any problems
-with building bash-4.1, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed.
+with building bash-4.2, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed.
A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
@@ -388,14 +388,88 @@ They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
Section B: The latest version
-B1) What's new in version 4.1?
+B1) What's new in version 4.2?
-Bash-4.1 is the first revision to the fourth major release of bash.
+Bash-4.2 is the second revision to the fourth major release of bash.
-Bash-4.1 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
-complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.1
+Bash-4.2 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
+complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.2
distribution):
+o `exec -a foo' now sets $0 to `foo' in an executable shell script without a
+ leading #!.
+
+o Subshells begun to execute command substitutions or run shell functions or
+ builtins in subshells do not reset trap strings until a new trap is
+ specified. This allows $(trap) to display the caller's traps and the
+ trap strings to persist until a new trap is set.
+
+o `trap -p' will now show signals ignored at shell startup, though their
+ disposition still cannot be modified.
+
+o $'...', echo, and printf understand \uXXXX and \UXXXXXXXX escape sequences.
+
+o declare/typeset has a new `-g' option, which creates variables in the
+ global scope even when run in a shell function.
+
+o test/[/[[ have a new -v variable unary operator, which returns success if
+ `variable' has been set.
+
+o Posix parsing changes to allow `! time command' and multiple consecutive
+ instances of `!' (which toggle) and `time' (which have no cumulative
+ effect).
+
+o Posix change to allow `time' as a command by itself to print the elapsed
+ user, system, and real times for the shell and its children.
+
+o $((...)) is always parsed as an arithmetic expansion first, instead of as
+ a potential nested command substitution, as Posix requires.
+
+o A new FUNCNEST variable to allow the user to control the maximum shell
+ function nesting (recursive execution) level.
+
+o The mapfile builtin now supplies a third argument to the callback command:
+ the line about to be assigned to the supplied array index.
+
+o The printf builtin has as new %(fmt)T specifier, which allows time values
+ to use strftime-like formatting.
+
+o There is a new `compat41' shell option.
+
+o The cd builtin has a new Posix-mandated `-e' option.
+
+o Negative subscripts to indexed arrays, previously errors, now are treated
+ as offsets from the maximum assigned index + 1.
+
+o Negative length specifications in the ${var:offset:length} expansion,
+ previously errors, are now treated as offsets from the end of the variable.
+
+o Parsing change to allow `time -p --'.
+
+o Posix-mode parsing change to not recognize `time' as a keyword if the
+ following token begins with a `-'. This means no more Posix-mode
+ `time -p'. Posix interpretation 267.
+
+o There is a new `lastpipe' shell option that runs the last command of a
+ pipeline in the current shell context. The lastpipe option has no
+ effect if job control is enabled.
+
+o History expansion no longer expands the `$!' variable expansion.
+
+o Posix mode shells no longer exit if a variable assignment error occurs
+ with an assignment preceding a command that is not a special builtin.
+
+o Non-interactive mode shells exit if -u is enabled an an attempt is made
+ to use an unset variable with the % or # expansions, the `//', `^', or
+ `,' expansions, or the parameter length expansion.
+
+o Posix-mode shells use the argument passed to `.' as-is if a $PATH search
+ fails, effectively searching the current directory. Posix-2008 change.
+
+A short feature history dating back to Bash-2.0:
+
+Bash-4.1 contained the following new features:
+
o Here-documents within $(...) command substitutions may once more be
delimited by the closing right paren, instead of requiring a newline.
@@ -502,8 +576,6 @@ o New bindable readline variable: enable-meta-key. Controls whether or not
readline sends the smm/rmm sequences if the terminal indicates it has a
meta key that enables eight-bit characters.
-A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
-
Bash-4.0 contained the following new features:
o When using substring expansion on the positional parameters, a starting
@@ -901,14 +973,14 @@ grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
lots of code now smaller and faster
test suite greatly expanded
-B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.1 and
+B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.2 and
previous bash versions?
-There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.1 and previous
+There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.2 and previous
versions. They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution.
That file is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to
bash-maintainers@gnu.org (or bug-bash@gnu.org if you would like
-community discussion) if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
+community discussion) if you find something that's not mentioned there.
Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
@@ -1118,7 +1190,7 @@ C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
This list is current through ksh93t+ (05/05/2009)
-New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.1:
+New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.2:
floating point arithmetic and variables
math library functions
${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array
@@ -1140,7 +1212,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.1:
`fc' has been renamed to `hist'
`.' can execute shell functions
getopts -a
- printf %B, %H, %P, %R, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d, `=' flag
+ printf %B, %H, %P, %R, %Z modifiers, output base for %d, `=' flag
read -n/-N differ/-v
set -o showme/-o multiline (bash default)
`sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions)
@@ -1148,16 +1220,14 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.1:
[[ -R name ]] (checks whether or not name is a nameref)
typeset -C/-S/-T/-X/-h/-s
experimental `type' definitions (a la typedef) using typeset
- negative subscripts for indexed array variables
array expansions ${array[sub1..sub2]} and ${!array[sub1..sub2]}
associative array assignments using `;' as element separator
command substitution $(n<#) expands to current byte offset for fd N
new '${ ' form of command substitution, executed in current shell
new >;/<>;/<#pat/<##pat/<#/># redirections
brace expansion printf-like formats
- [[ -v var ]] operators (checks whether or not var is set)
-New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
+New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.2:
associative arrays
[n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
@@ -1165,6 +1235,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
expansions: ${!param}, ${param:offset[:len]}, ${param/pat[/str]},
${!param*}
compound array assignment
+ negative subscripts for indexed array variables
the `!' reserved word
loadable builtins -- but ksh uses `builtin' while bash uses `enable'
new $'...' and $"..." quoting
@@ -1174,6 +1245,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
`command', `builtin', `disown' builtins
echo -e
exec -c/-a
+ printf %T modifier
read -A (bash uses read -a)
read -t/-d
trap -p
@@ -1193,6 +1265,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
negative offsets in ${param:offset:length}
redirection operators preceded with {varname} to store fd number in varname
DEBUG can force skipping following command
+ [[ -v var ]] operator (checks whether or not var is set)
Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
@@ -1778,7 +1851,8 @@ compat40 set
- the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current
locale when comparing strings
- interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution
- of the entire list to be aborted
+ of the entire list to be aborted (in versions before bash-4.0,
+ interrupting one command in a list caused the next to be executed)
Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in
index 3e0e68b..493985b 100644
--- a/doc/Makefile.in
+++ b/doc/Makefile.in
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ html: ${HTMLFILES}
pdf: ${PDFFILES}
bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
- ${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
+ ${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi || { ${RM} $@ ; exit 1; }
bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0
index 675cd2f..86d8b70 100644
--- a/doc/bash.0
+++ b/doc/bash.0
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
bbaasshh [options] [file]
CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
- Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2009 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2010 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
BBaasshh is an sshh-compatible command language interpreter that executes
@@ -21,82 +21,81 @@ DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
1003.1). BBaasshh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
- In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the
- description of the sseett builtin command, bbaasshh interprets the following
- options when it is invoked:
+ All of the single-character shell options documented in the descrip-
+ tion of the sseett builtin command can be used as options when the shell
+ is invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following options when it
+ is invoked:
- --cc _s_t_r_i_n_g If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from
- _s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are arguments after the _s_t_r_i_n_g, they are
+ --cc _s_t_r_i_n_g If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from
+ _s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are arguments after the _s_t_r_i_n_g, they are
assigned to the positional parameters, starting with $$00.
--ii If the --ii option is present, the shell is _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e.
--ll Make bbaasshh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below).
- --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d
+ --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d
(see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below).
- --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after
- option processing, then commands are read from the standard
- input. This option allows the positional parameters to be
+ --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after
+ option processing, then commands are read from the standard
+ input. This option allows the positional parameters to be
set when invoking an interactive shell.
- --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed
- on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub-
+ --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed
+ on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub-
ject to language translation when the current locale is not CC
- or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be
+ or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be
executed.
[[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]]
- _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the
- sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If
+ _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the
+ sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If
_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO
- unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and
- values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on
- the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the
- output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
- ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option
- processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file-
+ unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and
+ values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on
+ the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the
+ output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+ ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option
+ processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file-
names and arguments. An argument of -- is equivalent to ----.
- BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These
- options must appear on the command line before the single-character
+ BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These
+ options must appear on the command line before the single-character
options to be recognized.
----ddeebbuuggggeerr
Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
- starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description
- of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) and shell
- function tracing (see the description of the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee option
- to the sseett builtin below).
+ starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description
+ of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below).
----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss
- Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por-
+ Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por-
table object) file format.
----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss
Equivalent to --DD.
- ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success-
+ ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success-
fully.
----iinniitt--ffiillee _f_i_l_e
----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e
Execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of the standard personal ini-
- tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see
+ tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see
IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below).
----llooggiinn
Equivalent to --ll.
----nnooeeddiittiinngg
- Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when
+ Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when
the shell is interactive.
----nnoopprrooffiillee
- Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or
- any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e,
- _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these
- files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN
+ Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or
+ any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e,
+ _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these
+ files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN
below).
----nnoorrcc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file
- _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by
+ _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by
default if the shell is invoked as sshh.
----ppoossiixx
- Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs
+ Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs
from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e).
----rreessttrriicctteedd
@@ -106,113 +105,113 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS
Equivalent to --vv.
----vveerrssiioonn
- Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan-
+ Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan-
dard output and exit successfully.
AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS
If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the --cc nor the
- --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the
- name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this
- fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame-
- ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com-
- mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta-
- tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are
- executed, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the
+ --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the
+ name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this
+ fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame-
+ ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com-
+ mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta-
+ tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are
+ executed, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the
file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then the shell
searches the directories in PPAATTHH for the script.
IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN
- A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or
+ A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or
one started with the ----llooggiinn option.
- An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments and
+ An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments and
without the --cc option whose standard input and error are both connected
- to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii
- option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if bbaasshh is interactive, allowing
+ to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii
+ option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if bbaasshh is interactive, allowing
a shell script or a startup file to test this state.
- The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files.
- If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error.
+ The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files.
+ If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error.
Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann--
ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section.
- When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter-
- active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com-
- mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading
+ When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter-
+ active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com-
+ mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading
that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e,
- in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that
- exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the
+ in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that
+ exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the
shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
- When a login shell exits, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the
+ When a login shell exits, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the
file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists.
- When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh
- reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This
- may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option
- will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of
+ When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh
+ reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This
+ may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option
+ will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of
_~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c.
- When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for
+ When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for
example, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands
- its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name
- of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com-
+ its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name
+ of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com-
mand were executed:
if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
- but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file
+ but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file
name.
- If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup
- behavior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while
- conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interac-
- tive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option,
- it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and
- _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to
- inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the
- name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is
- defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and
+ If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup
+ behavior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while
+ conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interac-
+ tive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option,
+ it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and
+ _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to
+ inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the
+ name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is
+ defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and
execute. Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and exe-
- cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no
- effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not
- attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh
+ cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no
+ effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not
+ attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh
enters _p_o_s_i_x mode after the startup files are read.
- When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line
+ When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line
option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode,
- interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and
- executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other
+ interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and
+ executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other
startup files are read.
BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
- connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell daemon,
- usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh determines it
- is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from
- _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if
- invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this behavior,
- and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to be read,
- but _r_s_h_d does not generally invoke the shell with those options or
- allow them to be specified.
+ connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+ daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh deter-
+ mines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands
+ from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do
+ this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this
+ behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to
+ be read, but _r_s_h_d does not generally invoke the shell with those
+ options or allow them to be specified.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup
files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
- the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they
- appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is
- set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation,
- the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not
+ the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they
+ appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is
+ set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation,
+ the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not
reset.
DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS
- The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu-
+ The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu-
ment.
bbllaannkk A space or tab.
- wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the
+ wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the
shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn.
- nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under-
- scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under-
+ nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under-
+ scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under-
score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr.
mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr
- A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the
+ A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the
following:
|| && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb
ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr
@@ -223,52 +222,59 @@ DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS
RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS
_R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The
following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the
- first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or the third
+ first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or the third
word of a ccaassee or ffoorr command:
- !! ccaassee ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill
+ !! ccaassee ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill
wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]]
SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss
- A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol-
- lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a
+ A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol-
+ lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a
_c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed,
- and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as
+ and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as
arguments to the invoked command.
- The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if
+ The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if
the command is terminated by signal _n.
PPiippeelliinneess
- A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
+ A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
the control operators || or ||&&. The format for a pipeline is:
[ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ]
- The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the standard
- input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec-
+ The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the standard
+ input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec-
tions specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is used,
the standard error of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input
- through the pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirect-
+ through the pipe; it is shorthand for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirect-
ion of the standard error is performed after any redirections specified
by the command.
The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command,
- unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the
- pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command
- to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success-
+ unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the
+ pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command
+ to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success-
fully. If the reserved word !! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of
- that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described
- above. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate
+ that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described
+ above. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate
before returning a value.
- If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as
- user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the
- pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to that
- specified by POSIX. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be set to a format
- string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed;
- see the description of TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess below.
+ If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as
+ user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the
+ pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to that
+ specified by POSIX. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it does not rec-
+ ognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'.
+ The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be set to a format string that specifies
+ how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of
+ TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess below.
+
+ When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, ttiimmee may be followed by a newline. In
+ this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed
+ by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be used to
+ specify the format of the time information.
Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in
a subshell).
@@ -345,7 +351,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
tional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as
primaries.
- When used with [[[[, The << and >> operators sort lexicographically
+ When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically
using the current locale.
When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right
@@ -458,117 +464,119 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
true.
- wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t; ddoo _l_i_s_t; ddoonnee
- uunnttiill _l_i_s_t; ddoo _l_i_s_t; ddoonnee
- The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the ddoo _l_i_s_t as long as
- the last command in _l_i_s_t returns an exit status of zero. The
- uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, except that the
- test is negated; the ddoo _l_i_s_t is executed as long as the last
- command in _l_i_s_t returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status
- of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the last
- ddoo _l_i_s_t command executed, or zero if none was executed.
+ wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee
+ uunnttiill _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee
+ The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long
+ as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of
+ zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command,
+ except that the test is negated; _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as long as
+ the last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The
+ exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status
+ of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t_-_2, or zero if none was exe-
+ cuted.
CCoopprroocceesssseess
A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word. A
- coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
- had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe
+ coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+ had been terminated with the && control operator, with a two-way pipe
established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
The format for a coprocess is:
ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s]
- This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the
+ This creates a coprocess named _N_A_M_E. If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the
default name is _C_O_P_R_O_C. _N_A_M_E must not be supplied if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a _s_i_m_-
_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word
- of the simple command. When the coproc is executed, the shell creates
- an array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the
- executing shell. The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a
- pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file
- descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
- connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and
- that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established
- before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
- below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell
- commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The process
- id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the
- value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used
+ of the simple command. When the coproc is executed, the shell creates
+ an array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of the
+ executing shell. The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a
+ pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file
+ descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0]. The standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
+ connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and
+ that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established
+ before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
+ below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell
+ commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The process
+ ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the
+ value of the variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used
to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.
SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss
- A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
- executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
+ A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
+ executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
Shell functions are declared as follows:
- [ ffuunnccttiioonn ] _n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n]
- This defines a function named _n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn
- is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the
- parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com-
- pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above).
- That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but
- may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. _c_o_m_-
+ _n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n]
+ ffuunnccttiioonn _n_a_m_e [()] _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n]
+ This defines a function named _n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn
+ is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the
+ parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com-
+ pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above).
+ That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but
+ may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. _c_o_m_-
_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name
- of a simple command. Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below)
- specified when a function is defined are performed when the
- function is executed. The exit status of a function definition
+ of a simple command. Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below)
+ specified when a function is defined are performed when the
+ function is executed. The exit status of a function definition
is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a readonly function with
the same name already exists. When executed, the exit status of
- a function is the exit status of the last command executed in
+ a function is the exit status of the last command executed in
the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.)
CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS
In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr--
- aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL
- BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and
- all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive
- shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow
+ aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL
+ BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and
+ all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive
+ shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow
comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is on by default in interac-
tive shells.
QQUUOOTTIINNGG
- _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
- words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+ _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+ words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
- Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special
+ Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special
meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
- When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS--
+ When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS--
TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must
be quoted to prevent history expansion.
- There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single
+ There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single
quotes, and double quotes.
- A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the
+ A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the
literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of
- <newline>. If a \\<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not
- itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that
+ <newline>. If a \\<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not
+ itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that
is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).
- Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
+ Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of
each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between
single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
- Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
- all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and,
- when history expansion is enabled, !!. The characters $$ and `` retain
- their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its
- special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters:
- $$, ``, "", \\, or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double
+ Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of
+ all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and,
+ when history expansion is enabled, !!. The characters $$ and `` retain
+ their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its
+ special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters:
+ $$, ``, "", \\, or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double
quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion
- will be performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped
+ will be performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped
using a backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed.
- The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double
+ The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double
quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below).
Words of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated specially. The word expands to
- _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the
- ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded
+ _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the
+ ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded
as follows:
\\aa alert (bell)
\\bb backspace
@@ -582,178 +590,182 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG
\\\\ backslash
\\'' single quote
\\"" double quote
- \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
+ \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
_n_n_n (one to three digits)
- \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
+ \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
+ \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits)
+ \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits)
\\cc_x a control-_x character
- The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+ The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
been present.
A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") will cause
- the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the
- current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the
+ the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the
+ current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the
string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
- A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num-
+ A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num-
ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm--
- eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a
- _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the
- ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS).
+ eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a
+ _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the
+ ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS).
A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
- a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+ a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form
_n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e]
- If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
- _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN--
+ If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+ _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN--
SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e
is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion
- is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not
- performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall
- PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state-
- ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett,
+ is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not
+ performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall
+ PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state-
+ ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett,
eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands.
- In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
+ In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to
or add to the variable's previous value. When += is applied to a vari-
- able for which the integer attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated
- as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value,
+ able for which the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated
+ as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value,
which is also evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using
- compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not
+ compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not
unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array
- beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed
+ beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed
arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array.
- When applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and
+ When applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and
appended to the variable's value.
PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss
- A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
+ A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from
- the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using
- the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to
- with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily
+ the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using
+ the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to
+ with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily
replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below).
- When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
+ When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below).
SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss
- The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
+ The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
- ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
- the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a sin-
+ ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a sin-
gle word with the value of each parameter separated by the first
character of the IIFFSS special variable. That is, "$$**" is equiva-
lent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c is the first character of the value
- of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are sepa-
- rated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined
+ of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are sepa-
+ rated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined
without intervening separators.
- @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
+ @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When
the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter
expands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11"
- "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word,
- the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin-
- ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last
- parameter is joined with the last part of the original word.
- When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to
+ "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word,
+ the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin-
+ ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last
+ parameter is joined with the last part of the original word.
+ When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to
nothing (i.e., they are removed).
## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
- ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore-
+ ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore-
ground pipeline.
- -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca-
- tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell
+ -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca-
+ tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell
itself (such as the --ii option).
- $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it
- expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub-
+ $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it
+ expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub-
shell.
- !! Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed back-
+ !! Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed back-
ground (asynchronous) command.
- 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set
+ 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set
at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com-
- mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started
- with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after
- the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is
- set to the file name used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument
+ mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started
+ with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after
+ the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is
+ set to the file name used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument
zero.
- __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke
- the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi-
- ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last
- argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to
- the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and
+ __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke
+ the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi-
+ ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last
+ argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to
+ the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and
placed in the environment exported to that command. When check-
- ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur-
+ ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur-
rently being checked.
SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess
The following variables are set by the shell:
- BBAASSHH Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of
+ BBAASSHH Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of
bbaasshh.
BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS
- A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
- the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt
+ A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+ the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt
builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options
- appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If
- this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each
- shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
+ appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If
+ this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each
+ shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any
startup files. This variable is read-only.
BBAASSHHPPIIDD
- Expands to the process id of the current bbaasshh process. This
- differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+ Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This
+ differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized.
BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS
- An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin Ele-
- ments added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting
- array elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+ internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin.
+ Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting
+ array elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC
- An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in
+ An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in
each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number
- of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or
- script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack.
- When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed
+ of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or
+ script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack.
+ When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed
is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in
- extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg
+ extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg
option to the sshhoopptt builtin below)
BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV
- An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur-
+ An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur-
rent bbaasshh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last
- subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter
+ subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter
of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe-
- cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The
- shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see
- the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin
+ cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The
+ shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see
+ the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin
below)
BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS
- An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh
+ An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+ internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh
builtin. Elements added to this array appear in the hash table;
- unsetting array elements cause commands to be removed from the
+ unsetting array elements cause commands to be removed from the
hash table.
BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD
- The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
+ The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
- in which case it is the command executing at the time of the
+ in which case it is the command executing at the time of the
trap.
BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG
The command argument to the --cc invocation option.
BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO
- An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
- files corresponding to each member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE.
- $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file where
- $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if refer-
- enced within another shell function). The corresponding source
- file name is $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}}. Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the cur-
- rent line number.
+ An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
+ files where each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked.
+ $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file
+ ($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}) where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called (or
+ $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within another shell func-
+ tion). Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number.
BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH
An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary
operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index
@@ -762,30 +774,33 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. This vari-
able is read-only.
BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE
- An array variable whose members are the source filenames corre-
- sponding to the elements in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array variable.
+ An array variable whose members are the source filenames where
+ the corresponding shell function names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array
+ variable are defined. The shell function $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} is
+ defined in the file $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}} and called from
+ $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}.
BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL
- Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment
+ Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment
is spawned. The initial value is 0.
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO
A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
- for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array
+ for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array
members are as follows:
- BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e).
- BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n).
+ BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e).
+ BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n).
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[2]] The patch level.
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[3]] The build version.
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1).
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE.
BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN
- Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
+ Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
bbaasshh.
CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD
- An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current
+ An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current
cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY
@@ -793,98 +808,115 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
rent completion function.
CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE
- The current command line. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
+ The current command line. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
+ grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
below).
CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT
- The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
- ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
+ The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
+ ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is
at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
- equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
+ equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
+ grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
below).
CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE
- Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
- attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B,
- for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes-
- sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
- tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
- _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
- shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
- grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
+ Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
+ attempted that caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B,
+ for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after succes-
+ sive tabs, _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
+ tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or
+ _%, for menu completion. This variable is available only in
+ shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro-
+ grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
below).
CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS
- The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word
- separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS
- is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ The set of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word
+ separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS
+ is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS
- An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ-
- ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
- words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as
+ An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ-
+ ual words in the current command line. The line is split into
+ words as rreeaaddlliinnee would split it, using CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS as
described above. This variable is available only in shell func-
- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
+ tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see
PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
+ CCOOPPRROOCC An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file
+ descriptors for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess
+ (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above).
+
DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK
An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con-
- tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
- in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning
+ tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack
+ in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning
to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
- ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must
+ ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must
be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari-
- able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is
- unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+ able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is
+ unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
quently reset.
- EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
+ EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial-
ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly.
FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE
- An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot-
- tom-most element is "main". This variable exists only when a
- shell function is executing. Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no
- effect and return an error status. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, it
- loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
-
- GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
- current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect
- and return an error status. If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its
+ tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main".
+ This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+ Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect and return an error sta-
+ tus. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+ This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE.
+ Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in
+ BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For
+ instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file
+ $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The
+ ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor-
+ mation.
+
+ GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
+ current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect
+ and return an error status. If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its
special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
HHIISSTTCCMMDD
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
- command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE
Automatically set to the name of the current host.
HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE
- Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
- of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-
+ Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type
+ of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-
dependent.
- LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
- decimal number representing the current sequential line number
- (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
- script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
+ LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
+ decimal number representing the current sequential line number
+ (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a
+ script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper-
ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE
- Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
- type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_-
+ Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
+ type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_-
_p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent.
+ MMAAPPFFIILLEE
+ An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text
+ read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+
OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command.
OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss
@@ -913,6 +945,14 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
reset.
+ RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE
+ The contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x"
+ (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+
+ RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT
+ The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer,
+ for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+
RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when
no arguments are supplied.
@@ -948,144 +988,151 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and
arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name.
PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant file name.
- CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated
- list of directories in which the shell looks for destination
- directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is
- ".:~:/usr".
BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD
- If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
- bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is
- enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed
- when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
- BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
- output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting
+ If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor,
+ bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is
+ enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed
+ when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting
+ BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
+ output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting
BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
+ CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated
+ list of directories in which the shell looks for destination
+ directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is
+ ".:~:/usr".
CCOOLLUUMMNNSS
- Used by the sseelleecctt builtin command to determine the terminal
+ Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal
width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
- receipt of a SIGWINCH.
+ receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH.
CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY
An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com-
pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell
starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
- an emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+ an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+ EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX
+ mode.
FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command.
FFIIGGNNOORREE
- A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+ A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf-
- fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the
+ fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the
list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~".
+ FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT
+ If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+ function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
+ nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames
to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a
- pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
+ pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches.
HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL
- A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
- saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
- _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not
- saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines
+ A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are
+ saved on the history list. If the list of values includes
+ _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not
+ saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines
matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of
_i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value
of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line
- to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
- Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is
- unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
+ to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.
+ Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is
+ unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value
- of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
- compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
+ of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+ compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL.
HHIISSTTFFIILLEE
The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS--
- TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset,
- the command history is not saved when an interactive shell
+ TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset,
+ the command history is not saved when an interactive shell
exits.
HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When
- this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
- cated, if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain
- no more than that number of lines. The default value is 500.
+ this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun-
+ cated, if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain
+ no more than that number of lines. The default value is 500.
The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it
when an interactive shell exits.
HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE
- A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
- lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
- anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com-
- plete line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is
- tested against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN--
- TTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern
+ A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+ lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
+ anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com-
+ plete line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is
+ tested against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN--
+ TTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern
matching characters, `&&' matches the previous history line. `&&'
- may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
+ may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a
multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the
history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE.
HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE
- The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+ The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
HHIISSTTOORRYY below). The default value is 500.
HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT
- If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
+ If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a
format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated
- with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If
- this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history
- file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses
- the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+ with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If
+ this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history
+ file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses
+ the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
other history lines.
HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used
when performing tilde expansion.
HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE
- Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s
+ Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s
that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
- The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
- the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is
- attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of
- the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has
- no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to
- read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
+ The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while
+ the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is
+ attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of
+ the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has
+ no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to
+ read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple-
tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
- IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting
- after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd
+ IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting
+ after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd
builtin command. The default value is ``<space><tab><new-
line>''.
IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF
Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF
character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of
- consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first
- characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable
- exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the
- default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the
+ consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first
+ characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable
+ exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the
+ default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the
end of input to the shell.
IINNPPUUTTRRCC
- The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the
+ The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the
default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below).
- LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+ LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not
specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__.
- LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__
+ LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__
variable specifying a locale category.
LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE
- This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
- the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
- of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating
+ This variable determines the collation order used when sorting
+ the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
+ of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating
sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE
- This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
- the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
+ This variable determines the interpretation of characters and
+ the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and
pattern matching.
LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS
- This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
+ This variable determines the locale used to translate double-
quoted strings preceded by a $$.
LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC
- This variable determines the locale category used for number
+ This variable determines the locale category used for number
formatting.
- LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt builtin command to determine the column
- length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
+ LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column
+ length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH.
- MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file name and the MMAAIILLPPAATTHH vari-
- able is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of mail in
- the specified file.
+ MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the
+ MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the
+ arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc-
+ tory.
MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK
Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The
default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the
@@ -1181,8 +1228,8 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting for
that number of seconds if input does not arrive.
- TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, BBaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
- BBaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+ TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+ bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use.
aauuttoo__rreessuummee
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
@@ -1227,10 +1274,12 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as
- an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or
- equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa
- _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is
- also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored.
+ an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t
+ evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as an offset from one
+ greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript of -1 refers to
+ the last element of the array). To explicitly declare an indexed
+ array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree
+ --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored.
Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e.
@@ -1414,9 +1463,9 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
able; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest
of the substitution, rather than the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This
is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The exceptions to this are the expan-
- sions of ${!_p_r_e_f_i_x*} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation
- point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce
- indirection.
+ sions of ${!!\\ffPPffIIpprreeffiixx**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The excla-
+ mation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to intro-
+ duce indirection.
In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
@@ -1445,113 +1494,117 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted.
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t}
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h}
- SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn.. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of
+ SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of
_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. If
_l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r start-
ing at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are
- arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below).
- _l_e_n_g_t_h must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
- If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is
- used as an offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If
- _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters
- beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name sub-
- scripted by @ or *, the result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the
- array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is
- taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the
- specified array. Substring expansion applied to an associative
- array produces undefined results. Note that a negative offset
- must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid
- being confused with the :- expansion. Substring indexing is
- zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which
- case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and
- the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list.
+ arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). If
+ _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used
+ as an offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h
+ evaluates to a number less than zero, and _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not @@ and
+ not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted as an
+ offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a num-
+ ber of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
+ the two offsets. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h posi-
+ tional parameters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an
+ indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the
+ _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}.
+ A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the max-
+ imum index of the specified array. Substring expansion applied
+ to an associative array produces undefined results. Note that a
+ negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one
+ space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion. Substring
+ indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are
+ used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default. If
+ _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is pre-
+ fixed to the list.
${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**}
${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@}
- NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx.. Expands to the names of variables whose
+ NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose
names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the
- IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears
- within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate
+ IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears
+ within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate
word.
${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]}
${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]}
- LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss.. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to
- the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is
- not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise.
- When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+ LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to
+ the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is
+ not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise.
+ When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
each key expands to a separate word.
${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}
- PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh.. The length in characters of the value of
- _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value
- substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_-
- _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi-
+ PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of
+ _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value
+ substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_-
+ _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi-
tuted is the number of elements in the array.
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d}
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d}
- RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn.. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce
+ RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce
a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches
- the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the
- expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest
- matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat-
- tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the
- pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame-
+ the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the
+ expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest
+ matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat-
+ tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the
+ pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame-
ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_-
- _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern
- removal operation is applied to each member of the array in
+ _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern
+ removal operation is applied to each member of the array in
turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d}
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d}
- RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn.. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce
+ RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce
a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches
- a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the
- result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with
- the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest
- matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@
- or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi-
- tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
- list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or
- **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of
+ a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the
+ result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with
+ the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest
+ matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@
+ or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi-
+ tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or
+ **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of
the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g}
- PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn.. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat-
- tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and
- the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with
- _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are
- replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is
+ PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat-
+ tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and
+ the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with
+ _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are
+ replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is
replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at the begin-
ning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with
- %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.
+ %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.
If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // fol-
lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the sub-
- stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in
- turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is
- an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution
- operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
+ stitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in
+ turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is
+ an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution
+ operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and
the expansion is the resultant list.
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
- CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn.. This expansion modifies the case of alpha-
- betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro-
- duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. The ^^ operator
- converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,,
- operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The
- ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the
- expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only
- the first character in the expanded value.. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit-
- ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If
- _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied
- to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
- resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted
- with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each
- member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+ CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn. This expansion modifies the case of alpha-
+ betic characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro-
+ duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. The ^^ operator
+ converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n to uppercase; the ,,
+ operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase. The
+ ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character in the
+ expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert only
+ the first character in the expanded value. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is omit-
+ ted, it is treated like a ??, which matches every character. If
+ _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied
+ to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
+ resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted
+ with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied to each
+ member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
list.
CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn
@@ -1564,160 +1617,162 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d``
BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d and replacing the com-
- mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
+ mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any
trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they
- may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $$((ccaatt
+ may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $$((ccaatt
_f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)).
- When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
- retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The
+ When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+ retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The
first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub-
- stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the
+ stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the
parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
- If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+ If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn
- Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
- and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
+ Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+ and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan-
sion is:
$$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n))))
- The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
- double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
+ The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
+ double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All
tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion,
- command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be
+ command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be
nested.
- The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+ The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message
indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn
- _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes
- (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form
- of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out-
+ _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes
+ (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form
+ of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out-
put connected to a _F_I_F_O or some file in //ddeevv//ffdd. The name of this file
- is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
- expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
- vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as
+ is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+ expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro-
+ vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as
an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t.
- When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
- parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+ When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+ parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
expansion.
WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg
- The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
- tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
+ The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu-
+ tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g.
- The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the
+ The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the
results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If IIFFSS
- is unset, or its value is exactly <<ssppaaccee>><<ttaabb>><<nneewwlliinnee>>, the default,
- then sequences of <<ssppaaccee>>, <<ttaabb>>, and <<nneewwlliinnee>> at the beginning and
- end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any
- sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to
- delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then
+ is unset, or its value is exactly <<ssppaaccee>><<ttaabb>><<nneewwlliinnee>>, the default,
+ then sequences of <<ssppaaccee>>, <<ttaabb>>, and <<nneewwlliinnee>> at the beginning and
+ end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any
+ sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the beginning or end serves to
+ delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then
sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee and ttaabb are ignored at the
- beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is
- in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in
- IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace
- characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters
- is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word
+ beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is
+ in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in
+ IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS whitespace, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace
+ characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters
+ is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word
splitting occurs.
- Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit
+ Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit
null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no
- values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
+ values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within
double quotes, a null argument results and is retained.
Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn
- After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans
- each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters
- appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an
- alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no
- matching file names are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not
- enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set,
- and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell
- option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed
- and the command is not executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is
- enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
- betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the
- character ````..'''' at the start of a name or immediately following a
- slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is
- set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
- matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' character is not
- treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL
- BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiill--
+ After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans
+ each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters
+ appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an
+ alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no
+ matching file names are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is not
+ enabled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set,
+ and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell
+ option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed
+ and the command is not executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is
+ enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
+ betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the
+ character ````..'''' at the start of a name or immediately following a
+ slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is
+ set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
+ matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' character is not
+ treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL
+ BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiill--
gglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options.
- The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
- names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file
- name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed
+ The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
+ names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file
+ name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed
from the list of matches. The file names ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always
- ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGG--
- NNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell
+ ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGG--
+ NNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell
option, so all other file names beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To
- get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a ````..'''',
- make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is
+ get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a ````..'''',
+ make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is
disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset.
PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg
Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
- characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
- occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
- escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
+ characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
+ occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
+ escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
- ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the gglloobb--
- ssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a pathname expan-
- sion context, two adjacent **s used as a single pattern will
- match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
- If followed by a //, two adjacent **s will match only directories
- and subdirectories.
- ?? Matches any single character.
- [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac-
- ters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n; any char-
- acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using
- the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is
- matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^
- then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order
- of characters in range expressions is determined by the current
- locale and the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable, if set.
- A -- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac-
- ter in the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first
- character in the set.
-
- Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the
- syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes
- defined in the POSIX standard:
- aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt
- ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt
- A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
- The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the char-
- acter _.
-
- Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the
- syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with the same colla-
- tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character
- _c.
-
- Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collating sym-
- bol _s_y_m_b_o_l.
+ ** Matches any string, including the null string. When the
+ gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and ** is used in a
+ pathname expansion context, two adjacent **s used as a
+ single pattern will match all files and zero or more
+ directories and subdirectories. If followed by a //, two
+ adjacent **s will match only directories and subdirecto-
+ ries.
+ ?? Matches any single character.
+ [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of
+ characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_-
+ _s_i_o_n; any character that sorts between those two charac-
+ ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating
+ sequence and character set, is matched. If the first
+ character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any charac-
+ ter not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of char-
+ acters in range expressions is determined by the current
+ locale and the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable, if
+ set. A -- may be matched by including it as the first or
+ last character in the set. A ]] may be matched by includ-
+ ing it as the first character in the set.
+
+ Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using
+ the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following
+ classes defined in the POSIX standard:
+ aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt
+ ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt
+ A character class matches any character belonging to that
+ class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits,
+ and the character _.
+
+ Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified
+ using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with
+ the same collation weight (as defined by the current
+ locale) as the character _c.
+
+ Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat-
+ ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l.
If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several
- extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
+ extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated
by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol-
lowing sub-patterns:
@@ -1735,55 +1790,55 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
- ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions
+ ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions
are removed.
RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
- Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d
- using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may
- also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution
+ Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d
+ using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may
+ also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution
environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear
anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may follow a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections
are processed in the order they appear, from left to right.
- Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+ Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}. In this case, for
each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
- file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If >&- or
- <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file
+ file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If >&- or
+ <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines the file
descriptor to close.
- In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re-
- direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
- first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection
+ In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
+ ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re-
+ direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the
+ first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection
refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
- The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+ The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
+ tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan-
- sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it
+ sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it
expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error.
- Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
+ Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the
command
ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1
- directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t,
+ directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t,
while the command
ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist
- directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard
- error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out-
+ directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard
+ error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out-
put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t.
BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
tions, as described in the following table:
//ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d
- If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli-
+ If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli-
cated.
//ddeevv//ssttddiinn
File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
@@ -1793,22 +1848,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
//ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t
If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t
- is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts
to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket.
//ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t
If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t
- is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts
+ is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts
to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket.
A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
- Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
- care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
+ Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+ care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
nally.
RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
- sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the
+ sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the
standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified.
The general format for redirecting input is:
@@ -1816,27 +1871,27 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]<<_w_o_r_d
RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt
- Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
+ Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the
standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file
- does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+ does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
size.
The general format for redirecting output is:
[_n]>>_w_o_r_d
- If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett
- builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
- name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file.
+ If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett
+ builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
+ name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file.
If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and
the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re-
direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists.
AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt
- Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
- results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file
- descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not
+ Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name
+ results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file
+ descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not
specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
The general format for appending output is:
@@ -1845,11 +1900,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr
- This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
- the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
+ This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+ the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d.
- There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
+ There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
error:
&&>>_w_o_r_d
@@ -1863,8 +1918,8 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr
- This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
- the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
+ This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+ the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d.
The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
@@ -1876,9 +1931,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
>>>>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1
HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss
- This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+ This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing
- blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+ blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used
as the standard input for a command.
The format of here-documents is:
@@ -1887,18 +1942,18 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
_h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t
_d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r
- No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or
+ No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or
pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any characters in _w_o_r_d are
- quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, and the
- lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is unquoted, all
- lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com-
- mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the
- character sequence \\<<nneewwlliinnee>> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote
+ quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, and the
+ lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is unquoted, all
+ lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com-
+ mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the
+ character sequence \\<<nneewwlliinnee>> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote
the characters \\, $$, and ``.
If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are
- stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This
- allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+ stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This
+ allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
fashion.
HHeerree SSttrriinnggss
@@ -1914,20 +1969,20 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d
is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or
- more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of
- that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file
- descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu-
- ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the
+ more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of
+ that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file
+ descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu-
+ ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the
standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
The operator
[_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d
- is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not
- specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
- digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
- direction error occurs. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d
+ is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not
+ specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the
+ digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
+ direction error occurs. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d
does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard
error are redirected as described previously.
@@ -1936,7 +1991,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t--
- moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard
input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after
being duplicated to _n.
@@ -1944,7 +1999,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t--
- moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard
+ moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard
output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified.
OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg
@@ -1952,111 +2007,117 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
[_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d
- causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for
- both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0
+ causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for
+ both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0
if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
AALLIIAASSEESS
- _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
- the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
- aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin
- commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each
- simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
- so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //,
- $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters
+ _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+ the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of
+ aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin
+ commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each
+ simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If
+ so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //,
+ $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters
listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may
- contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
- first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
- that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
- time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and
- bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
- last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command
+ contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The
+ first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
+ that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
+ time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and
+ bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the
+ last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command
word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with
the uunnaalliiaass command.
- There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
- arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS
+ There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If
+ arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS
below).
- Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
- eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of
+ Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
+ eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of
sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
- The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
- confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input
- before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
- expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
- an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
- not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
+ The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+ confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input
+ before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are
+ expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore,
+ an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does
+ not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands
following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new
- alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
- Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
- function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
+ alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+ Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the
+ function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com-
pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not
- available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
- put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com-
+ available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always
+ put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com-
pound commands.
For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS
- A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR,
- stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
- shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
+ A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR,
+ stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a
+ shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed
- in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
- interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
- When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+ in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to
+ interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+ When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is
- updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The
- first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func-
+ updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The
+ first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func-
tion while the function is executing.
- All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
+ All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and
- RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL
- BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
- given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin
- below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett
- builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN
- traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell
+ RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL
+ BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
+ given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin
+ below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett
+ builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN
+ traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell
option has been enabled.
- Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin
+ Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin
command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the
function and its caller.
- If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function
- completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
- tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed
+ The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
+ defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that
+ exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
+
+ If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function
+ completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func-
+ tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed
before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the
- positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the
+ positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the
values they had prior to the function's execution.
- Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the
+ Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the
ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee--
- sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
- and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions
- may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
- the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be
- deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell
+ sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file
+ and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions
+ may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
+ the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be
+ deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell
functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden-
- tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil-
+ tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil-
dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
- Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of
+ Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit
+ the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
+ tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of
recursive calls.
AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN
- The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
- circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc
- EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
- for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
- The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
- same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
- into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
+ The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
+ circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc
+ EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check
+ for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+ The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the
+ same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped
+ into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in
order of decreasing precedence.
_i_d++++ _i_d----
@@ -2084,47 +2145,47 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN
_e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2
comma
- Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+ Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell
- variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
- expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
+ variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter
+ expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
- The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
- it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r
+ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
+ it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r
attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates
- to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
+ to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading
- 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
- [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing
- the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omit-
- ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented
- by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that
- order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
- letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and
- 35.
-
- Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
- parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+ 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form
+ [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64
+ representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If
+ _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are
+ represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _,
+ in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and
+ uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers
+ between 10 and 35.
+
+ Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+ parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
above.
CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS
- Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the
- tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
- and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
- unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri-
+ Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the
+ tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
+ and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following
+ unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri-
maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If
- the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n,
- _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
+ the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n,
+ _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
is checked.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
itself.
- When used with [[[[, The << and >> operators sort lexicographically using
- the current locale.
+ When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using
+ the current locale. The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering.
--aa _f_i_l_e
True if _f_i_l_e exists.
@@ -2157,30 +2218,33 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS
True if _f_i_l_e exists and is writable.
--xx _f_i_l_e
True if _f_i_l_e exists and is executable.
- --OO _f_i_l_e
- True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id.
--GG _f_i_l_e
True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective group id.
--LL _f_i_l_e
True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link.
- --SS _f_i_l_e
- True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket.
--NN _f_i_l_e
- True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last
+ True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last
read.
+ --OO _f_i_l_e
+ True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+ --SS _f_i_l_e
+ True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket.
+ _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2
+ True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num-
+ bers.
_f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2
True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than
_f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not.
_f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2
True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1
does not.
- _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2
- True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num-
- bers.
--oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e
- True if shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of
- options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett
+ True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of
+ options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett
builtin below.
+ --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e
+ True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a
+ value).
--zz _s_t_r_i_n_g
True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero.
_s_t_r_i_n_g
@@ -2354,7 +2418,7 @@ CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN
ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
- the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode, Bash
+ the --ee option from the parent shell. When not in _p_o_s_i_x mode, bbaasshh
clears the --ee option in such subshells.
If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the
@@ -2593,7 +2657,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation.
Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin.
- By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. A
+ By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A
vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be
enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett
builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing
@@ -2601,7 +2665,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
sseett builtin.
RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn
- In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
+ In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi-
larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key-
boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key
@@ -2771,7 +2835,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt.
eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss))
Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
- ilar to _e_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or
+ ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or
vvii.
eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn))
When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support
@@ -2786,10 +2850,10 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many
terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff))
- If set to oonn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+ If set to OOnn, tilde expansion is performed when readline
attempts word completion.
hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff))
- If set to oonn, the history code attempts to place point at the
+ If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place point at the
same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss--
ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy.
hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((00))
@@ -2829,8 +2893,12 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn))
This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files
whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing
- filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the
- user in the filename to be completed.
+ filename completion. If set to OOffff, the leading `.' must be
+ supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
+ mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff))
+ If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+ list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
+ through the list.
oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff))
If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth
bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
@@ -2842,18 +2910,18 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
screen.
rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff))
- If set to oonn, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+ If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed. By default, his-
tory lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists
across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee.
sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff))
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
- If set to oonn, words which have more than one possible completion
+ If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion
cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing
the bell.
sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff))
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
- a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to oonn, words
+ a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to OOnn, words
which have more than one possible completion without any possi-
ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a
common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately
@@ -2904,7 +2972,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
program. For instance, the following command adds a key
sequence that quotes the current or previous word in
- Bash:
+ bbaasshh:
$$iiff Bash
# Quote the current or previous word
@@ -3043,12 +3111,16 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
"!_n" history expansion had been specified.
yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__))
Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word
- of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave
+ of the previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave
exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg
- move back through the history list, inserting the last argument
- of each line in turn. The history expansion facilities are used
- to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion
- had been specified.
+ move back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
+ the word specified by the argument to the first call) of each
+ line in turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
+ calls determines the direction to move through the history. A
+ negative argument switches the direction through the history
+ (back or forward). The history expansion facilities are used to
+ extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion had
+ been specified.
sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee))
Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his-
tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See
@@ -3214,9 +3286,9 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
argument may be used to move backward through the list. This
command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by
- default.cc
- mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--kkrrdd
- Identicwwal to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list
+ default.
+ mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd
+ Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list
of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a
negative argument. This command is unbound by default.
ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt
@@ -3314,7 +3386,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur-
rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse-
quent occurrences.
- sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee (())
+ sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
those defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin
with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this
@@ -3381,7 +3453,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched
for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt
is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
- If those searches to not result in a compspec, any compspec defined
+ If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined
with the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default.
Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
@@ -3476,8 +3548,8 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE
changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is
being attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
- attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of com-
- pletions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
+ attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
+ completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
than being loaded all at once.
For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept
@@ -3593,24 +3665,26 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his-
- tory list.
+ tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
+ the current position in the history list.
- !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk,
- newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option
+ !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk,
+ newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option
is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin).
!!_n Refer to command line _n.
- !!--_n Refer to the current command line minus _n.
+ !!--_n Refer to the current command minus _n.
!!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
!!_s_t_r_i_n_g
- Refer to the most recent command starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g.
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position
+ in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g.
!!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]]
- Refer to the most recent command containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trail-
- ing ?? may be omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a new-
- line.
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current postition
+ in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be
+ omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline.
^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^
- Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _s_t_r_i_n_g_1
- with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' (see MMoodd--
- iiffiieerrss below).
+ Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing
+ _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/''
+ (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below).
!!## The entire command line typed so far.
WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss
@@ -3785,7 +3859,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins. With-
+ tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With-
out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of
the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name,
@@ -3796,7 +3870,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
- ccdd [--LL||--PP] [_d_i_r]
+ ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]]] [_d_i_r]
Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the
default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for
the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in
@@ -3806,104 +3880,107 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett
builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links to be fol-
- lowed. An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non-
- empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first
- argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
- pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
- output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
+ lowed. If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and the current
+ working directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc-
+ cessful directory change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status.
+ An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non-empty
+ directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argu-
+ ment, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path-
+ name of the new working directory is written to the standard
+ output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
fully changed; false otherwise.
ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...]
- Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function
- lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
- executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
- performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv
+ Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function
+ lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
+ executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
+ performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv
option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.
ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d]
- Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
- _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee
- builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
+ Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
+ _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee
+ builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
+ to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the
+ various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
+ grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci-
fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
- ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
+ ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
_p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
[--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.]
ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the
- --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
- completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+ Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the
+ --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec-
- ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com-
+ ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the
- remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default''
- command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command
- for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE
- option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
- apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion
+ remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default''
+ command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command
+ for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE
+ option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
+ apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion
attempted on a blank line.
- The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo--
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when
+ word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo--
ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the
- --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the
+ --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked.
--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n
- The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+ The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of:
bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt
Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if
+ ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
ddiirrnnaammeess
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
ffiilleennaammeess
- Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (like adding a slash to directory
- names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
- ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
+ Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (like adding a slash to directory
+ names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
+ ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
shell functions.
- nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the
- default) to words completed at the end of the
+ nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the
+ default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
pplluussddiirrss
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
- generated, directory name completion is
- attempted and any matches are added to the
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ generated, directory name completion is
+ attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n
- The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa.
aarrrraayyvvaarr
Array variable names.
bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names.
- bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as --bb.
ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc.
ddiirreeccttoorryy
@@ -3911,7 +3988,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
ddiissaabblleedd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as --ee.
ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff.
ffuunnccttiioonn
@@ -3920,17 +3997,17 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
hheellppttooppiicc
Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin.
hhoossttnnaammee
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable.
- jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as --jj.
- kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
--kk.
rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss.
- sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett
+ sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett
builtin.
- sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt
+ sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt
builtin.
ssiiggnnaall Signal names.
ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
@@ -3938,15 +4015,6 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
vvaarriiaabbllee
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as --vv.
- --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
- The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
- generate the possible completions.
- --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
- The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. The possible completions are the members
- of the resultant list which match the word being com-
- pleted.
--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
@@ -3955,69 +4023,81 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY
array variable.
- --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
- _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
- It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
- A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
+ --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
+ The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
+ generate the possible completions.
--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x
- _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x
_s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
-
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu-
- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
+ The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. The possible completions are the members
+ of the resultant list which match the word being com-
+ pleted.
+ --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
+ _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+ It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
+ A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
+ case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu-
+ ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e]
Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the
- _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-execution completion if no _n_a_m_es
- are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion
- options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible
- values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin
- described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining
+ _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es
+ are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion
+ options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible
+ values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin
+ described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining
options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
- is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
- has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the
- remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
+ is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
+ has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the
+ remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
- attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no comple-
- tion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no
+ completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or
- sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing
- loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of
- enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
+ sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing
+ loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater
than or equal to 1.
- ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
- ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are
- given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will
+ ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+ ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are
+ given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will
display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used
with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options are ignored. When --pp is
- supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes
- and values of all variables having the attributes specified by
- the additional options. If no other options are supplied with
- --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell
- variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell
+ supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes
+ and values of all variables having the attributes specified by
+ the additional options. If no other options are supplied with
+ --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell
+ variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell
functions. The --FF option inhibits the display of function defi-
- nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If
- the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source
+ nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If
+ the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source
file name and line number where the function is defined are dis-
- played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The following
- options can be used to restrict output to variables with the
- specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
+ played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The --gg option forces
+ variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even
+ when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in
+ all other cases. The following options can be used to restrict
+ output to variables with the specified attribute or to give
+ variables attributes:
--aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss
above).
--AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss
@@ -4044,20 +4124,20 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari-
able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used
- in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command.
- If a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the vari-
- able is set to _v_a_l_u_e. The return value is 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function
- using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a
- readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an
- array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see
- AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable
- name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a read-
- only variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for
- an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis-
- tent function with --ff.
-
- ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccppllvv]]
+ in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command,
+ unless the --ggPP ooppttiioonn iiss ssuupppplliieedd,, IIff aa vvaarriiaabbllee nnaammee iiss ffooll--
+ lloowweedd bbyy ==_v_a_l_u_e,, tthhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee vvaarriiaabbllee iiss sseett ttoo _v_a_l_u_e.. TThhee
+ rreettuurrnn vvaalluuee iiss 00 uunnlleessss aann iinnvvaalliidd ooppttiioonn iiss eennccoouunntteerreedd,, aann
+ aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo ddeeffiinnee aa ffuunnccttiioonn uussiinngg ````--ff ffoooo==bbaarr'''',, aann
+ aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aa rreeaaddoonnllyy vvaarriiaabbllee,, aann
+ aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aann aarrrraayy vvaarriiaabbllee wwiitthhoouutt
+ uussiinngg tthhee ccoommppoouunndd aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ssyynnttaaxx ((sseeee AArrrraayyss above), one of
+ the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made
+ to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt
+ is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an
+ attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff.
+
+ ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccllppvv]]
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
directories. The default display is on a single line with
directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
@@ -4107,7 +4187,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
\\aa alert (bell)
\\bb backspace
\\cc suppress further output
- \\ee an escape character
+ \\ee
+ \\EE an escape character
\\ff form feed
\\nn new line
\\rr carriage return
@@ -4118,6 +4199,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
_n_n_n (zero to three octal digits)
\\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
+ \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits)
+ \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits)
eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...]
Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
@@ -4245,7 +4331,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a
return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of
- the first non-option argument, and nnaammee is set to ?.
+ the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?.
ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead.
@@ -4273,25 +4359,26 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
an error occurs.
hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e]
- For each _n_a_m_e, the full file name of the command is determined
- by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remembered. If the --pp
- option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is
- used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option causes
- the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd option
- causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _n_a_m_e.
- If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
- _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are
- supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full
- pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
- if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found
- or an invalid option is supplied.
+ Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e
+ is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem-
+ bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the
+ --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+ is used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option
+ causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd
+ option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of
+ each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to
+ which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu-
+ ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the
+ hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis-
+ played in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments
+ are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem-
+ bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a
+ _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+ is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
structures is printed.
--dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
--mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like
@@ -4307,44 +4394,44 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of
- _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE--
- FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE--
+ FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
--cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
--dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t.
- --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the
+ --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
+ since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the
history file.
- --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current bbaasshh session.
--rr Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
- --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
+ --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history file's contents.
- --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be
+ --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _a_r_g_s are added.
- If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
- tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
- history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
- character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
+ If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
+ tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
+ history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0
- unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
- reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
+ unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
+ reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as
an argument to --pp fails.
@@ -4353,127 +4440,141 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
--ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group
- leader.
--nn Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ leader.
--rr Restrict output to running jobs.
--ss Restrict output to stopped jobs.
- If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied.
If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in
- _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status.
kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ...
kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s]
- Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes
- named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or
- a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not
- present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes
+ named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not
+ present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to
- --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...]
Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH--
- MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
+ MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
- assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
+ assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
+ local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied,
+ llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied,
or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable.
llooggoouutt Exit a login shell.
- mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
+ mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
[--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
- rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
+ rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
[--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
- Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
- able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
- plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+ able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
+ plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
- --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are
+ --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are
copied.
- --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default
+ --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default
index is 0.
--ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read.
--tt Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
- --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
+ --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
dard input.
- --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The
+ --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The
--cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m.
- --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k.
- If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
- array element to be assigned as an additional argument. _c_a_l_l_-
- _b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array
- element is assigned.
+ array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
+ element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after
+ the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
_a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it.
- mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
+ mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
_a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array.
ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
--_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid
+ If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well,
+ and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
- Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the
- control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which
- contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
- simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
- which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
- mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
- successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) for-
- mats, %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in
- the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output,
- backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal escapes
- beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits), and %%qq causes
- pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can
- be reused as shell input.
-
- The --vv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
- _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output.
+ Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the
+ control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be
+ assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the
+ standard output.
+
+ The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of
+ objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+ output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
+ copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
+ of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In
+ addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff
+ interprets the following extensions:
+ %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+ corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output,
+ backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal
+ escapes beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits).
+ %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a
+ format that can be reused as shell input.
+ %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT
+ causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3).
+ The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the
+ number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
+ values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+ -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ is the ASCII value of the following character.
The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_-
_m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied,
@@ -4612,8 +4713,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
status is false. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is
executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
- sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...]
- sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...]
+ sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...]
+ sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...]
Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
@@ -4856,17 +4957,29 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
ccoommppaatt3311
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1
- with respect to quoted arguments to the conditional com-
- mand's =~ operator.
+ with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional
+ command's ==~~ operator.
ccoommppaatt3322
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2
with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
- using the conditional command's < and > operators.
+ using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators.
+ Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
+ _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's
+ collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3).
ccoommppaatt4400
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0
- with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
- using the conditional command's < and > operators and
- the effect of interrupting a command list.
+ with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
+ using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators
+ (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a
+ command list.
+ ccoommppaatt4411
+ @item compat41 If set, bbaasshh, when in posix mode, treats
+ a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as
+ a special character. The single quotes must match (an
+ even number) and the characters between the single
+ quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of
+ posix mode through version 4.1. The default bash behav-
+ ior remains as in previous versions.
ddiirrssppeellll
If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory
names during word completion if the directory name ini-
@@ -4903,7 +5016,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
(( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps.
66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
shell functions, and subshells invoked with ((
- _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRROORR trap.
+ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap.
eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled.
eexxttqquuoottee
@@ -4954,6 +5067,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This
option is enabled by default.
+ llaassttppiippee
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
+ ground in the current shell environment.
lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
@@ -5025,10 +5142,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation
- depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+ depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece-
+ dence is used when there are five or more arguments.
!! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false.
(( _e_x_p_r ))
- Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2
True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true.
@@ -5045,13 +5163,14 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
@@ -5073,31 +5192,34 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico-
+ graphically using ASCII ordering.
+
+ ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...]
- The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell
- receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a
- single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each
- _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap
- commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no
- arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the
- list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option
- causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
- responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name
- defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are
- case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional.
-
- If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit
- from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe-
- cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command,
- _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the
- first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
- above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the
+ The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a
+ single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each
+ _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+ If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap
+ commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no
+ arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the
+ list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option
+ causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+ responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name
+ defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are
+ case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional.
+
+ If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit
+ from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe-
+ cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command,
+ _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the
+ first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
+ above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the
sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a
_s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin-
@@ -5105,53 +5227,53 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a sim-
ple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following
- conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command
- is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or
- uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a
- command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return
- value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions
+ conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command
+ is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or
+ uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a
+ command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return
+ value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions
obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt option.
- Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or
- reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
+ Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or
+ reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when
- one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is
+ one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is
invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true.
ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a
- string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or
- _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
- returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the
+ string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or
+ _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
+ returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
- return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e,
+ return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is
- hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
+ hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee
- prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e.
- This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp
- option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
- consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func-
- tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if
+ prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e.
+ This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp
+ option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
+ consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func-
+ tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if
all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
- non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci-
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
+ non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci-
fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t
can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the
- current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
- respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the
- soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is
+ current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
+ respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the
+ soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is
given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name
and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter-
preted as follows:
@@ -5160,11 +5282,11 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--cc The maximum size of core files created
--dd The maximum size of a process's data segment
--ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
- --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
--ii The maximum number of pending signals
--ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory
- --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit)
--nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set)
@@ -5173,65 +5295,65 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority
--ss The maximum stack size
--tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
- shell
+ --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ shell and, on some systems, to its children
--xx The maximum number of file locks
--TT The maximum number of threads
If _l_i_m_i_t is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the --aa option is display only). If no option is given, then --ff
- is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt,
- which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
- and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return
+ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt,
+ which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
+ and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return
status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or
an error occurs while setting a new limit.
uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e]
The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp
option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias.
uunnsseett [-ffvv] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e
- refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
- able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
- sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS,
- LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they
- lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently
+ refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
+ able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
+ sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS,
+ LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they
+ lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently
reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly.
wwaaiitt [_n _._._.]
- Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
- tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro-
- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n
- specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
- 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
+ Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
+ tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n
+ specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+ 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
last process or job waited for.
RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at
- invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
- to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
- behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are
+ invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used
+ to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It
+ behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are
disallowed or not performed:
+o changing directories with ccdd
@@ -5240,16 +5362,16 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+o specifying command names containing //
- +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the ..
+ +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the ..
builtin command
- +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
--pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command
- +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+ +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at
startup
- +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at
+ +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at
startup
+o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
@@ -5258,10 +5380,10 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
- +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options
+ +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options
to the eennaabbllee builtin command
- +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command
@@ -5271,14 +5393,14 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM--
- MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell
+ MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell
spawned to execute the script.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
_B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
_T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
- _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_-
+ _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_-
_t_i_e_s, IEEE
_s_h(1), _k_s_h(1), _c_s_h(1)
_e_m_a_c_s(1), _v_i(1)
@@ -5294,7 +5416,7 @@ FFIILLEESS
_~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c
The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
_~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t
- The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
+ The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
shell exits
_~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c
Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file
@@ -5308,14 +5430,14 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS
BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS
If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should
- make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
- version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from
- _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_b_a_s_h_/.
-
- Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g
- command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
- to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
- be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
+ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+ version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from
+ _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/.
+
+ Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g
+ command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+ to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
+ be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup
ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg.
ALL bug reports should include:
@@ -5326,7 +5448,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS
A description of the bug behaviour
A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
- _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+ _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template
it provides for filing a bug report.
Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
@@ -5343,10 +5465,10 @@ BBUUGGSS
Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
- handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
- process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
- the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
- parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
+ handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a
+ process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
+ the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+ parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a
unit.
Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
@@ -5355,4 +5477,4 @@ BBUUGGSS
-GNU Bash-4.1 2009 December 29 BASH(1)
+GNU Bash-4.2 2010 December 28 BASH(1)
diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1
index 1890b3c..0ba4f8e 100644
--- a/doc/bash.1
+++ b/doc/bash.1
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
.\" Case Western Reserve University
.\" chet@po.cwru.edu
.\"
-.\" Last Change: Tue Dec 29 15:36:16 EST 2009
+.\" Last Change: Tue Dec 28 13:41:43 EST 2010
.\"
.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
-.TH BASH 1 "2009 December 29" "GNU Bash-4.1"
+.TH BASH 1 "2010 December 28" "GNU Bash-4.2"
.\"
.\" There's some problem with having a `@'
.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros.
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell
[options]
[file]
.SH COPYRIGHT
-.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2009 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2009 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2011 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2011 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Bash
is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that
@@ -67,8 +67,10 @@ Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification
.B Bash
can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
.SH OPTIONS
-In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the
-description of the \fBset\fR builtin command, \fBbash\fR
+All of the single-character shell options documented in the
+description of the \fBset\fR builtin command can be used as options
+when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, \fBbash\fR
interprets the following options when it is invoked:
.PP
.PD 0
@@ -161,10 +163,6 @@ Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the
.B extdebug
option to the
.B shopt
-builtin below)
-and shell function tracing (see the description of the
-\fB\-o functrace\fP option to the
-.B set
builtin below).
.TP
.B \-\-dump\-po\-strings
@@ -410,7 +408,7 @@ No other startup files are read.
.PP
.B Bash
attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
-connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP, or the secure shell daemon \fIsshd\fP.
If
.B bash
@@ -478,7 +476,7 @@ A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function. It is one of the following
symbols:
.RS
.PP
-.if t \fB\(bv\(bv & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
+.if t \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
.RE
.PD
@@ -556,6 +554,8 @@ reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and
system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline
terminates.
The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX.
+When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, it does not recognize
+\fBtime\fP as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'.
The
.SM
.B TIMEFORMAT
@@ -567,6 +567,15 @@ under
.B "Shell Variables"
below.
.PP
+When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, \fBtime\fP
+may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The
+.SM
+.B TIMEFORMAT
+variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+.PP
Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a
subshell).
.SS Lists
@@ -577,7 +586,7 @@ of the operators
.BR & ,
.BR && ,
or
-.BR \(bv\(bv ,
+.BR || ,
and optionally terminated by one of
.BR ; ,
.BR & ,
@@ -587,7 +596,7 @@ or
Of these list operators,
.B &&
and
-.B \(bv\(bv
+.B ||
have equal precedence, followed by
.B ;
and
@@ -608,7 +617,7 @@ command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
exit status of the last command executed.
.PP
AND and OR lists are sequences of one of more pipelines separated by the
-\fB&&\fP and \fB\(bv\(bv\fP control operators, respectively.
+\fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP control operators, respectively.
AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity.
An AND list has the form
.RS
@@ -624,7 +633,7 @@ returns an exit status of zero.
An OR list has the form
.RS
.PP
-\fIcommand1\fP \fB\(bv\(bv\fP \fIcommand2\fP
+\fIcommand1\fP \fB||\fP \fIcommand2\fP
.PP
.RE
.PP
@@ -684,7 +693,7 @@ Conditional operators such as \fB\-f\fP must be unquoted to be recognized
as primaries.
.if t .sp 0.5
.if n .sp 1
-When used with \fB[[\fP, The \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort
+When used with \fB[[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
.if t .sp 0.5
.if n .sp 1
@@ -754,8 +763,7 @@ and
.I expression2
are true.
.TP
-.if t \fIexpression1\fP \fB\(bv\(bv\fP \fIexpression2\fP
-.if n \fIexpression1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexpression2\fP
+\fIexpression1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexpression2\fP
True if either
.I expression1
or
@@ -763,9 +771,7 @@ or
is true.
.PD
.LP
-The \fB&&\fP and
-.if t \fB\(bv\(bv\fP
-.if n \fB||\fP
+The \fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP
operators do not evaluate \fIexpression2\fP if the value of
\fIexpression1\fP is sufficient to determine the return value of
the entire conditional expression.
@@ -873,24 +879,22 @@ command completes. Otherwise, the \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP is
executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the
last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
.TP
-\fBwhile\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdone\fP
+\fBwhile\fP \fIlist-1\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist-2\fP; \fBdone\fP
.PD 0
.TP
-\fBuntil\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBdone\fP
+\fBuntil\fP \fIlist-1\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist-2\fP; \fBdone\fP
.PD
-The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the \fBdo\fP
-\fIlist\fP as long as the last command in \fIlist\fP returns
+The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the list
+\fIlist-2\fP as long as the last command in the list \fIlist-1\fP returns
an exit status of zero. The \fBuntil\fP command is identical
to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated;
-the
-.B do
-.I list
+.I list-2
is executed as long as the last command in
-.I list
+.I list-1
returns a non-zero exit status.
The exit status of the \fBwhile\fP and \fBuntil\fP commands
is the exit status
-of the last \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP command executed, or zero if
+of the last command executed in \fIlist-2\fP, or zero if
none was executed.
.SS Coprocesses
.PP
@@ -929,7 +933,7 @@ command (see
below).
The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
and redirections using standard word expansions.
-The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
available as the value of the variable \fINAME\fP_PID.
The \fBwait\fP
builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
@@ -941,7 +945,11 @@ A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
Shell functions are declared as follows:
.TP
-[ \fBfunction\fP ] \fIname\fP () \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP]
+\fIname\fP () \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBfunction\fP \fIname\fP [()] \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP]
+.PD
This defines a function named \fIname\fP.
The reserved word \fBfunction\fP is optional.
If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
@@ -1106,6 +1114,14 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
(one or two hex digits)
.TP
+.B \eu\fIHHHH\fP
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits)
+.TP
.B \ec\fIx\fP
a control-\fIx\fP character
.PD
@@ -1192,7 +1208,7 @@ builtin commands.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-When += is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been
+When += is applied to a variable for which the \fIinteger\fP attribute has been
set, \fIvalue\fP is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see
@@ -1352,13 +1368,13 @@ reading any startup files.
This variable is read-only.
.TP
.B BASHPID
-Expands to the process id of the current \fBbash\fP process.
+Expands to the process ID of the current \fBbash\fP process.
This differs from \fB$$\fP under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized.
.TP
.B BASH_ALIASES
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin
+list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin.
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
.TP
@@ -1414,14 +1430,15 @@ The command argument to the \fB\-c\fP invocation option.
.TP
.B BASH_LINENO
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
-corresponding to each member of
+where each corresponding member of
.SM
-.BR FUNCNAME .
+.B FUNCNAME
+was invoked.
\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source
-file where \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called
+file (\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP) where
+\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called
(or \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i-1\fP\fB]}\fP if referenced within another
shell function).
-The corresponding source file name is \fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP.
Use
.SM
.B LINENO
@@ -1437,11 +1454,15 @@ string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression.
This variable is read-only.
.TP
.B BASH_SOURCE
-An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding
-to the elements in the
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames
+where the corresponding shell function names in the
.SM
.B FUNCNAME
-array variable.
+array variable are defined.
+The shell function
+\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is defined in the file
+\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP and called from
+\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP.
.TP
.B BASH_SUBSHELL
Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned.
@@ -1454,7 +1475,6 @@ this instance of
The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
.sp .5
.RS
-.PD 0
.TP 24
.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR0\fP]
The major version number (the \fIrelease\fP).
@@ -1475,7 +1495,6 @@ The release status (e.g., \fIbeta1\fP).
The value of
.SM
.BR MACHTYPE .
-.PD
.RE
.TP
.B BASH_VERSION
@@ -1544,6 +1563,11 @@ This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
below).
.TP
+.B COPROC
+An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see \fBCoprocesses\fP
+above).
+.TP
.B DIRSTACK
An array variable (see
.B Arrays
@@ -1573,7 +1597,7 @@ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack.
The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
shell function.
-The bottom-most element is
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is
.if t \f(CW"main"\fP.
.if n "main".
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
@@ -1586,6 +1610,16 @@ If
.B FUNCNAME
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+This variable can be used with \fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP.
+Each element of \fBFUNCNAME\fP has corresponding elements in
+\fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP to describe the call stack.
+For instance, \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called from the file
+\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP at line number
+\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP.
+The \fBcaller\fP builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
.TP
.B GROUPS
An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
@@ -1638,6 +1672,10 @@ type on which
is executing, in the standard GNU \fIcpu-company-system\fP format.
The default is system-dependent.
.TP
+.B MAPFILE
+An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) created to hold the text
+read by the \fBmapfile\fP builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+.TP
.B OLDPWD
The previous working directory as set by the
.B cd
@@ -1694,6 +1732,28 @@ If
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
.TP
+.B READLINE_LINE
+The contents of the
+.B readline
+line buffer, for use with
+.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP
+.if n "bind -x"
+(see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+.TP
+.B READLINE_POINT
+The position of the insertion point in the
+.B readline
+line buffer, for use with
+.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP
+.if n "bind -x"
+(see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+.TP
.B REPLY
Set to the line of input read by the
.B read
@@ -1766,18 +1826,6 @@ expansion before being interpreted as a file name.
.B PATH
is not used to search for the resultant file name.
.TP
-.B CDPATH
-The search path for the
-.B cd
-command.
-This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
-for destination directories specified by the
-.B cd
-command.
-A sample value is
-.if t \f(CW".:~:/usr"\fP.
-.if n ".:~:/usr".
-.TP
.B BASH_XTRACEFD
If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, \fBbash\fP
will write the trace output generated when
@@ -1800,9 +1848,23 @@ to 2 (the standard error file
descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
being closed.
.TP
+.B CDPATH
+The search path for the
+.B cd
+command.
+This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
+for destination directories specified by the
+.B cd
+command.
+A sample value is
+.if t \f(CW".:~:/usr"\fP.
+.if n ".:~:/usr".
+.TP
.B COLUMNS
-Used by the \fBselect\fP builtin command to determine the terminal width
-when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH.
+Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
+.SM
+.BR SIGWINCH .
.TP
.B COMPREPLY
An array variable from which \fBbash\fP reads the possible completions
@@ -1814,9 +1876,15 @@ If \fBbash\fP finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts
with value
.if t \f(CWt\fP,
.if n "t",
-it assumes that the shell is running in an emacs shell buffer and disables
+it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables
line editing.
.TP
+.B ENV
+Similar to
+.SM
+.BR BASH_ENV ;
+used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode.
+.TP
.B FCEDIT
The default editor for the
.B fc
@@ -1836,6 +1904,11 @@ A sample value is
.if t \f(CW".o:~"\fP.
.if n ".o:~".
.TP
+.B FUNCNEST
+If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
+.TP
.B GLOBIGNORE
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
be ignored by pathname expansion.
@@ -2020,18 +2093,19 @@ strings preceded by a \fB$\fP.
This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
.TP
.B LINES
-Used by the \fBselect\fP builtin command to determine the column length
+Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
.SM
.BR SIGWINCH .
.TP
.B MAIL
-If this parameter is set to a file name and the
+If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the
.SM
.B MAILPATH
variable is not set,
.B bash
-informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file.
+informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or
+Maildir-format directory.
.TP
.B MAILCHECK
Specifies how
@@ -2200,6 +2274,7 @@ If this variable is not set, \fBbash\fP acts as if it had the
value \fB$\(aq\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\t%3lS\(aq\fP.
If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+.PD 0
.TP
.B TMOUT
If set to a value greater than zero,
@@ -2219,8 +2294,8 @@ terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does
not arrive.
.TP
.B TMPDIR
-If set, \fBBash\fP uses its value as the name of a directory in which
-\fBBash\fP creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+If set, \fBbash\fP uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+\fBbash\fP creates temporary files for the shell's use.
.TP
.B auto_resume
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
@@ -2284,9 +2359,13 @@ using arbitrary strings.
An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
using the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP. The
.I subscript
-is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
-greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array,
-use
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+If
+.I subscript
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as
+an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript
+of -1 refers to the last element of the array).
+To explicitly declare an indexed array, use
.B declare \-a \fIname\fP
(see
.SM
@@ -2371,6 +2450,9 @@ builtins each accept a
option to specify an indexed array and a
.B \-A
option to specify an associative array.
+If both options are supplied,
+.B \-A
+takes precedence.
The
.B read
builtin accepts a
@@ -2595,7 +2677,7 @@ a level of variable indirection is introduced.
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself.
This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP.
-The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!\fIprefix\fP*} and
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} and
${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
introduce indirection.
@@ -2655,7 +2737,7 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP}
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP}
.PD
-\fBSubstring Expansion.\fP
+\fBSubstring Expansion\fP.
Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of \fIparameter\fP
starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP.
If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of
@@ -2665,9 +2747,13 @@ If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of
.B
ARITHMETIC EVALUATION
below).
-\fIlength\fP must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
is used as an offset from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP.
+If \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, and \fIparameter\fP
+is not \fB@\fP and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted
+as an offset from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the
+two offsets.
If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional
parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP.
If \fIparameter\fP is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *,
@@ -2689,7 +2775,7 @@ ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP}
.TP
${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB@\fP}
.PD
-\fBNames matching prefix.\fP
+\fBNames matching prefix\fP.
Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with \fIprefix\fP,
separated by the first character of the
.SM
@@ -2703,7 +2789,7 @@ ${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]}
.TP
${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]}
.PD
-\fBList of array keys.\fP
+\fBList of array keys\fP.
If \fIname\fP is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
(keys) assigned in \fIname\fP.
If \fIname\fP is not an array, expands to 0 if \fIname\fP is set and null
@@ -2712,7 +2798,7 @@ When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
key expands to a separate word.
.TP
${\fB#\fP\fIparameter\fP}
-\fBParameter length.\fP
+\fBParameter length\fP.
The length in characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted.
If
.I parameter
@@ -2734,7 +2820,7 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP}
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP}
.PD
-\fBRemove matching prefix pattern.\fP
+\fBRemove matching prefix pattern\fP.
The
.I word
is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
@@ -2767,7 +2853,7 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP}
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP}
.PD
-\fBRemove matching suffix pattern.\fP
+\fBRemove matching suffix pattern\fP.
The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
pathname expansion.
If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
@@ -2794,7 +2880,7 @@ the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
-\fBPattern substitution.\fP
+\fBPattern substitution\fP.
The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
pathname expansion.
\fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP
@@ -2833,7 +2919,7 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB,\fP\fIpattern\fP}
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB,,\fP\fIpattern\fP}
.PD
-\fBCase modification.\fP
+\fBCase modification\fP.
This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in \fIparameter\fP.
The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
pathname expansion.
@@ -2842,7 +2928,7 @@ to uppercase; the \fB,\fP operator converts matching uppercase letters
to lowercase.
The \fB^^\fP and \fB,,\fP expansions convert each matched character in the
expanded value; the \fB^\fP and \fB,\fP expansions match and convert only
-the first character in the expanded value..
+the first character in the expanded value.
If \fIpattern\fP is omitted, it is treated like a \fB?\fP, which matches
every character.
If
@@ -2865,7 +2951,6 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
.PP
\fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace
the command name. There are two forms:
-.PP
.RS
.PP
\fB$(\fP\fIcommand\fP\|\fB)\fP
@@ -3132,6 +3217,7 @@ they are to be matched literally.
The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
.PP
.PD 0
+.RS
.TP
.B *
Matches any string, including the null string.
@@ -3211,6 +3297,7 @@ and
the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol
\fIsymbol\fP.
.RE
+.RE
.PD
.PP
If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP
@@ -3697,7 +3784,7 @@ function become the positional parameters
during its execution.
The special parameter
.B #
-is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0
+is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter \fB0\fP
is unchanged.
The first element of the
.SM
@@ -3736,6 +3823,11 @@ Variables local to the function may be declared with the
builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values
are shared between the function and its caller.
.PP
+The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+.PP
If the builtin command
.B return
is executed in a function, the function completes and
@@ -3779,8 +3871,10 @@ in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
shell's children.
Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
.PP
-Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number
-of recursive calls.
+Functions may be recursive.
+The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls.
.SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under
certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin
@@ -3860,12 +3954,12 @@ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
\fIinteger\fP attribute using \fBdeclare -i\fP is assigned a value.
A null value evaluates to 0.
-A shell variable need not have its integer attribute
+A shell variable need not have its \fIinteger\fP attribute
turned on to be used in an expression.
.PP
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.
-Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where \fIbase\fP
+Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where the optional \fIbase\fP
is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base.
If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used.
@@ -3893,8 +3987,9 @@ Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
.if t .sp 0.5
.if n .sp 1
-When used with \fB[[\fP, The \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort
+When used with \fB[[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
+The \fBtest\fP command sorts using ASCII ordering.
.sp 1
.PD 0
.TP
@@ -3948,20 +4043,24 @@ True if \fIfile\fP exists and is writable.
.B \-x \fIfile\fP
True if \fIfile\fP exists and is executable.
.TP
-.B \-O \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-.TP
.B \-G \fIfile\fP
True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective group id.
.TP
.B \-L \fIfile\fP
True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link.
.TP
+.B \-N \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+.TP
+.B \-O \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+.TP
.B \-S \fIfile\fP
True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a socket.
.TP
-.B \-N \fIfile\fP
-True if \fIfile\fP exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP
+True if \fIfile1\fP and \fIfile2\fP refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
.TP
\fIfile1\fP \-\fBnt\fP \fIfile2\fP
True if \fIfile1\fP is newer (according to modification date) than \fIfile2\fP,
@@ -3971,12 +4070,8 @@ or if \fIfile1\fP exists and \fPfile2\fP does not.
True if \fIfile1\fP is older than \fIfile2\fP, or if \fIfile2\fP exists
and \fIfile1\fP does not.
.TP
-\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP
-True if \fIfile1\fP and \fIfile2\fP refer to the same device and
-inode numbers.
-.TP
.B \-o \fIoptname\fP
-True if shell option
+True if the shell option
.I optname
is enabled.
See the list of options under the description of the
@@ -3985,6 +4080,11 @@ option to the
.B set
builtin below.
.TP
+.B \-v \fIvarname\fP
+True if the shell variable
+.I varname
+is set (has been assigned a value).
+.TP
.B \-z \fIstring\fP
True if the length of \fIstring\fP is zero.
.TP
@@ -4143,7 +4243,6 @@ arguments, if any.
.SH COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT
The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the
following:
-.if n .sp 1
.IP \(bu
open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin
@@ -4207,8 +4306,8 @@ subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment
cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
.PP
Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
-the \fB\-e\fP option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode,
-Bash clears the \fB\-e\fP option in such subshells.
+the \fB\-e\fP option from the parent shell. When not in \fIposix\fP mode,
+\fBbash\fP clears the \fB\-e\fP option in such subshells.
.PP
If a command is followed by a \fB&\fP and job control is not active, the
default standard input for the command is the empty file \fI/dev/null\fP.
@@ -4703,7 +4802,7 @@ shell, unless the
option is given at shell invocation.
Line editing is also used when using the \fB\-e\fP option to the
\fBread\fP builtin.
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
Line editing can be enabled at any time using the
.B \-o emacs
@@ -4724,7 +4823,7 @@ options to the
builtin.
.SS "Readline Notation"
.PP
-In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote
+In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n
means Control\-N. Similarly,
.I meta
@@ -5041,7 +5140,7 @@ mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
.TP
.B editing\-mode (emacs)
Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
-to \fIemacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
+to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
.B editing\-mode
can be set to either
.B emacs
@@ -5064,11 +5163,11 @@ key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals,
the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
.TP
.B expand\-tilde (Off)
-If set to \fBon\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+If set to \fBOn\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
attempts word completion.
.TP
.B history\-preserve\-point (Off)
-If set to \fBon\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the
+If set to \fBOn\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the
same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP
or \fBnext-history\fP.
.TP
@@ -5122,9 +5221,15 @@ have a slash appended (subject to the value of
.B match\-hidden\-files (On)
This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, causes readline to match files whose
names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
-completion, unless the leading `.' is
+completion.
+If set to \fBOff\fP, the leading `.' must be
supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
.TP
+.B menu\-complete\-display\-prefix (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
+the list.
+.TP
.B output\-meta (Off)
If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
@@ -5139,7 +5244,7 @@ If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
.TP
.B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
-If set to \fBon\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed. By default,
history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
calls to \fBreadline\fP.
@@ -5147,7 +5252,7 @@ calls to \fBreadline\fP.
.B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off)
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
set to
-.BR on ,
+.BR On ,
words which have more than one possible completion cause the
matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
.TP
@@ -5155,7 +5260,7 @@ matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to \fBshow\-all\-if\-ambiguous\fP.
If set to
-.BR on ,
+.BR On ,
words which have more than one possible completion without any
possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share
a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
@@ -5215,7 +5320,7 @@ library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value.
This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a
-key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
+key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP:
.sp 1
.RS
.nf
@@ -5401,10 +5506,14 @@ as if the "!\fIn\fP" history expansion had been specified.
.B
yank\-last\-arg (M\-.\^, M\-_\^)
Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of
-the previous history entry). With an argument,
-behave exactly like \fByank\-nth\-arg\fP.
+the previous history entry).
+With a numeric argument, behave exactly like \fByank\-nth\-arg\fP.
Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history
-list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn.
+list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
+the first call) of each line in turn.
+Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches
+the direction through the history (back or forward).
The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified.
.TP
@@ -5653,7 +5762,7 @@ through the list.
This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound
by default.
.TP
-.B menu\-complete-\backward
+.B menu\-complete\-backward
Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list
of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a
negative argument. This command is unbound by default.
@@ -5790,7 +5899,7 @@ character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences.
.TP
-.B skip\-csi\-sequence ()
+.B skip\-csi\-sequence
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a
Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[. If this sequence is
@@ -5874,7 +5983,7 @@ If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
pathname is searched for first.
If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
-If those searches to not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
+If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used as the default.
.PP
Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
@@ -6018,7 +6127,7 @@ exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes
the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
-attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
being loaded all at once.
.PP
@@ -6255,6 +6364,8 @@ writing the history file.
.PP
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
@@ -6270,25 +6381,27 @@ Refer to command line
.IR n .
.TP
.B !\-\fIn\fR
-Refer to the current command line minus
+Refer to the current command minus
.IR n .
.TP
.B !!
Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!\-1'.
.TP
.B !\fIstring\fR
-Refer to the most recent command starting with
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
+history list starting with
.IR string .
.TP
.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
-Refer to the most recent command containing
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current postition in the
+history list containing
.IR string .
The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
.I string
is followed immediately by a newline.
.TP
.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u
-Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing
+Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing
.I string1
with
.IR string2 .
@@ -6655,7 +6768,7 @@ is not a shell builtin command.
.TP
\fBcaller\fP [\fIexpr\fP]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
-a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins.
+a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins).
Without \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number and source
filename of the current subroutine call.
If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP
@@ -6667,7 +6780,7 @@ The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
call or \fIexpr\fP does not correspond to a valid position in the
call stack.
.TP
-\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L|-P\fP] [\fIdir\fP]
+\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP|[\fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP]]] [\fIdir\fP]
Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP. The variable
.SM
.B HOME
@@ -6700,7 +6813,15 @@ option to the
.B set
builtin command); the
.B \-L
-option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of
+option forces symbolic links to be followed.
+If the
+.B \-e
+option is supplied with
+.BR \-P ,
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, \fBcd\fP will return an unsuccessful
+status.
+An argument of
.B \-
is equivalent to
.SM
@@ -6926,18 +7047,6 @@ User names. May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP.
Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP.
.RE
.TP 8
-\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP
-The pathname expansion pattern \fIglobpat\fP is expanded to generate
-the possible completions.
-.TP 8
-\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP
-The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the
-.SM
-.B IFS
-special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded.
-The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
-.TP 8
\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP
\fIcommand\fP is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
used as the possible completions.
@@ -6951,13 +7060,9 @@ of the
.B COMPREPLY
array variable.
.TP 8
-\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP
-\fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
-It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
-preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
-\fIfilterpat\fP is removed from the list.
-A leading \fB!\fP in \fIfilterpat\fP negates the pattern; in this
-case, any completion not matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed.
+\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP
+The pathname expansion pattern \fIglobpat\fP is expanded to generate
+the possible completions.
.TP 8
\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP
\fIprefix\fP is added at the beginning of each possible completion
@@ -6966,6 +7071,22 @@ after all other options have been applied.
\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP
\fIsuffix\fP is appended to each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP
+The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded.
+The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
+match the word being completed.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP
+\fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+\fIfilterpat\fP is removed from the list.
+A leading \fB!\fP in \fIfilterpat\fP negates the pattern; in this
+case, any completion not matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed.
.PD
.PP
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
@@ -6978,7 +7099,7 @@ an error occurs adding a completion specification.
\fBcompopt\fP [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fB\-DE\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP]
Modify completion options for each \fIname\fP according to the
\fIoption\fPs, or for the
-currently-execution completion if no \fIname\fPs are supplied.
+currently-executing completion if no \fIname\fPs are supplied.
If no \fIoption\fPs are given, display the completion options for each
\fIname\fP or the current completion.
The possible values of \fIoption\fP are those valid for the \fBcomplete\fP
@@ -6989,7 +7110,7 @@ on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that the remaining options should
apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
blank line.
-.PP
+.sp 1
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
is made to modify the options for a \fIname\fP for which no completion
specification exists, or an output error occurs.
@@ -7012,10 +7133,10 @@ is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop
(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed.
The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1.
.TP
-\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-aAfFilrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
.PD 0
.TP
-\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-aAfFilrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
.PD
Declare variables and/or give them attributes.
If no \fIname\fPs are given then display the values of variables.
@@ -7044,6 +7165,11 @@ are displayed as well. The
.B \-F
option implies
.BR \-f .
+The
+.B \-g
+option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope,
+even when \fBdeclare\fP is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
The following options can
be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or
to give variables attributes:
@@ -7098,11 +7224,11 @@ turns off the attribute instead,
with the exceptions that \fB+a\fP
may not be used to destroy an array variable and \fB+r\fP will not
remove the readonly attribute.
-When used in a function,
-makes each
-\fIname\fP local, as with the
+When used in a function, makes each
+\fIname\fP local, as with the
.B local
-command.
+command,
+unless the \fB\-g\fP option is supplied,
If a variable name is followed by =\fIvalue\fP, the value of
the variable is set to \fIvalue\fP.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
@@ -7119,7 +7245,7 @@ an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP.
.RE
.TP
-.B dirs [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] [\fB\-cplv\fP]
+.B dirs [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP] [\fB\-clpv\fP]
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.
The default display is on a single line with directory names separated
by spaces.
@@ -7228,6 +7354,8 @@ backspace
suppress further output
.TP
.B \ee
+.TP
+.B \eE
an escape character
.TP
.B \ef
@@ -7255,6 +7383,14 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
.B \ex\fIHH\fP
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
(one or two hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \eu\fIHHHH\fP
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits)
.PD
.RE
.TP
@@ -7541,7 +7677,7 @@ return value greater than zero.
.SM
.B OPTIND
is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
-and \fBname\fP is set to ?.
+and \fIname\fP is set to ?.
.sp 1
.B getopts
normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
@@ -7605,12 +7741,13 @@ It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
error occurs.
.TP
\fBhash\fP [\fB\-lr\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fB\-dt\fP] [\fIname\fP]
-For each
-.IR name ,
-the full file name of the command is determined by searching
+Each time \fBhash\fP is invoked,
+the full pathname of the command
+.I name
+is determined by searching
the directories in
.B $PATH
-and remembered.
+and remembered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
If the
.B \-p
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and
@@ -7658,9 +7795,10 @@ Display the description of each \fIpattern\fP in a manpage-like format
.B \-s
Display only a short usage synopsis for each \fIpattern\fP
.PD
-.RE
+.PP
The return status is 0 unless no command matches
.IR pattern .
+.RE
.TP
\fBhistory [\fIn\fP]
.PD 0
@@ -7768,14 +7906,14 @@ meanings:
List process IDs
in addition to the normal information.
.TP
-.B \-p
-List only the process ID of the job's process group
-leader.
-.TP
.B \-n
Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
the user was last notified of their status.
.TP
+.B \-p
+List only the process ID of the job's process group
+leader.
+.TP
.B \-r
Restrict output to running jobs.
.TP
@@ -7949,7 +8087,8 @@ is specified without
.BR \-c ,
the default quantum is 5000.
When \fIcallback\fP is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
-array element to be assigned as an additional argument.
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
.PP
@@ -8013,27 +8152,49 @@ directory change fails.
\fBprintf\fP [\fB\-v\fP \fIvar\fP] \fIformat\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
Write the formatted \fIarguments\fP to the standard output under the
control of the \fIformat\fP.
+The \fB\-v\fP option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+\fIvar\fP rather than being printed to the standard output.
+.sp 1
The \fIformat\fP is a character string which contains three types of objects:
plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
\fIargument\fP.
-In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) formats, \fB%b\fP causes
+In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) format specifications,
+\fBprintf\fP interprets the following extensions:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B %b
+causes
\fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
\fIargument\fP (except that \fB\ec\fP terminates output, backslashes in
\fB\e\(aq\fP, \fB\e"\fP, and \fB\e?\fP are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with \fB\e0\fP may contain up to four digits),
-and \fB%q\fP causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding
+beginning with \fB\e0\fP may contain up to four digits).
+.TP
+.B %q
+causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding
\fIargument\fP in a format that can be reused as shell input.
-.sp 1
-The \fB\-v\fP option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
-\fIvar\fP rather than being printed to the standard output.
-.sp 1
+.TP
+.B %(\fIdatefmt\fP)T
+causes \fBprintf\fP to output the date-time string resulting from using
+\fIdatefmt\fP as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3). The corresponding
+\fIargument\fP is an integer representing the number of seconds since the
+epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
+time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+.PD
+.PP
+Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
+.PP
The \fIformat\fP is reused as necessary to consume all of the \fIarguments\fP.
If the \fIformat\fP requires more \fIarguments\fP than are supplied, the
extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
-appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success,
-non-zero on failure.
+appropriate, had been supplied.
+The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
+.RE
.TP
\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
.PD 0
@@ -8211,7 +8372,7 @@ times out (in which case the return code is greater than 128), or an
invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP.
.RE
.TP
-\fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-aApf\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP] ...]
+\fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-aAf\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP] ...]
.PD
The given
\fInames\fP are marked readonly; the values of these
@@ -8227,11 +8388,16 @@ The
option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the
.B \-A
option restricts the variables to associative arrays.
+If both options are supplied,
+.B \-A
+takes precedence.
If no
.I name
arguments are given, or if the
.B \-p
option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
+the set of readonly names.
The
.B \-p
option causes output to be displayed in a format that
@@ -8266,10 +8432,10 @@ the return status is false.
Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed
before execution resumes after the function or script.
.TP
-\fBset\fP [\fB\-\-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
+\fBset\fP [\fB\-\-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\-name\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
.PD 0
.TP
-\fBset\fP [\fB+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
+\fBset\fP [\fB+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\-name\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
.PD
Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed
in a format that can be reused as input
@@ -8318,8 +8484,8 @@ or
reserved words, part of any command executed in a
.B &&
or
-.B \(bv\(bv
-list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB\(bv\(bv\fP,
+.B ||
+list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB||\fP,
any command in a pipeline but the last,
or if the command's return value is
being inverted with
@@ -8751,21 +8917,37 @@ easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
If set,
.B bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
-arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator.
+arguments to the \fB[[\fP conditional command's \fB=~\fP operator.
.TP 8
.B compat32
If set,
.B bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the conditional command's < and > operators.
+string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
+conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
+.IR strcmp (3);
+bash-4.1 and later
+use the current locale's collation sequence and
+.IR strcoll (3).
.TP 8
.B compat40
If set,
.B bash
changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the conditional command's < and > operators
+string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
+conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item)
and the effect of interrupting a command list.
.TP 8
+.B compat41
+If set,
+.BR bash ,
+when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1.
+The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+.TP 8
.B dirspell
If set,
.B bash
@@ -8827,7 +9009,7 @@ subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the
.B 6.
Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the
-\fBERROR\fP trap.
+\fBERR\fP trap.
.RE
.TP 8
.B extglob
@@ -8860,7 +9042,7 @@ This option is enabled by default.
.TP 8
.B globstar
If set, the pattern \fB**\fP used in a pathname expansion context will
-match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
+match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
If the pattern is followed by a \fB/\fP, only directories and
subdirectories match.
.TP 8
@@ -8915,6 +9097,10 @@ line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see
.B COMMENTS
above). This option is enabled by default.
.TP 8
+.B lastpipe
+If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
+.TP 8
.B lithist
If set, and the
.B cmdhist
@@ -9007,6 +9193,7 @@ This option is enabled by default.
If set, the \fBecho\fP builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
by default.
.RE
+.PD
.TP
\fBsuspend\fP [\fB\-f\fP]
Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
@@ -9037,6 +9224,7 @@ an argument of \fB\-\-\fP as signifying the end of options.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence.
The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
.RS
.PD 0
.TP
@@ -9088,6 +9276,7 @@ If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression
is false.
.TP
3 arguments
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above
under
.SM
@@ -9112,6 +9301,11 @@ precedence using the rules listed above.
5 or more arguments
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+.LP
+When used with \fBtest\fP or \fB[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators
+sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
.RE
.PD
.TP
@@ -9157,7 +9351,10 @@ Each
.I sigspec
is either
a signal name defined in <\fIsignal.h\fP>, or a signal number.
-Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional.
+Signal names are case insensitive and the
+.SM
+.B SIG
+prefix is optional.
.if t .sp 0.5
.if n .sp 1
If a
@@ -9190,8 +9387,8 @@ is
.BR RETURN ,
the command
.I arg
-is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the
-\fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins finishes executing.
+is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with
+the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins finishes executing.
.if t .sp 0.5
.if n .sp 1
If a
@@ -9217,7 +9414,7 @@ part of the test in an
statement, part of a command executed in a
.B &&
or
-.B \(bv\(bv
+.B ||
list, or if the command's return value is
being inverted via
.BR ! .
@@ -9387,7 +9584,8 @@ The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
The maximum number of processes available to a single user
.TP
.B \-v
-The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on
+some systems, to its children
.TP
.B \-x
The maximum number of file locks
@@ -9549,7 +9747,7 @@ as an argument to the
.B .
builtin command
.IP \(bu
-Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
.B \-p
option to the
.B hash
@@ -9576,7 +9774,7 @@ options to the
.B enable
builtin command
.IP \(bu
-Using the \fBenable\fP builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins
+using the \fBenable\fP builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins
.IP \(bu
specifying the
.B \-p
@@ -9655,7 +9853,7 @@ make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
version of
.BR bash .
The latest version is always available from
-\fIftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/\fP.
+\fIftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/\fP.
.PP
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
.I bashbug
@@ -9687,7 +9885,7 @@ it provides for filing a bug report.
.PP
Comments and bug reports concerning
this manual page should be directed to
-.IR chet@po.cwru.edu .
+.IR chet.ramey@case.edu .
.SH BUGS
.PP
It's too big and too slow.
diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html
index 2aa2825..d1b6489 100644
--- a/doc/bash.html
+++ b/doc/bash.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
</HEAD>
<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2009 December 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2010 December 28<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
<H3>COPYRIGHT</H3>
-Bash is Copyright &#169; 1989-2009 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Bash is Copyright &#169; 1989-2010 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<A NAME="lbAE">&nbsp;</A>
<H3>DESCRIPTION</H3>
@@ -67,8 +67,10 @@ can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
<A NAME="lbAF">&nbsp;</A>
<H3>OPTIONS</H3>
-In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the
-description of the <B>set</B> builtin command, <B>bash</B>
+All of the single-character shell options documented in the
+description of the <B>set</B> builtin command can be used as options
+when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, <B>bash</B>
interprets the following options when it is invoked:
<P>
@@ -195,11 +197,6 @@ Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the
option to the
<B>shopt</B>
-builtin below)
-and shell function tracing (see the description of the
-<B>-o functrace</B> option to the
-<B>set</B>
-
builtin below).
<DT><B>--dump-po-strings</B>
@@ -533,7 +530,7 @@ No other startup files are read.
<B>Bash</B>
attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
-connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
daemon, usually <I>rshd</I>, or the secure shell daemon <I>sshd</I>.
If
<B>bash</B>
@@ -739,6 +736,8 @@ reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and
system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline
terminates.
The <B>-p</B> option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX.
+When the shell is in <I>posix mode</I>, it does not recognize
+<B>time</B> as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'.
The
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TIMEFORMAT</B>
@@ -754,6 +753,17 @@ under
below.
<P>
+When the shell is in <I>posix mode</I>, <B>time</B>
+may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+<P>
+
Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a
subshell).
<A NAME="lbAN">&nbsp;</A>
@@ -905,7 +915,7 @@ as primaries.
<P>
-When used with <B>[[</B>, The <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators sort
+When used with <B>[[</B>, the <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
<P>
@@ -988,9 +998,7 @@ and
<I>expression2</I>
are true.
-<DT><I>expression1</I> <B>||</B> <I>expression2</I>
-<DD>
-
+<DT><I>expression1</I> <B>||</B> <I>expression2</I><DD>
True if either
<I>expression1</I>
@@ -1002,9 +1010,7 @@ is true.
</DL>
<P>
-The <B>&amp;&amp;</B> and
-<B>||</B>
-
+The <B>&amp;&amp;</B> and <B>||</B>
operators do not evaluate <I>expression2</I> if the value of
<I>expression1</I> is sufficient to determine the return value of
the entire conditional expression.
@@ -1120,26 +1126,23 @@ the corresponding <B>then</B> <I>list</I> is executed and the
command completes. Otherwise, the <B>else</B> <I>list</I> is
executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the
last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
-<DT><B>while</B> <I>list</I>; <B>do</B> <I>list</I>; <B>done</B><DD>
+<DT><B>while</B> <I>list-1</I>; <B>do</B> <I>list-2</I>; <B>done</B><DD>
-<DT><B>until</B> <I>list</I>; <B>do</B> <I>list</I>; <B>done</B><DD>
+<DT><B>until</B> <I>list-1</I>; <B>do</B> <I>list-2</I>; <B>done</B><DD>
-The <B>while</B> command continuously executes the <B>do</B>
-<I>list</I> as long as the last command in <I>list</I> returns
+The <B>while</B> command continuously executes the list
+<I>list-2</I> as long as the last command in the list <I>list-1</I> returns
an exit status of zero. The <B>until</B> command is identical
to the <B>while</B> command, except that the test is negated;
-the
-<B>do</B>
-
-<I>list</I>
+<I>list-2</I>
is executed as long as the last command in
-<I>list</I>
+<I>list-1</I>
returns a non-zero exit status.
The exit status of the <B>while</B> and <B>until</B> commands
is the exit status
-of the last <B>do</B> <I>list</I> command executed, or zero if
+of the last command executed in <I>list-2</I>, or zero if
none was executed.
</DL>
<A NAME="lbAP">&nbsp;</A>
@@ -1190,7 +1193,7 @@ command (see
below).
The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
and redirections using standard word expansions.
-The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
available as the value of the variable <I>NAME</I>_PID.
The <B>wait</B>
builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
@@ -1206,7 +1209,10 @@ A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
Shell functions are declared as follows:
<DL COMPACT>
-<DT>[ <B>function</B> ] <I>name</I> () <I>compound-command</I> [<I>redirection</I>]<DD>
+<DT><I>name</I> () <I>compound-command</I> [<I>redirection</I>]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>function</B> <I>name</I> [()] <I>compound-command</I> [<I>redirection</I>]<DD>
+
This defines a function named <I>name</I>.
The reserved word <B>function</B> is optional.
If the <B>function</B> reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
@@ -1426,6 +1432,16 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
<DD>
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
(one or two hex digits)
+<DT><B>\u</B><I>HHHH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHH</I> (one to four hex digits)
+<DT><B>\U</B><I>HHHHHHHH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHHHHHH</I> (one to eight hex digits)
<DT><B>\c</B><I>x</I>
<DD>
@@ -1549,7 +1565,7 @@ builtin commands.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-When += is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been
+When += is applied to a variable for which the <I>integer</I> attribute has been
set, <I>value</I> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see
@@ -1761,14 +1777,14 @@ This variable is read-only.
<DT><B>BASHPID</B>
<DD>
-Expands to the process id of the current <B>bash</B> process.
+Expands to the process ID of the current <B>bash</B> process.
This differs from <B>$$</B> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require <B>bash</B> to be re-initialized.
<DT><B>BASH_ALIASES</B>
<DD>
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-list of aliases as maintained by the <B>alias</B> builtin
+list of aliases as maintained by the <B>alias</B> builtin.
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
<DT><B>BASH_ARGC</B>
@@ -1838,15 +1854,16 @@ The command argument to the <B>-c</B> invocation option.
<DD>
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
-corresponding to each member of
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>.
+where each corresponding member of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
</FONT>
+was invoked.
<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> is the line number in the source
-file where <B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called
+file (<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B>) where
+<B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called
(or <B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i-1</I><B>]}</B> if referenced within another
shell function).
-The corresponding source file name is <B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B>.
Use
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINENO</B>
@@ -1865,12 +1882,16 @@ This variable is read-only.
<DT><B>BASH_SOURCE</B>
<DD>
-An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding
-to the elements in the
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames
+where the corresponding shell function names in the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
</FONT>
-array variable.
+array variable are defined.
+The shell function
+<B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> is defined in the file
+<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> and called from
+<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B>.
<DT><B>BASH_SUBSHELL</B>
<DD>
@@ -1995,6 +2016,12 @@ as described above.
This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B>
below).
+<DT><B>COPROC</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable (see <B>Arrays</B> below) created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see <B>Coprocesses</B>
+above).
<DT><B>DIRSTACK</B>
<DD>
@@ -2033,7 +2060,7 @@ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack.
The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
shell function.
-The bottom-most element is
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is
<TT>&quot;main&quot;</TT>.
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
@@ -2048,6 +2075,17 @@ If
</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
+<P>
+
+
+This variable can be used with <B>BASH_LINENO</B> and <B>BASH_SOURCE</B>.
+Each element of <B>FUNCNAME</B> has corresponding elements in
+<B>BASH_LINENO</B> and <B>BASH_SOURCE</B> to describe the call stack.
+For instance, <B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called from the file
+<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B> at line number
+<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B>.
+The <B>caller</B> builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
<DT><B>GROUPS</B>
<DD>
@@ -2111,6 +2149,11 @@ type on which
is executing, in the standard GNU <I>cpu-company-system</I> format.
The default is system-dependent.
+<DT><B>MAPFILE</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable (see <B>Arrays</B> below) created to hold the text
+read by the <B>mapfile</B> builtin when no variable name is supplied.
<DT><B>OLDPWD</B>
<DD>
@@ -2185,6 +2228,34 @@ If
</FONT>
is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>READLINE_LINE</B>
+
+<DD>
+The contents of the
+<B>readline</B>
+
+line buffer, for use with
+<TT>bind -x</TT>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>READLINE_POINT</B>
+
+<DD>
+The position of the insertion point in the
+<B>readline</B>
+
+line buffer, for use with
+<TT>bind -x</TT>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
<DT><B>REPLY</B>
<DD>
@@ -2281,21 +2352,6 @@ expansion before being interpreted as a file name.
</FONT>
is not used to search for the resultant file name.
-<DT><B>CDPATH</B>
-
-<DD>
-The search path for the
-<B>cd</B>
-
-command.
-This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
-for destination directories specified by the
-<B>cd</B>
-
-command.
-A sample value is
-<TT>&quot;.:~:/usr&quot;</TT>.
-
<DT><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B>
<DD>
@@ -2322,11 +2378,29 @@ Note that setting
to 2 (the standard error file
descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
being closed.
+<DT><B>CDPATH</B>
+
+<DD>
+The search path for the
+<B>cd</B>
+
+command.
+This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
+for destination directories specified by the
+<B>cd</B>
+
+command.
+A sample value is
+<TT>&quot;.:~:/usr&quot;</TT>.
+
<DT><B>COLUMNS</B>
<DD>
-Used by the <B>select</B> builtin command to determine the terminal width
-when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH.
+Used by the <B>select</B> compound command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGWINCH</B>.
+
+</FONT>
<DT><B>COMPREPLY</B>
<DD>
@@ -2340,8 +2414,16 @@ If <B>bash</B> finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts
with value
<TT>t</TT>,
-it assumes that the shell is running in an emacs shell buffer and disables
+it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables
line editing.
+<DT><B>ENV</B>
+
+<DD>
+Similar to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B>;
+
+</FONT>
+used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode.
<DT><B>FCEDIT</B>
<DD>
@@ -2366,6 +2448,12 @@ is excluded from the list of matched filenames.
A sample value is
<TT>&quot;.o:~&quot;</TT>.
+<DT><B>FUNCNEST</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
<DT><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
<DD>
@@ -2601,7 +2689,7 @@ This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
<DT><B>LINES</B>
<DD>
-Used by the <B>select</B> builtin command to determine the column length
+Used by the <B>select</B> compound command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGWINCH</B>.
@@ -2609,14 +2697,15 @@ for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
<DT><B>MAIL</B>
<DD>
-If this parameter is set to a file name and the
+If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MAILPATH</B>
</FONT>
variable is not set,
<B>bash</B>
-informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file.
+informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or
+Maildir-format directory.
<DT><B>MAILCHECK</B>
<DD>
@@ -2852,8 +2941,8 @@ not arrive.
<DT><B>TMPDIR</B>
<DD>
-If set, <B>Bash</B> uses its value as the name of a directory in which
-<B>Bash</B> creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+If set, <B>bash</B> uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+<B>bash</B> creates temporary files for the shell's use.
<DT><B>auto_resume</B>
<DD>
@@ -2933,9 +3022,14 @@ An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
using the syntax <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I>. The
<I>subscript</I>
-is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
-greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an indexed array,
-use
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+If
+<I>subscript</I>
+
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as
+an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript
+of -1 refers to the last element of the array).
+To explicitly declare an indexed array, use
<B>declare -a </B><I>name</I>
(see
@@ -3338,7 +3432,7 @@ a level of variable indirection is introduced.
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of <I>parameter</I> itself.
This is known as <I>indirect expansion</I>.
-The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<I>prefix</I>*} and
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${<B>!\fPfIprefix</B><B>*</B>} and
${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]} described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
introduce indirection.
@@ -3407,7 +3501,7 @@ is substituted.
<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I><B>:</B><I>length</I>}<DD>
-<B>Substring Expansion.</B>
+<B>Substring Expansion</B>.
Expands to up to <I>length</I> characters of <I>parameter</I>
starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>.
If <I>length</I> is omitted, expands to the substring of
@@ -3417,9 +3511,13 @@ If <I>length</I> is omitted, expands to the substring of
</FONT>
below).
-<I>length</I> must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
If <I>offset</I> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
is used as an offset from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I>.
+If <I>length</I> evaluates to a number less than zero, and <I>parameter</I>
+is not <B>@</B> and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted
+as an offset from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I> rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the
+two offsets.
If <I>parameter</I> is <B>@</B>, the result is <I>length</I> positional
parameters beginning at <I>offset</I>.
If <I>parameter</I> is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *,
@@ -3439,7 +3537,7 @@ prefixed to the list.
<DT>${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>@</B>}<DD>
-<B>Names matching prefix.</B>
+<B>Names matching prefix</B>.
Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <I>prefix</I>,
separated by the first character of the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
@@ -3452,7 +3550,7 @@ variable name expands to a separate word.
<DT>${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>*</I>]}<DD>
-<B>List of array keys.</B>
+<B>List of array keys</B>.
If <I>name</I> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
(keys) assigned in <I>name</I>.
If <I>name</I> is not an array, expands to 0 if <I>name</I> is set and null
@@ -3460,7 +3558,7 @@ otherwise.
When <I>@</I> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
key expands to a separate word.
<DT>${<B>#</B><I>parameter</I>}<DD>
-<B>Parameter length.</B>
+<B>Parameter length</B>.
The length in characters of the value of <I>parameter</I> is substituted.
If
<I>parameter</I>
@@ -3486,7 +3584,7 @@ the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>##</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
-<B>Remove matching prefix pattern.</B>
+<B>Remove matching prefix pattern</B>.
The
<I>word</I>
@@ -3526,7 +3624,7 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>%%</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
-<B>Remove matching suffix pattern.</B>
+<B>Remove matching suffix pattern</B>.
The <I>word</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
pathname expansion.
If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
@@ -3560,7 +3658,7 @@ or
the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
-<B>Pattern substitution.</B>
+<B>Pattern substitution</B>.
The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
pathname expansion.
<I>Parameter</I> is expanded and the longest match of <I>pattern</I>
@@ -3601,7 +3699,7 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>,</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>,,</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
-<B>Case modification.</B>
+<B>Case modification</B>.
This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <I>parameter</I>.
The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
pathname expansion.
@@ -3610,7 +3708,7 @@ to uppercase; the <B>,</B> operator converts matching uppercase letters
to lowercase.
The <B>^^</B> and <B>,,</B> expansions convert each matched character in the
expanded value; the <B>^</B> and <B>,</B> expansions match and convert only
-the first character in the expanded value..
+the first character in the expanded value.
If <I>pattern</I> is omitted, it is treated like a <B>?</B>, which matches
every character.
If
@@ -4003,6 +4101,7 @@ The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><B>*</B>
@@ -4109,6 +4208,8 @@ the syntax <B>[.</B><I>symbol</I><B>.]</B> matches the collating symbol
<I>symbol</I>.
</DL>
+</DL>
+
<P>
@@ -4781,7 +4882,7 @@ during its execution.
The special parameter
<B>#</B>
-is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0
+is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter <B>0</B>
is unchanged.
The first element of the
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
@@ -4831,6 +4932,12 @@ builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values
are shared between the function and its caller.
<P>
+The <B>FUNCNEST</B> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+<P>
+
If the builtin command
<B>return</B>
@@ -4887,8 +4994,10 @@ shell's children.
Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
<P>
-Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number
-of recursive calls.
+Functions may be recursive.
+The <B>FUNCNEST</B> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls.
<A NAME="lbBV">&nbsp;</A>
<H3>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</H3>
@@ -4992,13 +5101,13 @@ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
<I>integer</I> attribute using <B>declare -i</B> is assigned a value.
A null value evaluates to 0.
-A shell variable need not have its integer attribute
+A shell variable need not have its <I>integer</I> attribute
turned on to be used in an expression.
<P>
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.
-Otherwise, numbers take the form [<I>base#</I>]n, where <I>base</I>
+Otherwise, numbers take the form [<I>base#</I>]n, where the optional <I>base</I>
is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
base, and <I>n</I> is a number in that base.
If <I>base#</I> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
@@ -5031,8 +5140,9 @@ links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
<P>
-When used with <B>[[</B>, The <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators sort
+When used with <B>[[</B>, the <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
+The <B>test</B> command sorts using ASCII ordering.
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
@@ -5103,10 +5213,6 @@ True if <I>file</I> exists and is writable.
<DD>
True if <I>file</I> exists and is executable.
-<DT><B>-O </B><I>file</I>
-
-<DD>
-True if <I>file</I> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
<DT><B>-G </B><I>file</I>
<DD>
@@ -5115,27 +5221,31 @@ True if <I>file</I> exists and is owned by the effective group id.
<DD>
True if <I>file</I> exists and is a symbolic link.
-<DT><B>-S </B><I>file</I>
-
-<DD>
-True if <I>file</I> exists and is a socket.
<DT><B>-N </B><I>file</I>
<DD>
True if <I>file</I> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+<DT><B>-O </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+<DT><B>-S </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a socket.
+<DT><I>file1</I> <B>-ef</B> <I>file2</I><DD>
+True if <I>file1</I> and <I>file2</I> refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
<DT><I>file1</I> -<B>nt</B> <I>file2</I><DD>
True if <I>file1</I> is newer (according to modification date) than <I>file2</I>,
or if <I>file1</I> exists and file2 does not.
<DT><I>file1</I> -<B>ot</B> <I>file2</I><DD>
True if <I>file1</I> is older than <I>file2</I>, or if <I>file2</I> exists
and <I>file1</I> does not.
-<DT><I>file1</I> <B>-ef</B> <I>file2</I><DD>
-True if <I>file1</I> and <I>file2</I> refer to the same device and
-inode numbers.
<DT><B>-o </B><I>optname</I>
<DD>
-True if shell option
+True if the shell option
<I>optname</I>
is enabled.
@@ -5146,6 +5256,13 @@ option to the
<B>set</B>
builtin below.
+<DT><B>-v </B><I>varname</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if the shell variable
+<I>varname</I>
+
+is set (has been assigned a value).
<DT><B>-z </B><I>string</I>
<DD>
@@ -5411,8 +5528,8 @@ cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
<P>
Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
-the <B>-e</B> option from the parent shell. When not in posix mode,
-Bash clears the <B>-e</B> option in such subshells.
+the <B>-e</B> option from the parent shell. When not in <I>posix</I> mode,
+<B>bash</B> clears the <B>-e</B> option in such subshells.
<P>
If a command is followed by a <B>&amp;</B> and job control is not active, the
@@ -6077,7 +6194,7 @@ shell, unless the
option is given at shell invocation.
Line editing is also used when using the <B>-e</B> option to the
<B>read</B> builtin.
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
Line editing can be enabled at any time using the
<B>-o emacs</B>
@@ -6108,7 +6225,7 @@ builtin.
<P>
-In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote
+In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-<I>key</I>, e.g., C-n
means Control-N. Similarly,
<I>meta</I>
@@ -6536,7 +6653,7 @@ mapped to <B>self-insert</B>.
<DD>
Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
-to <I>emacs</I> or <I>vi</I>.
+to <I>Emacs</I> or <I>vi</I>.
<B>editing-mode</B>
can be set to either
@@ -6566,12 +6683,12 @@ the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
<DT><B>expand-tilde (Off)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>on</B>, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+If set to <B>On</B>, tilde expansion is performed when readline
attempts word completion.
<DT><B>history-preserve-point (Off)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>on</B>, the history code attempts to place point at the
+If set to <B>On</B>, the history code attempts to place point at the
same location on each history line retrieved with <B>previous-history</B>
or <B>next-history</B>.
<DT><B>history-size (0)</B>
@@ -6638,8 +6755,15 @@ have a slash appended (subject to the value of
<DD>
This variable, when set to <B>On</B>, causes readline to match files whose
names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
-completion, unless the leading `.' is
+completion.
+If set to <B>Off</B>, the leading `.' must be
supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
+<DT><B>menu-complete-display-prefix (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
+the list.
<DT><B>output-meta (Off)</B>
<DD>
@@ -6659,7 +6783,7 @@ sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
<DT><B>revert-all-at-newline (Off)</B>
<DD>
-If set to <B>on</B>, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when <B>accept-line</B> is executed. By default,
history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
calls to <B>readline</B>.
@@ -6668,7 +6792,7 @@ calls to <B>readline</B>.
<DD>
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
set to
-<B>on</B>,
+<B>On</B>,
words which have more than one possible completion cause the
matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
@@ -6678,7 +6802,7 @@ matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to <B>show-all-if-ambiguous</B>.
If set to
-<B>on</B>,
+<B>On</B>,
words which have more than one possible completion without any
possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share
@@ -6752,7 +6876,7 @@ library sets the <I>application name</I>, and an initialization
file can test for a particular value.
This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a
-key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
+key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in <B>bash</B>:
<P>
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<PRE>
@@ -6990,10 +7114,14 @@ as if the &quot;!<I>n</I>&quot; history expansion had been specified.
<DD>
Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of
-the previous history entry). With an argument,
-behave exactly like <B>yank-nth-arg</B>.
+the previous history entry).
+With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <B>yank-nth-arg</B>.
Successive calls to <B>yank-last-arg</B> move back through the history
-list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn.
+list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
+the first call) of each line in turn.
+Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches
+the direction through the history (back or forward).
The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
as if the &quot;!$&quot; history expansion had been specified.
<DT><B>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</B>
@@ -7315,7 +7443,7 @@ of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
through the list.
This command is intended to be bound to <B>TAB</B>, but is unbound
by default.
-<DT><B>menu-complete-rd</B>
+<DT><B>menu-complete-backward</B>
<DD>
Identical to <B>menu-complete</B>, but moves backward through the list
@@ -7497,7 +7625,7 @@ character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
<DD>
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
character. A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences.
-<DT><B>skip-csi-sequence ()</B>
+<DT><B>skip-csi-sequence</B>
<DD>
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
@@ -7600,7 +7728,7 @@ If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
pathname is searched for first.
If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
-If those searches to not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
+If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
the <B>-D</B> option to <B>complete</B> is used as the default.
<P>
@@ -7772,7 +7900,7 @@ exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes
the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
-attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
being loaded all at once.
<P>
@@ -8079,6 +8207,8 @@ writing the history file.
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
<P>
@@ -8101,7 +8231,7 @@ Refer to command line
<DT><B>!-</B><I>n</I>
<DD>
-Refer to the current command line minus
+Refer to the current command minus
<I>n</I>.
<DT><B>!!</B>
@@ -8111,13 +8241,15 @@ Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
<DT><B>!</B><I>string</I>
<DD>
-Refer to the most recent command starting with
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
+history list starting with
<I>string</I>.
<DT><B>!?</B><I>string</I><B>[?]</B>
<DD>
-Refer to the most recent command containing
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current postition in the
+history list containing
<I>string</I>.
The trailing <B>?</B> may be omitted if
@@ -8127,7 +8259,7 @@ is followed immediately by a newline.
<DT><B></B><FONT SIZE=+2><B>^</B></FONT><B></B><I>string1</I><FONT SIZE=+2>^</FONT><I>string2</I><FONT SIZE=+2>^</FONT>
<DD>
-Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing
+Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing
<I>string1</I>
with
@@ -8596,7 +8728,7 @@ The return status is false if
is not a shell builtin command.
<DT><B>caller</B> [<I>expr</I>]<DD>
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
-a script executed with the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins.
+a script executed with the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins).
Without <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B> displays the line number and source
filename of the current subroutine call.
If a non-negative integer is supplied as <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B>
@@ -8607,7 +8739,7 @@ current frame is frame 0.
The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
call or <I>expr</I> does not correspond to a valid position in the
call stack.
-<DT><B>cd</B> [<B>-L|-P</B>] [<I>dir</I>]<DD>
+<DT><B>cd</B> [<B>-L</B>|[<B>-P</B> [<B>-e</B>]]] [<I>dir</I>]<DD>
Change the current directory to <I>dir</I>. The variable
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOME</B>
@@ -8652,7 +8784,17 @@ option to the
builtin command); the
<B>-L</B>
-option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of
+option forces symbolic links to be followed.
+If the
+<B>-e</B>
+
+option is supplied with
+<B>-P</B>,
+
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, <B>cd</B> will return an unsuccessful
+status.
+An argument of
<B>-</B>
is equivalent to
@@ -8931,17 +9073,6 @@ User names. May also be specified as <B>-u</B>.
Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as <B>-v</B>.
</DL></DL>
-<DT><B>-G</B> <I>globpat</I><DD>
-The pathname expansion pattern <I>globpat</I> is expanded to generate
-the possible completions.
-<DT><B>-W</B> <I>wordlist</I><DD>
-The <I>wordlist</I> is split using the characters in the
-<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
-
-</FONT>
-special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded.
-The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
<DT><B>-C</B> <I>command</I><DD>
<I>command</I> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
used as the possible completions.
@@ -8954,6 +9085,23 @@ of the
</FONT>
array variable.
+<DT><B>-G</B> <I>globpat</I><DD>
+The pathname expansion pattern <I>globpat</I> is expanded to generate
+the possible completions.
+<DT><B>-P</B> <I>prefix</I><DD>
+<I>prefix</I> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+<DT><B>-S</B> <I>suffix</I><DD>
+<I>suffix</I> is appended to each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+<DT><B>-W</B> <I>wordlist</I><DD>
+The <I>wordlist</I> is split using the characters in the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded.
+The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
+match the word being completed.
<DT><B>-X</B> <I>filterpat</I><DD>
<I>filterpat</I> is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
@@ -8961,12 +9109,6 @@ preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
<I>filterpat</I> is removed from the list.
A leading <B>!</B> in <I>filterpat</I> negates the pattern; in this
case, any completion not matching <I>filterpat</I> is removed.
-<DT><B>-P</B> <I>prefix</I><DD>
-<I>prefix</I> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
-after all other options have been applied.
-<DT><B>-S</B> <I>suffix</I><DD>
-<I>suffix</I> is appended to each possible completion
-after all other options have been applied.
</DL>
<P>
@@ -8981,7 +9123,7 @@ an error occurs adding a completion specification.
<DT><B>compopt</B> [<B>-o</B> <I>option</I>] [<B>-DE</B>] [<B>+o</B> <I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>]<DD>
Modify completion options for each <I>name</I> according to the
<I>option</I>s, or for the
-currently-execution completion if no <I>name</I>s are supplied.
+currently-executing completion if no <I>name</I>s are supplied.
If no <I>option</I>s are given, display the completion options for each
<I>name</I> or the current completion.
The possible values of <I>option</I> are those valid for the <B>complete</B>
@@ -8992,13 +9134,10 @@ on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
The <B>-E</B> option indicates that the remaining options should
apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
blank line.
-</DL>
<P>
-
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
is made to modify the options for a <I>name</I> for which no completion
specification exists, or an output error occurs.
-<DL COMPACT>
<DT><B>continue</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD>
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing
<B>for</B>,
@@ -9023,9 +9162,9 @@ must be >= 1. If
is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop
(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed.
The return value is 0 unless <I>n</I> is not greater than or equal to 1.
-<DT><B>declare</B> [<B>-aAfFilrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
+<DT><B>declare</B> [<B>-aAfFgilrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
-<DT><B>typeset</B> [<B>-aAfFilrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
+<DT><B>typeset</B> [<B>-aAfFgilrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
Declare variables and/or give them attributes.
If no <I>name</I>s are given then display the values of variables.
@@ -9061,6 +9200,12 @@ are displayed as well. The
option implies
<B>-f</B>.
+The
+<B>-g</B>
+
+option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope,
+even when <B>declare</B> is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
The following options can
be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or
to give variables attributes:
@@ -9130,13 +9275,13 @@ turns off the attribute instead,
with the exceptions that <B>+a</B>
may not be used to destroy an array variable and <B>+r</B> will not
remove the readonly attribute.
-When used in a function,
-makes each
+When used in a function, makes each
<I>name</I> local, as with the
<B>local</B>
-command.
-If a variable name is followed by =<I>value</I>, the value of
+command,
+unless the <B>-gP option is supplied,
+If a variable name is followed by =</B><I>value</I>, the value of
the variable is set to <I>value</I>.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
an attempt is made to define a function using
@@ -9153,7 +9298,7 @@ an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <B>-f</B>.
</DL>
-<DT><B>dirs [+</B><I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>] [<B>-cplv</B>]
+<DT><B>dirs [+</B><I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>] [<B>-clpv</B>]
<DD>
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.
@@ -9293,6 +9438,9 @@ suppress further output
<DT><B>\e</B>
<DD>
+<DT><B>\E</B>
+
+<DD>
an escape character
<DT><B>\f</B>
@@ -9328,6 +9476,16 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
<DD>
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
(one or two hex digits)
+<DT><B>\u</B><I>HHHH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHH</I> (one to four hex digits)
+<DT><B>\U</B><I>HHHHHHHH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHHHHHH</I> (one to eight hex digits)
</DL></DL>
@@ -9680,7 +9838,7 @@ return value greater than zero.
</FONT>
is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
-and <B>name</B> is set to ?.
+and <I>name</I> is set to ?.
<P>
<B>getopts</B>
@@ -9763,14 +9921,15 @@ returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found.
It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
error occurs.
<DT><B>hash</B> [<B>-lr</B>] [<B>-p</B> <I>filename</I>] [<B>-dt</B>] [<I>name</I>]<DD>
-For each
-<I>name</I>,
+Each time <B>hash</B> is invoked,
+the full pathname of the command
+<I>name</I>
-the full file name of the command is determined by searching
+is determined by searching
the directories in
<B>$PATH</B>
-and remembered.
+and remembered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
If the
<B>-p</B>
@@ -9954,16 +10113,16 @@ meanings:
<DD>
List process IDs
in addition to the normal information.
-<DT><B>-p</B>
-
-<DD>
-List only the process ID of the job's process group
-leader.
<DT><B>-n</B>
<DD>
Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
the user was last notified of their status.
+<DT><B>-p</B>
+
+<DD>
+List only the process ID of the job's process group
+leader.
<DT><B>-r</B>
<DD>
@@ -10196,7 +10355,8 @@ is specified without
the default quantum is 5000.
When <I>callback</I> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
-array element to be assigned as an additional argument.
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
<I>callback</I> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
<P>
@@ -10270,27 +10430,57 @@ directory change fails.
<DT><B>printf</B> [<B>-v</B> <I>var</I>] <I>format</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
Write the formatted <I>arguments</I> to the standard output under the
control of the <I>format</I>.
+The <B>-v</B> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+<I>var</I> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+<P>
The <I>format</I> is a character string which contains three types of objects:
plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
<I>argument</I>.
-In addition to the standard <I>printf</I>(1) formats, <B>%b</B> causes
+In addition to the standard <I>printf</I>(1) format specifications,
+<B>printf</B> interprets the following extensions:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>%b</B>
+
+<DD>
+causes
<B>printf</B> to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
<I>argument</I> (except that <B>\c</B> terminates output, backslashes in
<B>\aq</B>, <B>\&quot;</B>, and <B>\?</B> are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with <B>\0</B> may contain up to four digits),
-and <B>%q</B> causes <B>printf</B> to output the corresponding
+beginning with <B>\0</B> may contain up to four digits).
+<DT><B>%q</B>
+
+<DD>
+causes <B>printf</B> to output the corresponding
<I>argument</I> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+<DT><B>%(</B><I>datefmt</I>)T
+
+<DD>
+causes <B>printf</B> to output the date-time string resulting from using
+<I>datefmt</I> as a format string for <I>strftime</I>(3). The corresponding
+<I>argument</I> is an integer representing the number of seconds since the
+epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
+time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+
+</DL>
<P>
-The <B>-v</B> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
-<I>var</I> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+
+Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
<P>
+
The <I>format</I> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <I>arguments</I>.
If the <I>format</I> requires more <I>arguments</I> than are supplied, the
extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
-appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success,
-non-zero on failure.
+appropriate, had been supplied.
+The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
+</DL>
+
<DT><B>pushd</B> [<B>-n</B>] [+<I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>]<DD>
<DT><B>pushd</B> [<B>-n</B>] [<I>dir</I>]<DD>
@@ -10572,9 +10762,9 @@ function and not during execution of a script by <B>.</B>,
the return status is false.
Any command associated with the <B>RETURN</B> trap is executed
before execution resumes after the function or script.
-<DT><B>set</B> [<B>--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>-o</B> <I>option</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
+<DT><B>set</B> [<B>--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>-o</B> <I>option-name</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
-<DT><B>set</B> [<B>+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>+o</B> <I>option</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
+<DT><B>set</B> [<B>+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>+o</B> <I>option-name</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed
in a format that can be reused as input
@@ -11212,7 +11402,7 @@ If set,
<B>bash</B>
changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
-arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator.
+arguments to the <B>[[</B> conditional command's <B>=~</B> operator.
<DT><B>compat32</B>
<DD>
@@ -11220,7 +11410,15 @@ If set,
<B>bash</B>
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the conditional command's &lt; and &gt; operators.
+string comparison when using the <B>[[</B>
+conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
+<I>strcmp</I>(3);
+
+bash-4.1 and later
+use the current locale's collation sequence and
+<I>strcoll</I>(3).
+
<DT><B>compat40</B>
<DD>
@@ -11228,8 +11426,21 @@ If set,
<B>bash</B>
changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
-string comparison when using the conditional command's &lt; and &gt; operators
+string comparison when using the <B>[[</B>
+conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators (see previous item)
and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+<DT><B>compat41</B>
+
+<DD>
+@item compat41
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>,
+
+when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1.
+The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
<DT><B>dirspell</B>
<DD>
@@ -11311,7 +11522,7 @@ subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the
<DD>
Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the
-<B>ERROR</B> trap.
+<B>ERR</B> trap.
</DL></DL>
<DT><B>extglob</B>
@@ -11421,6 +11632,11 @@ line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see
</FONT>
above). This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>lastpipe</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
<DT><B>lithist</B>
<DD>
@@ -11575,6 +11791,7 @@ an argument of <B>--</B> as signifying the end of options.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence.
The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<DL COMPACT>
@@ -11633,6 +11850,7 @@ the expression is true if the unary test is true.
If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression
is false.
<DT>3 arguments<DD>
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above
under
<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>,
@@ -11656,7 +11874,15 @@ precedence using the rules listed above.
<DT>5 or more arguments<DD>
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
-</DL></DL>
+<P>
+
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+When used with <B>test</B> or <B>[</B>, the <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators
+sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+</DL>
<DT><B>times</B>
@@ -11715,7 +11941,11 @@ Each
is either
a signal name defined in &lt;<I>signal.h</I>&gt;, or a signal number.
-Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional.
+Signal names are case insensitive and the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIG</B>
+
+</FONT>
+prefix is optional.
<P>
@@ -11759,8 +11989,8 @@ is
the command
<I>arg</I>
-is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the
-<B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins finishes executing.
+is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with
+the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins finishes executing.
<P>
@@ -12018,7 +12248,8 @@ The maximum number of processes available to a single user
<DT><B>-v</B>
<DD>
-The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on
+some systems, to its children
<DT><B>-x</B>
<DD>
@@ -12232,7 +12463,7 @@ as an argument to the
builtin command
<DT>*<DD>
-Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
<B>-p</B>
option to the
@@ -12266,7 +12497,7 @@ options to the
builtin command
<DT>*<DD>
-Using the <B>enable</B> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins
+using the <B>enable</B> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins
<DT>*<DD>
specifying the
<B>-p</B>
@@ -12375,7 +12606,7 @@ version of
<B>bash</B>.
The latest version is always available from
-<I><A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/bash/</A></I>.
+<I><A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</A></I>.
<P>
Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
@@ -12460,7 +12691,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
<HR>
<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
<TR>
-<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash-4.1<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2009 December 29<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash-4.2<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2010 December 28<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
@@ -12566,6 +12797,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
-Time: 30 December 2009 13:07:38 EST
+Time: 28 December 2010 14:30:29 EST
</BODY>
</HTML>
diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf
index cb36c5e..5bcb0c5 100644
--- a/doc/bash.pdf
+++ b/doc/bash.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps
index 8b4d573..fb9aa8c 100644
--- a/doc/bash.ps
+++ b/doc/bash.ps
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
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(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An)
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3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F
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(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.517
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(If the shell option)6.517 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.516
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2.777 E F0 .277(is e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.777(cuted. If).15 F(the)
2.777 E F1(;;)2.777 E F0 .277
(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the)2.777 F
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.65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cute an).15 F 2.727(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.727
E F2(list)2.727 E F0 .227(on a successful match.)2.727 F .227(The e)
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-(the startup \214les, as if the)144 324 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
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+31.329(.A)C 26.328(common v)-2.501 F 26.328(alue is)-.25 F/F5 10
+/Courier@0 SF(/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin)144 624
+Q F0(.)A F2(POSIXL)108 636 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 648
+R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F2(bash)
+2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F F3 .472(posix mode)
+2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011
+(the startup \214les, as if the)144 660 R F2(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0
(in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011
-(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 336 Q F1(bash)2.5
-E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
--2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
-(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 348 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
-(If set, the v)144 360 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
-(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR)
-108 372 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676
-(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 384 R .676
+(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 672 Q F2(bash)2.5
+E F0(enables)2.5 E F3(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)
+-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F5(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(PR)108 684 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0
+(If set, the v)144 696 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E
+(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(15)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 16 16
+%%BeginPageSetup
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+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)108 84 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0
+.676(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 96 R .676
(alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923
-(nents to retain when e)144 396 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
+(nents to retain when e)144 108 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423
E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see)
-3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E
-(Characters remo)144 408 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
-(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 420 Q F0 .064(The v)
+3.423 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E
+(w\).)-.25 E(Characters remo)144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G
+(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS1)108 132 Q F0 .064(The v)
19.33 F .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15
F F2(PR)2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065
-(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 432 R
+(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 144 R
(def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 444 Q F0 .118(The v)19.33 F .118
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 156 Q F0 .118(The v)19.33 F .118
(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .118(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)
2.617 E F0 .117(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.367 F(The)
-5.117 E(def)144 456 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
-(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 468 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115
+5.117 E(def)144 168 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G
+(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 180 Q F0 1.115(The v)19.33 F 1.115
(alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select)
3.615 E F0 1.116(command \(see)3.616 F F2 1.116(SHELL GRAM-)3.616 F(MAR)
-144 480 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 492 Q F0
+144 192 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 204 Q F0
.101(The v)19.33 F .101(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .101
(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .1(and the v)2.35 F .1
-(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 504 Q F0 .291
+(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 216 Q F0 .291
(displays during an e)2.791 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F
.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .292
-(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 516 Q 2.5(,t)
+(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 228 Q 2.5(,t)
-.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0
--.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 528 Q F0 .664
-(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 540 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
+-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 240 Q F0 .664
+(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 252 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F
.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .663
-(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 552 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 264 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55
-G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 564 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144
-576 R .826
+G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 276 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .826(The v)144
+288 R .826
(alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F
3.327(wt)-.25 G .827(he timing information for)-3.327 F .649
-(pipelines pre\214x)144 588 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
+(pipelines pre\214x)144 300 R .649(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.149 E F0
(reserv)3.149 E .649(ed w)-.15 F .648(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F
(The)5.648 E F1(%)3.148 E F0 .648(character introduces)3.148 F .711
-(an escape sequence that is e)144 600 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
+(an escape sequence that is e)144 312 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F
.712(alue or other information.)-.25 F .712(The escape sequences)5.712 F
-(and their meanings are as follo)144 612 Q
-(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 630 Q F0 2.5
-(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 642 Q F4(p)A F1
-(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 654 Q F4(p)A
-F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1
-(%[)144 666 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0
-(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)13.34 E F1(%P)144 678 Q
-F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
-(The optional)144 694.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
-3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
+(and their meanings are as follo)144 324 Q
+(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 342 Q F0 2.5
+(Al)30 G(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 354 Q/F3 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)11.68
+E F1(%[)144 366 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0
+(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)11.68 E F1(%[)144 378 Q
+F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)
+13.34 E F1(%P)144 390 Q F0
+(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)33.89 E .87
+(The optional)144 406.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the)
+3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87
(he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.525(point. A)
-144 706.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
+144 418.8 R -.25(va)2.525 G .025
(lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .026
(At most three places after the)5.025 F .538
-(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 718.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F4
+(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 430.8 R .538(alues of)-.25 F F3
(p)3.038 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.537 E
-F4(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 730.8 Q
-(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E
-(15)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 16 16
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E .667(The optional)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(l)3.167 E F0
+F3(p)3.037 E F0 .537(is not speci\214ed,)3.037 F(the v)144 442.8 Q
+(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .667(The optional)144 459.6 R F1(l)3.167 E F0
.668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F
-/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F2(SS)A F0(.)A F2(FF)A F0
-3.168(s. The)B -.25(va)3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 96 Q F2(p)2.5 E F0
+F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.168(s. The)B -.25(va)
+3.168 G(lue).25 E(of)144 471.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0
(determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E .001
-(If this v)144 112.8 R .001(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.501 E
+(If this v)144 488.4 R .001(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.501 E
F0 .001(acts as if it had the v)2.501 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr)2.5 E
(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys%3lS\010)-.18 E F0(.)A .494(If the v)144
-124.8 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F
+500.4 R .494(alue is null, no timing information is displayed.)-.25 F
2.994(At)5.494 G .494(railing ne)-2.994 F .494
(wline is added when the for)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(mat string is displayed.)144
-136.8 Q F1(TMOUT)108 153.6 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 165.6 R .941
-(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0
-.941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1
--.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 177.6 Q
-F1(select)2.81 E F0 .31(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F
-.611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F3(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311
-(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F .886(ing from a terminal.)144 189.6
+512.4 Q F1(TMOUT)108 524.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 536.4 R .941
+(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941
+(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18
+(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 548.4 Q F1
+(select)2.81 E F0 .31(command terminates if input does not arri)2.81 F
+.611 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.811 E F0 .311
+(seconds when input is com-)2.561 F .886(ing from a terminal.)144 560.4
R .886(In an interacti)5.886 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v)
.15 F .885(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1
-(wa)144 201.6 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F
+(wa)144 572.4 S .546(it for input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F
F1(Bash)5.546 E F0 .546(terminates after w)3.046 F .546
(aiting for that number of)-.1 F(seconds if input does not arri)144
-213.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 230.4 Q F0 .274(If set,)144
-242.4 R F1(Bash)2.774 E F0 .274(uses its v)2.774 F .274
-(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(Bash)2.773 E F0 .273
-(creates temporary \214les for the)2.773 F(shell')144 254.4 Q 2.5(su)
--.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 271.2 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144
-283.2 R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531
+584.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 596.4 Q F0 .391(If set,)144
+608.4 R F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391(uses its v)2.891 F .391
+(alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39
+(creates temporary \214les for the)2.89 F(shell')144 620.4 Q 2.5(su)-.55
+G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 632.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .53(This v)144 644.4
+R .53(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.03(wt)-.25 G .531
(he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.03 F .531
-(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 295.2 R
+(If this v)5.531 F .531(ariable is set,)-.25 F .539(single w)144 656.4 R
.538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\
- for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 307.2 S .366(isting stopped job)
+ for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 668.4 S .366(isting stopped job)
.15 F 5.366(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.366 F .366
(wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .367(ginning with)-.15 F
1.125(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144
-319.2 R(The)6.125 E F2(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this)
-3.805 F(conte)144 331.2 Q 1.132
+680.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.124(of a stopped job, in this)
+3.805 F(conte)144 692.4 Q 1.132
(xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v)
-6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F2 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133
+6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.633(,t).68 G 1.133
(he string supplied must)-3.633 F .625
-(match the name of a stopped job e)144 343.2 R .624(xactly; if set to)
--.15 F F2(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624
+(match the name of a stopped job e)144 704.4 R .624(xactly; if set to)
+-.15 F F3(substring)3.124 E F0 3.124(,t).22 G .624
(he string supplied needs to match a)-3.124 F .884
-(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 355.2 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
--5.884 E F2(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885
-(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 367.2 Q F1(%?)3.334 E
-F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F3 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27
+(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 716.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he)
+-5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .885(lue pro).25 F .885
+(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 728.4 Q F1(%?)3.334 E
+F0 .834(job identi\214er \(see)5.834 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27
E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo)
--.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .315
-(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 379.2 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316
-(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F
-F1(%)2.816 E F2(string)A F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 391.2 Q(.)-.55
-E F1(histchars)108 408 Q F0 2.07(The tw)144 420 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)
--4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07
-(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)4.569 E(OR)
--.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 432 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715
+-.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .833(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F
+(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(16)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 17 17
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+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E .315(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 84 R 2.816(sn)-.55
+G .316(ame; this pro)-2.816 F .316(vides functionality analogous to the)
+-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%)2.816 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A
+F0(job)2.816 E(identi\214er)144 96 Q(.)-.55 E F1(histchars)108 108 Q F0
+2.07(The tw)144 120 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07
+(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07(xpansion and tok)
+-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.569 E(OR)
+-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 132 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.465 E 3.715
(w\). The)-.25 F 1.215(\214rst character is the)3.715 F F2 1.216
(history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.716 E 3.716(,t)-.4 G
1.216(he character which)-3.716 F .798(signals the start of a history e)
-144 444 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798
+144 144 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798
(second character is the)3.298 F F2(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G
-(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 456 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G
+(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 156 Q F0(character)2.739 E 2.739(,w)-.4 G
.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.739 F .24
(vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .576
-(ing one string for another in the command.)144 468 R .575(The def)5.575
+(ing one string for another in the command.)144 168 R .575(The def)5.575
F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .575
(optional third character is the)3.075 F .223(character which indicates\
that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \
-char)144 480 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 492 R 1.294
+char)144 180 R(-)-.2 E 1.294(acter of a w)144 192 R 1.294
(ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.794('. The)B 1.293
(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F
-.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 504 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F
+.379(skipped for the remaining w)144 204 R .379(ords on the line.)-.1 F
.38(It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F
-(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 516 Q F1(Arrays)87 532.8 Q(Bash)
-108 544.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15
+(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 216 Q F1(Arrays)87 232.8 Q(Bash)
+108 244.8 Q F0(pro)3.391 E .891(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15
(xe)-.15 G 3.391(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.391 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)
-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .89
-(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 556.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 256.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.573(da).15 G .073(rray; the)-2.573 F F1(declar)2.573 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2
(bu)2.573 G .073(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15
F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .074(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F
-.329(an array)108 568.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr)
+.329(an array)108 268.8 R 2.829(,n)-.65 G .329(or an)-2.829 F 2.829(yr)
-.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.829 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .328(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F
5.328(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.328 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.828(da).15 G .328
-(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.386(enced using inte)108 580.8 R
+(rrays are refer)-2.828 F(-)-.2 E 1.386(enced using inte)108 280.8 R
1.386(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.887(xpressions\) and)-.15 F
1.387(are zero-based; associati)3.887 F 1.687 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.387
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+-.15 F -.15(ex)108 276 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ")
+-2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G
+(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2
+(Brace Expansion)87 292.8 Q F1(Br)108.58 304.8 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F
+(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606
(is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F
-.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 592.8 Q F2 .415
+.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 316.8 Q F1 .415
(pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415
(ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F
.415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G
-(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 604.8 R F2(pr)2.651 E(eamble)
+(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 328.8 R F1(pr)2.651 E(eamble)
-.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151
(wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25
-F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 616.8 R
-.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F2(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G
+F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 340.8 R
+.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G
.563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659
(contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\
-ch resulting string, e)108 628.8 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
-108 640.8 Q .719(Brace e)108 657.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
+ch resulting string, e)108 352.8 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.)
+108 364.8 Q .719(Brace e)108 381.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15
F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719
(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv)
-108 669.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0
-(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As)
-108 686.4 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742
-(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.242 E F2(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A
-F1(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F2(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F2(y)
+108 393.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0
+(d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As)
+108 410.4 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742
+(es the form)-.1 F F2({)3.242 E F1(x)A F2(..)A F1(y)A F2([..)A F1(incr)A
+F2(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F1(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F1(y)
3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,)
--.15 F(and)108 698.4 Q F2(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G
+-.15 F(and)108 422.4 Q F1(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G
.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G
.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532
(xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108
-710.4 R F2(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F2(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi)
+434.4 R F1(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F1(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi)
-2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077
-(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .078
+(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F1(0)2.577 E F0 .078
(to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015
-(same width.)108 722.4 R .015(When either)5.015 F F2(x)2.515 E F0(or)
-2.515 E F2(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\
-empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768
-Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(17)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 18 18
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E 1.143(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108
-84 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F
-(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 96 S .542(pands to each character le).15 F
-.542(xicographically between)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)3.042 E F0
-(and)3.042 E F1(y)3.042 E F0 3.042(,i)C(nclusi)-3.042 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-5.542(.N).15 G .542(ote that both)-5.542 F F1(x)3.041 E F0(and)3.041 E
-F1(y)3.041 E F0 .541(must be of)3.041 F .182(the same type.)108 108 R
-.182(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.182 F .183
+(same width.)108 446.4 R .015(When either)5.015 F F1(x)2.515 E F0(or)
+2.515 E F1(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\
+empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143
+(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 458.4 R
+6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F
+(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 470.4 S .542(pands to each character le)
+.15 F .542(xicographically between)-.15 F F1(x)3.042 E F0(and)3.042 E F1
+(y)3.042 E F0 3.042(,i)C(nclusi)-3.042 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.542(.N).15 G
+.542(ote that both)-5.542 F F1(x)3.041 E F0(and)3.041 E F1(y)3.041 E F0
+.541(must be of)3.041 F .182(the same type.)108 482.4 R .182
+(When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.182 F .183
(ference between each term.)-.25 F .183(The def)5.183 F(ault)-.1 E
-(increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)108 120 Q .582(Brace e)108 136.8 R
-.582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581(ther e)
--3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581
+(increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)108 494.4 Q .582(Brace e)108 511.2
+R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581
+(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581
(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015
-(are preserv)108 148.8 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
-(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)
-5.016 E F0 .016(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
-(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 160.8 Q
+(are preserv)108 523.2 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015
+(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F2(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016
+(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016
+(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 535.2 Q
(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)
--.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 177.6 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132
-(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\
-t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 189.6 R 3.441
-(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
+-.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 552 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132(\
+xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least\
+ one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 564 R 3.441(alid sequence e)
+-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441
(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755
-(unchanged. A)108 201.6 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0
-.255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
+(unchanged. A)108 576 R F2({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F2(,)2.755 E F0 .255
+(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255
(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91
-(sion. T)108 213.6 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
+(sion. T)108 588 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41
(id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F
F2(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F
-(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 225.6 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \
-as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
-108 242.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 254.4 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
-(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 271.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25
-G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 283.2 Q(cho)144 295.2 Q
+(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 600 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used as\
+ shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is)
+108 616.8 R(longer than in the abo)108 628.8 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H
+(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 645.6 Q -.65(w,)-.25
+G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 657.6 Q(cho)144 669.6 Q
(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)
--.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 312 R .618
+-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 686.4 R .618
(xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F
.618(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F2(sh)5.618 E F0 .618
(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248
-(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 324 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247
-(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
-(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 336 Q -.15
+(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 698.4 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G
+.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247
+(es them in the output.)-.15 F F2(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 710.4 Q -.15
(ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03
(ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03
(or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F2(sh)
-3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 348 Q F0 .515
+3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F1(\214le{1,2})108 722.4 Q F0 .515
(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515
(ord is output as)-.1 F F1 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e)
-3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436
-(If strict compatibility with)108 360 R F2(sh)2.936 E F0 .436
-(is desired, start)2.936 F F2(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F2
-(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437
-(xpansion with the)-.15 F F2(+B)108 372 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(set)
-2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09
-E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 -.18(Ti)87 388.8 S
-(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 400.8 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F
-1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F2(~)A F0 1.086
-('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\
- \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a)
-108 412.8 R F1(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)
--5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\
- are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 424.8 R .725
-(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F1(lo)108 436.8 Q .522
-(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522
+3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F2(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72
+768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(18)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 19 19
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E .436(If strict compatibility with)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
+(sh)2.936 E F0 .436(is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436
+(with the)2.936 F F1(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936
+F .437(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 96 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1
+(set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
+(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)
+87 112.8 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 124.8 R 1.087(ord be)
+-.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0
+1.086('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\
+slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\
+ed a)108 136.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E
+F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726
+(in the tilde-pre\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x\
+ follo)108 148.8 R .725(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F
+F3(lo)108 160.8 Q .522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G
+.522
(his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v)
--3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 448.8 Q/F4
-9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287
+-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F2(HOME)108 172.8 Q/F4
+9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F2(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287
(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286
(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\
ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \
-with the speci\214ed login name.)108 460.8 Q .092
-(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 477.6 R .092
-(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
+with the speci\214ed login name.)108 184.8 Q .092
+(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 201.6 R .092
+(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092
(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is)
-5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 489.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
-(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
+5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 213.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904
+(alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0
.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo)
5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641
-(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 501.6 R F1(N)4.141
+(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 225.6 R F3(N)4.141
E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642
(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\
ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108
-513.6 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F2(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)
-108 525.6 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G
+237.6 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu)
+108 249.6 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G
.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F
.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455
(wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F
(consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.)
-108 537.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 554.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
+108 261.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 278.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E
-(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 571.2 R .167
+(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 295.2 R .167
(ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x)
--.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F2(:)2.667 E
-F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F2(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E
-.281(these cases, tilde e)108 583.2 R .282(xpansion is also performed.)
+-.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E
+F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E
+.281(these cases, tilde e)108 307.2 R .282(xpansion is also performed.)
-.15 F(Consequently)5.282 E 2.782(,o)-.65 G .282
(ne may use \214le names with tildes in assign-)-2.782 F(ments to)108
-595.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
--.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
+319.2 Q F2 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F2(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)
+-.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F2(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
.855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E
-(alue.)-.25 E F2 -.1(Pa)87 612 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `)
-108 624 R F2($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e)
+(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 336 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `)
+108 348 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e)
-4.106 F 1.605(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F
-4.105(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 636
+4.105(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 360
R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F
.407(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033
-(tect the v)108 648 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
+(tect the v)108 372 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033
(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032
-(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 660
+(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 384
Q 1.189
(When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108
-676.8 R F2(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
+400.8 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)
-3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108
-688.8 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15
-(ex)108 700.8 S(pansion.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)
-135.965 E(18)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 19 19
-%%BeginPageSetup
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A
-1.204(The v)144 96 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.704 E(ameter)-.15 E
-F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204(The braces are required when)
-6.204 F F1(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F
-.264(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 108 R F1(par)4.014
-E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264
+412.8 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15
+(ex)108 424.8 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 441.6 Q F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0
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(uring w)-3.219 F .719(ord splitting.)-.1 F .719
(The command substitution)5.719 F F1($\(cat)3.219 E F2(\214le)3.219 E F1
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(When matching a pathname, the slash character must al)5.888 F -.1(wa)
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-367.2 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
+124.8 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\
ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512
-(ion operator is)108 379.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512
+(ion operator is)108 136.8 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(<)3.012 E F0 3.012
+(,t)C .512
(he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).)
-3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F
-(redirection operator is)108 391.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
+(redirection operator is)108 148.8 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C
(he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).)
--2.5 E .825(The w)108 408 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824
+-2.5 E .825(The w)108 165.6 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824
(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824
(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .772
-(jected to brace e)108 420 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773
+(jected to brace e)108 177.6 R .773(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .773
(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .773
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E .844
-(sion, quote remo)108 432 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F .843
-(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843 F
-.843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F1(bash)3.343 E F0
-(reports an error)108 444 Q(.)-.55 E
-(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 460.8 Q -.15
-(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 477.6 Q F1(>)2.5
-E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
-(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 494.4
-Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144
-511.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
-(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 528 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E
-F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527
+(sion, quote remo)108 189.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G .843(l, pathname e).25 F
+.843(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .843(ord splitting.)-.1 F .843(If it e)5.843
+F .843(xpands to more than one w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E F2(bash)3.343 E F0
+(reports an error)108 201.6 Q(.)-.55 E
+(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 218.4 Q -.15
+(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 235.2 Q F2(>)2.5
+E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A
+(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 252 Q
+F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 268.8
+Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527
+(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 285.6 R F1(dirlist)3.027
+E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527
(as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F
-(output before the standard output w)108 540 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2
-(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 556.8 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 F
--.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
+(output before the standard output w)108 297.6 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E
+F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 314.4 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099
+F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya)
-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F
-(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 568.8 Q F1(/de)144 585.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A
-F0(If)180 597.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15
-E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5
-E F1(/de)144 609.6 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)
-180 621.6 Q F1(/de)144 633.6 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
-(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 645.6 Q F1(/de)144 657.6 Q
-(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 669.6 Q F1(/de)
-144 681.6 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 693.6 Q
-F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
-(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497
+(wing)-.25 E(table:)108 326.4 Q F2(/de)144 343.2 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F1(fd)A
+F0(If)180 355.2 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E(ger)-.15
+E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is duplicated.)2.5
+E F2(/de)144 367.2 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)
+180 379.2 Q F2(/de)144 391.2 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0
+(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 403.2 Q F2(/de)144 415.2 Q
+(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 427.2 Q F2(/de)
+144 439.2 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If)180 451.2 Q
+F1(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496
+(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.997 E F0 .497
(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
-(vice name,)180 705.6 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0
+(vice name,)180 463.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0
(attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.)
--.1 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(23)185.955 E 0 Cg
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-%%Page: 24 24
-%%BeginPageSetup
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 96 Q F2(host)2.997
-E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497(alid hostname or Internet address, and)
--.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496(is an inte)2.996 F .496
-(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E(vice name,)180 108 Q F1(bash)2.5
-E F0(attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E
-(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 124.8 S
+-.1 E F2(/de)144 475.2 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F1(host)A F2(/)A F1(port)A F0(If)
+180 487.2 Q F1(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497
+(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F1(port)2.996 E F0 .496
+(is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E
+(vice name,)180 499.2 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0
+(attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding sock)2.5 E(et.)
+-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 516 S
(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f)-2.6 E
(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater than 9 s\
-hould be used with care, as the)108 141.6 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947
+hould be used with care, as the)108 532.8 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947
(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F
-(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 153.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87
-170.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
+(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 544.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2(Redir)87
+561.6 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391
(Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
-108 182.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
-(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 194.4 Q F2
+108 573.6 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391
+(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 585.6 Q F1
(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G
-(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0
+(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0
(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
-(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 211.2 Q([)144 228 Q F2
-(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 244.8 Q(ecting Output)
+(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 602.4 Q([)144 619.2 Q
+F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 636 Q(ecting Output)
-.18 E F0 .174
(Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e)
-108 256.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175
-(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 268.8
-R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0
+108 648 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175
+(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 660 R
+F1(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824
+(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F1(n)3.684 E F0
.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F
--.15(ex)108 280.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
+-.15(ex)108 672 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E
(xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E
-(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 297.6 Q([)144 314.4 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
-(If the redirection operator is)108 331.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
-.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
-2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155
-(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 343.2 R
-.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657
-(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
-5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 355.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C
-2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E
-F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409
-(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
+(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 688.8 Q([)144 705.6 Q
+F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154
+(If the redirection operator is)108 722.4 R F2(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C
+.154(nd the)-2.654 F F2(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the)
+2.654 F F2(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155
+(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q
+(2010 December 28)135.965 E(24)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 25 25
+%%BeginPageSetup
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E .658(will f)108 84 R .658
+(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658(xpansion of)
+-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G
+.657(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-)
+5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>|)2.909
+E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909
+F F2(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F2(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0
+.409(option to the)2.909 F F2(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409
(iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108
-367.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)
--2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87
-384 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
-(Redirection of output in this f)108 396 R .642
+108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by)-2.5
+E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2 -.25(Ap)87 124.8
+S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642
+(Redirection of output in this f)108 136.8 R .642
(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641
-(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473
-(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 408 R F2(n)2.973 E F0
+(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473
+(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 148.8 R F1(n)2.973 E F0
2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474
-(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0
+(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F1(n)3.334 E F0
.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108
-420 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
-(The general format for appending output is:)108 436.8 Q([)144 453.6 Q
-F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 475.2 Q
+160.8 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E
+(The general format for appending output is:)108 177.6 Q([)144 194.4 Q
+F1(n)A F0(])A F2(>>)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F2(Redir)87 216 Q
(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249
-(This construct allo)108 487.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
-\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
--.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108
-499.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
-(There are tw)108 516 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
-(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1
-(&>)144 532.8 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 544.8 Q F1(>&)144 556.8 Q
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 573.6 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+(This construct allo)108 228 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\
+e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F
+(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 240 Q
+(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E(There are tw)108
+256.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
+(ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F2
+(&>)144 273.6 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 285.6 Q F2(>&)144 297.6 Q
+F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 314.4 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G
(orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E
--.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 590.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
-E F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1 -.25(Ap)87 612 S
+-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2(>)144 331.2 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5
+E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2 -.25(Ap)87 352.8 S
(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248
-(This construct allo)108 624 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\214l\
-e descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)-.25 F
-(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 636 Q
-(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
+(This construct allo)108 364.8 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\
+\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-)
+-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108
+376.8 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F1(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E
(The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108
-652.8 Q F1(&>>)144 669.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
-(This is semantically equi)108 686.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1
-(>>)144 703.2 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A
-(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(24)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Her)87 84 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E
-F0 .33(This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from \
-the current source until a line containing only)108 96 R/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(delimiter)108.35 108 Q F0 .614
+393.6 Q F2(&>>)144 410.4 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
+(This is semantically equi)108 427.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2
+(>>)144 444 Q F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(Her)87
+460.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redirection i\
+nstructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line c\
+ontaining only)108 472.8 R F1(delimiter)108.35 484.8 Q F0 .614
(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615
(All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615
-F(dard input for a command.)108 120 Q(The format of here-documents is:)
-108 136.8 Q F1(<<)144 153.6 Q F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
-(her)164 165.6 Q(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 177.6 Q F0 .128
-(No parameter e)108 194.4 R .127
+F(dard input for a command.)108 496.8 Q
+(The format of here-documents is:)108 513.6 Q F2(<<)144 530.4 Q F0([)A
+F2<ad>A F0(])A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 542.4 Q(e-document)-.37 E
+(delimiter)144 554.4 Q F0 .128(No parameter e)108 571.2 R .127
(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .127
(xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F .127(xpansion is performed)-.15 F(on)108
-206.4 Q F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G
-1.074 -.15(ny c)-3.274 H .774(haracters in).15 F F2(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E
-F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F2(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774
+583.2 Q F1(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.774(.I).77 G 3.274(fa)-5.774 G
+1.074 -.15(ny c)-3.274 H .774(haracters in).15 F F1(wor)3.614 E(d)-.37 E
+F0 .774(are quoted, the)4.044 F F1(delimiter)3.624 E F0 .774
(is the result of quote remo)4.004 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.275(lo).25 G(n)
--3.275 E F2(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.275(,a).77 G(nd)-3.275 E .905
-(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 218.4 R 3.405(xpanded. If)
--.15 F F2(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .904
+-3.275 E F1(wor)3.275 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.275(,a).77 G(nd)-3.275 E .905
+(the lines in the here-document are not e)108 595.2 R 3.405(xpanded. If)
+-.15 F F1(wor)3.405 E(d)-.37 E F0 .904
(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are)3.405 F .694
-(subjected to parameter e)108 230.4 R .695
+(subjected to parameter e)108 607.2 R .695
(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.195
(xpansion. In)-.15 F .695(the latter case, the)3.195 F
-(character sequence)108 242.4 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)
-2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)
-2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602
-(If the redirection operator is)108 259.2 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101
-(,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\
- and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 271.2 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5
-(.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E
+(character sequence)108 619.2 Q F2(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)
+2.5 E F2(\\)2.5 E F0(must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F2(\\)
+2.5 E F0(,)A F2($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F2<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602
+(If the redirection operator is)108 636 R F2(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t)
+C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\
+ the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 648 Q F1(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G
+(his allo)-5 E
(ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f)
--.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 288 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 2.5
-(Av)108 300 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E F1(<<<)
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-(xpanded and supplied to the command on its standard input.)-.15 E F1
-(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 350.4 Q F0(The redirection operator)108
-362.4 Q([)144 379.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
-(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 396 R(If)5.127 E F2
-(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
+-.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F2(Her)87 664.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0
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+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 84 Q F0
+(The redirection operator)108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
+(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126
+(is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 129.6 R(If)5.127 E
+F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127
(pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108
-408 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
+141.6 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G
2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G
2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0
.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149
-(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 420 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
+(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 153.6 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor)
2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.649 E
F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.)
2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F
-(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 432 Q
-(The operator)108 448.8 Q([)144 465.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
+(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 165.6 Q
+(The operator)108 182.4 Q([)144 199.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A
(d)-.37 E F0 .444
-(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 482.4 R
-(If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443
+(is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 216 R(If)
+5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443
(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357
-(tor 1\) is used.)108 494.4 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)
-4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\
-utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 506.4 R 2.597
-(as)2.597 G .097(pecial case, if)-2.597 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 .096
-(is omitted, and)2.596 F F2(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)
-2.596 F .096(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F
-(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 518.4 Q
-(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 535.2 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0
-(The redirection operator)108 547.2 Q([)144 564 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A
-F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 580.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535
-(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2(digit)3.035 E F0 .535
+(tor 1\) is used.)108 228 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor)4.197
+E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for output,\
+ a redirection error)4.627 F 2.597(occurs. As)108 240 R 2.597(as)2.597 G
+.097(pecial case, if)-2.597 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 .096(is omitted, and)2.596
+F F2(wor)2.596 E(d)-.37 E F0 .096(does not e)2.596 F .096
+(xpand to one or more digits, the standard out-)-.15 F
+(put and standard error are redirected as described pre)108 252 Q
+(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 268.8 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0
+(The redirection operator)108 280.8 Q([)144 297.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)
+A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 314.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G
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(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt)
-3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2
-(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 592.8 Q F2(digit)5
+(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 326.4 Q F2(digit)5
E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A
-(Similarly)108 609.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)
-144 626.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 643.2 Q
+(Similarly)108 343.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)
+144 360 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 376.8 Q
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F2
(digit)2.786 E F0 .286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F2(n)2.786 E F0
2.786(,o).24 G 2.786(rt)-2.786 G .285
(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F2(n)2.785 E F0
-.285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 655.2 Q F1
-(Opening File Descriptors f)87 672 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
-(The redirection operator)108 684 Q([)144 700.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)A
-F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
-717.6 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
+.285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 388.8 Q F1
+(Opening File Descriptors f)87 405.6 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0
+(The redirection operator)108 417.6 Q([)144 434.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>)
+A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108
+451.2 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349
(to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor)
-108 729.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G
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(le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E
-(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-(Aliases)108 96 Q F0(allo)3.174 E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674
-(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674
+(If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 480 Q F2(Aliases)108 492 Q F0(allo)3.174 E
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(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673
(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
-ses that may be set and unset with the)108 108 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(alias)2.894 E F0(and)2.894 E F3(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394
-(iltin commands).2 F(\(see)108 120 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)
-4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48
-(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979
-(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F(check)108 132 Q .472
-(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472(If so, that w)5.472 F .473
-(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473
-(The characters)5.473 F F3(/)2.973 E F0(,)A F3($)2.973 E F0(,)A F3<92>
-2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 144 Q F3(=)3.612 E F0 1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612
-(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell)-3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E
-(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
+ses that may be set and unset with the)108 504 R F1(alias)2.894 E F0
+(and)2.894 E F1(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2
+F(\(see)108 516 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E
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+(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1
+F(check)108 528 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472
+(If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473
+(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F1(/)2.973 E F0(,)A
+F1($)2.973 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 540 Q F1(=)3.612 E F0
+1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell)
+-3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112
(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111
-(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 156 R 1.119
+(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 552 R 1.119
(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G
1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12
-(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 168 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F
+(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 564 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F
.514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513
(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F
-.295(not e)108 180 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
-(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F3(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F3
-.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F3
-(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 192 R
+.295(not e)108 576 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296
+(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1
+.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1
+(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 588 R
-.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542
(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne)
--3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 204 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
+-3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 600 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
-E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 220.8 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0
-(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F3
+E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 616.8 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
+(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
(unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284
-(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 237.6 R .284
+(There is no mechanism for using ar)108 633.6 R .284
(guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E
.284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see)
-108 249.6 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
-(Aliases are not e)108 266.4 R 1.22
+108 645.6 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
+(Aliases are not e)108 662.4 R 1.22
(xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u)
-.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F3(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
-(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 278.4 Q F3(shopt)2.5 E F0
-(\(see the description of)2.5 E F3(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
+.15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F1(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22
+(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 674.4 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
+(\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4
(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
E .435
(The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108
-295.2 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F3(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
+691.2 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1
(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338
-(one complete line of input before e)108 307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
+(one complete line of input before e)108 703.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338
(cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338
(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337
-(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 319.2 S .904
+(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 715.2 S .904
(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404
(cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904
(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162
-(another command does not tak)108 331.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
+(another command does not tak)108 727.2 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662
G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F
-1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277
-(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 343.2 R .277
+1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E .277(alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 84 R .277
(fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha)
2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108
-355.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F
-.699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\
-n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494
-(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 367.2
-R .495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085
-(tion are not a)108 379.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
+96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F .699(\
+xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the function is \
+e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .494
+(because a function de\214nition is itself a compound command.)108 108 R
+.495(As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a func-)5.494 F .085
+(tion are not a)108 120 R -.25(va)-.2 G .084
(ilable until after that function is e).25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.584
(cuted. T).15 F 2.584(ob)-.8 G 2.584(es)-2.584 G .084(afe, al)-2.584 F
-.1(wa)-.1 G .084(ys put alias de\214nitions on a sepa-).1 F
-(rate line, and do not use)108 391.2 Q F3(alias)2.5 E F0
-(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 408 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5
-E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.)
-.15 E F1(FUNCTIONS)72 424.8 Q F0 3.467(As)108 436.8 S .967
+(rate line, and do not use)108 132 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)2.5 E
+F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 148.8 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)
+-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E/F2 10.95
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)72 165.6 Q F0 3.467(As)108 177.6 S .967
(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15
-H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0
-.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 448.8 R
--.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\
-ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315
-(mands associated with that function name is e)108 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15
-G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316
-(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036
-(shell; no ne)108 472.8 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
+H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F4 9
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F
+1.002(later e)108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002
+(the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the lis\
+t of com-)3.502 F .315(mands associated with that function name is e)108
+201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .316(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15
+F .036(shell; no ne)108 213.6 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036
(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035
-F .639(function is e)108 484.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
+F .639(function is e)108 225.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F
.639
(guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e)
--.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 496.8
-R F3(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532
-(Special parameter 0 is unchanged.)5.532 F .532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F
-(ment of the)108 508.8 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
+-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 237.6
+R F1(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532
+(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F
+.532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 249.6 Q F3(FUNCN)2.5 E
+(AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G
(riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108
-525.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25
+266.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25
(vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F
-1.049(these e)108 537.6 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.548 E(UG)
--.09 E F0(and)3.298 E F3(RETURN)3.548 E F0 1.048
-(traps \(see the description of the)3.548 F F3(trap)3.548 E F0 -.2(bu)
-3.548 G 1.048(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.548 E -.09(BU)108 549.6 S(IL)
+1.049(these e)108 278.4 R 3.548(xceptions: the)-.15 F F3(DEB)3.548 E(UG)
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+.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 475.2
R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F
-(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F3(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13
+(Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F5(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13
(its until it is about to print a).1 F .157
-(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 638.4 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G
+(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 487.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G
.157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158
-(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F3<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158
-(option to)2.658 F(the)108 650.4 Q F3(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G
-1.452(iltin command is enabled,).2 F F3(bash)3.952 E F0 1.451
+(ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F5<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158
+(option to)2.658 F(the)108 499.2 Q F5(set)3.952 E F0 -.2(bu)3.952 G
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(reports such changes immediately)3.952 F 6.451(.A)-.65 G 1.751 -.15
-(ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F F4(SIGCHLD)3.951 E F0(is)3.701 E -.15
-(exe)108 662.4 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E .032
-(If an attempt to e)108 679.2 R(xit)-.15 E F3(bash)2.532 E F0 .032
+(ny t)-6.451 H 1.451(rap on).15 F F2(SIGCHLD)3.951 E F0(is)3.701 E -.15
+(exe)108 511.2 S(cuted for each child that e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E .032
+(If an attempt to e)108 528 R(xit)-.15 E F5(bash)2.532 E F0 .032
(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft)
--2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F3(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033
-(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 691.2 R F3
+-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F5(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033
+(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 540 R F5
(shopt)4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02
(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.019
-(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F3(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019
+(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F5(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019
(option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108
-703.2 R(The)5.458 E F3(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459
+552 R(The)5.458 E F5(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459
(command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a)
-5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 715.2 R .604
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(xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604
(ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E
-(and an)108 727.2 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E
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--.35 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 84 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644
-(When e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25
-G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.144 E F0 .645
-(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1)3.145 E F0
-.645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F 1.826
-(and the secondary prompt)108 108 R F3(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825
-(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F2(Bash)6.825 E
+(and an)108 576 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F6
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+(and the secondary prompt)108 616.8 R F2(PS2)4.326 E F0 1.825
+(when it needs more input to complete a command.)4.076 F F5(Bash)6.825 E
F0(allo)4.325 E 1.825(ws these)-.25 F 1.499(prompt strings to be custom\
ized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that\
- are)108 120 R(decoded as follo)108 132 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 144 Q F0
-(an ASCII bell character \(07\))28.22 E F2(\\d)144 156 Q F0
+ are)108 628.8 R(decoded as follo)108 640.8 Q(ws:)-.25 E F5(\\a)144
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(the date in "W)27.66 E(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E
-(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F2(\\D{)144 168 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format)A
-F2(})A F0(the)180 180 Q F4(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F
-F4(strftime)3.927 E F0 1.427
+(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F5(\\D{)144 676.8 Q F1(format)A F5(})A F0(the)180
+688.8 Q F1(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F1(strftime)
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(\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180
-192 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0
+700.8 Q F1(format)2.5 E F0
(results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E
-(The braces are required)5 E F2(\\e)144 204 Q F0
-(an ASCII escape character \(033\))28.78 E F2(\\h)144 216 Q F0
-(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F2(\\H)144 228 Q F0
-(the hostname)25.44 E F2(\\j)144 240 Q F0
-(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F2(\\l)144
-252 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de)
--2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F2(\\n)144 264 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F2
-(\\r)144 276 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F2(\\s)144 288 Q F0
-(the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F2($0)2.5 E F0
-(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F2(\\t)144
-300 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F2(\\T)144
-312 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F2(\\@)144
-324 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F2(\\A)144 336
-Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F2(\\u)144 348 Q F0
-(the username of the current user)27.66 E F2(\\v)144 360 Q F0(the v)
-28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F2(\\V)
-144 372 Q F0(the release of)26 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C
+(The braces are required)5 E F5(\\e)144 712.8 Q F0
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+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\h)144 84 Q F0
+(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)27.66 E(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 96 Q F0
+(the hostname)25.44 E F1(\\j)144 108 Q F0
+(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)29.89 E F1(\\l)144
+120 Q F0(the basename of the shell')30.44 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal de)
+-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 132 Q F0(ne)27.66 E(wline)-.25 E F1
+(\\r)144 144 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\s)144 156 Q F0
+(the name of the shell, the basename of)29.33 E F1($0)2.5 E F0
+(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1(\\t)144
+168 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)29.89 E F1(\\T)144
+180 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)26.55 E F1(\\@)144
+192 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)23.92 E F1(\\A)144 204
+Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)26 E F1(\\u)144 216 Q F0
+(the username of the current user)27.66 E F1(\\v)144 228 Q F0(the v)
+28.22 E(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)
+144 240 Q F0(the release of)26 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C
(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))
--2.5 E F2(\\w)144 384 Q F0 .115(the current w)26 F .115
-(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E F3($HOME)2.615 E F0
-(abbre)2.365 E .116(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .116
-(alue of the)-.25 F F3(PR)180 396 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25
-(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F2(\\W)144 408 Q F0
+-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 252 Q F0 .115(the current w)26 F .115
+(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0
+SF($HOME)2.615 E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)
+-.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR)180 264 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36
+E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 276 Q F0
(the basename of the current w)23.22 E(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)
--.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)
--.25 E F2(\\!)144 420 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E F2
-(\\#)144 432 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F2(\\$)144
-444 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a)
-.15 E F2(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F2($)2.5 E(\\)144 456 Q
-F4(nnn)A F0(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F4
-(nnn)2.5 E F2(\\\\)144 468 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F2(\\[)
-144 480 Q F0(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters\
-, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F
-(control sequence into the prompt)180 492 Q F2(\\])144 504 Q F0
-(end a sequence of non-printing characters)29.89 E .119
-(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 520.8 R
-.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positio\
-n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\
-tory \214le \(see)108 532.8 R F3(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0
-(belo)108 544.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\
- the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541
-(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 556.8 R
+-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)
+-.25 E F1(\\!)144 288 Q F0(the history number of this command)29.89 E F1
+(\\#)144 300 Q F0(the command number of this command)28.22 E F1(\\$)144
+312 Q F0(if the ef)28.22 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a)
+.15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 324 Q
+/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0
+(the character corresponding to the octal number)18.22 E F3(nnn)2.5 E F1
+(\\\\)144 336 Q F0 2.5(ab)30.44 G(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 348 Q F0
+(be)29.89 E 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which coul\
+d be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F(control sequence into the prompt)
+180 360 Q F1(\\])144 372 Q F0(end a sequence of non-printing characters)
+29.89 E .119(The command number and the history number are usually dif)
+108 388.8 R .12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F
+1.585(position in the history list, which may include commands restored\
+ from the history \214le \(see)108 400.8 R F2(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)
+-.315 E F0(belo)108 412.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the p\
+osition in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541
+(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 424.8 R
.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546
(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F
-.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 568.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
--.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F2
+.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 436.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F
+-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1
(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852
-F(description of the)108 580.8 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
-F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
--.25 E F1(READLINE)72 597.6 Q F0 .151
+F(description of the)108 448.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E
+F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)
+-.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 465.6 Q F0 .151
(This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti)
-108 609.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F2
-(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 621.6 R -.15
+108 477.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1
+(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 489.6 R -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2
(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208
-(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F2<ad65>3.709 E F0 1.209
-(option to the)3.709 F F2 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G
-3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 633.6 Q .95
-(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.)-.1 F
-3.449(Av)5.949 G .949(i-style line editing interf)-3.449 F .949
-(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 645.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
+(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F1<ad65>3.709 E F0 1.209
+(option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G
+3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 501.6 Q .851
+(ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F
+3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851
+(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 513.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85
(editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the)
--3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
-.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
-(\(see)108 657.6 Q F3 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)
+-3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0
+.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E
+(\(see)108 525.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS)
-.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of)
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-(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.262 E
-(emacs)108 669.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2
-(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 686.4 Q
-F0 .567(In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
-108 698.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 3.068(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
-3.068 G .568(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A
-1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 710.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,)
--.65 E F4(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)
--.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152
-(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 722.4 S .83
-(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65
-(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F4(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F4(x)3.33 E F0 3.33
+(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E
+(emacs)108 537.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1
+(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 554.4 Q
+F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k)
+108 566.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke)
+2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A
+1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 578.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,)
+-.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255)
+-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152
+(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 590.4 S .83
+(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65
+(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33
(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831
-(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H
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-(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F1(x)A F0
-.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F1(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)
+(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H
+.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 602.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F
+(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0
+.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)
-3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599
-(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 96 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
-(hile pressing the).15 E F1(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
-.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119
-(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F1(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G
+(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 614.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H
+(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\))
+.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 631.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119
+(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G
.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho)
-108 124.8 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G
+108 643.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G
3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619
(gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne)
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-(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F2<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045
-(option to the)2.545 F F2(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045
-(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 403.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
-(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2
-(Readline V)87 420 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 432 R
-.043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
+(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 261.6 R .346 -.15
+(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045
+(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045
+(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 273.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E
+(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1
+(Readline V)87 290.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 302.4
+R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043
-(riable may be set in the).25 F F1(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 444 Q(c)-.37 E
-F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 460.8 Q F1
+(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 314.4 Q(c)-.37 E
+F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 331.2 Q F2
(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108
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-(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)
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-.448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448
-(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)
--.25 F(ti)108 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(\), and "1" are equi).15 F
--.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F2(On)2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468
-(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468
-(lent to).25 F F2(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467(he v)-5.468 F .467
-(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 513.6 S(lues are:)
-.25 E F2(bell\255style \(audible\))108 530.4 Q F0 .01
-(Controls what happens when readline w)144 542.4 R .011
-(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F2(none)
+348 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)
+-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29
+F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v)
+108 360 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F
+.448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449
+(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 372 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468
+(\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On)
+2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25
+F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467
+(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108
+384 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 400.8 Q F0 .01
+(Controls what happens when readline w)144 412.8 R .011
+(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none)
2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E
-.94(rings the bell.)144 554.4 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F2(visible)3.44 E
+.94(rings the bell.)144 424.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E
F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25
-(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F2(audible)3.44 E F0
-(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 566.4 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
-(ell.)-2.5 E F2(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 578.4 Q F0
-.055(If set to)144 590.4 R F2(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\
+(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0
+(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 436.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G
+(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 448.8 Q F0
+.055(If set to)144 460.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\
empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F
-(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 602.4 Q -.15
+(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 472.8 Q -.15
(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)
--.25 G(lents.).25 E F2(comment\255begin \(`)108 614.4 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))
--.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 626.4 R
-F2(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 638.4 Q F2
-(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F2(#)2.5 E F0
-(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F2(completion\255ignor)108 650.4 Q
-(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 662.4 Q F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5
+-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 484.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))
+-.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 496.8 R
+F1(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
+3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 508.8 Q F1
+(M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0
+(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 520.8 Q
+(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 532.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5
(,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\
-insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F2(completion\255pr)
-108 674.4 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\
+insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1(completion\255pr)
+108 544.8 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length\
in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions\
- that is displayed)144 686.4 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 698.4 R
+ that is displayed)144 556.8 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 568.8 R
1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274
(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274
-(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 710.4 S(lue are replaced with a\
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+(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 580.8 S(lue are replaced with a\
+n ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1
+(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 592.8 Q F0 .529
+(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 604.8 R .53
+(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the)
+144 616.8 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)
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+(ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144
+628.8 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\
+qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 640.8 S .237
+(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)
+-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G
+.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 652.8 Q F1(con)108
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+R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4
+G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913
+-.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
+(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
+144 688.8 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041
+F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 700.8 Q F0(\).)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 84
-Q F0 .529(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 96 R
-.53(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561
-(erated by the)144 108 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061
-(command. It)3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)
--3.06 E .56(ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782
-(equal to zero.)144 120 R .783(If the number of possible completions is\
- greater than or equal to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25
-(va)144 132 S .237(riable, the user is ask).25 F .237
-(ed whether or not he wishes to vie)-.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237
-(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G .237(re simply listed)
--2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 144 Q F1(con)108 156 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G
-(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.112 E F0
-3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613
-(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15
-(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541
-(stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef)
-144 180 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF
-.541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 192 Q F0(\).)A F1
-(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 204 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 216 R F1
-(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038
-(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 84 Q F0
+.038(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038
+(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038(ord completion.)-.1 F .038
(Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the)
-144 228 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
-(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 240 Q F0 .253
-(Controls whether readline be)144 252 R .253(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
-.553 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .253(indings similar to).15 F F2(emacs)2.752 E F0
-(or)2.752 E F2(vi)2.752 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.252 E F0
-(can be set to either)144 264 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 276 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21
-(When set to)144 288 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211
-(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211
+144 108 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0
+(.)A F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 120 Q F0 .142
+(Controls whether readline be)144 132 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F
+.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
+SF(Emacs)2.641 E F0(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)
+5.141 E F0(can be set to either)144 144 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1
+(vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 156 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18
+E F0 1.21(When set to)144 168 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71
+G 1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211
(upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F
-(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 300 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
-(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 312 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893
-(When set to)144 324 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
+(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 180 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G
+(board.).15 E F1(enable\255k)108 192 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893
+(When set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893
(eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F
-(tems need this to enable the arro)144 336 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
-G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 348 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64
-(When set to)144 360 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64
+(tems need this to enable the arro)144 216 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6
+G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 228 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64
+(When set to)144 240 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64
(eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64
(eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64
-(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 372 Q
+(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 252 Q
(On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H
2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1
-(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 384 Q F0(If set to)144 396 Q F1(on)2.5 E F0
+(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 264 Q F0(If set to)144 276 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0
2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w)
--.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 408 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1
-(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.493(If set to)144 420 R F1(on)
-3.993 E F0 3.993(,t)C 1.493(he history code attempts to place point at \
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+-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 288 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1
+(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 300 R F1(On)
+3.839 E F0 3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \
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(ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G
(ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(history\255size \(0\))108 444 Q F0 .462
-(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 456 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
+(history\255size \(0\))108 324 Q F0 .462
+(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 336 R -.15(ve)-.2 G
2.963(di).15 G 2.963(nt)-2.963 G .463(he history list.)-2.963 F .463
(If set to zero, the number of)5.463 F
-(entries in the history list is not limited.)144 468 Q F1
-(horizontal\255scr)108 480 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449
-(When set to)144 492 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448
+(entries in the history list is not limited.)144 348 Q F1
+(horizontal\255scr)108 360 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449
+(When set to)144 372 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448
(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448
(crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\
when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\
- ne)144 504 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 516 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 528
-Q F0 .228(If set to)144 540 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \
+ ne)144 384 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 396 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 408
+Q F0 .228(If set to)144 420 R F1(On)2.728 E F0 2.728(,r)C .227(eadline \
will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the high bit f\
-rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 552 R -.05
+rom the char)-2.728 F(-)-.2 E .956(acters it reads\), re)144 432 R -.05
(ga)-.15 G .956(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F
.957(The name)5.956 F F1(meta\255\215ag)3.457 E F0 .957(is a)3.457 F
-(synon)144 564 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 576 Q
+(synon)144 444 Q(ym for this v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(isear)108 456 Q
(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .439(\
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search wi\
-thout subsequently e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934
-(ing the character as a command.)144 600 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
+thout subsequently e)144 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .934
+(ing the character as a command.)144 480 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935
(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935
-(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 612 Q F2
+(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 492 Q F2
(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke)
-108 624 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144
-636 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021
+108 504 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021(Set the current readline k)144
+516 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021
(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.02
(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068
-(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 648 R F0 2.568(,a)C
+(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 528 R F0 2.568(,a)C
(nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068
(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)
-2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 660 R -.25(va)-.25
+2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 540 R -.25(va)-.25
G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C
1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs)
4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1
-(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 672 Q(fects the def)-.25
-E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 684 Q
-(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 696 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
+(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 552 Q(fects the def)-.25
+E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 564 Q
+(ectories \(On\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 576 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C
(ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.)
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-Q F0(If set to)144 96 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)
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-(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1(*)A
-F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 108 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\))
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+472.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 484.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)
+144 496.8 R .166
(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
--.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 628.8 Q
+-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 508.8 Q
(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
--2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 640.8 Q F0
-(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 652.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
-664.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 676.8 Q(xt in the current re)
--.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 688.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
-F0(Cop)144 700.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
-(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72
-768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(41)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 42 42
+-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 520.8 Q F0
+(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 532.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
+544.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 556.8 Q(xt in the current re)
+-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 568.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E
+F0(Cop)144 580.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E
+(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1
+(copy\255backward\255w)108 592.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 604.8 Q 4.8(yt)
+-.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E
+(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144
+616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 628.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E
+(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008
+(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25
+E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G
+(ward\255w)144 652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 664.8 Q
+F0 -1(Ya)144 676.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 688.8 Q F0
+(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 700.8 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
+(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
+F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q
+(2010 December 28)135.965 E(42)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(copy\255backward\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0
-(Cop)144 96 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301
-(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55
-G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)
-4.8 E(ward\255w)144 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 120 Q
-(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 132 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007
-(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25
-F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008
-(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G
-(ward\255w)144 144 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 156 Q F0 -1
-(Ya)144 168 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E
-(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 180 Q F0
-(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 192 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
-(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
-F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 208.8 Q
-(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 220.8 Q
-(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .642
-(Add this digit to the ar)144 232.8 R .641
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Numeric Ar)87 84 Q(guments)-.1 E
+(digit\255ar)108 96 Q(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0
+.641(Add this digit to the ar)144 108 R .641
(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 3.141(wa)-.25 G -.18
-(rg)-3.141 G 3.141(ument. M\255\255).18 F .641(starts a ne)3.141 F(g-)
--.15 E(ati)144 244.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
-(uni)108 256.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778
-(This is another w)144 268.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
-(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779
+(rg)-3.141 G 3.142(ument. M\255\255).18 F .642(starts a ne)3.142 F(g-)
+-.15 E(ati)144 120 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G(ument.).18 E F1
+(uni)108 132 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .779
+(This is another w)144 144 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279
+(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
-280.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
-292.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
+156 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
+168 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
--.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 304.8 R .898
-(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 180 R .898
+(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
(wed by a character that is)-.25 F .243
-(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 316.8 R .243
+(neither a digit or minus sign, the ar)144 192 R .243
(gument count for the ne)-.18 F .243(xt command is multiplied by four)
--.15 F 5.243(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.243 E(ar)144 328.8 Q .378
+-.15 F 5.242(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.242 E(ar)144 204 Q .378
(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .378
(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .378(es the ar)-.1 F
-.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 340.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
+.378(gument count)-.18 F(four)144 216 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)
-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1
-(Completing)87 357.6 Q(complete \(T)108 369.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
-(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 381.6 R 1.137
+(Completing)87 232.8 Q(complete \(T)108 244.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
+(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 256.8 R 1.137
(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
-(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 393.6 Q .533(xt as a v)
--.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
--.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F
-.532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
-144 405.6 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701
-(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702
+(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 268.8 Q .532(xt as a v)
+-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
+-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F
+.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
+144 280.8 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
+(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701
(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
-(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 417.6 Q F1
-(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 429.6 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 441.6 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 453.6 Q F0 .783
-(Insert all completions of the te)144 465.6 R .783
+(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 292.8 Q F1
+(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 304.8 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 316.8 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 328.8 Q F0 .783
+(Insert all completions of the te)144 340.8 R .783
(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
-.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144
-477.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 489.6 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144
-501.6 R F1(complete)3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628
+.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144
+352.8 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 364.8 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
+376.8 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
-1.194(possible completions.)144 513.6 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193
-(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828
-(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 525.6 R .828
+1.193(possible completions.)144 388.8 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194
+(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829
+(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 400.8 R .828
(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
-(\(subject to the setting of)144 537.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
+(\(subject to the setting of)144 412.8 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
-E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73
-(positions forw)144 549.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
+E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73
+(positions forw)144 424.8 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
-E(through the list.)144 561.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
+E(through the list.)144 436.8 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
-(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete-)108 573.6 Q(w)10 I(k)-7.22 -10 M(c)
--5.56 -10 M(rd)2.78 10 M F0 .82(Identical to)144 585.6 R F1
-(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
+(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 448.8 Q F0 .82
+(Identical to)144 460.8 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82
+(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
-(menu\255complete)144 597.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(menu\255complete)144 472.8 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg)
.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
-F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 609.6 Q F0 .234
-(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 621.6 R
+F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 484.8 Q F0 .234
+(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 496.8 R
.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
-2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 633.6 R -.15
+2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 508.8 R -.15
(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
-(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 645.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
-(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 657.6 Q F0
-(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 669.6 Q(xt before point.)
--.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 681.6 Q
-F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q
+(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 520.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
+(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 532.8 Q F0
+(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 544.8 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 556.8 Q
+F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 568.8 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255user)108 705.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 717.6 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768
-Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(42)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 43 43
+(complete\255user)108 580.8 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 592.8 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
+108 604.8 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 616.8 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
+628.8 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144
+640.8 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E
+F1(possible\255v)108 652.8 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E
+F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 664.8 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
+(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 676.8 Q F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 688.8 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
+(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 700.8 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 712.8 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768
+Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(43)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 44 44
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(possible\255user)108 84 Q
-(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 96 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
-108 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 120 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(possible\255v)108 132 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 144 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
-(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 156 Q F0
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 168 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
-(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 180 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 192 Q
-(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
-(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 204 Q F0 .58
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 216 R .581
-(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581
-(Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 228 R
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 84 Q F0
+.581(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 R .581
+(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
+(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 108 R
.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
-(\214nally e)144 240 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(\214nally e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
-(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 252 Q F0
-(List the possible completions of the te)144 264 Q
+(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 132 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 144 Q
(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
-(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 276 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424
-(Attempt completion on the te)144 288 R .425
-(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425
+(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 156 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 168 R .425
+(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424
(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
-(for possible completion matches.)144 300 Q F1(dab)108 312 Q(br)-.1 E
--.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611
-(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 324 R .611
-(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61
+(for possible completion matches.)144 180 Q F1(dab)108 192 Q(br)-.1 E
+-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61
+(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 204 R .611
+(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611
(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
-(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 336 Q F1
-(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 348 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
+(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 216 Q F1
+(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 228 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
-in braces so)144 360 R(the list is a)144 372 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
+in braces so)144 240 R(the list is a)144 252 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 388.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
-E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 400.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
-.833 E F0(Be)144 412.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 268.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
+E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 280.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
+.833 E F0(Be)144 292.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
-(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 424.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
-(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 436.8 Q
+(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 304.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
+(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 316.8 Q
(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
-(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 448.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
-E F0(Re-e)144 460.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1
-G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\
-ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 472.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1
-(Miscellaneous)87 489.6 Q -.18(re)108 501.6 S<ad72>.18 E
-(ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776
-(Read in the contents of the)144 513.6 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)
-4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)
--.15 G 1.777(indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F
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-(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 549.6 R
-5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1
-(bell\255style)144 561.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 573.6 Q
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+E F0(Re-e)144 340.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
+-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
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+E F1(Miscellaneous)87 369.6 Q -.18(re)108 381.6 S<ad72>.18 E
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(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.)
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-(uppercase character)144 597.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 609.6 Q
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-(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 645.6 Q F1
--2.29 -.18(re v)108 657.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095
-(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 669.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095
+(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 513.6 Q F0
+(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 525.6 Q F1
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+(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 549.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095
F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E
F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F
-(return the line to its initial state.)144 681.6 Q F1
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-Q F0(Set the mark to the point.)144 96 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E
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-(vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E
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-(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 228 R 2.126 -.15(ey s)
--.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G
-4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 240 R .791
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(gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F
-.332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 252 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831
-(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15(ve n)
--.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-)
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--.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 276 Q(ault, b)-.1 E
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(ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1
-(comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is)
--.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 336 R F1
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-(he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F
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R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214le names for possi\
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+ble completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 288 Q
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(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e)
-144 456 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\))
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.923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1
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-.872(the line is redra)144 492 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G
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(gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15
-(ex)144 504 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 516 Q F0 .626
-(Print all of the functions and their k)144 528 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
-.627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar)
-5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 540 Q
+(ex)144 372 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 384 Q F0 .627
+(Print all of the functions and their k)144 396 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H
+.626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar)
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-(equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G
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+(\214le.)144 504 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 516 Q
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-F2(compspec)108 700.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329
-(as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu)
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-(If those searches to not result in a compspec, an)5.421 F 2.922(yc)-.15
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-(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 172.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)
-2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15
-E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463
-(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 189.6 R
-.464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F
-.464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 201.6 R .596
-(When the)5.596 F F1<ad66>3.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .595
-(option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F
-(shell v)108 213.6 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E
-F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 230.4 Q 4.084(yc)-.15
-G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
-(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584
-(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 242.4 S
-.555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554
-(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554
-(shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E
-(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 254.4 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2
-(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 271.2 Q
-.32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F
-F1<ad57>2.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321
-(The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the)
-108 283.2 R F2(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412
+-.35 E(shell v)108 84 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5
+E F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 100.8 Q 4.084(yc)
+-.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584
+(xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad47>4.084 E F0
+1.584(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108
+112.8 S .554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555
+(ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555
+(shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E
+(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 124.8 Q(ut the)-.2 E F1
+(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 141.6 Q
+.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18
+F F2<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32
+(The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108
+153.6 R F1(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412
(ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F
-.412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091
-(using brace e)108 295.2 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
-(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092
-(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108
-307.2 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
-(nder).15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
+.413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092
+(using brace e)108 165.6 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092
+(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091
+(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108
+177.6 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H
+(nder).15 E F1(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0
1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108
-319.2 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209
-(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209
-(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21
-(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 331.2 Q
-(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.238
-(After these matches ha)108 348 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238
-(een generated, an).15 F 3.738(ys)-.15 G 1.237
-(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F F1<ad46>3.737 E
-F0(and)3.737 E F1<ad43>3.737 E F0 3.375(options is in)108 360 R -.2(vo)
--.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375
+189.6 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21
+(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209
+(xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209
+(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 201.6 Q
+(ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237
+(After these matches ha)108 218.4 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237
+(een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238
+(hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F2<ad46>3.738 E
+F0(and)3.738 E F2<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 230.4 R -.2
+(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375
(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375
-(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)5.876 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)5.626 E F3(,)A F2
-(COMP_KEY)108 372 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25
-(va)2.408 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
-(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157
-(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108
-384 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
-.986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2
+(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F3(,)A F1(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F3(,)A F1
+(COMP_KEY)108 242.4 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F1(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25
+(va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157
+(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 .158
+(Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108
+254.4 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+.986(d, the).1 F F1(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F1
(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986
-(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .609
-(the function or command is in)108 396 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .608
+(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .608
+(the function or command is in)108 266.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .608
(d, the \214rst ar).1 F .608(gument is the name of the command whose ar)
--.18 F .608(guments are)-.18 F .073(being completed, the second ar)108
-408 R .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .073
+-.18 F .609(guments are)-.18 F .073(being completed, the second ar)108
+278.4 R .073(gument is the w)-.18 F .073
(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .073(gument is the w)-.18 F
-.073(ord pre-)-.1 F .608(ceding the w)108 420 R .607
-(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .607
-(No \214ltering of the generated completions)5.607 F(ag)108 432 Q .093
+.072(ord pre-)-.1 F .607(ceding the w)108 290.4 R .607
+(ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .608
+(No \214ltering of the generated completions)5.607 F(ag)108 302.4 Q .094
(ainst the w)-.05 F .093(ord being completed is performed; the function\
or command has complete freedom in generat-)-.1 F(ing the matches.)108
-444 Q(An)108 460.8 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
--2.938 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
+314.4 Q(An)108 331.2 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with)
+-2.937 F F2<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F
-2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437
-(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 472.8 Q F1(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956
-(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457
-(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108
-484.8 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 501.6 Q .081
-(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F
-F1<ad43>2.581 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G
-2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na)-2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08
-(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858
-(stitution. It)108 513.6 R .359(should print a list of completions, one\
- per line, to the standard output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)
-5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 525.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
-.377(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 542.4 R
-2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.876
-E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 554.4 R
-.681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681
-(xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682
-(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523
-(the w)108 566.4 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G
-(iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522
+2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438
+(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 343.2 Q F2(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2
+(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956
+(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456
+(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F1(COMPREPL)108
+355.2 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E(Ne)108 372 Q .08
+(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08(ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F2
+<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081(option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581
+(di).1 G 2.581(na)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081
+(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859
+(stitution. It)108 384 R .359(should print a list of completions, one p\
+er line, to the standard output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)
+5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 396 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E
+.376(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 412.8 R
+2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F2<ad58>2.877
+E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 424.8 R
+.682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681
+(xpansion; a)-.15 F F2(&)3.181 E F0 .681
+(in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522
+(the w)108 436.8 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G
+(iteral)-3.022 E F2(&)3.022 E F0 .523
(may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve)
--.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 578.4
-R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849
-(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1
-(!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 590.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
+-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 448.8 R
+(An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849
+(ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
+3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading)
+-3.349 E F2(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 460.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G
(tes the pattern; in this case an).05 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G
(ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
-(d.).15 E(Finally)108 607.2 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H
-.587(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1
-<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
+(d.).15 E(Finally)108 477.6 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H
+.586(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F2
+<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F2<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587
(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 F(pletion list, and\
the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of \
-possible completions.)108 619.2 Q .246(If the pre)108 636 R .247
+possible completions.)108 489.6 Q .247(If the pre)108 506.4 R .247
(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247
-(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247
-(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 648 Q F0
+(atches, and the)-2.747 F F2 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247
+(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)108 518.4 Q F0
(when the compspec w)2.5 E
-(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462
-(If the)108 664.8 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)
-2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462
+(as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461
+(If the)108 535.2 R F2 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w)
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(when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1
-F(pletion is attempted and an)108 676.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
-(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559
-(By def)108 693.6 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56
-(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F
-.632(of possible completions.)108 705.6 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1
-E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631
-(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631
-(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 717.6 R
-.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)
-3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559
-(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 729.6 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672
-(e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671
+F(pletion is attempted and an)108 547.2 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G
+(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56
+(By def)108 564 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15(ve)
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+(enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F
+.631(of possible completions.)108 576 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 E
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+(completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632
+(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 588 R .559
+(If the)5.559 F F2 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)3.059
+F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F2(complete)3.058 E F0 .558
+(when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 600 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671
+(e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F2(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671
(ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.)
--.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E F0(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q
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-(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F 3.707
-(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F
-(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 96 Q
-(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)2.5 E
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+(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 624
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-d, the programmable completion func-)108 112.8 R .632(tions force readl\
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-(alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
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-(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 148.8
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+(alue of the)-.25 F F2(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761
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-.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108
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-(tion with a def)108 177.6 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F
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+.191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108
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5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associat\
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-(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 213.6 R .666
-(gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666
-(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F 1.139(restarts from the be)108
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-(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a compspec for that command.)-.15 F
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-(nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F
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+(cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 96
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-(is reloaded into the)108 384 R F2 -.18(re)4.015 G(adline).18 E F0 1.515
-(editing b)4.015 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516(fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F
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-(is being used, and the)4.016 F F2(histr)108 396 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202
-(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202
+-.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, history sub\
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-3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 408 S -.25(ff).2 G
-1.16(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.16 E F2<ad70>3.66 E F0 1.16
-(option to the)3.66 F F2(history)3.66 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.161
-(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 420 S
-.056(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.056 E F2<ad73>2.556 E
-F0 .056(option to the)2.556 F F2(history)2.555 E F0 -.2(bu)2.555 G .055
-(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F
-(end of the history list without actually e)108 432 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 273.6 S -.25(ff).2 G
+1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F2<ad70>3.661 E F0 1.161
+(option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16
+(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 285.6
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+E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F2(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G
+.056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F
+(end of the history list without actually e)108 297.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
(cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 448.8 R 2.2
+(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 314.4 R 2.2
(ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e)
--.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.147(description of)108
-460.8 R F2(histchars)3.647 E F0(abo)3.647 E 1.447 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder)
-.15 E F2 1.147(Shell V)3.647 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.146
+-.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108
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+.15 E F2 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147
(shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F
-(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 472.8 Q F2
-(Ev)87 489.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0(An e)108 501.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history li\
-st.).15 E F2(!)108 518.4 Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)
-32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)
-4.107 E F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608
-(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 530.4 Q F2(extglob)
-2.5 E F0(shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2
-(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 542.4 Q F4(n)A F0
-(Refer to command line)27.67 E F4(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 554.4 Q
-F4(n)A F0(Refer to the current command line minus)21.97 E F4(n)2.5 E F0
-(.).24 E F2(!!)108 566.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.)
--.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 578.4 Q F4
-(string)A F0(Refer to the most recent command starting with)9.33 E F4
-(string)2.5 E F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 590.4 Q F4(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.022
-(Refer to the most recent command containing)144 602.4 R F4(string)3.522
-E F0 6.022(.T).22 G 1.022(he trailing)-6.022 F F2(?)3.522 E F0 1.022
-(may be omitted if)3.522 F F4(string)3.861 E F0(is)3.741 E(follo)144
-614.4 Q(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F5 12/Times-Bold@0
-SF(^)108 631.4 Q F4(string1)-5 I F5(^)5 I F4(string2)-5 I F5(^)5 I F0
-2.629(Quick substitution.)144 638.4 R 2.629
-(Repeat the last command, replacing)7.629 F F4(string1)5.469 E F0(with)
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-2.63(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 650.4 S(!!:s/).74 E F4(string1)A F0(/)A
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-(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 662.4 Q F0
+(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 338.4 Q F2
+(Ev)87 355.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 367.2 R -.15(ve)
+-.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\
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+108 379.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5
+(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 396 Q
+F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)32.67 F 1.607(xcept when follo)
+-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107(,n)C -.25(ew)
+-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F(\(when the)144 408 Q
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+E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 420 Q F1(n)A F0
+(Refer to command line)27.67 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 432 Q
+F1(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)21.97 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24
+E F2(!!)108 444 Q F0(Refer to the pre)29.34 E(vious command.)-.25 E
+(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 456 Q F1(string)A
+F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position\
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+F2(!?)108 480 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.304(Refer to the most recent \
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+144 492 R F1(string)144 504 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F2(?)2.5 E
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+108 521 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .784
+(Quick substitution.)144 528 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784
+(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E F1
+(string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783
+(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 540 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1
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+(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 552 Q F0
(The entire command line typed so f)27.67 E(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 -.75
-(Wo)87 679.2 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 691.2 S 1.314
+(Wo)87 568.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 580.8 S 1.313
(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e)
--.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.313
-(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F
-.529(from the w)108 703.2 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G
+-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.314
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+.53(from the w)108 592.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G
3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529
(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2
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-(are numbered from the be)108 715.2 R 1.301
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-(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2
-(x)108.77 156 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)20.65 G(ange of w)-2.5 E
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-(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 192 Q F0
-(Abbre)26 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 204 Q F0
-(Abbre)25.3 E(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)
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--.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 237.6 Q F0 .184
-(After the optional w)108 249.6 R .184(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4
-G .183(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F
-.183(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 261.6 Q F1(h)
-108 278.4 Q F0(Remo)30.44 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H
+-.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 129.6 Q F0 .183
+(After the optional w)108 141.6 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4
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(railing \214le name component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1
-(t)108 290.4 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
+(t)108 182.4 Q F0(Remo)32.67 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
(ll leading \214le name components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r)
-108 302.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
+108 194.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E
(\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E
-(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 314.4 Q F0(Remo)31.56 E .3 -.15(ve a)
--.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 326.4
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+-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 218.4
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-E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 338.4 Q F0
+E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 230.4 Q F0
(Quote the substituted w)30.44 E(ords, escaping further substitutions.)
--.1 E F1(x)108 350.4 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1
+-.1 E F1(x)108 242.4 Q F0(Quote the substituted w)31 E(ords as with)-.1
E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)
-2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 362.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A
-F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 374.4 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E
-F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221
+2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 254.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A
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+F0 .221(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221
(in the e)3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721
-(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144
-386.4 R .617
+(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144
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(The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)
-5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616
-F .666(be quoted in)144 398.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)
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+F .666(be quoted in)144 290.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)
3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666
(If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166
(ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E
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-(If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
-F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774
-(fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E
-(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 422.4 Q F2(string)
+F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 302.4 R
+(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544
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+(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 314.4 Q F2(string)
2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1
-(&)108 434.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1
-(g)108 446.4 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
-.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898
-('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 458.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
--.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219
-(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218
-(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089
-(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 470.4 R
--.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09
-(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 482.4 Q F0(.)A
-F1(G)108 494.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)28.22 E(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5
-('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G
-(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 511.2 Q(UIL)-.11 E
-(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 523.2
+(&)108 326.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)27.67 E(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1
+(g)108 338.4 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)31 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
+2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.)
+.15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.897
+('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 350.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)
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-(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58
-(guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F1(name)
-3.08 E F0(whose)144 160.8 Q F1(value)2.895 E F0 .395(is gi)2.895 F -.15
-(ve)-.25 G 2.895(n. A).15 F .395(trailing space in)2.895 F F1(value)
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-(help)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 144 Q F0
-(Hostnames, as tak)224 156 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E
-/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E
-F1(job)184 168 Q F0(Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve)
--.25 G 5(.M).15 G(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
--.1(ke)184 180 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 192 Q(ed w)-.15 E
-2.5(ords. May)-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-(running)184 204 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54
-E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 216 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)
-10.67 E(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)
-184 228 Q F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1
-<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.)
-.2 E F1(shopt)184 240 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E
-F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 252 Q F0
-(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 264 Q F0
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(job)184 84 Q F0
+(Job names, if job control is acti)26.11 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G
+(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 96 S
+(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 108 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May)
+-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184
+120 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)5.54 E -.15(ve)
+-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 132 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)10.67 E
+(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 144 Q
+F0 -1.11(Va)14.45 G(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E
+F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1
+(shopt)184 156 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1
+(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 168 Q F0
+(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 180 Q F0
(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)6.66 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(.)
-.15 E F1(user)184 276 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E
-(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 288 S
+.15 E F1(user)184 192 Q F0(User names.)21.67 E
+(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 204 S
(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)5.1 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F
-(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad47>144 300 Q/F3
-10/Times-Italic@0 SF(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 312 R
-1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F
-1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 324 Q
-F1<ad57>144 336 Q F3(wor)2.5 E(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 348 Q F3(wor)3.64
-E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2
-(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)
--.25 F 2.007(each resultant w)184 360 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507
-(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)
-4.507 F(resultant list which match the w)184 372 Q(ord being completed.)
--.1 E F1<ad43>144 384 Q F3(command)2.5 E(command)184 396 Q F0 1.056
-(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056
+(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 216 Q/F2
+10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 228 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556
+F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056
(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.)
-184 408 Q F1<ad46>144 420 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 1.18
-(The shell function)184 432 R F3(function)3.68 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F
+184 240 Q F1<ad46>144 252 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 1.18
+(The shell function)184 264 R F2(function)3.68 E F0 1.181(is e)3.681 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.181(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 3.681
(vironment. When)-.4 F 1.181(it \214n-)3.681 F .932
-(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 444 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
-3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F F2
-(COMPREPL)3.431 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.181 E -.25(va)184 456 S(riable.)
-.25 E F1<ad58>144 468 Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 480 Q F0
-.455(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15
-F .456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
-(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 492 R 1.596
-(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 504 Q F3(\214lterpat)
-3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704
-(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
-(in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705
-(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 516 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
-(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1<ad50>144 528 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
-184 540 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534
+(ishes, the possible completions are retrie)184 276 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
+3.432(df).15 G .932(rom the v)-3.432 F .932(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)3.431 E(Y)-.828 E F0(array)3.181 E -.25(va)184
+288 S(riable.).25 E F1<ad47>144 300 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007
+(The pathname e)184 312 R 1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507
+E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)
+-.15 F(tions.)184 324 Q F1<ad50>144 336 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
+184 348 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534
(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 552 Q F1<ad53>144 564 Q F3(suf)2.5 E
+-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 360 Q F1<ad53>144 372 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
-E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E .466(The return v)144 580.8 R
-.466(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
-(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0
-(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362
-(plied without a)144 592.8 R F3(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361
-(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
-1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 604.8 Q F0
+E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 384 Q F2(wor)2.5 E
+(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 396 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14
+(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14
+(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.008
+(each resultant w)184 408 R 2.008(ord is e)-.1 F 4.508(xpanded. The)-.15
+F 2.007(possible completions are the members of the)4.508 F
+(resultant list which match the w)184 420 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E
+F1<ad58>144 432 Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 444 Q F0 .455
+(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F
+.456(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596
+(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 456 R 1.596
+(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 468 Q F2(\214lterpat)
+3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704
+(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0
+(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705
+(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 480 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G
+(ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 496.8 R .467
+(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
+(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.966 E F0
+(or)2.966 E F1<ad72>2.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361
+(plied without a)144 508.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361
+(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H
+1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 520.8 Q F0
(for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E
(xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E
-F1(compopt)108 621.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
-F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F3(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3
-(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 633.6 R
-F3(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F3(option)2.947 E F0
-.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E .726
-(completion if no)144 645.6 R F3(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726
-(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F3(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
-C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725
-(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 657.6 Q F3(name)
-3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v)
-5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F3(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
-F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 669.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
-2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he)
+F1(compopt)108 537.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
+F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2
+(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 549.6 R
+F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0
+.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725
+(completion if no)144 561.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725
+(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)
+C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726
+(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 573.6 Q F2(name)
+3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v)
+5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224
+F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 585.6 Q F0 -.2(bu)
+2.797 G .297(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he)
-5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297
(option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F
-1.227(the `)144 681.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
+1.228(the `)144 597.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\
mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \
-no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 693.6 R 2.178
-(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177
-(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `)
-144 705.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G
+no)-3.728 F 2.177(completion has pre)144 609.6 R 2.177
+(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.177 E F1<ad45>4.677 E F0 2.178
+(option indicates that the remaining options)4.678 F(should apply to `)
+144 621.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5
-E .327(The return v)108 722.4 R .327(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F
--.25(va)-.4 G .327
-(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a)
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+E 1.388(The return v)144 645.6 R 1.388(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F
+-.25(va)-.4 G 1.387
+(lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F
+(options for a)144 657.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0
+(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
+(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 674.4 Q F0([)
+2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.753(Resume the ne)144 686.4 R 1.753
+(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A
+F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1
+(select)4.254 E F0 4.254(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.614 E F0 1.754
+(is speci\214ed,)4.494 F 1.209(resume at the)144 698.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0
+1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F4 10
+/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209
+(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .513
+(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 710.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.013('l)-.74 G .513(oop\) is resumed.)-3.013 F .514
+(The return v)5.514 F .514(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.014 E F0(is)
+3.014 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)108 84 Q F0
-(for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E
-(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
-(continue)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144
-112.8 R 1.754(xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F2 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r)
-.25 E F0(,)A F2(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F2(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)
--4.254 E F2(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F1(n)4.613 E F0
-1.753(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 124.8 R F1(n)3.709
-E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F1(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F3
-10/Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F1(n)4.069 E F0 1.209
-(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514
-(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 136.8 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513
-(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F1(n)3.013 E F0(is)
-3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 148.8 Q F2(declar)108 165.6
-Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F0
-2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F2
-(typeset)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aAfFilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>
--2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])
--2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 189.6 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564
--.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no)3.765 E
-F1(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765
-(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25
-(va)144 201.6 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F2<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983
-(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982
-(alues of each)-.25 F F1(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F2
-<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 213.6 Q F1(name)3.579 E
-F0(ar)3.579 E 1.079(guments, additional options are ignored.)-.18 F
-(When)6.079 E F2<ad70>3.579 E F0 1.079(is supplied without)3.579 F F1
-(name)3.58 E F0(ar)3.58 E(gu-)-.18 E .151
-(ments, it will display the attrib)144 225.6 R .151(utes and v)-.2 F
-.151(alues of all v)-.25 F .15(ariables ha)-.25 F .15(ving the attrib)
--.2 F .15(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .046(additional options.)144
-237.6 R .046(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F2<ad70>2.547
-E F0(,)A F2(declar)2.547 E(e)-.18 E F0 .047(will display the attrib)
-2.547 F .047(utes and)-.2 F -.25(va)144 249.6 S 1.363
-(lues of all shell v).25 F 3.863(ariables. The)-.25 F F2<ad66>3.863 E F0
-1.362(option will restrict the display to shell functions.)3.863 F(The)
-6.362 E F2<ad46>3.862 E F0 2.422(option inhibits the display of functio\
-n de\214nitions; only the function name and attrib)144 261.6 R 2.423
-(utes are)-.2 F 2.664(printed. If)144 273.6 R(the)2.664 E F2(extdeb)
-2.664 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .164(shell option is enabled using)2.664 F F2(shopt)
-2.664 E F0 2.664(,t)C .163(he source \214le name and line number)-2.664
-F 1.382(where the function is de\214ned are displayed as well.)144 285.6
-R(The)6.382 E F2<ad46>3.882 E F0 1.382(option implies)3.882 F F2<ad66>
-3.882 E F0 6.382(.T)C 1.382(he follo)-6.382 F(wing)-.25 E .794
-(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 297.6 R .794
-(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F
-1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 309.6 Q(utes:)-.2 E F2
-<ad61>144 321.6 Q F0(Each)25.3 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5
-E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2<ad41>144 333.6 Q F0(Each)
-23.08 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H
-(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)
--.15 G(\).).15 E F2<ad66>144 345.6 Q F0(Use function names only)26.97 E
-(.)-.65 E F2<ad69>144 357.6 Q F0 .557(The v)27.52 F .558
-(ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25
-(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558
-(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 369.6 Q F0(abo)
-2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)
--2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2<ad6c>144 381.6 Q
-F0 .91(When the v)27.52 F .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909
-(alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4
-G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 393.6 R
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--.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 314.4 Q
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .548(n, interpretation of the fol-).15 F(lo)144 237.6 Q
.053(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The)5.053 E F1
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-F 1.502(escape characters, e)144 326.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.002(no).15 G
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(does not interpret)3.159 F F1<adad>3.159 E F0 .659
(to mean the end of options.)3.159 F F1(echo)5.66 E F0 .66
-(interprets the follo)3.16 F(wing)-.25 E(escape sequences:)144 362.4 Q
-F1(\\a)144 374.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))28.22 E F1(\\b)144 386.4 Q F0
-(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\c)144 398.4 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E
-F1(\\e)144 410.4 Q F0(an escape character)28.78 E F1(\\f)144 422.4 Q F0
-(form feed)29.89 E F1(\\n)144 434.4 Q F0(ne)27.66 E 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)
--2.5 E F1(\\r)144 446.4 Q F0(carriage return)28.78 E F1(\\t)144 458.4 Q
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-(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 482.4 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1(\\0)144
-494.4 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)13.22 E
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+(backspace)27.66 E F1(\\c)144 321.6 Q F0(suppress further output)28.78 E
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+F1(\\t)144 393.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)29.89 E F1(\\v)144 405.6 Q F0 -.15
+(ve)28.22 G(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 417.6 Q F0(backslash)30.44 E F1
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-(abled; otherwise,)144 571.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.)
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--.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 619.2 R F1<ad70>
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(ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no)
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F2(jobspec)145.74 720 Q F0 .004(does not specify a v)2.815 F .004
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-2.814 F .004(as started without job control.)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q
-(2009 December 29)135.965 E(55)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 56 56
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@@ -6613,7 +6741,7 @@ BP
E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043
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(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893
@@ -6649,49 +6777,51 @@ E F1(getopts)144 456 Q F0 .902
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21.97 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)
--2.5 E F1<ad73>144 681.6 Q F0
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(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)26.41 E F2(pattern)2.5 E
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@@ -6704,13 +6834,13 @@ BP
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S .752
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(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9
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3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019
(ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176
@@ -6722,67 +6852,68 @@ E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 228 Q F0
(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1<ad64>144
240 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(Delete the history entry at position)
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+(istory lines \(history lines entered since the be)-3.099 F .598
(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 276 Q F0
(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 288 Q F0 .854(Read \
the history lines not already read from the history \214le into the cur\
-rent history list.)24.74 F .772
+rent history list.)24.74 F .773
(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 300 R
-.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E
+.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E
(sion.)180 312 Q F1<ad72>144 324 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \
\214le and use them as the current history)25.86 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad77>144
336 Q F0(Write the current history to the history \214le, o)23.08 E -.15
(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(ontents.)
--2.5 E F1<ad70>144 348 Q F0 .626
+-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 348 Q F0 .625
(Perform history substitution on the follo)24.74 F(wing)-.25 E F2(ar)
-3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
+3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F
2.975(output. Does)180 360 R .475
(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar)
2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F
-(normal history e)180 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 384 Q F0 .363
-(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
-(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362
+(normal history e)180 372 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 384 Q F0 .362
+(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
+(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363
(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 396 Q -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
-(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 412.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
+(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 412.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)
-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145
(riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history)
-.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 424.8 R .669
-(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668
-(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956
-(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956
-(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416
+.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 424.8 R .669
+(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669
+(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 436.8 R .956
+(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955
+(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .415
(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 448.8 R .416
-(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .415
+(vious history line.)-.25 F .416(The return v)5.416 F .416
(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .499(option is e\
ncountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history \214le\
-, an in)144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is)
-3 E(supplied as an ar)144 472.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0 2.5
-(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15
-E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108
-489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5
-E F1(jobs \255x)108 501.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)
--.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 513.6 Q .3
--.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H
-(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F0
+, an in)144 460.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)2.999 E(fset)-.18 E F0
+(is)2.999 E(supplied as an ar)144 472.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad64>2.5 E
+F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rt)-2.5 G(he history e)-2.5 E
+(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 E(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad70>2.5 E F0 -.1
+(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5
+(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1(jobs \255x)108 501.6 Q F2(command)
+2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E
+(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 513.6 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5
+(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 525.6 Q F0
(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)27.52 E F1
-<ad70>144 537.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5
-(sp)-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 549.6 Q F0
-.194(Display information only about jobs that ha)24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)
--.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F
-(\214ed of their status.)180 561.6 Q F1<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0
+<ad6e>144 537.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha)
+24.74 F .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F
+.194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 549.6 Q F1<ad70>144
+561.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')24.74 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G
+(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0
(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 585.6 Q F0
(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 602.4 Q F2(jobspec)
-4.553 E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
-(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
--.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 614.4 Q -.25
+4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314
+(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T)
+-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 614.4 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 631.2 R F1
-<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0
+E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 631.2 R F1
+<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0
.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in)
-3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394
+3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395
(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 643.2 Q
-.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar)
2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
@@ -6790,61 +6921,61 @@ F1(kill)108 660 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1
<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5
(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1
(kill \255l)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G
-(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 684 R F2
-(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119
-(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2
-(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319
-(either a case-insensiti)144 696 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
-(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318
-(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
-1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
+(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144 684 R F2
+(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(signum)2.96 E F0 .119
+(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F2
+(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)2.929 E .318
+(either a case-insensiti)144 696 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318
+(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319
+(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319
+(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 708 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0
+1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec)
4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0
-1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 720 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
+1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 720 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523
F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names)
-.15 F(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(57)185.955 E 0 Cg
+.15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(58)185.955 E 0 Cg
EP
-%%Page: 58 58
+%%Page: 59 59
%%BeginPageSetup
BP
%%EndPageSetup
/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
-.35 E .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 84 R .28
(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E/F1 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .378
-(gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
-(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 108 R
+/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 96 Q .377
+(gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378
+(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378
+(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .594(nated by a signal.)144 108 R
F2(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
-.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .594(alse if an error)-.1 F
+.593(as successfully sent, or f)-.1 F .593(alse if an error)-.1 F
(occurs or an in)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
E F2(let)108 136.8 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
-(...])2.5 E(Each)144 148.8 Q F1(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197
-(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
-.196(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F
-(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
-2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25
+(...])2.5 E(Each)144 148.8 Q F1(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196
+(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
+.197(luated \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .197(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F
+(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
+2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 160.8 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25
(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0
(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5
E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C
(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 189.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06
(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06
(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)
--5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 201.6 Q 3.153(yo)
--.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F2(declar)
-3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .652
+-5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 201.6 Q 3.152(yo)
+-.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F2(declar)
+3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .653
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-213.6 Q F1(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
-(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 225.6 Q F0 1.165
-(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165
+213.6 Q F1(name)3.721 E F0 .861(to ha)3.541 F 1.161 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H
+.861(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F
+-.4(Wi)5.86 G .86(th no operands,).4 F F2(local)144 225.6 Q F0 1.164
+(writes a list of local v)3.664 F 1.165
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
-6.165 F F2(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
-(within a function.)144 237.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
+6.165 F F2(local)3.665 E F0 1.165(when not)3.665 F .233
+(within a function.)144 237.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.233
F F2(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
--.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144
+-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)3.092 E F0(is)2.912 E(supplied, or)144
249.6 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2
(logout)108 266.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F2(map\214le)108 283.2
Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f>-2.5 E F1
@@ -6856,21 +6987,21 @@ Q F0([)2.5 E F2<ad6e>A F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad4f>-2.5 E F1
-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad73>-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5
(][)C F2<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad75>-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1
-(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351
+(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .35
(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 307.2 R -.15(xe)
--.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.85 E
-(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35(rom \214le descriptor)
--2.85 F F1(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 319.2 R F2<ad75>3.748 E F0
-1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F(ariable)-.25 E F3
-(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F1(arr)3.749 E
-(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,)-6.249 F(ha)144
-331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6e>
-144 343.2 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F1
-(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1(count)2.5 E F0
-(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2<ad4f>144 355.2 Q F0(Be)22.52 E
-(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x)
--.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi)
--.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 367.2 Q F0
+-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(arr)2.851 E
+(ay)-.15 E F0 2.851(,o).32 G 2.851(rf)-2.851 G .351
+(rom \214le descriptor)-2.851 F F1(fd)2.851 E F0 1.249(if the)144 319.2
+R F2<ad75>3.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249
+F(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1
+E F1(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,)
+-6.248 F(ha)144 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad6e>144 343.2 Q F0(Cop)24.74 E 2.5(ya)-.1 G
+2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F1(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1
+(count)2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2<ad4f>144 355.2 Q F0
+(Be)22.52 E(gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)
+2.82 E(x)-.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1
+E 2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F2<ad73>144 367.2 Q F0
(Discard the \214rst)26.41 E F1(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F2
<ad74>144 379.2 Q F0(Remo)26.97 E .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing ne).15 E
(wline from each line read.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 391.2 Q F0
@@ -6880,1323 +7011,1376 @@ F2<ad43>-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad63>-2.5 E F1
2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F2<ad63>2.5 E F0
(option speci\214es)2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F2<ad63>144 415.2
Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)25.86 E F1
-(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 432 Q F2<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467
+(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 432 Q F2<ad43>2.967 E F0 .467
(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F2<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467
(he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F1
(callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467
-(luated, it is sup-).25 F 1.22(plied the inde)144 444 R 3.72(xo)-.15 G
-3.72(ft)-3.72 G 1.22(he ne)-3.72 F 1.22
-(xt array element to be assigned as an additional ar)-.15 F(gument.)-.18
-E F1(callbac)6.22 E(k)-.2 E F0(is)3.72 E -.25(eva)144 456 S
-(luated after the line is read b).25 E
-(ut before the array element is assigned.)-.2 E
-(If not supplied with an e)144 472.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2
+(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 444 R 2.762(xo)-.15 G
+2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be assig\
+ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274
+(as additional ar)144 456 R(guments.)-.18 E F1(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E
+F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274
+(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275
+(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 468 Q
+(If not supplied with an e)144 484.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F2
(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F1(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0
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(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)24.74 F .551
(ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F
-(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 578.4 Q F2(+)144 590.4 Q F1(n)A
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-(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad61>-3.817 E F1
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-F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\
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+3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad70>-3.817 E F1(pr)3.817 E
+(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad74>-3.817 E F1(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817
+(][)C F2<ad75>-3.817 E F1(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 676.8 Q F1(name)A F0
+(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \
+\214le descriptor)144 688.8 R F1(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)
+3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 700.8 Q F2<ad75>2.539 E F0 .039
+(option, and the \214rst w)2.539 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)
+-.1 F F1(name)2.538 E F0 2.538(,t).18 G .038(he second w)-2.538 F .038
+(ord to the second)-.1 F F1(name)2.538 E F0(,).18 E .42
+(and so on, with lefto)144 712.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42
(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
-.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 595.2 R .54(wer w)-.25
-F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \
-are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S 2.511(lues. The).25 F .011
-(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011
+.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .541(are fe)144 724.8 R .541(wer w)
+-.25 F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining n\
+ames are assigned empty)-.1 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)
+135.965 E(60)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 61 61
+%%BeginPageSetup
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+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E -.25(va)144 84 S 2.51(lues. The).25 F .011(characters in)2.511 F
+/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011
(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011
-(backslash character \()2.511 F F2(\\)A F0 2.51(\)m)C(ay)-2.51 E 1.89
-(be used to remo)144 619.2 R 2.19 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.19 -.15(ny s).15 H
-1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.891
+(backslash character \()2.511 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.511(\)m)
+C(ay)-2.511 E 1.891(be used to remo)144 96 R 2.191 -.15(ve a)-.15 H
+2.191 -.15(ny s).15 H 1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.89
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F
-(Options, if supplied, ha)144 631.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 643.2 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w)
-180 655.2 R 1.049
+(Options, if supplied, ha)144 108 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 120 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)
+2.5 E F0 1.049(The w)180 132 R 1.049
(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
--.25 E F1(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F
-F1(aname)180.33 667.2 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5
--.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0
-(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 679.2 Q F1(delim)2.5 E
-F0(The \214rst character of)180 691.2 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0
+-.25 E F3(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F3
+(aname)180.33 144 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25
+(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5
+E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 156 Q F3(delim)2.5 E F0
+(The \214rst character of)180 168 Q F3(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E
-F2<ad65>144 703.2 Q F0 .372
+F2<ad65>144 180 Q F0 .373
(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F2 -.18(re)
-2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218
-(to obtain the line.)180 715.2 R .218
-(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218
-(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E
-(acti)180 727.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E
-(GNU Bash-4.1)72 768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(59)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 60 60
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad69>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(te)
-2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
-(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
-(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-)
--.25 F(ing be)180 96 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)
--.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 120 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395
-(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
-(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of)
--.1 F(input, b)180 132 Q(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25
-E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0
-(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144 144
-Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 156 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269
-(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E
-(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27
-(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
-(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 168 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
-G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-)
-5.274 F 1.002
-(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 180 R
-F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503
-E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 192 Q F1<ad70>144 204 Q
-F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 216 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E
-F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161
+2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F1(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo)2.622 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E .218
+(to obtain the line.)180 192 R .218(Readline uses the current \(or def)
+5.218 F .218(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F
+(viously)-.25 E(acti)180 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G
+(diting settings.)-2.5 E F2<ad69>144 216 Q F3(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)
+10.78 E F2 -.18(re)2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216
+(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F3(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216
+(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-)
+-.25 F(ing be)180 228 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2<ad6e>144 240 Q F3(nc)2.5 E(har)
+-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 252 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394
+(returns after reading)3.894 F F3(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395
+(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395(aiting for a complete line of)
+-.1 F(input, b)180 264 Q(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25
+E F3(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0
+(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2<ad4e>144 276
+Q F3(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 288 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269
+(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(nc)3.769 E(har)-.15 E
+(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269
+(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274
+(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 300 R F2 -.18(re)2.775
+G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275(Delimiter characters encoun-)
+5.275 F 1.003
+(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 312 R
+F2 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F3(nc)3.502
+E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 324 Q F2<ad70>144 336 Q
+F3(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 348 Q F3(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0
+1.161(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161
(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)
--.25 F(an)180 228 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
-(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 240 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
-25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
--5.543 F(the line.)180 252 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
+-.25 F(an)180 360 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
+(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F2
+<ad72>144 372 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
+25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of)
+-5.543 F(the line.)180 384 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 264 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
-(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 276 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 288 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549 G
-(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048
-(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout)
-180 300 Q F0(seconds.)3.496 E F2(timeout)5.996 E F0 .997
-(may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.496 F(wing)
--.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 312 R .576(This option is only ef)
-5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)3.076 G
-(ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .141
-(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 324 R .142
-(fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.142 E
-F2(timeout)2.642 E F0 .142(is 0,)2.642 F F1 -.18(re)180 336 S(ad).18 E
-F0 .113(returns success if input is a)2.614 F -.25(va)-.2 G .113
-(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.613(,f)-.4 G .113
-(ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 348 Q
+-.25 E F2<ad73>144 396 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
+(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F2
+<ad74>144 408 Q F3(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 420 Q F2 -.18(re)3.548 G
+(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.548 F 1.048
+(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F3(timeout)
+180 432 Q F0(seconds.)3.497 E F3(timeout)5.997 E F0 .997
+(may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.497 F(wing)
+-.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 444 R .576(This option is only ef)
+5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F2 -.18(re)3.076 G
+(ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .142
+(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 456 R .142
+(fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.141 E
+F3(timeout)2.641 E F0 .141(is 0,)2.641 F F2 -.18(re)180 468 S(ad).18 E
+F0 .113(returns success if input is a)2.613 F -.25(va)-.2 G .113
+(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.613(,f)-.4 G .114
+(ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 480 Q
(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15
-E F1<ad75>144 360 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)
-14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 376.8 R F2(names)3.051 E F0
-.191(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.961 F(ariable)
--.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
-(.)A F0 .192(The return code is zero,)4.692 F 1.344
-(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 388.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.844 G(ad)
+E F2<ad75>144 492 Q F3(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)
+14.46 E F3(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .192(If no)144 508.8 R F3(names)3.052 E F0
+.192(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)2.962 F(ariable)
+-.25 E F1(REPL)2.691 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .191
+(The return code is zero,)4.691 F 1.343
+(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 520.8 R F2 -.18(re)3.843 G(ad)
.18 E F0 1.343
-(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.844 F
-(128\), or an in)144 400.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
-(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E F1
-<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 417.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1
-(\255aA)A(pf)-.25 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E
-F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 429.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2
-(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77
-(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77
-(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 441.6 R
-1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097
-(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2
-(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 453.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
--.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
+(times out \(in which case the return code is greater than)3.843 F
+(128\), or an in)144 532.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
+(lid \214le descriptor is supplied as the ar).25 E(gument to)-.18 E F2
+<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.18(re)108 549.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2
+(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A
+F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 561.6 R -.15(ve)
+-.25 G(n).15 E F3(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77
+(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F3(names)3.63 E F0
+.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144
+573.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F2<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097
+(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F3
+(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 585.6 Q 3.334(ed. The)
+-.1 F F2<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834
(ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the)
--3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
--.25 E .538(ables to associati)144 465.6 R .838 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.038
-(rrays. If).15 F(no)3.038 E F2(name)3.398 E F0(ar)3.218 E .538
-(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .538(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>
-3.038 E F0 .537(option is supplied, a list)3.038 F .08
-(of all readonly names is printed.)144 477.6 R(The)5.08 E F1<ad70>2.58 E
-F0 .081(option causes output to be displayed in a format that may)2.58 F
-1.177(be reused as input.)144 489.6 R 1.177(If a v)6.177 F 1.176
-(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.176(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0
-3.676(,t)C 1.176(he v)-3.676 F 1.176(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.176
-(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)144 501.6 Q(d)-.37 E F0 6.205(.T)C
-1.205(he return status is 0 unless an in)-6.205 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.206
-(lid option is encountered, one of the).25 F F2(names)4.066 E F0 1.206
-(is not a)3.976 F -.25(va)144 513.6 S(lid shell v).25 E
-(ariable name, or)-.25 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is supplied with a)2.5 E F2
-(name)2.86 E F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 530.4 S
-(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .587
-(Causes a function to e)144 542.4 R .587(xit with the return v)-.15 F
-.587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)3.087 E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587
-E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .586(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335
-(that of the last command e)144 554.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335
+-3.334 F F2<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-)
+-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 597.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276
+(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F2<ad41>3.277 E
+F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F3(name)
+3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 609.6 R -.15(ve)
+-.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F2<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521
+(option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F
+.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \
+to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 621.6 R(The)5.296 E F2
+<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786
+(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
+144 633.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144
+645.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F3(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v)
+-3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F3(wor)
+3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in)
+-5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the)
+144 657.6 R F3(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v)
+-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F2<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
+(is supplied with a)2.76 F F3(name)144.36 669.6 Q F0
+(that is not a function.)2.68 E F2 -.18(re)108 686.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
+E F0([)2.5 E F3(n)A F0(])A .586(Causes a function to e)144 698.4 R .587
+(xit with the return v)-.15 F .587(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F3(n)3.087
+E F0 5.587(.I).24 G(f)-5.587 E F3(n)3.447 E F0 .587
+(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335
+(that of the last command e)144 710.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335
(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G
1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe)
-144 566.4 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\()
-5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794
-(ommand, it causes the shell to stop e)-3.294 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .794
-(cuting that script).15 F .245(and return either)144 578.4 R F2(n)3.105
-E F0 .246(or the e)2.985 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F
--.15(xe)-.15 G .246(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .246
-(xit sta-)-.15 F .082(tus of the script.)144 590.4 R .082
-(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082
-(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.581(,t).833 G .081
-(he return sta-)-2.581 F 2.305(tus is f)144 602.4 R 4.805(alse. An)-.1 F
-4.805(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.805 F F1(RETURN)
-4.805 E F0 2.306(trap is e)4.806 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.306(cuted before e)
-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution).15 E(resumes after the function or script.)
-144 614.4 Q F1(set)108 631.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
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(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline)
--.15 F -.15(ex)224 180 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G
-(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 192 Q F0
-2.09(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0
+-.15 F -.15(ex)224 336 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G
+(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 348 Q F0
+2.091(Change the beha)17.77 F 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0
2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091
-(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 204 Q
-/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 216 Q(vileged)
--.1 E F0(Same as)224 228 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 240 S
-(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 252 Q F0
-1.466(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.965
-(ace. This)-.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F
-(interf)224 264 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0
-(.)A F1(xtrace)184 276 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184
-294 Q F1<ad6f>3.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2
-(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553
-(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184
-306 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0
-3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071
-(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F
-(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 318 Q F1<ad70>
-144 330 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1
-(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F
-/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)
--.27 E F0 1.072(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501
-(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 342 R 1.5
-(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3
--.27(BA)184 354 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H)
-.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G
-.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F
-(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 366 R .38
-(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u)
--.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461
-(user \(group\) id, and the)184 378 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
-(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462
-(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 390 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395
+(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 360 Q
+/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)A F0(\).)A F1(pri)184 372 Q(vileged)
+-.1 E F0(Same as)224 384 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 396 S
+(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)7.33 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 408 Q F0
+1.465(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)32.22 F 3.966
+(ace. This)-.1 F 1.466(also af)3.966 F 1.466(fects the editing)-.25 F
+(interf)224 420 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0
+(.)A F1(xtrace)184 432 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184
+450 Q F1<ad6f>3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F5
+(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552
+(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184
+462 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F5(option\255name)3.571 E F0
+3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072
+(commands to recreate the current)3.572 F
+(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 474 Q F1<ad70>
+144 486 Q F0 -.45(Tu)28.74 G 1.072(rn on).45 F F5(privile)4.822 E -.1
+(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F
+F2($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F2($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.071
+(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5
+(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 498 R 1.501
+(vironment, and the)-.4 F F2(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E F3(,)A F2 -.27(BA)184 510
+S(SHOPTS).27 E F3(,)A F2(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A F0
+(and)2.775 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G .524
+(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F
+(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 522 R .379
+(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15
+(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462
+(user \(group\) id, and the)184 534 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
+(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461
+(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 546 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
-2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
-E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 402 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G
-.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886
-F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F
-(set to the real user and group ids.)184 414 Q F1<ad74>144 426 Q F0
+2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
+E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 558 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G
+.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886
+F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F
+(set to the real user and group ids.)184 570 Q F1<ad74>144 582 Q F0
(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15
-E F1<ad75>144 438 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .044(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\
+E F1<ad75>144 594 Q F0 -.35(Tr)28.74 G .043(eat unset v).35 F .044(aria\
bles and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" as an)
--.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 450 R 2.682
-(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183
+-.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 606 R 2.683
+(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182
(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746
-(able or parameter)184 462 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
+(able or parameter)184 618 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
(he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184
-474 Q F1<ad76>144 486 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya)
--.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 498 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315
-(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)
+630 Q F1<ad76>144 642 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)29.3 E 2.5(ya)
+-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 654 Q F0 .315(After e)29.3 F .315
+(xpanding each)-.15 F F5 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)
2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E
-F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 510 R F1
+F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 666 R F1
-.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236
-(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0(follo)
-3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 522 Q
+(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)3.736 E F3(,)A F0(follo)
+3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 678 Q
(xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1
-<ad42>144 534 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578
+<ad42>144 690 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)27.63 F 2.578
(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 546 Q
-(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 558 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E
-F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 702 Q
+(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 714 Q F0 .213(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.713 E
+F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214
(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
-2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F
-3.053(tors. This)184 570 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553
-(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
-.15 F(tor)184 582 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1
-<ad45>144 594 Q F0 .104(If set, an)27.63 F 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104(rap on)
--2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103
-(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
-F .838(mands e)184 606 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
-F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839
-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 618 Q F1
-<ad48>144 630 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
-(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532
-F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 642 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 654 Q F0 1.164
+2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F
+5.436(tors. This)184 726 R 2.936(may be o)5.436 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.936
+(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection).15 F
+(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(63)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 64 64
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E(operator)184 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)
+2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad45>144 96 Q F0 .103(If set, an)27.63 F
+2.603(yt)-.15 G .103(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104
+(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603
+F .839(mands e)184 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15
+F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 120 Q F1
+<ad48>144 132 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531
+(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531
+F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 144 Q -.15
+(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 156 Q F0 1.165
(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164
-(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165
-(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.665 E F0 2.822
-(that change the current w)184 666 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
-(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821
-(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 678 R(def)2.685
+(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.164
+(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.664 E F0 2.821
+(that change the current w)184 168 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
+(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822
+(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 180 R(def)2.686
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184 690 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
-702 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
+(mands which change the current directory)184 192 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
+204 Q F0 .89(If set, an)27.63 F 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1
(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
-(substitutions, and commands e)184 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
+(substitutions, and commands e)184 216 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932
(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
-(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 726 Q F0
-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.1)72
-768 Q(2009 December 29)135.965 E(62)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 63 63
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<adad>144 84 Q F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401
-(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
+(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 228 Q F0
+(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 240 Q
+F0 .4(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 96 Q/F2
-10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni)
-.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E
-F0(.)A F1<ad>144 108 Q F0 1.944
+(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 252 Q
+/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>
+2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 264 Q F0 1.945
(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)34.3 F F2(ar)4.444 E(g)
--.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G 1.945
-(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 120 R F1
-<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945
-(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no)
-3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B
-(parameters remain unchanged.)184 132 Q .425(The options are of)144
-148.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
+-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G 1.944
+(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 276 R F1
+<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945
+(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no)
+3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B
+(parameters remain unchanged.)184 288 Q .425(The options are of)144
+304.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425
(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
-(to be turned of)144 160.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177
+(to be turned of)144 316.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178
(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
--.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
-(current set of options may be found in)144 172.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
+-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066
+(current set of options may be found in)144 328.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066
-(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
-(is encountered.)144 184.8 Q F1(shift)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 213.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
-.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
-.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 225.6 Q F1($#)2.582
-E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
-(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
-.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
-(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 237.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
+(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F
+(is encountered.)144 340.8 Q F1(shift)108 357.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
+(])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 369.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0
+.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G
+.429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 381.6 Q F1($#)2.583
+E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083
+(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to)
+.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06
+(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 393.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 249.6 R
-.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
-.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
-(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 261.6 Q F1(shopt)108 278.4 Q F0([)
+(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 405.6 R
+.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0
+.143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0
+(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 417.6 Q F1(shopt)108 434.4 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
--2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 290.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222
+-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 446.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222
(alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1
<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\
-ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 302.4 R(The)
-144 314.4 Q F1<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\
-d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.828 F .327(Other options)
-5.327 F(ha)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 338.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5
-E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 350.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2
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(pr).2 E F0 6.15(.E).73 G(ach)-6.15 E 1.188
-(operator and operand must be a separate ar)144 252 R 3.688
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(gument. Expressions)-.18 F 1.187(are composed of the primaries)3.688 F
-1.889(described abo)144 264 R 2.189 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2
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-(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 342 Q F3 -.2(ex)
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-(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 246 R F3 .146
+(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 573.6 R F2 .146
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+3.738 E F2(ERR)3.429 E F3(,)A F0 .929(the command)3.179 F F4(ar)3.759 E
+(g)-.37 E F0 .929(is e)3.649 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .929(cuted whene).15 F
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.429(ras).15 G .929(imple command has a non\255zero)
+-3.429 F -.15(ex)144 639.6 S 1.009(it status, subject to the follo).15 F
+1.009(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)6.009 E F2(ERR)3.509 E F0 1.009
(trap is not e)3.259 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.008(cuted if the f).15 F 1.008
(ailed com-)-.1 F .324
-(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 324 R .324
+(mand is part of the command list immediately follo)144 651.6 R .324
(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)2.824 E F0(or)2.824 E F1(until)2.824 E F0 -.1
-(ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F 1.129(in an)144
-336 R F2(if)3.639 E F0 1.129(statement, part of a command e)5.589 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G 1.129(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.629 E F0(or)3.629 E/F5 10
-/Symbol SF<efef>3.629 E F0 1.129(list, or if the command')3.629 F 3.628
-(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.628 E -.25(va)144 348 S(lue is being in).25 E -.15
-(ve)-.4 G(rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C
-(hese are the same conditions obe)-5 E(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E
-(exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095
+(ke)2.824 G(yw)-.05 E .324(ord, part of the test)-.1 F .151(in an)144
+663.6 R F4(if)2.661 E F0 .151(statement, part of a command e)4.611 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .151(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)2.651 E F0(or)2.651 E F1(||)
+2.651 E F0 .151(list, or if the command')2.651 F 2.651(sr)-.55 G .151
+(eturn v)-2.651 F(alue)-.25 E(is being in)144 675.6 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G
+(rted via).15 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(hese are the same conditions obe)-5
+E(yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(option.)2.5 E 1.095
(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144
-366 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662
-(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 378 R .662
+693.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662
+(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 705.6 R .662
(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is)
--.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 390 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1
-E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G
-(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108
-406.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2
-(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 418.8 S .173
-(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F2(name)
-3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174
+-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 717.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(type)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0
+(])A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name)A F0(...])2.5
+E -.4(Wi)144 96 S .173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G
+(ach)-2.673 E F2(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174
(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F
-F1<ad74>144 430.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0
+F1<ad74>144 108 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F1(type)3.343 E F0
.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E
F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0
(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F2
-(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 442.8 Q F0 .086
+(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F2(name)144.36 120 Q F0 .086
(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086
(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15
(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F2
(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119
-(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 454.8 R .118
+(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 132 R .118
(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F
F1<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F1(type)2.618 E F0 .855
-(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 466.8 R .855
+(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 144 R .855
(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0
.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if)
-144 478.8 R/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141
-G .641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E
-F1<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F F3 -.666(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189
-E F0 .112(search for each)144 490.8 R F2(name)2.612 E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15
-(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F6 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0
--.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I)
-.18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F1<ad70>2.613 E
-F0(and)144 502.8 Q F1<ad50>2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F
-.444(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F3
--.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .444(If the)4.944 F F1<ad61>2.944
-E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 514.8 R F1(type)2.765 E F0 .265
-(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .265
-(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18 G .265
-(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427(and functions, if and only if the)
-144 526.8 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426(option is not also used.)2.926 F
-.426(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548
-(consulted when using)144 538.8 R F1<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)
--5.548 E F1<ad66>3.048 E F0 .549
-(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1
-(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 550.8 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0
+144 156 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 G
+.641(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E F1
+<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666
+(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(search for each)144 168 R F2(name)2.612 E
+F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113
+(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2
+(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113
+(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F1<ad70>2.613 E F0(and)144 180 Q F1<ad50>
+2.945 E F0 .445(print the hashed v)2.945 F .444
+(alue, not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F4
+-.666(PA)2.944 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .444(If the)
+4.944 F F1<ad61>2.944 E F0(option)2.944 E .265(is used,)144 192 R F1
+(type)2.765 E F0 .265(prints all of the places that contain an e)2.765 F
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .265(cutable named).15 F F2(name)2.765 E F0 5.265(.T).18
+G .265(his includes aliases)-5.265 F .427
+(and functions, if and only if the)144 204 R F1<ad70>2.926 E F0 .426
+(option is not also used.)2.926 F .426
+(The table of hashed commands is not)5.426 F .548(consulted when using)
+144 216 R F1<ad61>3.048 E F0 5.548(.T)C(he)-5.548 E F1<ad66>3.048 E F0
+.549(option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the)3.048 F F1
+(command)3.049 E F0 -.2(bu)144 228 S(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5 E F0
(returns true if all of the ar)2.5 E(guments are found, f)-.18 E
-(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 567.6
+(alse if an)-.1 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re not found.)-2.5 E F1(ulimit)108 244.8
Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HST)A(abcde\214lmnpqrstuvx)-.92 E F0([)2.5 E F2
-(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 579.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)
+(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 256.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)
-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244
(ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F
-.943(that allo)144 591.6 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
+.943(that allo)144 268.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F
(The)5.943 E F1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944
(options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi)
-144 603.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
+144 280.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208
(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\
-ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 615.6 R .425
+ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 292.8 R .425
(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F1<ad48>2.926 E
F0(nor)2.926 E F1<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426
(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144
-627.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
+304.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139
(can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F
-.741(of the special v)144 639.6 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1
+.741(of the special v)144 316.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1
(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w)
C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78
-(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 651.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
+(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 328.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78
(is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25
-F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 663.6 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0
+F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 340.8 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0
.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499
(more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F
-(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 675.6 Q 2.5
+(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 352.8 Q 2.5
(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1
-<ad61>144 687.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144
-699.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E
-F1<ad63>144 711.6 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
--.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 84 Q F0
-(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E
-(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 96 Q F0
-(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 108 Q F0
-(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)26.97
-E F1<ad69>144 120 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)27.52 E F1
-<ad6c>144 132 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
-(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 144 Q F0
+<ad61>144 364.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)25.3 E F1<ad62>144
+376.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)24.74 E(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E
+F1<ad63>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)25.86 E
+F1<ad64>144 400.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')24.74 E 2.5(sd)
+-.55 G(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 412.8 Q F0
+(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))25.86 E F1<ad66>144 424.8 Q
+F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)
+26.97 E F1<ad69>144 436.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)
+27.52 E F1<ad6c>144 448.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)27.52 E
+(ed into memory)-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 460.8 Q F0
(The maximum resident set size \(man)21.97 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G
-(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 156 Q F0 .791(The \
-maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
+(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 472.8 Q F0 .791(Th\
+e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
24.74 F 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F(be set\))180
-168 Q F1<ad70>144 180 Q F0
+484.8 Q F1<ad70>144 496.8 Q F0
(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F1
-<ad71>144 192 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)
-24.74 E F1<ad72>144 204 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)
-25.86 E F1<ad73>144 216 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144
-228 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144
-240 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 252 Q F0
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable to the shell).25 E F1<ad78>144 264 Q F0
-(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1<ad54>144 276 Q F0
-(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 292.8 Q/F2 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
-.343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343
+<ad71>144 508.8 Q F0
+(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)24.74 E F1<ad72>144
+520.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144
+532.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 544.8 Q F0
+(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 556.8 Q
+F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
+(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 568.8 Q F0 .47
+(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47
+(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180
+580.8 Q F1<ad78>144 592.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E
+F1<ad54>144 604.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144
+621.6 Q F2(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343
+(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343
(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F1<ad61>2.843 E F0 .343
-(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .176(option is gi)
-144 304.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>2.676 E F0 .175
-(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F1
-<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 316.8
-Q F1<ad70>2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015
-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.515 F F1<ad54>2.516 E F0(,)
-A F1<ad62>2.516 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.516 E F0 2.516(,a)C(nd)-2.516 E F1
-<ad75>2.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016(hich are unscaled v)-2.516 F(al-)-.25 E
-3.788(ues. The)144 328.8 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F
+(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .175(option is gi)
+144 633.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .175(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>2.675 E F0 .175
+(is assumed.)2.675 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
+(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .176(xcept for)-.15 F F1
+<ad74>2.676 E F0 2.676(,w)C .176(hich is in)-2.676 F(seconds,)144 645.6
+Q F1<ad70>2.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016
+(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.516 F F1<ad54>2.516 E F0(,)
+A F1<ad62>2.515 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.515 E F0 2.515(,a)C(nd)-2.515 E F1
+<ad75>2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015(hich are unscaled v)-2.515 F(al-)-.25 E
+3.787(ues. The)144 657.6 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.287(lid option or ar).25 F 1.287
(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144
-340.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 357.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
+669.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 686.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2
-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 369.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
+(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 698.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 381.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-393.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
+pted by)144 710.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+722.4 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382
(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
-(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 405.6 R .547
+(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
+-.35 E .547(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 84 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
-(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2
-(mode)144.38 417.6 Q F0 .551
-(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
-F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 429.6 Q
+(he)-3.047 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547
+(option is supplied, and)3.047 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)144.38 96
+Q F0 .552
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+Q(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 513.6
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1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\
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-(process suspension is attempted.)108 331.2 R .389
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-135.965 E(70)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+re not handled gracefully when)108 679.2 R .39
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+place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a)
+-.25 F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 715.2 Q
+(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(71)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 72 72
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))
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+-.15 E(There may be only one acti)108 100.8 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H
+(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)
+135.965 E(72)185.955 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi
index 652145a..5494dbf 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.dvi
+++ b/doc/bashref.dvi
Binary files differ
diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html
index d36b72b..ee63422 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.html
+++ b/doc/bashref.html
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<HTML>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on December, 29 2009 by texi2html 1.64 -->
+<!-- Created on December, 28 2010 by texi2html 1.64 -->
<!--
Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html@mathematik.uni-kl.de>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>Bash Reference Manual</H1></P><P>
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.1, 23 December 2009).
+the Bash shell (version 4.2, 28 December 2010).
</P><P>
-This is Edition 4.1, last updated 23 December 2009,
+This is Edition 4.2, last updated 28 December 2010,
of <CITE>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</CITE>,
-for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 4.1.
+for <CODE>Bash</CODE>, Version 4.2.
</P><P>
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
@@ -60,21 +60,21 @@ reference on shell behavior.
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Some definitions used in the rest of this
manual.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The shell "building blocks".</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands that are a part of the shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">5. Shell Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables used or set by Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">6. Bash Features</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Features found only in Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What job control is and how Bash allows you
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands that are a part of the shell.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5. Shell Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables used or set by Bash.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bash Features</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Features found only in Bash.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What job control is and how Bash allows you
to use it.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Chapter describing the command line
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Chapter describing the command line
editing features.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">9. Using History Interactively</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command History Expansion</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">10. Installing Bash</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to build and install Bash on your system.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">A. Reporting Bugs</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to report bugs in Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A terse list of the differences
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9. Using History Interactively</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command History Expansion</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10. Installing Bash</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to build and install Bash on your system.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">A. Reporting Bugs</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to report bugs in Bash.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A terse list of the differences
between Bash and historical
versions of /bin/sh.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Copying and sharing this documentation.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D. Indexes</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Various indexes for this manual.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Copying and sharing this documentation.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D. Indexes</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Various indexes for this manual.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ reference on shell behavior.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<A NAME="Introduction"></A>
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ reference on shell behavior.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 1.1 What is Bash? </H2>
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ and Windows platforms.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 1.2 What is a shell? </H2>
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ described in this manual.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 2. Definitions </H1>
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ Also referred to as an <CODE>identifier</CODE>.
<DT><CODE>operator</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX12"></A>
A <CODE>control operator</CODE> or a <CODE>redirection operator</CODE>.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>, for a list of redirection operators.
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>, for a list of redirection operators.
Operators contain at least one unquoted <CODE>metacharacter</CODE>.
<P>
@@ -376,12 +376,12 @@ Words may not include unquoted <CODE>metacharacters</CODE>.
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 3. Basic Shell Features </H1>
@@ -406,13 +406,13 @@ and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC6">3.1 Shell Syntax</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What your input means to the shell.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The types of commands you can use.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Grouping commands by name.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell stores values.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands parameters and the various
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Grouping commands by name.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell stores values.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands parameters and the various
expansions available.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A way to control where input and output go.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50">3.7 Executing Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What happens when you run a command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Executing files of shell commands.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A way to control where input and output go.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7 Executing Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What happens when you run a command.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Executing files of shell commands.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.1 Shell Syntax </H2>
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ available for further inspection or processing.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.1.1 Shell Operation </H3>
@@ -481,16 +481,16 @@ following:
<OL>
<LI>
-Reads its input from a file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), from a string
+Reads its input from a file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), from a string
supplied as an argument to the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> invocation option
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>), or from the user's terminal.
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>), or from the user's terminal.
<P>
<LI>
Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">3.1.2 Quoting</A>. These tokens are separated by
<CODE>metacharacters</CODE>. Alias expansion is performed by this step
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -499,23 +499,23 @@ Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
<P>
<LI>
-Performs the various shell expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>), breaking
-the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>)
+Performs the various shell expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>), breaking
+the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>)
and commands and arguments.
<P>
<LI>
-Performs any necessary redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>) and removes
+Performs any necessary redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>) and removes
the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list.
<P>
<LI>
-Executes the command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50">3.7 Executing Commands</A>).
+Executes the command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7 Executing Commands</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
-status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>).
+status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>).
<P>
</OL>
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>).
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.1.2 Quoting </H3>
@@ -560,9 +560,9 @@ Each of the shell metacharacters (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Def
has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
represent itself.
When the command history expansion facilities are being used
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>), the
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>), the
<VAR>history expansion</VAR> character, usually <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, must be quoted
-to prevent history expansion. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>, for
+to prevent history expansion. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>, for
more details concerning history expansion.
</P><P>
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ There are three quoting mechanisms: the
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.1 Escape Character </H4>
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ the input stream and effectively ignored).
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.2 Single Quotes </H4>
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.3 Double Quotes </H4>
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>,
and, when history expansion is enabled, <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>.
The characters <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> and <SAMP>``'</SAMP>
-retain their special meaning within double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
+retain their special meaning within double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
the following characters:
<SAMP>`$'</SAMP>, <SAMP>``'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`"'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\'</SAMP>, or <CODE>newline</CODE>.
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ The backslash preceding the <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> is not removed.
</P><P>
The special parameters <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> have special meaning
-when in double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
+when in double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
</P><P>
<A NAME="ANSI-C Quoting"></A>
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ when in double quotes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Para
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting </H4>
@@ -712,6 +712,12 @@ present, are decoded as follows:
<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>HH</VAR></CODE>
<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR>
(one or two hex digits)
+<DT><CODE>\u<VAR>HHHH</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<VAR>HHHH</VAR> (one to four hex digits)
+<DT><CODE>\U<VAR>HHHHHHHH</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<VAR>HHHHHHHH</VAR> (one to eight hex digits)
<DT><CODE>\c<VAR>x</VAR></CODE>
<DD>a control-<VAR>x</VAR> character
</DL>
@@ -732,7 +738,7 @@ been present.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation </H4>
@@ -771,7 +777,7 @@ fashion:
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.1.3 Comments </H3>
@@ -780,13 +786,13 @@ fashion:
In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
<CODE>interactive_comments</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-builtin is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>),
+builtin is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>),
a word beginning with <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>
causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
be ignored. An interactive shell without the <CODE>interactive_comments</CODE>
option enabled does not allow comments. The <CODE>interactive_comments</CODE>
option is on by default in interactive shells.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>, for a description of what makes
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>, for a description of what makes
a shell interactive.
</P><P>
@@ -796,12 +802,12 @@ a shell interactive.
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.2 Shell Commands </H2>
@@ -825,6 +831,7 @@ some other grouping.
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to execute commands sequentially.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Shell commands for control flow.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Two-way communication between commands.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Running commands in parallel.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -834,12 +841,12 @@ some other grouping.
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.1 Simple Commands </H3>
@@ -853,7 +860,7 @@ first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
rest of the words being that command's arguments.
</P><P>
-The return status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>) of a simple command is
+The return status (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>) of a simple command is
its exit status as provided
by the POSIX 1003.1 <CODE>waitpid</CODE> function, or 128+<VAR>n</VAR> if
the command was terminated by signal <VAR>n</VAR>.
@@ -867,10 +874,10 @@ the command was terminated by signal <VAR>n</VAR>.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.2 Pipelines </H3>
@@ -907,23 +914,33 @@ The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option changes the output format to that specified
by POSIX.
+When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>),
+it does not recognize <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>.
The <CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable may be set to a format string that
specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of the available formats.
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of the available formats.
The use of <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word permits the timing of
shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external
<CODE>time</CODE> command cannot time these easily.
</P><P>
+When the shell is in POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>), <CODE>time</CODE>
+may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The <CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+</P><P>
+
If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC18">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</A>), the
shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
</P><P>
Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>). The exit
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>). The exit
status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
pipeline, unless the <CODE>pipefail</CODE> option is enabled
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
If <CODE>pipefail</CODE> is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the
value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
or zero if all commands exit successfully.
@@ -942,10 +959,10 @@ returning a value.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.3 Lists of Commands </H3>
@@ -972,7 +989,7 @@ the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.
This is known as executing the command in the <VAR>background</VAR>.
The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
status is 0 (true).
-When job control is not active (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>),
+When job control is not active (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>),
the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any
explicit redirections, is redirected from <CODE>/dev/null</CODE>.
</P><P>
@@ -1020,7 +1037,7 @@ executed in the list.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.4 Compound Commands </H3>
@@ -1037,7 +1054,7 @@ executed in the list.
Compound commands are the shell programming constructs.
Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.
-Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with a compound command
+Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with a compound command
apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
</P><P>
@@ -1056,7 +1073,7 @@ to group commands and execute them as a unit.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs </H4>
@@ -1106,7 +1123,7 @@ in the resultant list, with <VAR>name</VAR> bound to the current member.
If <SAMP>`in <VAR>words</VAR>'</SAMP> is not present, the <CODE>for</CODE> command
executes the <VAR>commands</VAR> once for each positional parameter that is
set, as if <SAMP>`in "$@"'</SAMP> had been specified
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>).
The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
If there are no items in the expansion of <VAR>words</VAR>, no commands are
executed, and the return status is zero.
@@ -1117,20 +1134,20 @@ An alternate form of the <CODE>for</CODE> command is also supported:
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>for (( <VAR>expr1</VAR> ; <VAR>expr2</VAR> ; <VAR>expr3</VAR> )) ; do <VAR>commands</VAR> ; done
</pre></td></tr></table>First, the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr1</VAR> is evaluated according
-to the rules described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
+to the rules described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
The arithmetic expression <VAR>expr2</VAR> is then evaluated repeatedly
until it evaluates to zero.
Each time <VAR>expr2</VAR> evaluates to a non-zero value, <VAR>commands</VAR> are
executed and the arithmetic expression <VAR>expr3</VAR> is evaluated.
If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
-The return value is the exit status of the last command in <VAR>list</VAR>
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in <VAR>commands</VAR>
that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
</P><P>
</DL>
<P>
-The <CODE>break</CODE> and <CODE>continue</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
+The <CODE>break</CODE> and <CODE>continue</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
may be used to control loop execution.
</P><P>
@@ -1145,7 +1162,7 @@ may be used to control loop execution.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs </H4>
@@ -1196,7 +1213,7 @@ The syntax of the <CODE>case</CODE> command is:
<CODE>case</CODE> will selectively execute the <VAR>command-list</VAR> corresponding to
the first <VAR>pattern</VAR> that matches <VAR>word</VAR>.
If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
-(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
The <SAMP>`|'</SAMP> is used to separate multiple patterns, and the <SAMP>`)'</SAMP>
@@ -1296,11 +1313,11 @@ done
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
The arithmetic <VAR>expression</VAR> is evaluated according to the rules
-described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
+described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>let "<VAR>expression</VAR>"
-</pre></td></tr></table>See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a full description of the <CODE>let</CODE> builtin.
+</pre></td></tr></table>See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a full description of the <CODE>let</CODE> builtin.
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>[[<small>...</small>]]</CODE>
@@ -1312,7 +1329,7 @@ otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
the conditional expression <VAR>expression</VAR>.
Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>.
+<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>.
Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words
between the <SAMP>`[['</SAMP> and <SAMP>`]]'</SAMP>; tilde expansion, parameter and
variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
@@ -1321,15 +1338,15 @@ Conditional operators such as <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> must be unquoted to be recognize
as primaries.
</P><P>
-When used with <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>, The <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators sort
+When used with <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>, the <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
</P><P>
When the <SAMP>`=='</SAMP> and <SAMP>`!='</SAMP> operators are used, the string to the
right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
-to the rules described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>.
+to the rules described below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>.
If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
-(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
The return value is 0 if the string matches (<SAMP>`=='</SAMP>) or does not
@@ -1347,7 +1364,7 @@ the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
expression's return value is 2.
If the shell option <CODE>nocasematch</CODE>
-(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+(see the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
of alphabetic characters.
Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a
@@ -1400,7 +1417,7 @@ value of the entire conditional expression.
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands </H4>
@@ -1419,7 +1436,7 @@ commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream.
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
-environment to be created (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>), and each
+environment to be created (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>), and each
of the commands in <VAR>list</VAR> to be executed in that subshell. Since the
<VAR>list</VAR> is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
effect after the subshell completes.
@@ -1458,10 +1475,10 @@ The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.2.5 Coprocesses </H3>
@@ -1487,7 +1504,7 @@ the first word of the simple command.
</P><P>
When the coproc is executed, the shell creates an array variable
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>)
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>)
named <VAR>NAME</VAR> in the context of the executing shell.
The standard output of <VAR>command</VAR>
is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
@@ -1496,12 +1513,12 @@ The standard input of <VAR>command</VAR>
is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
and that file descriptor is assigned to <VAR>NAME</VAR>[1].
This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
-command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>).
+command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
and redirections using standard word expansions.
</P><P>
-The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
available as the value of the variable <VAR>NAME</VAR>_PID.
The <CODE>wait</CODE>
builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
@@ -1510,22 +1527,99 @@ builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <VAR>command</VAR>.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="Shell Functions"></A>
+<A NAME="GNU Parallel"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
<A NAME="SEC24"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
+</TR></TABLE>
+<H3> 3.2.6 GNU Parallel </H3>
+<!--docid::SEC24::-->
+<P>
+
+GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
+in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether
+they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files.
+</P><P>
+
+For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few
+examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+</P><P>
+
+For example, it is easy to prefix each line in a text file with a specified
+string:
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>cat file | parallel -k echo prefix_string
+</pre></td></tr></table>The <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option is required to preserve the lines' order.
+</P><P>
+
+Similarly, you can append a specified string to each line in a text file:
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>cat file | parallel -k echo {} append_string
+</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+
+You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
+number of files is too large to process with one <CODE>mv</CODE> invocation:
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+
+As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
+This will run as many <CODE>mv</CODE> commands as there are files in the current
+directory. You can emulate a parallel <CODE>xargs</CODE> by adding the <SAMP>`-X'</SAMP>
+option:
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>ls | parallel -X mv {} destdir
+</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+
+GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
+from a file (in this case, filenames):
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre> for x in $(cat list); do
+ do-something1 $x config-$x
+ do-something2 &#60; $x
+ done | process-output
+</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+
+with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output
+</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
+
+Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
+lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 &&#38; rm {}"
+</pre></td></tr></table>This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
+in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+</P><P>
+
+If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
+the output. For instance, the following command
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
+</pre></td></tr></table>will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. Using
+the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option, as we saw above
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
+</pre></td></tr></table>will ensure that the output of <CODE>traceroute foss.org.my</CODE> is displayed first.
+</P><P>
+
+<A NAME="Shell Functions"></A>
+<HR SIZE="6">
+<A NAME="SEC25"></A>
+<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.3 Shell Functions </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC24::-->
+<!--docid::SEC25::-->
<P>
Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
@@ -1539,7 +1633,8 @@ shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
Functions are declared using this syntax:
<A NAME="IDX45"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[ <CODE>function</CODE> ] <VAR>name</VAR> () <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ]
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><VAR>name</VAR> () <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ]<BR>or<BR>
+<CODE>function</CODE> <VAR>name</VAR> [()] <VAR>compound-command</VAR> [ <VAR>redirections</VAR> ]
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
This defines a shell function named <VAR>name</VAR>. The reserved
@@ -1552,12 +1647,12 @@ That command is usually a <VAR>list</VAR> enclosed between { and }, but
may be any compound command listed above.
<VAR>compound-command</VAR> is executed whenever <VAR>name</VAR> is specified as the
name of a command.
-Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with the shell function
+Any redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>) associated with the shell function
are performed when the function is executed.
</P><P>
A function definition may be deleted using the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>unset</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+<CODE>unset</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
</P><P>
The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
@@ -1578,7 +1673,7 @@ a <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>, or a newline.
When a function is executed, the arguments to the
function become the positional parameters
-during its execution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A>).
+during its execution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A>).
The special parameter <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> that expands to the number of
positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
Special parameter <CODE>0</CODE> is unchanged.
@@ -1597,10 +1692,16 @@ the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin,
(in which case all functions inherit the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> and <CODE>RETURN</CODE> traps),
and the <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not inherited unless the <CODE>-o errtrace</CODE>
shell option has been enabled.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>, for the description of the
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>, for the description of the
<CODE>trap</CODE> builtin.
</P><P>
+The <CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+</P><P>
+
If the builtin command <CODE>return</CODE>
is executed in a function, the function completes and
execution resumes with the next command after the function
@@ -1623,7 +1724,7 @@ the function and the commands it invokes.
Function names and definitions may be listed with the
<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> or <CODE>typeset</CODE>
-builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to <CODE>declare</CODE> or <CODE>typeset</CODE>
will list the function names only
(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <CODE>extdebug</CODE>
@@ -1631,38 +1732,40 @@ shell option is enabled).
Functions may be exported so that subshells
automatically have them defined with the
<SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>export</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result
in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
shell's children.
Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
</P><P>
-Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of
-recursive calls.
+Functions may be recursive.
+The <CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls.
</P><P>
<A NAME="Shell Parameters"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC25"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC26"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.4 Shell Parameters </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC25::-->
+<!--docid::SEC26::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The shell's command-line arguments.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Parameters denoted by special characters.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The shell's command-line arguments.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Parameters denoted by special characters.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -1672,7 +1775,7 @@ listed below.
A <VAR>variable</VAR> is a parameter denoted by a <CODE>name</CODE>.
A variable has a <VAR>value</VAR> and zero or more <VAR>attributes</VAR>.
Attributes are assigned using the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin command
-(see the description of the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+(see the description of the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
</P><P>
A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
@@ -1689,7 +1792,7 @@ command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
removal (detailed below). If the variable has its <CODE>integer</CODE>
attribute set, then <VAR>value</VAR>
is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the <CODE>$((<small>...</small>))</CODE>
-expansion is not used (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A>).
+expansion is not used (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A>).
Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
of <CODE>"$@"</CODE> as explained below.
Filename expansion is not performed.
@@ -1700,14 +1803,14 @@ and <CODE>local</CODE> builtin commands.
</P><P>
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
-to a shell variable or array index (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>), the <SAMP>`+='</SAMP>
+to a shell variable or array index (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>), the <SAMP>`+='</SAMP>
operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-When <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute
+When <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> is applied to a variable for which the <VAR>integer</VAR> attribute
has been set, <VAR>value</VAR> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
When <SAMP>`+='</SAMP> is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>), the
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>), the
variable's value is not unset (as it is when using <SAMP>`='</SAMP>), and new
values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value pairs
@@ -1718,20 +1821,20 @@ appended to the variable's value.
<A NAME="Positional Parameters"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC26"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC27"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.4.1 Positional Parameters </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC26::-->
+<!--docid::SEC27::-->
<P>
A <VAR>positional parameter</VAR> is a parameter denoted by one or more
@@ -1742,10 +1845,10 @@ Positional parameter <CODE>N</CODE> may be referenced as <CODE>${N}</CODE>, or
as <CODE>$N</CODE> when <CODE>N</CODE> consists of a single digit.
Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
The <CODE>set</CODE> and <CODE>shift</CODE> builtins are used to set and
-unset them (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>).
+unset them (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>).
The positional parameters are
temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
</P><P>
When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
@@ -1754,20 +1857,20 @@ digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
<A NAME="Special Parameters"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC27"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC28"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.4.2 Special Parameters </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC27::-->
+<!--docid::SEC28::-->
<P>
The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
@@ -1849,8 +1952,8 @@ Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed background
<DD><A NAME="IDX61"></A>
Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at
shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>$0</CODE> is set to the name of that file.
-If Bash is started with the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>),
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>$0</CODE> is set to the name of that file.
+If Bash is started with the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>),
then <CODE>$0</CODE> is set to the first argument after the string to be
executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set
to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
@@ -1873,20 +1976,20 @@ When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
<A NAME="Shell Expansions"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC28"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC29"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.5 Shell Expansions </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC28::-->
+<!--docid::SEC29::-->
<P>
Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
@@ -1903,17 +2006,17 @@ Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Expansion of expressions within braces.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Expansion of the ~ character.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands variables to their values.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Using the output of a command as an argument.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A way to write and read to and from a
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Expansion of expressions within braces.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Expansion of the ~ character.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands variables to their values.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Using the output of a command as an argument.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A way to write and read to and from a
command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the results of expansion are split into separate
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the results of expansion are split into separate
arguments.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How and when quote characters are removed from
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How and when quote characters are removed from
words.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -1935,35 +2038,35 @@ Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
expand a single word to a single word.
The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
-<CODE>"$@"</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>) and <CODE>"${<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}"</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>).
+<CODE>"$@"</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>) and <CODE>"${<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}"</CODE>
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
</P><P>
-After all expansions, <CODE>quote removal</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A>)
+After all expansions, <CODE>quote removal</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A>)
is performed.
</P><P>
<A NAME="Brace Expansion"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC29"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC30"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.1 Brace Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC29::-->
+<!--docid::SEC30::-->
<P>
Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
This mechanism is similar to
-<VAR>filename expansion</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>),
+<VAR>filename expansion</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>),
but the file names generated need not exist.
Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <VAR>preamble</VAR>,
followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a seqeunce expression
@@ -2029,20 +2132,20 @@ above example:
<A NAME="Tilde Expansion"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC30"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC31"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC30::-->
+<!--docid::SEC31::-->
<P>
If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (<SAMP>`~'</SAMP>), all of the
@@ -2070,7 +2173,7 @@ number <VAR>N</VAR>, optionally prefixed by a <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> or a <SAMP>`-'</S
the tilde-prefix is replaced with the
corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed
by the <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin invoked with the characters following tilde
-in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
+in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a
leading <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`+'</SAMP> is assumed.
</P><P>
@@ -2127,20 +2230,20 @@ The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
<A NAME="Shell Parameter Expansion"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC31"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC32"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC31::-->
+<!--docid::SEC32::-->
<P>
The <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> character introduces parameter expansion,
@@ -2173,7 +2276,7 @@ Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> itself.
This is known as <CODE>indirect expansion</CODE>.
-The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<VAR>prefix*</VAR>}
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<VAR>prefix</VAR><BR>}
and ${!<VAR>name</VAR>[@]}
described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
@@ -2231,13 +2334,17 @@ starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR>.
If <VAR>length</VAR> is omitted, expands to the substring of
<VAR>parameter</VAR> starting at the character specified by <VAR>offset</VAR>.
<VAR>length</VAR> and <VAR>offset</VAR> are arithmetic expressions
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
<P>
-<VAR>length</VAR> must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
If <VAR>offset</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
is used as an offset from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>.
+If <VAR>length</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, and <VAR>parameter</VAR>
+is not <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted
+as an offset from the end of the value of <VAR>parameter</VAR> rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the
+two offsets.
If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is <SAMP>`@'</SAMP>, the result is <VAR>length</VAR> positional
parameters beginning at <VAR>offset</VAR>.
If <VAR>parameter</VAR> is an indexed array name subscripted
@@ -2288,7 +2395,7 @@ the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
<DD><DT><CODE>${<VAR>parameter</VAR>##<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE>
<DD>The <VAR>word</VAR>
is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
-expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). If the pattern matches
+expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>). If the pattern matches
the beginning of the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>,
then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of <VAR>parameter</VAR>
with the shortest matching pattern (the <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> case) or the
@@ -2372,20 +2479,20 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
<A NAME="Command Substitution"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC32"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC33"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.4 Command Substitution </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC32::-->
+<!--docid::SEC33::-->
<P>
Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace
@@ -2424,20 +2531,20 @@ filename expansion are not performed on the results.
<A NAME="Arithmetic Expansion"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC33"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC34"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC33::-->
+<!--docid::SEC34::-->
<P>
Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
@@ -2455,27 +2562,27 @@ Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
</P><P>
The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
</P><P>
<A NAME="Process Substitution"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC34"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC35"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.6 Process Substitution </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC34::-->
+<!--docid::SEC35::-->
<P>
Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
@@ -2503,20 +2610,20 @@ expansion.
<A NAME="Word Splitting"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC35"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC36"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.7 Word Splitting </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC35::-->
+<!--docid::SEC36::-->
<P>
The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
@@ -2557,22 +2664,22 @@ is performed.
<A NAME="Filename Expansion"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC36"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC37"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.8 Filename Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC36::-->
+<!--docid::SEC37::-->
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell matches patterns.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How the shell matches patterns.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<A NAME="IDX64"></A>
<A NAME="IDX65"></A>
@@ -2581,7 +2688,7 @@ is performed.
<P>
After word splitting, unless the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> option has been set
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), Bash scans each word for the characters
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), Bash scans each word for the characters
<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`['</SAMP>.
If one of these characters appears, then the word is
regarded as a <VAR>pattern</VAR>,
@@ -2605,7 +2712,7 @@ matched explicitly.
In other cases, the <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> character is not treated specially.
</P><P>
-See the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>,
+See the description of <CODE>shopt</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>,
for a description of the <CODE>nocaseglob</CODE>, <CODE>nullglob</CODE>,
<CODE>failglob</CODE>, and <CODE>dotglob</CODE> options.
</P><P>
@@ -2630,20 +2737,20 @@ is unset.
<A NAME="Pattern Matching"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC37"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC38"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H4> 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC37::-->
+<!--docid::SEC38::-->
<P>
Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
@@ -2746,20 +2853,20 @@ sub-patterns:
<A NAME="Quote Removal"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC38"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC39"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.5.9 Quote Removal </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC38::-->
+<!--docid::SEC39::-->
<P>
After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
@@ -2769,20 +2876,20 @@ result from one of the above expansions are removed.
<A NAME="Redirections"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC39"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC40"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.6 Redirections </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC39::-->
+<!--docid::SEC40::-->
<P>
Before a command is executed, its input and output
@@ -2876,20 +2983,20 @@ internally.
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC40"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC41"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.1 Redirecting Input </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC40::-->
+<!--docid::SEC41::-->
Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
to be opened for reading on file descriptor <CODE>n</CODE>,
@@ -2902,20 +3009,20 @@ The general format for redirecting input is:
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC41"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC42"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.2 Redirecting Output </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC41::-->
+<!--docid::SEC42::-->
Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
to be opened for writing on file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>,
@@ -2938,20 +3045,20 @@ is attempted even if the file named by <VAR>word</VAR> exists.
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC42"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC43"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC42::-->
+<!--docid::SEC43::-->
Redirection of output in this fashion
causes the file whose name results from
the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
@@ -2965,20 +3072,20 @@ The general format for appending output is:
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC43"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC44"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC43::-->
+<!--docid::SEC44::-->
This construct allows both the
standard output (file descriptor 1) and
the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
@@ -2997,20 +3104,20 @@ This is semantically equivalent to
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC44"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC45"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC43"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC44::-->
+<!--docid::SEC45::-->
This construct allows both the
standard output (file descriptor 1) and
the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
@@ -3025,20 +3132,20 @@ The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC45"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC46"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC44"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.6 Here Documents </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC45::-->
+<!--docid::SEC46::-->
This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
current source until a line containing only <VAR>word</VAR>
(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of
@@ -3073,20 +3180,20 @@ natural fashion.
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC46"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC47"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC45"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.7 Here Strings </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC46::-->
+<!--docid::SEC47::-->
A variant of here documents, the format is:
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>&#60;&#60;&#60; <VAR>word</VAR>
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
@@ -3096,20 +3203,20 @@ input.
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC47"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC48"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC46"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC47::-->
+<!--docid::SEC48::-->
The redirection operator
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#60;&#38;<VAR>word</VAR>
</pre></td></tr></table>is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
@@ -3135,20 +3242,20 @@ error are redirected as described previously.
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC48"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC49"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC47"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC48::-->
+<!--docid::SEC49::-->
The redirection operator
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#60;&#38;<VAR>digit</VAR>-
</pre></td></tr></table>moves the file descriptor <VAR>digit</VAR> to file descriptor <VAR>n</VAR>,
@@ -3163,20 +3270,20 @@ or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <VAR>n</VAR> is not specified.
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC49"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC50"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC48"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC41"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC42"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC49::-->
+<!--docid::SEC50::-->
The redirection operator
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>[<VAR>n</VAR>]&#60;&#62;<VAR>word</VAR>
</pre></td></tr></table>causes the file whose name is the expansion of <VAR>word</VAR>
@@ -3187,53 +3294,53 @@ is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
<A NAME="Executing Commands"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC50"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC51"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC49"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.7 Executing Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC50::-->
+<!--docid::SEC51::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands simple commands before
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash expands simple commands before
executing them.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash finds commands and runs them.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The environment in which Bash
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash finds commands and runs them.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The environment in which Bash
executes commands that are not
shell builtins.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The environment given to a command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The status returned by commands and how Bash
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The environment given to a command.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The status returned by commands and how Bash
interprets it.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What happens when Bash or a command it runs
receives a signal.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Simple Command Expansion"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC51"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC52"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC51::-->
+<!--docid::SEC52::-->
<P>
When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
@@ -3249,14 +3356,14 @@ processing.
<LI>
The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
-expanded (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
+expanded (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
If any words remain after expansion, the first word
is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
the arguments.
<P>
<LI>
-Redirections are performed as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>).
+Redirections are performed as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -3287,20 +3394,20 @@ were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
<A NAME="Command Search and Execution"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC52"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC53"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.2 Command Search and Execution </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC52::-->
+<!--docid::SEC53::-->
<P>
After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
@@ -3312,7 +3419,7 @@ actions are taken.
<LI>
If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that
-function is invoked as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>.
+function is invoked as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>.
<P>
<LI>
@@ -3327,7 +3434,7 @@ and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of
<CODE>$PATH</CODE> for a directory containing an executable file
by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple <CODE>PATH</CODE> searches
-(see the description of <CODE>hash</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+(see the description of <CODE>hash</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
A full search of the directories in <CODE>$PATH</CODE>
is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
@@ -3351,7 +3458,7 @@ to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any.
If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
<VAR>shell script</VAR> and the shell executes it as described in
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>.
+<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>.
<P>
<LI>
@@ -3364,20 +3471,20 @@ the command to complete and collects its exit status.
<A NAME="Command Execution Environment"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC53"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC54"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC53::-->
+<!--docid::SEC54::-->
<P>
The shell has an <VAR>execution environment</VAR>, which consists of the
@@ -3420,11 +3527,11 @@ arguments) or by <CODE>set</CODE>
<P>
<LI>
-options enabled by <CODE>shopt</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
+options enabled by <CODE>shopt</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>)
<P>
<LI>
-shell aliases defined with <CODE>alias</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>)
+shell aliases defined with <CODE>alias</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>)
<P>
<LI>
@@ -3459,7 +3566,7 @@ the file creation mode mask
<LI>
shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
-exported for the command, passed in the environment (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A>)
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A>)
<P>
<LI>
@@ -3497,20 +3604,20 @@ shell as modified by redirections.
<A NAME="Environment"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC54"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC55"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.4 Environment </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC54::-->
+<!--docid::SEC55::-->
<P>
When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
@@ -3537,12 +3644,12 @@ commands, plus any additions via the <CODE>export</CODE> and
The environment for any simple command
or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
-parameter assignments, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>.
+parameter assignments, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>.
These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
by that command.
</P><P>
-If the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), then all
+If the <SAMP>`-k'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), then all
parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
not just those that precede the command name.
</P><P>
@@ -3554,20 +3661,20 @@ command in its environment.
<A NAME="Exit Status"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC55"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC56"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.5 Exit Status </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC55::-->
+<!--docid::SEC56::-->
<P>
The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
@@ -3611,20 +3718,20 @@ All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage.
<A NAME="Signals"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC56"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC57"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC50"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 3.7.6 Signals </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC56::-->
+<!--docid::SEC57::-->
<P>
When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
@@ -3633,7 +3740,7 @@ and <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>
is caught and handled (so that the <CODE>wait</CODE> builtin is interruptible).
When Bash receives a <CODE>SIGINT</CODE>, it breaks out of any executing loops.
In all cases, Bash ignores <CODE>SIGQUIT</CODE>.
-If job control is in effect (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>), Bash
+If job control is in effect (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>), Bash
ignores <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>.
</P><P>
@@ -3655,12 +3762,12 @@ the <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>.
To prevent the shell from sending the <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> signal to a
particular job, it should be removed
from the jobs table with the <CODE>disown</CODE>
-builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>) or marked
+builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>) or marked
to not receive <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> using <CODE>disown -h</CODE>.
</P><P>
If the <CODE>huponexit</CODE> shell option has been set with <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), Bash sends a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs when
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), Bash sends a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs when
an interactive login shell exits.
</P><P>
@@ -3676,26 +3783,26 @@ which the trap is executed.
<A NAME="Shell Scripts"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC57"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC58"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 3.8 Shell Scripts </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC57::-->
+<!--docid::SEC58::-->
<P>
A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such
a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash,
and neither the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> nor <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option is supplied
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>),
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>),
Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This
mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first
searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the
@@ -3723,7 +3830,7 @@ if <CODE>filename</CODE> is an executable shell script.
This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a
new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the
exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
-(see the description of <CODE>hash</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
+(see the description of <CODE>hash</CODE> in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
are retained by the child.
</P><P>
@@ -3752,29 +3859,29 @@ under another shell.
<A NAME="Shell Builtin Commands"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC58"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC59"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 4. Shell Builtin Commands </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC58::-->
+<!--docid::SEC59::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
Shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Table of builtins specific to Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtins to modify shell attributes and
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Table of builtins specific to Bash.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtins to modify shell attributes and
optional behavior.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.4 Special Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands classified specially by
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands classified specially by
POSIX.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -3794,10 +3901,10 @@ to or have been extended in Bash.
Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control
-facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>), the directory stack
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A>), the command history
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>), and the programmable completion
-facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>).
+facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>), the directory stack
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A>), the command history
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>), and the programmable completion
+facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>).
</P><P>
Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash.
@@ -3818,20 +3925,20 @@ require <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> to prevent this interpretation.
<A NAME="Bourne Shell Builtins"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC59"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC60"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC59::-->
+<!--docid::SEC60::-->
<P>
The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
@@ -3874,7 +3981,7 @@ The return status is zero unless <VAR>n</VAR> is not greater than or equal to 1.
<DT><CODE>cd</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX71"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>cd [-L|-P] [<VAR>directory</VAR>]
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [<VAR>directory</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table>Change the current working directory to <VAR>directory</VAR>.
If <VAR>directory</VAR> is not given, the value of the <CODE>HOME</CODE> shell
variable is used.
@@ -3884,6 +3991,10 @@ If <VAR>directory</VAR> begins with a slash, <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is not used.
The <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic
links are followed by default or with the <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> option.
+If the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option is supplied with <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP>
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, <CODE>cd</CODE> will return an unsuccessful
+status.
If <VAR>directory</VAR> is <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, it is equivalent to <CODE>$OLDPWD</CODE>.
</P><P>
@@ -3988,7 +4099,7 @@ invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, <CODE>getopts</CODE> exits with a
return value greater than zero.
<CODE>OPTIND</CODE> is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
-and <CODE>name</CODE> is set to <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>.
+and <VAR>name</VAR> is set to <SAMP>`?'</SAMP>.
</P><P>
<CODE>getopts</CODE>
@@ -4023,10 +4134,12 @@ If <CODE>getopts</CODE> is silent, then a colon (<SAMP>`:'</SAMP>) is placed in
<DT><CODE>hash</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX78"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>hash [-r] [-p <VAR>filename</VAR>] [-dt] [<VAR>name</VAR>]
-</pre></td></tr></table>Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as <VAR>name</VAR> arguments,
+</pre></td></tr></table>Each time <CODE>hash</CODE> is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+commands specified as <VAR>name</VAR> arguments,
so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
<CODE>$PATH</CODE>.
+Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
The <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option inhibits the path search, and <VAR>filename</VAR> is
used as the location of <VAR>name</VAR>.
The <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
@@ -4117,7 +4230,7 @@ less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
Evaluate a conditional expression <VAR>expr</VAR>.
Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>.
+<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>.
<CODE>test</CODE> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
an argument of <SAMP>`--'</SAMP> as signifying the end of options.
<P>
@@ -4129,6 +4242,7 @@ be a <CODE>]</CODE>.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
decreasing order of precedence.
The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
</P><P>
<DL COMPACT>
@@ -4167,15 +4281,16 @@ expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
<DD>If the first argument is <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>, the expression is true if and
only if the second argument is null.
If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>), the expression
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>), the expression
is true if the unary test is true.
If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
false.
<P>
<DT>3 arguments
-<DD>If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
-operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>), the
+<DD>The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>), the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
first and third arguments as operands.
The <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> operators are considered binary operators
@@ -4201,6 +4316,10 @@ using the rules listed above.
</DL>
<P>
+When used with <CODE>test</CODE> or <SAMP>`['</SAMP>, the <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP>
+operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+</P><P>
+
<DT><CODE>times</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX85"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>times
@@ -4237,7 +4356,7 @@ before every simple command, <CODE>for</CODE> command, <CODE>case</CODE> command
<CODE>select</CODE> command, every arithmetic <CODE>for</CODE> command, and before
the first command executes in a shell function.
Refer to the description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the
-<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) for details of its
+<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>) for details of its
effect on the <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap.
If a <VAR>sigspec</VAR> is <CODE>RETURN</CODE>, the command <VAR>arg</VAR> is executed
each time a shell function or a script executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or
@@ -4301,20 +4420,20 @@ The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is readonly.
<A NAME="Bash Builtins"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC60"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC61"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC60::-->
+<!--docid::SEC61::-->
<P>
This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
@@ -4335,7 +4454,7 @@ them to be reused as input.
If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each <VAR>name</VAR>
whose <VAR>value</VAR> is given. If no <VAR>value</VAR> is given, the name
and value of the alias is printed.
-Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>.
+Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>.
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>bind</CODE>
@@ -4348,12 +4467,12 @@ bind [-m <VAR>keymap</VAR>] <VAR>keyseq:function-name</VAR>
bind <VAR>readline-command</VAR>
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
-Display current Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>)
+Display current Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>)
key and function bindings,
bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro,
or set a Readline variable.
Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
-Readline initialization file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A>),
+Readline initialization file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A>),
but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g.,
<SAMP>`"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'</SAMP>.
</P><P>
@@ -4526,20 +4645,27 @@ option will restrict the display to shell functions.
The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option inhibits the display of function definitions;
only the function name and attributes are printed.
If the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> shell option is enabled using <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), the source file name and line number where
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), the source file name and line number where
the function is defined are displayed as well.
<SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> implies <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>.
+</P><P>
+
+The <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> option forces variables to be created or modified at
+the global scope, even when \fBdeclare\fP is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
+</P><P>
+
The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
</P><P>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>-a</CODE>
-<DD>Each <VAR>name</VAR> is an indexed array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>).
+<DD>Each <VAR>name</VAR> is an indexed array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>-A</CODE>
-<DD>Each <VAR>name</VAR> is an associative array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>).
+<DD>Each <VAR>name</VAR> is an associative array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>-f</CODE>
@@ -4548,7 +4674,7 @@ the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
<DT><CODE>-i</CODE>
<DD>The variable is to be treated as
-an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>) is
+an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>) is
performed when the variable is assigned a value.
<P>
@@ -4587,15 +4713,16 @@ with the exceptions that <SAMP>`+a'</SAMP>
may not be used to destroy an array variable and <SAMP>`+r'</SAMP> will not
remove the readonly attribute.
When used in a function, <CODE>declare</CODE> makes each <VAR>name</VAR> local,
-as with the <CODE>local</CODE> command. If a variable name is followed by
-=<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of the variable is set to <VAR>value</VAR>.
+as with the <CODE>local</CODE> command, unless the <SAMP>`-g'</SAMP> option is used.
+If a variable name is followed by =<VAR>value</VAR>, the value of the variable
+is set to <VAR>value</VAR>.
</P><P>
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
an attempt is made to define a function using <SAMP>`-f foo=bar'</SAMP>,
an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
-using the compound assignment syntax (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>),
+using the compound assignment syntax (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>),
one of the <VAR>names</VAR> is not a valid shell variable name,
an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
@@ -4628,6 +4755,7 @@ escape characters by default.
<DT><CODE>\c</CODE>
<DD>suppress further output
<DT><CODE>\e</CODE>
+<DD><DT><CODE>\E</CODE>
<DD>escape
<DT><CODE>\f</CODE>
<DD>form feed
@@ -4647,6 +4775,12 @@ escape characters by default.
<DT><CODE>\x<VAR>HH</VAR></CODE>
<DD>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <VAR>HH</VAR>
(one or two hex digits)
+<DT><CODE>\u<VAR>HHHH</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<VAR>HHHH</VAR> (one to four hex digits)
+<DT><CODE>\U<VAR>HHHHHHHH</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<VAR>HHHHHHHH</VAR> (one to eight hex digits)
</DL>
<P>
@@ -4678,7 +4812,7 @@ The <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option will delete a builtin loaded with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>
If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
The <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option restricts <CODE>enable</CODE> to the POSIX special
builtins. If <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is used with <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP>, the new builtin becomes
-a special builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.4 Special Builtins</A>).
+a special builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A>).
</P><P>
The return status is zero unless a <VAR>name</VAR> is not a shell builtin
@@ -4715,7 +4849,7 @@ The return status is zero unless no command matches <VAR>pattern</VAR>.
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>let <VAR>expression</VAR> [<VAR>expression</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table>The <CODE>let</CODE> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
variables. Each <VAR>expression</VAR> is evaluated according to the
-rules given below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>. If the
+rules given below in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>. If the
last <VAR>expression</VAR> evaluates to 0, <CODE>let</CODE> returns 1;
otherwise 0 is returned.
<P>
@@ -4773,7 +4907,8 @@ The <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option specifies <VAR>quantum</VAR>.
If <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> is specified without <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP>,
the default quantum is 5000.
When <VAR>callback</VAR> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
-array element to be assigned as an additional argument.
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
<VAR>callback</VAR> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
</P><P>
@@ -4792,23 +4927,42 @@ is not an indexed array.
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>printf [-v <VAR>var</VAR>] <VAR>format</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table>Write the formatted <VAR>arguments</VAR> to the standard output under the
control of the <VAR>format</VAR>.
+The <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+<VAR>var</VAR> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+<P>
+
The <VAR>format</VAR> is a character string which contains three types of objects:
plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
<VAR>argument</VAR>.
-In addition to the standard <CODE>printf(1)</CODE> formats, <SAMP>`%b'</SAMP> causes
-<CODE>printf</CODE> to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
-<VAR>argument</VAR>,
+In addition to the standard <CODE>printf(1)</CODE> formats, <CODE>printf</CODE>
+interprets the following extensions:
+</P><P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><CODE>%b</CODE>
+<DD>causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR>,
(except that <SAMP>`\c'</SAMP> terminates output, backslashes in
<SAMP>`\''</SAMP>, <SAMP>`\"'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`\?'</SAMP> are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with <SAMP>`\0'</SAMP> may contain up to four digits),
-and <SAMP>`%q'</SAMP> causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the
+beginning with <SAMP>`\0'</SAMP> may contain up to four digits).
+<DT><CODE>%q</CODE>
+<DD>causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the
corresponding <VAR>argument</VAR> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+<DT><CODE>%(<VAR>datefmt</VAR>)T</CODE>
+<DD>causes <CODE>printf</CODE> to output the date-time string resulting from using
+<VAR>datefmt</VAR> as a format string for <CODE>strftime</CODE>(3). The corresponding
+<VAR>argument</VAR> is an integer representing the number of seconds since the
+epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
+time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+</DL>
<P>
-The <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
-<VAR>var</VAR> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
</P><P>
The <VAR>format</VAR> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <VAR>arguments</VAR>.
@@ -4856,7 +5010,7 @@ rather than newline.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-e</CODE>
-<DD>Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>) is used to obtain the line.
+<DD>Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>) is used to obtain the line.
Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
active) editing settings.
<P>
@@ -4934,7 +5088,7 @@ A synonym for <CODE>mapfile</CODE>.
<DT><CODE>source</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX105"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>source <VAR>filename</VAR>
-</pre></td></tr></table>A synonym for <CODE>.</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+</pre></td></tr></table>A synonym for <CODE>.</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>type</CODE>
@@ -5069,7 +5223,8 @@ allow this value to be set).
<P>
<DT><CODE>-v</CODE>
-<DD>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process.
+<DD>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
+some systems, to its children.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-x</CODE>
@@ -5110,7 +5265,7 @@ or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
Remove each <VAR>name</VAR> from the list of aliases. If <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> is
supplied, all aliases are removed.
-Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>.
+Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>.
</P><P>
</DL>
@@ -5118,44 +5273,44 @@ Aliases are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>.
<A NAME="Modifying Shell Behavior"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC61"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC62"></A>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC61::-->
+<!--docid::SEC62::-->
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Change the values of shell attributes and
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Change the values of shell attributes and
positional parameters.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modify shell optional behavior.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modify shell optional behavior.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="The Set Builtin"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC62"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC63"></A>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 4.3.1 The Set Builtin </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC62::-->
+<!--docid::SEC63::-->
<P>
This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. <CODE>set</CODE>
@@ -5166,8 +5321,8 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>set</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX110"></A>
-<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
-set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
+<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <VAR>option-name</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
+set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <VAR>option-name</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
If no options or arguments are supplied, <CODE>set</CODE> displays the names
@@ -5211,7 +5366,7 @@ A trap on <CODE>ERR</CODE>, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
<P>
This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
-separately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>), and may cause
+separately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>), and may cause
subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
</P><P>
@@ -5231,7 +5386,7 @@ the command name.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-m</CODE>
-<DD>Job control is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>).
+<DD>Job control is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>-n</CODE>
@@ -5256,7 +5411,7 @@ Set the option corresponding to <VAR>option-name</VAR>:
<P>
<DT><CODE>emacs</CODE>
-<DD>Use an <CODE>emacs</CODE>-style line editing interface (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>).
+<DD>Use an <CODE>emacs</CODE>-style line editing interface (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>).
This also affects the editing interface used for <CODE>read -e</CODE>.
<P>
@@ -5281,7 +5436,7 @@ This also affects the editing interface used for <CODE>read -e</CODE>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>history</CODE>
-<DD>Enable command history, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>.
+<DD>Enable command history, as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>.
This option is on by default in interactive shells.
<P>
@@ -5339,7 +5494,7 @@ This option is disabled by default.
<DT><CODE>posix</CODE>
<DD>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
from the POSIX standard to match the standard
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
standard.
<P>
@@ -5402,7 +5557,7 @@ the command and its expanded arguments.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-B</CODE>
-<DD>The shell will perform brace expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>).
+<DD>The shell will perform brace expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>).
This option is on by default.
<P>
@@ -5418,7 +5573,7 @@ The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-H</CODE>
-<DD>Enable <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> style history substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
+<DD>Enable <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> style history substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
This option is on by default for interactive shells.
<P>
@@ -5483,20 +5638,20 @@ The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.
<A NAME="The Shopt Builtin"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC63"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC64"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC63::-->
+<!--docid::SEC64::-->
<P>
This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
@@ -5535,7 +5690,7 @@ non-zero otherwise.
<DT><CODE>-o</CODE>
<DD>Restricts the values of
<VAR>optname</VAR> to be those defined for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+<CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
</DL>
<P>
@@ -5589,7 +5744,7 @@ longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
<DD>If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes
the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
-intervening command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>).
+intervening command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>).
The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
<P>
@@ -5609,7 +5764,32 @@ easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
<DT><CODE>compat31</CODE>
<DD>If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
-arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator.
+arguments to the conditional command's <SAMP>`=~'</SAMP> operator.
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>compat32</CODE>
+<DD>If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>
+conditional command's <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.0 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
+bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>compat40</CODE>
+<DD>If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>
+conditional command's <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>compat41</CODE>
+<DD>If set, Bash, when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted. This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1.
+The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
<P>
<DT><CODE>dirspell</CODE>
@@ -5632,7 +5812,7 @@ fails.
<DT><CODE>expand_aliases</CODE>
<DD>If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>.
+<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>.
This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
<P>
@@ -5642,7 +5822,7 @@ This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
<OL>
<LI>
-The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
+The <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>declare</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function
name supplied as an argument.
<P>
@@ -5661,7 +5841,7 @@ executed by the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins), a call to
<LI>
<CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> and <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> are updated as described in their
-descriptions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
+descriptions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -5673,13 +5853,13 @@ subshells invoked with <CODE>( <VAR>command</VAR> )</CODE> inherit the
<LI>
Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with <CODE>( <VAR>command</VAR> )</CODE> inherit the
-<CODE>ERROR</CODE> trap.
+<CODE>ERR</CODE> trap.
</OL>
<P>
<DT><CODE>extglob</CODE>
<DD>If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>) are enabled.
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>) are enabled.
<P>
<DT><CODE>extquote</CODE>
@@ -5697,7 +5877,7 @@ result in an expansion error.
<DD>If set, the suffixes specified by the <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> shell variable
cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
the ignored words are the only possible completions.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>.
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>.
This option is enabled by default.
<P>
@@ -5735,13 +5915,13 @@ the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
<DT><CODE>hostcomplete</CODE>
<DD>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
hostname completion when a word containing a <SAMP>`@'</SAMP> is being
-completed (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>). This option is enabled
+completed (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>). This option is enabled
by default.
<P>
<DT><CODE>huponexit</CODE>
<DD>If set, Bash will send <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs when an interactive
-login shell exits (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
+login shell exits (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>interactive_comments</CODE>
@@ -5751,6 +5931,11 @@ line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
This option is enabled by default.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>lastpipe</CODE>
+<DD>If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>lithist</CODE>
<DD>If enabled, and the <CODE>cmdhist</CODE>
option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
@@ -5759,7 +5944,7 @@ embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
<DT><CODE>login_shell</CODE>
<DD>The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
The value may not be changed.
<P>
@@ -5793,7 +5978,7 @@ files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
<DT><CODE>progcomp</CODE>
<DD>If set, the programmable completion facilities
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>) are enabled.
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>) are enabled.
This option is enabled by default.
<P>
@@ -5801,13 +5986,13 @@ This option is enabled by default.
<DD>If set, prompt strings undergo
parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, and quote removal after being expanded
-as described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
+as described below (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
This option is enabled by default.
<P>
<DT><CODE>restricted_shell</CODE>
<DD>The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
The value may not be changed.
This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
@@ -5844,20 +6029,20 @@ When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an
<A NAME="Special Builtins"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC64"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC65"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 4.4 Special Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC64::-->
+<!--docid::SEC65::-->
<P>
For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified
@@ -5883,7 +6068,7 @@ environment after the command completes.
When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no
differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.
-The Bash POSIX mode is described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>.
+The Bash POSIX mode is described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>.
</P><P>
These are the POSIX special builtins:
@@ -5893,26 +6078,26 @@ shift trap unset
<A NAME="Shell Variables"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC65"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC66"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 5. Shell Variables </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC65::-->
+<!--docid::SEC66::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables which Bash uses in the same way
as the Bourne Shell.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">List of variables that exist in Bash.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">List of variables that exist in Bash.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -5922,20 +6107,20 @@ Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
<A NAME="Bourne Shell Variables"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC66"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC67"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 5.1 Bourne Shell Variables </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC66::-->
+<!--docid::SEC67::-->
<P>
Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
@@ -5957,7 +6142,7 @@ the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin command.
The current user's home directory; the default for the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin
command.
The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX116"></A>
@@ -5970,9 +6155,10 @@ words as part of expansion.
<A NAME="IDX118"></A>
<DT><CODE>MAIL</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX119"></A>
-If this parameter is set to a filename and the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> variable
+If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
+and the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> variable
is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
-the specified file.
+the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX120"></A>
@@ -6014,7 +6200,7 @@ or trailing colon.
<DT><CODE>PS1</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX129"></A>
The primary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`\s-\v\$ '</SAMP>.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for the complete list of escape
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for the complete list of escape
sequences that are expanded before <CODE>PS1</CODE> is displayed.
<P>
@@ -6029,20 +6215,20 @@ The secondary prompt string. The default value is <SAMP>`&#62; '</SAMP>.
<A NAME="Bash Variables"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC67"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC68"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
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</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 5.2 Bash Variables </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC67::-->
+<!--docid::SEC68::-->
<P>
These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
@@ -6051,7 +6237,7 @@ do not normally treat them specially.
A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
variables for controlling the job control facilities
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A>).
</P><P>
<DL COMPACT>
@@ -6067,7 +6253,7 @@ The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
<DD><A NAME="IDX135"></A>
A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
the list is a valid argument for the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
+<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
The options appearing in <CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE> are those reported
as <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by <SAMP>`shopt'</SAMP>.
If this variable is in the environment when Bash
@@ -6078,7 +6264,7 @@ reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
<A NAME="IDX136"></A>
<DT><CODE>BASHPID</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX137"></A>
-Expands to the process id of the current Bash process.
+Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
This differs from <CODE>$$</CODE> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
<P>
@@ -6087,8 +6273,8 @@ that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
<DT><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX139"></A>
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-list of aliases as maintained by the <CODE>alias</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+list of aliases as maintained by the <CODE>alias</CODE> builtin.
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
<P>
@@ -6103,7 +6289,7 @@ with <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE>) is at the top of the stack. When a
subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
<CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE>.
The shell sets <CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE> only when in extended debugging mode
-(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
+(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
builtin).
<P>
@@ -6117,7 +6303,7 @@ is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
are pushed onto <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE>.
The shell sets <CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE> only when in extended debugging mode
-(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
+(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
builtin).
<P>
@@ -6127,7 +6313,7 @@ builtin).
<DD><A NAME="IDX145"></A>
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
hash table of commands as maintained by the <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; unsetting array
elements cause commands to be removed from the hash table.
<P>
@@ -6145,7 +6331,7 @@ in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
<DD><A NAME="IDX149"></A>
If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
-to read before executing the script. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>.
+to read before executing the script. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>.
<P>
<A NAME="IDX150"></A>
@@ -6158,11 +6344,11 @@ The command argument to the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> invocation option.
<DT><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX153"></A>
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
-corresponding to each member of <VAR>FUNCNAME</VAR>.
-<CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</CODE> is the line number in the source file where
+where each corresponding member of <VAR>FUNCNAME</VAR> was invoked.
+<CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</CODE> is the line number in the source file
+(<CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</CODE>) where
<CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> was called (or <CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}</CODE> if
-referenced within another shell function).
-The corresponding source file name is <CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</CODE>.
+referenced within another shell function).
Use <CODE>LINENO</CODE> to obtain the current line number.
<P>
@@ -6182,8 +6368,11 @@ This variable is read-only.
<A NAME="IDX156"></A>
<DT><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX157"></A>
-An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding
-to the elements in the <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> array variable.
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+corresponding shell function names in the <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> array
+variable are defined.
+The shell function <CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> is defined in the file
+<CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</CODE> and called from <CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</CODE>
<P>
<A NAME="IDX158"></A>
@@ -6196,7 +6385,7 @@ The initial value is 0.
<A NAME="IDX160"></A>
<DT><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX161"></A>
-A readonly array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>)
+A readonly array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>)
whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash.
The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
<P>
@@ -6256,7 +6445,7 @@ being closed.
<A NAME="IDX166"></A>
<DT><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX167"></A>
-Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> builtin command to determine the terminal width
+Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> command to determine the terminal width
when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
<CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>.
<P>
@@ -6267,7 +6456,7 @@ when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
An index into <CODE>${COMP_WORDS}</CODE> of the word containing the current
cursor position.
This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX170"></A>
@@ -6276,7 +6465,7 @@ programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.
The current command line.
This variable is available only in shell functions and external
commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX172"></A>
@@ -6288,7 +6477,7 @@ If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
the value of this variable is equal to <CODE>${#COMP_LINE}</CODE>.
This variable is available only in shell functions and external
commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX174"></A>
@@ -6304,7 +6493,7 @@ or
<SAMP>`%'</SAMP>, for menu completion.
This variable is available only in shell functions and external
commands invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX176"></A>
@@ -6331,7 +6520,7 @@ words in the current command line.
The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using
<CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE> as described above.
This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
-programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX182"></A>
@@ -6339,12 +6528,19 @@ programmable completion facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.
<DD><A NAME="IDX183"></A>
An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
-facility (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+facility (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
<P>
<A NAME="IDX184"></A>
-<DT><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE>
+<DT><CODE>COPROC</CODE>
<DD><A NAME="IDX185"></A>
+An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A>).
+<P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX186"></A>
+<DT><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX187"></A>
An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
<CODE>dirs</CODE> builtin.
@@ -6356,31 +6552,38 @@ If <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX186"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX188"></A>
<DT><CODE>EMACS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX187"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX189"></A>
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
starts with value <SAMP>`t'</SAMP>, it assumes that the shell is running in an
-emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX188"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX190"></A>
+<DT><CODE>ENV</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX191"></A>
+Similar to <CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE>; used when the shell is invoked in
+POSIX Mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
+<P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX192"></A>
<DT><CODE>EUID</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX189"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX193"></A>
The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
is readonly.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX190"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX194"></A>
<DT><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX191"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX195"></A>
The editor used as a default by the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>fc</CODE>
builtin command.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX192"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX196"></A>
<DT><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX193"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX197"></A>
A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
filename completion.
A file name whose suffix matches one of the entries in
@@ -6389,23 +6592,41 @@ is excluded from the list of matched file names. A sample
value is <SAMP>`.o:~'</SAMP>
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX194"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX198"></A>
<DT><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX195"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX199"></A>
An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack.
The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
shell function.
-The bottom-most element is <CODE>"main"</CODE>.
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
+is <CODE>"main"</CODE>.
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
Assignments to <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> have no effect and return an error status.
If <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX196"></A>
+This variable can be used with <CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE> and <CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE>.
+Each element of <CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE> has corresponding elements in
+<CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE> and <CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE> to describe the call stack.
+For instance, <CODE>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</CODE> was called from the file
+<CODE>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</CODE> at line number <CODE>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</CODE>.
+The <CODE>caller</CODE> builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
+</P><P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX200"></A>
+<DT><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX201"></A>
+If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
+<P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX202"></A>
<DT><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX197"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX203"></A>
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
be ignored by filename expansion.
If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
@@ -6413,9 +6634,9 @@ of the patterns in <CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE>, it is removed from the list
of matches.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX198"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX204"></A>
<DT><CODE>GROUPS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX199"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX205"></A>
An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
user is a member.
Assignments to <CODE>GROUPS</CODE> have no effect and return an error status.
@@ -6423,11 +6644,11 @@ If <CODE>GROUPS</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
subsequently reset.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX200"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX206"></A>
<DT><CODE>histchars</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX201"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX207"></A>
Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
-substitution, and tokenization (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
+substitution, and tokenization (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
The first character is the
<VAR>history expansion</VAR> character, that is, the character which signifies the
start of a history expansion, normally <SAMP>`!'</SAMP>. The second character is the
@@ -6440,17 +6661,17 @@ remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell
parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX202"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX208"></A>
<DT><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX203"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX209"></A>
The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
command. If <CODE>HISTCMD</CODE> is unset, it loses its special properties,
even if it is subsequently reset.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX204"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX210"></A>
<DT><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX205"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX211"></A>
A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
the history list.
If the list of values includes <SAMP>`ignorespace'</SAMP>, lines which begin
@@ -6471,16 +6692,16 @@ not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
<CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX206"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX212"></A>
<DT><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX207"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX213"></A>
The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
default value is <TT>`~/.bash_history'</TT>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX208"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX214"></A>
<DT><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX209"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX215"></A>
The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this
variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if
necessary, by removing the oldest entries,
@@ -6490,9 +6711,9 @@ writing it when an interactive shell exits.
The default value is 500.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX210"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX216"></A>
<DT><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX211"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX217"></A>
A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
@@ -6514,16 +6735,16 @@ Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
provides the functionality of <CODE>ignoreboth</CODE>.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX212"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX218"></A>
<DT><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX213"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX219"></A>
The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
The default value is 500.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX214"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX220"></A>
<DT><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX215"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX221"></A>
If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
for <VAR>strftime</VAR> to print the time stamp associated with each history
entry displayed by the <CODE>history</CODE> builtin.
@@ -6533,9 +6754,9 @@ This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
other history lines.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX216"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX222"></A>
<DT><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX217"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX223"></A>
Contains the name of a file in the same format as <TT>`/etc/hosts'</TT> that
should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
@@ -6549,21 +6770,21 @@ Bash attempts to read
When <CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX218"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX224"></A>
<DT><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX219"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX225"></A>
The name of the current host.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX220"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX226"></A>
<DT><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX221"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX227"></A>
A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX222"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX228"></A>
<DT><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX223"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX229"></A>
Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <CODE>EOF</CODE> character
as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number
of consecutive <CODE>EOF</CODE> characters that can be read as the
@@ -6574,82 +6795,82 @@ If the variable does not exist, then <CODE>EOF</CODE> signifies the end of
input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX224"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX230"></A>
<DT><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX225"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX231"></A>
The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
of <TT>`~/.inputrc'</TT>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX226"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX232"></A>
<DT><CODE>LANG</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX227"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX233"></A>
Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
selected with a variable starting with <CODE>LC_</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX228"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX234"></A>
<DT><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX229"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX235"></A>
This variable overrides the value of <CODE>LANG</CODE> and any other
<CODE>LC_</CODE> variable specifying a locale category.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX230"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX236"></A>
<DT><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX231"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX237"></A>
This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
results of filename expansion, and
determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes,
and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX232"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX238"></A>
<DT><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX233"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX239"></A>
This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
-matching (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
+matching (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX234"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX240"></A>
<DT><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX235"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX241"></A>
This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
strings preceded by a <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX236"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX242"></A>
<DT><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX237"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX243"></A>
This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX238"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX244"></A>
<DT><CODE>LINENO</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX239"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX245"></A>
The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX240"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX246"></A>
<DT><CODE>LINES</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX241"></A>
-Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> builtin command to determine the column length
+<DD><A NAME="IDX247"></A>
+Used by the <CODE>select</CODE> command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
<CODE>SIGWINCH</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX242"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX248"></A>
<DT><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX243"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX249"></A>
A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
is executing, in the standard GNU <VAR>cpu-company-system</VAR> format.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX244"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX250"></A>
<DT><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX245"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX251"></A>
How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
files specified in the <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE> or <CODE>MAIL</CODE> variables.
The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check
@@ -6658,39 +6879,46 @@ If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX246"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX252"></A>
+<DT><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX253"></A>
+An array variable created to hold the text read by the
+<CODE>mapfile</CODE> builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+<P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX254"></A>
<DT><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX247"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX255"></A>
The previous working directory as set by the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX248"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX256"></A>
<DT><CODE>OPTERR</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX249"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX257"></A>
If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
generated by the <CODE>getopts</CODE> builtin command.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX250"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX258"></A>
<DT><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX251"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX259"></A>
A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX252"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX260"></A>
<DT><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX253"></A>
-An array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>)
+<DD><A NAME="IDX261"></A>
+An array variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>)
containing a list of exit status values from the processes
in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
contain only a single command).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX254"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX262"></A>
<DT><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX255"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX263"></A>
If this variable is in the environment when <CODE>bash</CODE> starts, the shell
-enters POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>) before reading the
+enters POSIX mode (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>) before reading the
startup files, as if the <SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> invocation option had been supplied.
If it is set while the shell is running, <CODE>bash</CODE> enables POSIX mode,
as if the command
@@ -6698,70 +6926,84 @@ as if the command
</pre></td></tr></table>had been executed.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX256"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX264"></A>
<DT><CODE>PPID</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX257"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX265"></A>
The process ID of the shell's parent process. This variable
is readonly.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX258"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX266"></A>
<DT><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX259"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX267"></A>
If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute
before the printing of each primary prompt (<CODE>$PS1</CODE>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX260"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX268"></A>
<DT><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX261"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX269"></A>
If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <CODE>\w</CODE> and
-<CODE>\W</CODE> prompt string escapes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
+<CODE>\W</CODE> prompt string escapes (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX262"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX270"></A>
<DT><CODE>PS3</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX263"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX271"></A>
The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
<CODE>select</CODE> command. If this variable is not set, the
<CODE>select</CODE> command prompts with <SAMP>`#? '</SAMP>
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX264"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX272"></A>
<DT><CODE>PS4</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX265"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX273"></A>
The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed
-when the <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+when the <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
The first character of <CODE>PS4</CODE> is replicated multiple times, as
necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.
The default is <SAMP>`+ '</SAMP>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX266"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX274"></A>
<DT><CODE>PWD</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX267"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX275"></A>
The current working directory as set by the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX268"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX276"></A>
<DT><CODE>RANDOM</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX269"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX277"></A>
Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this
variable seeds the random number generator.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX270"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX278"></A>
+<DT><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX279"></A>
+The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
+with <SAMP>`bind -x'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+<P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX280"></A>
+<DT><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX281"></A>
+The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
+with <SAMP>`bind -x'</SAMP> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+<P>
+
+<A NAME="IDX282"></A>
<DT><CODE>REPLY</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX271"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX283"></A>
The default variable for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX272"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX284"></A>
<DT><CODE>SECONDS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX273"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX285"></A>
This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets
the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value
@@ -6769,20 +7011,20 @@ becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds
since the assignment.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX274"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX286"></A>
<DT><CODE>SHELL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX275"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX287"></A>
The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
If it is not set when the shell starts,
Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX276"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX288"></A>
<DT><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX277"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX289"></A>
A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
the list is a valid argument for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>set</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+<CODE>set</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
The options appearing in <CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE> are those reported
as <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by <SAMP>`set -o'</SAMP>.
If this variable is in the environment when Bash
@@ -6790,16 +7032,16 @@ starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX278"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX290"></A>
<DT><CODE>SHLVL</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX279"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX291"></A>
Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is
intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX280"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX292"></A>
<DT><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX281"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX293"></A>
The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the <CODE>time</CODE>
reserved word should be displayed.
@@ -6852,11 +7094,11 @@ If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX282"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX294"></A>
<DT><CODE>TMOUT</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX283"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX295"></A>
If set to a value greater than zero, <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> is treated as the
-default timeout for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+default timeout for the <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
The <CODE>select</CODE> command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>) terminates
if input does not arrive after <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> seconds when input is coming
from a terminal.
@@ -6869,16 +7111,16 @@ Bash terminates after that number of seconds if input does
not arrive.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX284"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX296"></A>
<DT><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX285"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX297"></A>
If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX286"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX298"></A>
<DT><CODE>UID</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX287"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX299"></A>
The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly.
<P>
@@ -6887,59 +7129,59 @@ The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly.
<A NAME="Bash Features"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC68"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC69"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 6. Bash Features </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC68::-->
+<!--docid::SEC69::-->
<P>
This section describes features unique to Bash.
</P><P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command line options that you can give
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Command line options that you can give
to Bash.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">When and how Bash executes scripts.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What an interactive shell is.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Primitives used in composing expressions for
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">When and how Bash executes scripts.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What an interactive shell is.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Primitives used in composing expressions for
the <CODE>test</CODE> builtin.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Arithmetic on shell variables.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Substituting one command for another.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Array Variables.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">History of visited directories.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Controlling the PS1 string.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A more controlled mode of shell execution.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Making Bash behave more closely to what
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Arithmetic on shell variables.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Substituting one command for another.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Array Variables.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">History of visited directories.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Controlling the PS1 string.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A more controlled mode of shell execution.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Making Bash behave more closely to what
the POSIX standard specifies.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Invoking Bash"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC69"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC70"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.1 Invoking Bash </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC69::-->
+<!--docid::SEC70::-->
<P>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
@@ -6947,8 +7189,9 @@ bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_opt
bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-O <VAR>shopt_option</VAR>] [<VAR>argument</VAR> <small>...</small>]
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-In addition to the single-character shell command-line options
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), there are several multi-character
+All of the single-character options used with the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, there are several multi-character
options that you can use. These options must appear on the command
line before the single-character options to be recognized.
</P><P>
@@ -6956,11 +7199,9 @@ line before the single-character options to be recognized.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>--debugger</CODE>
<DD>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
-starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
+starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
for a description of the <CODE>extdebug</CODE> option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-builtin) and shell function tracing
-(see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A> for a description of the <CODE>-o functrace</CODE>
-option).
+builtin).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--dump-po-strings</CODE>
@@ -6989,7 +7230,7 @@ in an interactive shell.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--noediting</CODE>
-<DD>Do not use the GNU Readline library (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>)
+<DD>Do not use the GNU Readline library (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>)
to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
<P>
@@ -7010,12 +7251,12 @@ invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>.
<DD>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
from the POSIX standard to match the standard. This
is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
-standard. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>, for a description of the Bash
+standard. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>, for a description of the Bash
POSIX mode.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--restricted</CODE>
-<DD>Make the shell a restricted shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
+<DD>Make the shell a restricted shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--verbose</CODE>
@@ -7043,7 +7284,7 @@ positional parameters, starting with <CODE>$0</CODE>.
<DT><CODE>-i</CODE>
<DD>Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
-described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>.
+described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-l</CODE>
@@ -7054,12 +7295,12 @@ When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will
be executed.
<SAMP>`exec bash -l'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`exec bash --login'</SAMP>
will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>, for a description of the special behavior
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>, for a description of the special behavior
of a login shell.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-r</CODE>
-<DD>Make the shell a restricted shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
+<DD>Make the shell a restricted shell (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>-s</CODE>
@@ -7080,7 +7321,7 @@ This implies the <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> option; no commands will be executed.
<DT><CODE>[-+]O [<VAR>shopt_option</VAR>]</CODE>
<DD><VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is one of the shell options accepted by the
-<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
+<CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
If <VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is present, <SAMP>`-O'</SAMP> sets the value of that option;
<SAMP>`+O'</SAMP> unsets it.
If <VAR>shopt_option</VAR> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
@@ -7098,24 +7339,24 @@ Any arguments after the <CODE>--</CODE> are treated as filenames and arguments.
</DL>
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX288"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX300"></A>
A <EM>login</EM> shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>, or one invoked with the <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> option.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX289"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX301"></A>
An <EM>interactive</EM> shell is one started without non-option arguments,
unless <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP> is specified,
without specifying the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> option, and whose input and output are both
connected to terminals (as determined by <CODE>isatty(3)</CODE>), or one
-started with the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>, for more
+started with the <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP> option. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>, for more
information.
</P><P>
If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
<SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> nor the <SAMP>`-s'</SAMP>
option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
-be the name of a file containing shell commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>).
+be the name of a file containing shell commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>).
When Bash is invoked in this fashion, <CODE>$0</CODE>
is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
are set to the remaining arguments.
@@ -7126,34 +7367,34 @@ in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
<A NAME="Bash Startup Files"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC70"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC71"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.2 Bash Startup Files </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC70::-->
+<!--docid::SEC71::-->
<P>
This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.
If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.
Tildes are expanded in file names as described above under
-Tilde Expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
+Tilde Expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
</P><P>
-Interactive shells are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>.
+Interactive shells are described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="SEC71"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC72"></A>
<H4> Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with <SAMP>`--login'</SAMP> </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC71::-->
+<!--docid::SEC72::-->
<P>
When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
@@ -7170,9 +7411,9 @@ When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from
the file <TT>`~/.bash_logout'</TT>, if it exists.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="SEC72"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC73"></A>
<H4> Invoked as an interactive non-login shell </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC72::-->
+<!--docid::SEC73::-->
<P>
When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
@@ -7187,9 +7428,9 @@ So, typically, your <TT>`~/.bash_profile'</TT> contains the line
</pre></td></tr></table>after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="SEC73"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC74"></A>
<H4> Invoked non-interactively </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC73::-->
+<!--docid::SEC74::-->
<P>
When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
@@ -7207,9 +7448,9 @@ As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
login shell startup files.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="SEC74"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC75"></A>
<H4> Invoked with name <CODE>sh</CODE> </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC74::-->
+<!--docid::SEC75::-->
<P>
If Bash is invoked with the name <CODE>sh</CODE>, it tries to mimic the
@@ -7236,9 +7477,9 @@ When invoked as <CODE>sh</CODE>, Bash enters POSIX mode after
the startup files are read.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="SEC75"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC76"></A>
<H4> Invoked in POSIX mode </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC75::-->
+<!--docid::SEC76::-->
<P>
When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the
@@ -7250,13 +7491,13 @@ expanded value.
No other startup files are read.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="SEC76"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC77"></A>
<H4> Invoked by remote shell daemon </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC76::-->
+<!--docid::SEC77::-->
<P>
Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
-connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
daemon, usually <CODE>rshd</CODE>, or the secure shell daemon <CODE>sshd</CODE>.
If Bash determines it is being run in
this fashion, it reads and executes commands from <TT>`~/.bashrc'</TT>, if that
@@ -7268,9 +7509,9 @@ The <SAMP>`--norc'</SAMP> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
allow them to be specified.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="SEC77"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC78"></A>
<H4> Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs </H4>
-<!--docid::SEC77::-->
+<!--docid::SEC78::-->
<P>
If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
@@ -7285,45 +7526,45 @@ the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
<A NAME="Interactive Shells"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC78"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC79"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.3 Interactive Shells </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC78::-->
+<!--docid::SEC79::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What determines whether a shell is Interactive.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to tell if a shell is interactive.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What changes in a interactive shell?</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What determines whether a shell is Interactive.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to tell if a shell is interactive.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What changes in a interactive shell?</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="What is an Interactive Shell?"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC79"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC80"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell? </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC79::-->
+<!--docid::SEC80::-->
<P>
An interactive shell
@@ -7344,20 +7585,20 @@ when an interactive shell is started.
<A NAME="Is this Shell Interactive?"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC80"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC81"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive? </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC80::-->
+<!--docid::SEC81::-->
<P>
To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
@@ -7386,20 +7627,20 @@ fi
<A NAME="Interactive Shell Behavior"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC81"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC82"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC80"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC81::-->
+<!--docid::SEC82::-->
<P>
When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
@@ -7408,11 +7649,11 @@ several ways.
<OL>
<LI>
-Startup files are read and executed as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>.
+Startup files are read and executed as described in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>.
<P>
<LI>
-Job Control (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>) is enabled by default. When job
+Job Control (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>) is enabled by default. When job
control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control
signals <CODE>SIGTTIN</CODE>, <CODE>SIGTTOU</CODE>, and <CODE>SIGTSTP</CODE>.
<P>
@@ -7426,69 +7667,69 @@ second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
<LI>
Bash executes the value of the <CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> variable as a command
before printing the primary prompt, <CODE>$PS1</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
<P>
<LI>
-Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>) is used to read commands from
+Readline (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>) is used to read commands from
the user's terminal.
<P>
<LI>
Bash inspects the value of the <CODE>ignoreeof</CODE> option to <CODE>set -o</CODE>
instead of exiting immediately when it receives an <CODE>EOF</CODE> on its
-standard input when reading a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+standard input when reading a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
<P>
<LI>
-Command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>)
-and history expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>)
+Command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>)
+and history expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>)
are enabled by default.
Bash will save the command history to the file named by <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>
when an interactive shell exits.
<P>
<LI>
-Alias expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>) is performed by default.
+Alias expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>) is performed by default.
<P>
<LI>
In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores <CODE>SIGTERM</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
<P>
<LI>
In the absence of any traps, <CODE>SIGINT</CODE> is caught and handled
-((see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
+((see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
<CODE>SIGINT</CODE> will interrupt some shell builtins.
<P>
<LI>
An interactive login shell sends a <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to all jobs on exit
-if the <CODE>huponexit</CODE> shell option has been enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
+if the <CODE>huponexit</CODE> shell option has been enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The <SAMP>`-n'</SAMP> invocation option is ignored, and <SAMP>`set -n'</SAMP> has
-no effect (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+no effect (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
<CODE>MAIL</CODE>, <CODE>MAILPATH</CODE>, and <CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE> shell variables
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
<SAMP>`set -u'</SAMP> has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by <VAR>var</VAR> being unset
or null in <CODE>${<VAR>var</VAR>:?<VAR>word</VAR>}</CODE> expansions
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -7498,12 +7739,12 @@ shell to exit.
<LI>
When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
-status will not cause the shell to exit (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
+status will not cause the shell to exit (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
<P>
<LI>
A failed <CODE>exec</CODE> will not cause the shell to exit
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -7513,13 +7754,13 @@ Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
<LI>
Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the <CODE>cd</CODE>
builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the <CODE>cdspell</CODE>
-option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
+option to the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The shell will check the value of the <CODE>TMOUT</CODE> variable and exit
if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
-printing <CODE>$PS1</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
+printing <CODE>$PS1</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
<P>
</OL>
@@ -7527,20 +7768,20 @@ printing <CODE>$PS1</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Va
<A NAME="Bash Conditional Expressions"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC82"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC83"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC81"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC82::-->
+<!--docid::SEC83::-->
<P>
Conditional expressions are used by the <CODE>[[</CODE> compound command
@@ -7557,8 +7798,9 @@ If the <VAR>file</VAR> argument to one of the primaries is one of
descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
</P><P>
-When used with <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>, The <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators sort
+When used with <SAMP>`[['</SAMP>, the <SAMP>`&#60;'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`&#62;'</SAMP> operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
+The <CODE>test</CODE> command uses ASCII ordering.
</P><P>
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
@@ -7630,10 +7872,6 @@ links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is executable.
<P>
-<DT><CODE>-O <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-<P>
-
<DT><CODE>-G <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is owned by the effective group id.
<P>
@@ -7642,12 +7880,21 @@ links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a symbolic link.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>-N <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>-O <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>-S <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and is a socket.
<P>
-<DT><CODE>-N <VAR>file</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file</VAR> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -ef <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>True if <VAR>file1</VAR> and <VAR>file2</VAR> refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
<P>
<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -nt <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE>
@@ -7660,15 +7907,14 @@ than <VAR>file2</VAR>, or if <VAR>file1</VAR> exists and <VAR>file2</VAR> does n
or if <VAR>file2</VAR> exists and <VAR>file1</VAR> does not.
<P>
-<DT><CODE><VAR>file1</VAR> -ef <VAR>file2</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if <VAR>file1</VAR> and <VAR>file2</VAR> refer to the same device and
-inode numbers.
-<P>
-
<DT><CODE>-o <VAR>optname</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>True if shell option <VAR>optname</VAR> is enabled.
+<DD>True if the shell option <VAR>optname</VAR> is enabled.
The list of options appears in the description of the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP>
-option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>-v <VAR>varname</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>True if the shell variable <VAR>varname</VAR> is set (has been assigned a value).
<P>
<DT><CODE>-z <VAR>string</VAR></CODE>
@@ -7713,20 +7959,20 @@ may be positive or negative integers.
<A NAME="Shell Arithmetic"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC83"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC84"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.5 Shell Arithmetic </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC83::-->
+<!--docid::SEC84::-->
<P>
The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
@@ -7828,13 +8074,13 @@ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
<VAR>integer</VAR> attribute using <SAMP>`declare -i'</SAMP> is assigned a value.
A null value evaluates to 0.
-A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
+A shell variable need not have its <VAR>integer</VAR> attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
</P><P>
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
A leading <SAMP>`0x'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`0X'</SAMP> denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise,
-numbers take the form [<VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE>]<VAR>n</VAR>, where <VAR>base</VAR>
+numbers take the form [<VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE>]<VAR>n</VAR>, where the optional <VAR>base</VAR>
is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
base, and <VAR>n</VAR> is a number in that base. If <VAR>base</VAR><CODE>#</CODE> is
omitted, then base 10 is used.
@@ -7852,20 +8098,20 @@ rules above.
<A NAME="Aliases"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC84"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC85"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.6 Aliases </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC84::-->
+<!--docid::SEC85::-->
<P>
<VAR>Aliases</VAR> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
@@ -7899,12 +8145,12 @@ command, and removed with the <CODE>unalias</CODE> command.
There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
as in <CODE>csh</CODE>.
If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
</P><P>
Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
unless the <CODE>expand_aliases</CODE> shell option is set using
-<CODE>shopt</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
+<CODE>shopt</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>).
</P><P>
The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
@@ -7932,20 +8178,20 @@ For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
<A NAME="Arrays"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC85"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC86"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.7 Arrays </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC85::-->
+<!--docid::SEC86::-->
<P>
Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
@@ -7955,7 +8201,7 @@ There is no maximum
limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
be indexed or assigned contiguously.
Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
-expressions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>) and are zero-based;
+expressions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>) and are zero-based;
associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
</P><P>
@@ -7965,8 +8211,11 @@ using the syntax
</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
The <VAR>subscript</VAR>
-is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
-greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+If <VAR>subscript</VAR> evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as
+an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript
+of -1 refers to the last element of the array).
+To explicitly declare an array, use
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>declare -a <VAR>name</VAR>
</pre></td></tr></table>The syntax
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>declare -a <VAR>name</VAR>[<VAR>subscript</VAR>]
@@ -8056,24 +8305,24 @@ reused as input.
<A NAME="The Directory Stack"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC86"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC87"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.8 The Directory Stack </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC86::-->
+<!--docid::SEC87::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Bash builtin commands to manipulate
the directory stack.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -8092,26 +8341,26 @@ as the value of the <CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> shell variable.
<A NAME="Directory Stack Builtins"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC87"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC88"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC87::-->
+<!--docid::SEC88::-->
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>dirs</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX290"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX302"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>dirs [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>] [-clpv]
</pre></td></tr></table>Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
are added to the list with the <CODE>pushd</CODE> command; the
@@ -8140,7 +8389,7 @@ line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
<P>
<DT><CODE>popd</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX291"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX303"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>popd [+<VAR>N</VAR> | -<VAR>N</VAR>] [-n]
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
@@ -8164,7 +8413,7 @@ from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
</DL>
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX292"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX304"></A>
<DT><CODE>pushd</CODE>
<DD><TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>pushd [-n] [<VAR>+N</VAR> | <VAR>-N</VAR> | <VAR>dir</VAR> ]
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
@@ -8198,20 +8447,20 @@ executes the equivalent of `<CODE>cd</CODE> <VAR>dir</VAR>'.
<A NAME="Printing a Prompt"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC88"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC89"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.9 Controlling the Prompt </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC88::-->
+<!--docid::SEC89::-->
<P>
The value of the variable <CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE> is examined just before
@@ -8290,7 +8539,7 @@ embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
The command number and the history number are usually different:
the history number of a command is its position in the history
list, which may include commands restored from the history file
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>), while the command number is
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>), while the command number is
the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current
shell session.
</P><P>
@@ -8298,25 +8547,25 @@ shell session.
After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
-<CODE>promptvars</CODE> shell option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+<CODE>promptvars</CODE> shell option (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
</P><P>
<A NAME="The Restricted Shell"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC89"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC90"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.10 The Restricted Shell </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC89::-->
+<!--docid::SEC90::-->
<P>
If Bash is started with the name <CODE>rbash</CODE>, or the
@@ -8369,26 +8618,26 @@ These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
</P><P>
When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>rbash</CODE> turns off any restrictions in
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>), <CODE>rbash</CODE> turns off any restrictions in
the shell spawned to execute the script.
</P><P>
<A NAME="Bash POSIX Mode"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC90"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC91"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC90::-->
+<!--docid::SEC91::-->
<P>
Starting Bash with the <SAMP>`--posix'</SAMP> command-line option or executing
@@ -8476,6 +8725,12 @@ results in an invalid expression.
<P>
<LI>
+Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
+with the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins, or in a string processed by
+the <CODE>eval</CODE> builtin.
+<P>
+
+<LI>
Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
<P>
@@ -8498,6 +8753,26 @@ during command lookup.
<P>
<LI>
+The <CODE>time</CODE> reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
+used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
+completed children. The <CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable controls the format
+of the timing information.
+<P>
+
+<LI>
+When parsing and expanding a ${<small>...</small>} expansion that appears within
+double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
+quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
+one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do
+not have to appear as matched pairs.
+<P>
+
+<LI>
+The parser does not recognize <CODE>time</CODE> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a <SAMP>`-'</SAMP>.
+<P>
+
+<LI>
If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
@@ -8506,15 +8781,6 @@ the command name, and so on.
<P>
<LI>
-If <CODE>CDPATH</CODE> is set, the <CODE>cd</CODE> builtin will not implicitly
-append the current directory to it. This means that <CODE>cd</CODE> will
-fail if no valid directory name can be constructed from
-any of the entries in <CODE>$CDPATH</CODE>, even if the a directory with
-the same name as the name given as an argument to <CODE>cd</CODE> exists
-in the current directory.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements.
@@ -8523,6 +8789,12 @@ a value to a readonly variable.
<P>
<LI>
+A non-interactive shell exists with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
+builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+<P>
+
+<LI>
A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
variable in a <CODE>for</CODE> statement or the selection variable in a
<CODE>select</CODE> statement is a readonly variable.
@@ -8602,11 +8874,6 @@ falling back to <VAR>physical</VAR> mode.
<P>
<LI>
-When the <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtin is supplied the <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option, it resets
-<CODE>$PWD</CODE> to a pathname containing no symlinks.
-<P>
-
-<LI>
The <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
<SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> option.
@@ -8676,25 +8943,25 @@ the <CODE>echo</CODE> builtin to be fully conformant.
Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by specifying
the <SAMP>`--enable-strict-posix-default'</SAMP> to <CODE>configure</CODE> when building
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.8 Optional Features</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.8 Optional Features</A>).
</P><P>
<A NAME="Job Control"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC91"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC92"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 7. Job Control </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC91::-->
+<!--docid::SEC92::-->
<P>
This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
@@ -8702,30 +8969,30 @@ Bash allows you to access its facilities.
</P><P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How job control works.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Bash builtin commands used to interact
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How job control works.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Bash builtin commands used to interact
with job control.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables Bash uses to customize job
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Variables Bash uses to customize job
control.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Job Control Basics"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC92"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC93"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 7.1 Job Control Basics </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC92::-->
+<!--docid::SEC93::-->
<P>
Job control
@@ -8819,13 +9086,13 @@ Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt
before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
any other output.
If the <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is enabled,
-Bash reports such changes immediately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+Bash reports such changes immediately (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
Any trap on <CODE>SIGCHLD</CODE> is executed for each child process
that exits.
</P><P>
If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if
-the <CODE>checkjobs</CODE> option is enabled -- see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), the
+the <CODE>checkjobs</CODE> option is enabled -- see <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), the
shell prints a warning message, and if the <CODE>checkjobs</CODE> option is
enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.
The <CODE>jobs</CODE> command may then be used to inspect their status.
@@ -8835,26 +9102,26 @@ Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
<A NAME="Job Control Builtins"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC93"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC94"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 7.2 Job Control Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC93::-->
+<!--docid::SEC94::-->
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>bg</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX293"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX305"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>bg [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> <small>...</small>]
</pre></td></tr></table>Resume each suspended job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the background, as if it
had been started with <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>.
@@ -8866,7 +9133,7 @@ that was started without job control.
<P>
<DT><CODE>fg</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX294"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX306"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>fg [<VAR>jobspec</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table>Resume the job <VAR>jobspec</VAR> in the foreground and make it the current job.
If <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is not supplied, the current job is used.
@@ -8877,7 +9144,7 @@ job control enabled, <VAR>jobspec</VAR> does not specify a valid job or
<P>
<DT><CODE>jobs</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX295"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX307"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>jobs [-lnprs] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR>]
jobs -x <VAR>command</VAR> [<VAR>arguments</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
@@ -8922,7 +9189,7 @@ passing it <VAR>argument</VAR>s, returning its exit status.
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>kill</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX296"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX308"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>kill [-s <VAR>sigspec</VAR>] [-n <VAR>signum</VAR>] [-<VAR>sigspec</VAR>] <VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR>
kill -l [<VAR>exit_status</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table>Send a signal specified by <VAR>sigspec</VAR> or <VAR>signum</VAR> to the process
@@ -8942,7 +9209,7 @@ or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
<P>
<DT><CODE>wait</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX297"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX309"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>wait [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> or <VAR>pid</VAR> ...]
</pre></td></tr></table>Wait until the child process specified by each process ID <VAR>pid</VAR>
or job specification <VAR>jobspec</VAR> exits and return the exit status of the
@@ -8955,7 +9222,7 @@ of the shell, the return status is 127.
<P>
<DT><CODE>disown</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX298"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX310"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>disown [-ar] [-h] [<VAR>jobspec</VAR> <small>...</small>]
</pre></td></tr></table>Without options, each <VAR>jobspec</VAR> is removed from the table of
active jobs.
@@ -8970,7 +9237,7 @@ argument restricts operation to running jobs.
<P>
<DT><CODE>suspend</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX299"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX311"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>suspend [-f]
</pre></td></tr></table>Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
<CODE>SIGCONT</CODE> signal.
@@ -8988,27 +9255,27 @@ supplied process IDs.
<A NAME="Job Control Variables"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC94"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC95"></A>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 7.3 Job Control Variables </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC94::-->
+<!--docid::SEC95::-->
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX300"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX312"></A>
<DT><CODE>auto_resume</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX301"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX313"></A>
This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
job control. If this variable exists then single word simple
commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
@@ -9021,7 +9288,7 @@ the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
if set to <SAMP>`substring'</SAMP>,
the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
stopped job. The <SAMP>`substring'</SAMP> value provides functionality
-analogous to the <SAMP>`%?'</SAMP> job ID (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A>).
+analogous to the <SAMP>`%?'</SAMP> job ID (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A>).
If set to any other value, the supplied string must
be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
analogous to the <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> job ID.
@@ -9030,25 +9297,25 @@ analogous to the <SAMP>`%'</SAMP> job ID.
</DL>
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX302"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX314"></A>
</P><P>
<A NAME="Command Line Editing"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC95"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC96"></A>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 8. Command Line Editing </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC95::-->
+<!--docid::SEC96::-->
<P>
This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU
@@ -9058,46 +9325,46 @@ used by several different programs, including Bash.
Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell,
unless the <SAMP>`--noediting'</SAMP> option is supplied at shell invocation.
Line editing is also used when using the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option to the
-<CODE>read</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
-By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs.
+<CODE>read</CODE> builtin command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <SAMP>`-o emacs'</SAMP> or
<SAMP>`-o vi'</SAMP> options to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin command
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), or disabled using the <SAMP>`+o emacs'</SAMP> or
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>), or disabled using the <SAMP>`+o emacs'</SAMP> or
<SAMP>`+o vi'</SAMP> options to <CODE>set</CODE>.
</P><P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Notation used in this text.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The minimum set of commands for editing a line.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Customizing Readline from a user's view.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A description of most of the Readline commands
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Notation used in this text.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The minimum set of commands for editing a line.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Customizing Readline from a user's view.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A description of most of the Readline commands
available for binding</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.5 Readline vi Mode</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A short description of how to make Readline
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.5 Readline vi Mode</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">A short description of how to make Readline
behave like the vi editor.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify the possible completions for
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify the possible completions for
a specific command.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands to specify how to
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Builtin commands to specify how to
complete arguments for a particular command.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Introduction and Notation"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC96"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC97"></A>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 8.1 Introduction to Line Editing </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC96::-->
+<!--docid::SEC97::-->
<P>
The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
@@ -9134,7 +9401,7 @@ character produced by <EM>metafying</EM> <KBD>C-k</KBD>.
In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically,
<KBD>DEL</KBD>, <KBD>ESC</KBD>, <KBD>LFD</KBD>, <KBD>SPC</KBD>, <KBD>RET</KBD>, and <KBD>TAB</KBD> all
stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A>).
If your keyboard lacks a <KBD>LFD</KBD> key, typing <KBD>C-j</KBD> will
produce the desired character.
The <KBD>RET</KBD> key may be labeled <KBD>Return</KBD> or <KBD>Enter</KBD> on
@@ -9143,20 +9410,20 @@ some keyboards.
<A NAME="Readline Interaction"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC97"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC98"></A>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 8.2 Readline Interaction </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC97::-->
+<!--docid::SEC98::-->
<P>
Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
@@ -9172,30 +9439,30 @@ regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
</P><P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The least you need to know about Readline.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Moving about the input line.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to delete text, and how to get it back!</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Giving numeric arguments to commands.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Searching through previous lines.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The least you need to know about Readline.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Moving about the input line.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to delete text, and how to get it back!</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Giving numeric arguments to commands.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Searching through previous lines.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Readline Bare Essentials"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC98"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC99"></A>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC98::-->
+<!--docid::SEC99::-->
<P>
In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed
@@ -9244,20 +9511,20 @@ than the character to the left of the cursor.)
<A NAME="Readline Movement Commands"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC99"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC100"></A>
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+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC99::-->
+<!--docid::SEC100::-->
<P>
The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
@@ -9288,24 +9555,24 @@ operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
<A NAME="Readline Killing Commands"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC100"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC101"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC100::-->
+<!--docid::SEC101::-->
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX303"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX304"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX315"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX316"></A>
</P><P>
<EM>Killing</EM> text means to delete the text from the line, but to save
@@ -9325,7 +9592,7 @@ that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill
ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing
another line.
-<A NAME="IDX305"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX317"></A>
</P><P>
Here is the list of commands for killing text.
@@ -9373,20 +9640,20 @@ the prior command is <KBD>C-y</KBD> or <KBD>M-y</KBD>.
<A NAME="Readline Arguments"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC101"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC102"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.2.4 Readline Arguments </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC101::-->
+<!--docid::SEC102::-->
<P>
You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the
@@ -9408,24 +9675,24 @@ which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
<A NAME="Searching"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC102"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC103"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC102::-->
+<!--docid::SEC103::-->
<P>
Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>)
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>)
for lines containing a specified string.
There are two search modes: <EM>incremental</EM> and <EM>non-incremental</EM>.
</P><P>
@@ -9471,20 +9738,20 @@ typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
<A NAME="Readline Init File"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC103"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC104"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 8.3 Readline Init File </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC103::-->
+<!--docid::SEC104::-->
<P>
Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
@@ -9508,43 +9775,43 @@ incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
</P><P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<br>
<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<br>
<TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.3 Sample Init File</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">An example inputrc file.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.3.3 Sample Init File</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">An example inputrc file.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Readline Init File Syntax"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC104"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC105"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC104::-->
+<!--docid::SEC105::-->
<P>
There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored.
Lines beginning with a <SAMP>`#'</SAMP> are comments.
Lines beginning with a <SAMP>`$'</SAMP> indicate conditional
-constructs (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A>). Other lines
+constructs (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A>). Other lines
denote variable settings and key bindings.
</P><P>
@@ -9577,18 +9844,18 @@ value results in the variable being set to off.
</P><P>
The <CODE>bind -V</CODE> command lists the current Readline variable names
-and values. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.
+and values. See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.
</P><P>
A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
variables.
</P><P>
-<A NAME="IDX306"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX318"></A>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>bell-style</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX307"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX319"></A>
Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
If set to <SAMP>`none'</SAMP>, Readline never rings the bell. If set to
<SAMP>`visible'</SAMP>, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
@@ -9597,27 +9864,45 @@ the terminal's bell.
<P>
<DT><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX308"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX320"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline attempts to bind the control characters
treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their Readline
equivalents.
<P>
<DT><CODE>comment-begin</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX309"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX321"></A>
The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
<CODE>insert-comment</CODE> command is executed. The default value
is <CODE>"#"</CODE>.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX322"></A>
+The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+when performing completion.
+The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
+screen width.
+A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+The default value is -1.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE>
-<DD>If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline performs filename matching and completion
+<DD><A NAME="IDX323"></A>
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX324"></A>
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, and <VAR>completion-ignore-case</VAR> is enabled, Readline
+treats hyphens (<SAMP>`-'</SAMP>) and underscores (<SAMP>`_'</SAMP>) as equivalent when
+performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX310"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX325"></A>
The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a
value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
@@ -9625,7 +9910,7 @@ replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
<P>
<DT><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX311"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX326"></A>
The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
If the number of possible completions is greater than this value,
@@ -9637,7 +9922,7 @@ The default limit is <CODE>100</CODE>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>convert-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX312"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX327"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth
bit and prefixing an <KBD>ESC</KBD> character, converting them to a
@@ -9645,14 +9930,14 @@ meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>disable-completion</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX313"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX328"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`On'</SAMP>, Readline will inhibit word completion.
Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
been mapped to <CODE>self-insert</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>editing-mode</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX314"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX329"></A>
The <CODE>editing-mode</CODE> variable controls which default set of
key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be
@@ -9666,7 +9951,7 @@ keyboard. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX315"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX330"></A>
When set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will try to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
arrow keys. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
@@ -9680,13 +9965,13 @@ The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX316"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX331"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
attempts word completion. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX317"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX332"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, the history code attempts to place the point (the
current cursor position) at the
same location on each history line retrieved with <CODE>previous-history</CODE>
@@ -9694,13 +9979,13 @@ or <CODE>next-history</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>history-size</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX318"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX333"></A>
Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list. If
set to zero, the number of entries in the history list is not limited.
<P>
<DT><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX319"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX334"></A>
This variable can be set to either <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>. Setting it
to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
@@ -9709,8 +9994,8 @@ this variable is set to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>input-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX320"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX321"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX335"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX336"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
@@ -9719,15 +10004,15 @@ synonym for this variable.
<P>
<DT><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX322"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX337"></A>
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
-subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>).
+subsequently executing the character as a command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>).
If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <KBD>ESC</KBD> and
<KBD>C-J</KBD> will terminate an incremental search.
<P>
<DT><CODE>keymap</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX323"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX338"></A>
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding commands.
Acceptable <CODE>keymap</CODE> names are
<CODE>emacs</CODE>,
@@ -9750,14 +10035,14 @@ appended. The default is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX324"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX339"></A>
This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to display an
asterisk (<SAMP>`*'</SAMP>) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
This variable is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP> by default.
<P>
<DT><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX325"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX340"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, completed names which are symbolic links
to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
<CODE>mark-directories</CODE>).
@@ -9765,23 +10050,31 @@ The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX326"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX341"></A>
This variable, when set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, causes Readline to match files whose
names begin with a <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> (hidden files) when performing filename
-completion, unless the leading <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> is
+completion.
+If set to <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>, the leading <SAMP>`.'</SAMP> must be
supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default.
<P>
+<DT><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX342"></A>
+If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
+the list. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
+<P>
+
<DT><CODE>output-meta</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX327"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX343"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>page-completions</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX328"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX344"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline uses an internal <CODE>more</CODE>-like pager
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is <SAMP>`on'</SAMP> by default.
@@ -9794,7 +10087,7 @@ The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX329"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX345"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
before returning when <CODE>accept-line</CODE> is executed. By default,
history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
@@ -9802,7 +10095,7 @@ calls to <CODE>readline</CODE>. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX330"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX346"></A>
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>,
words which have more than one possible completion cause the
@@ -9811,7 +10104,7 @@ The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX331"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX347"></A>
This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
a fashion similar to <VAR>show-all-if-ambiguous</VAR>.
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>,
@@ -9823,7 +10116,7 @@ The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX332"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX348"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, this alters the default completion behavior when
inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when
performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline
@@ -9838,7 +10131,7 @@ The default value is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>visible-stats</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX333"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX349"></A>
If set to <SAMP>`on'</SAMP>, a character denoting a file's type
is appended to the filename when listing possible
completions. The default is <SAMP>`off'</SAMP>.
@@ -9871,7 +10164,7 @@ to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <VAR>macro</VAR>).
The <CODE>bind -p</CODE> command displays Readline function names and
bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.
</P><P>
<DL COMPACT>
@@ -9995,20 +10288,20 @@ insert a single <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> into the line:
<A NAME="Conditional Init Constructs"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC105"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC106"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC105::-->
+<!--docid::SEC106::-->
<P>
Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
@@ -10080,20 +10373,20 @@ For example, the following directive reads from <TT>`/etc/inputrc'</TT>:
<A NAME="Sample Init File"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC106"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC107"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.3.3 Sample Init File </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC106::-->
+<!--docid::SEC107::-->
<P>
Here is an example of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This illustrates key
@@ -10203,31 +10496,31 @@ $endif
<A NAME="Bindable Readline Commands"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC107"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC108"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC106"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 8.4 Bindable Readline Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC107::-->
+<!--docid::SEC108::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Moving about the line.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Getting at previous lines.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for changing text.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for killing and yanking.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Getting Readline to do the typing for you.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Saving and re-executing typed characters</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Other miscellaneous commands.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Moving about the line.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Getting at previous lines.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for changing text.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Commands for killing and yanking.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Getting Readline to do the typing for you.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Saving and re-executing typed characters</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Other miscellaneous commands.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
@@ -10235,7 +10528,7 @@ This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
sequences.
You can list your key bindings by executing
<CODE>bind -P</CODE> or, for a more terse format, suitable for an
-<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, <CODE>bind -p</CODE>. (See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.)
+<VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, <CODE>bind -p</CODE>. (See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>.)
Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
</P><P>
@@ -10247,83 +10540,83 @@ The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <EM>region</EM>.
<A NAME="Commands For Moving"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC108"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC109"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.4.1 Commands For Moving </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC108::-->
+<!--docid::SEC109::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX334"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX350"></A>
<DT><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX335"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX351"></A>
Move to the start of the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX336"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX352"></A>
<DT><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX337"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX353"></A>
Move to the end of the line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX338"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX354"></A>
<DT><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX339"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX355"></A>
Move forward a character.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX340"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX356"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX341"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX357"></A>
Move back a character.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX342"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX358"></A>
<DT><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX343"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX359"></A>
Move forward to the end of the next word.
Words are composed of letters and digits.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX344"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX360"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX345"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX361"></A>
Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
Words are composed of letters and digits.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX346"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX362"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX347"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX363"></A>
Move forward to the end of the next word.
Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX348"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX364"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX349"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX365"></A>
Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX350"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX366"></A>
<DT><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX351"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX367"></A>
Clear the screen and redraw the current line,
leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX352"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX368"></A>
<DT><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX353"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX369"></A>
Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
<P>
@@ -10332,26 +10625,26 @@ Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
<A NAME="Commands For History"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC109"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC110"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC109::-->
+<!--docid::SEC110::-->
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX354"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX370"></A>
<DT><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX355"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX371"></A>
Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
If this line is
non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
@@ -10360,81 +10653,81 @@ If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line
to its original state.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX356"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX372"></A>
<DT><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX357"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX373"></A>
Move `back' through the history list, fetching the previous command.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX358"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX374"></A>
<DT><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX359"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX375"></A>
Move `forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX360"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX376"></A>
<DT><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#60;)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX361"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX377"></A>
Move to the first line in the history.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX362"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX378"></A>
<DT><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#62;)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX363"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX379"></A>
Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
being entered.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX364"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX380"></A>
<DT><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX365"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX381"></A>
Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX366"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX382"></A>
<DT><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX367"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX383"></A>
Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
the the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX368"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX384"></A>
<DT><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX369"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX385"></A>
Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up'
through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX370"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX386"></A>
<DT><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX371"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX387"></A>
Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down'
through the the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
for a string supplied by the user.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX372"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX388"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX373"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX389"></A>
Search forward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point.
This is a non-incremental search.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX374"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX390"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX375"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX391"></A>
Search backward through the history for the string of characters
between the start of the current line and the point. This
is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX376"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX392"></A>
<DT><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX377"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX393"></A>
Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
the second word on the previous line) at point.
With an argument <VAR>n</VAR>,
@@ -10445,14 +10738,18 @@ Once the argument <VAR>n</VAR> is computed, the argument is extracted
as if the <SAMP>`!<VAR>n</VAR>'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX378"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX394"></A>
<DT><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX379"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX395"></A>
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
-previous history entry). With an
-argument, behave exactly like <CODE>yank-nth-arg</CODE>.
+previous history entry).
+With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <CODE>yank-nth-arg</CODE>.
Successive calls to <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE> move back through the history
-list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn.
+list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
+the first call) of each line in turn.
+Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches
+the direction through the history (back or forward).
The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
as if the <SAMP>`!$'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified.
<P>
@@ -10462,63 +10759,63 @@ as if the <SAMP>`!$'</SAMP> history expansion had been specified.
<A NAME="Commands For Text"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC110"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC111"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC110::-->
+<!--docid::SEC111::-->
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX380"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX396"></A>
<DT><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX381"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX397"></A>
Delete the character at point. If point is at the
beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and
the last character typed was not bound to <CODE>delete-char</CODE>, then
return EOF.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX382"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX398"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX383"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX399"></A>
Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX384"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX400"></A>
<DT><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX385"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX401"></A>
Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX386"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX402"></A>
<DT><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX387"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX403"></A>
Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is
how to insert key sequences like <KBD>C-q</KBD>, for example.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX388"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX404"></A>
<DT><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, <small>...</small>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX389"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX405"></A>
Insert yourself.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX390"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX406"></A>
<DT><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX391"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX407"></A>
Drag the character before the cursor forward over
the character at the cursor, moving the
cursor forward as well. If the insertion point
@@ -10527,39 +10824,39 @@ transposes the last two characters of the line.
Negative arguments have no effect.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX392"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX408"></A>
<DT><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX393"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX409"></A>
Drag the word before point past the word after point,
moving point past that word as well.
If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
the last two words on the line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX394"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX410"></A>
<DT><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX395"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX411"></A>
Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX396"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX412"></A>
<DT><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX397"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX413"></A>
Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX398"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX414"></A>
<DT><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX399"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX415"></A>
Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX400"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX416"></A>
<DT><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX401"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX417"></A>
Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
@@ -10581,139 +10878,139 @@ By default, this command is unbound.
<A NAME="Commands For Killing"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC111"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC112"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.4.4 Killing And Yanking </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC111::-->
+<!--docid::SEC112::-->
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX402"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX418"></A>
<DT><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX403"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX419"></A>
Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX404"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX420"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX405"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX421"></A>
Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX406"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX422"></A>
<DT><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX407"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX423"></A>
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX408"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX424"></A>
<DT><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX409"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX425"></A>
Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
By default, this is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX410"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX426"></A>
<DT><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX411"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX427"></A>
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX412"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX428"></A>
<DT><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX413"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX429"></A>
Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX414"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX430"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX415"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX431"></A>
Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
words, to the end of the next word.
Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-forward-word</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX416"></A>
-<DT><CODE>backward-kill-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX417"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX432"></A>
+<DT><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX433"></A>
Kill the word behind point.
Word boundaries are the same as <CODE>shell-backward-word</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX418"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX434"></A>
<DT><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX419"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX435"></A>
Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX420"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX436"></A>
<DT><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX421"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX437"></A>
Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
as the word boundaries.
The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX422"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX438"></A>
<DT><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX423"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX439"></A>
Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX424"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX440"></A>
<DT><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX425"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX441"></A>
Kill the text in the current region.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX426"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX442"></A>
<DT><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX427"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX443"></A>
Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
right away. By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX428"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX444"></A>
<DT><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX429"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX445"></A>
Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>backward-word</CODE>.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX430"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX446"></A>
<DT><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX431"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX447"></A>
Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
The word boundaries are the same as <CODE>forward-word</CODE>.
By default, this command is unbound.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX432"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX448"></A>
<DT><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX433"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX449"></A>
Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX434"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX450"></A>
<DT><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX435"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX451"></A>
Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
the prior command is <CODE>yank</CODE> or <CODE>yank-pop</CODE>.
</DL>
@@ -10721,32 +11018,32 @@ the prior command is <CODE>yank</CODE> or <CODE>yank-pop</CODE>.
<A NAME="Numeric Arguments"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC112"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC113"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC112::-->
+<!--docid::SEC113::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX436"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX452"></A>
<DT><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, <small>...</small> <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX437"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX453"></A>
Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
argument. <KBD>M--</KBD> starts a negative argument.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX438"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX454"></A>
<DT><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX439"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX455"></A>
This is another way to specify an argument.
If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
@@ -10764,26 +11061,26 @@ By default, this is not bound to a key.
<A NAME="Commands For Completion"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC113"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC114"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC113::-->
+<!--docid::SEC114::-->
<P>
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX440"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX456"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX441"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX457"></A>
Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
The actual completion performed is application-specific.
Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
@@ -10793,22 +11090,25 @@ command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none
of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX442"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX458"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX443"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX459"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point.
+When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
+for display to the value of <CODE>completion-display-width</CODE>, the value of
+the environment variable <CODE>COLUMNS</CODE>, or the screen width, in that order.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX444"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX460"></A>
<DT><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX445"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX461"></A>
Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
been generated by <CODE>possible-completions</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX446"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX462"></A>
<DT><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX447"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX463"></A>
Similar to <CODE>complete</CODE>, but replaces the word to be completed
with a single match from the list of possible completions.
Repeated execution of <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> steps through the list
@@ -10823,17 +11123,17 @@ This command is intended to be bound to <KBD>TAB</KBD>, but is unbound
by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX448"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX464"></A>
<DT><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX449"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX465"></A>
Identical to <CODE>menu-complete</CODE>, but moves backward through the list
of possible completions, as if <CODE>menu-complete</CODE> had been given a
negative argument.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX450"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX466"></A>
<DT><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX451"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX467"></A>
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
end of the line (like <CODE>delete-char</CODE>).
If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
@@ -10841,64 +11141,64 @@ If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX452"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX468"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX453"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX469"></A>
Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX454"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX470"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX455"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX471"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a filename.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX456"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX472"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX457"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX473"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a username.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX458"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX474"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX459"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX475"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a username.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX460"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX476"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX461"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX477"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a shell variable.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX462"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX478"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX463"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX479"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a shell variable.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX464"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX480"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX465"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX481"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a hostname.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX466"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX482"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX467"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX483"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a hostname.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX468"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX484"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX469"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX485"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
it as a command name. Command completion attempts to
match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
@@ -10906,35 +11206,35 @@ functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
in that order.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX470"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX486"></A>
<DT><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX471"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX487"></A>
List the possible completions of the text before point,
treating it as a command name.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX472"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX488"></A>
<DT><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX473"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX489"></A>
Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
the text against lines from the history list for possible
completion matches.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX474"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX490"></A>
<DT><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX475"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX491"></A>
Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
the text against lines from the history list for possible
completion matches.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX476"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX492"></A>
<DT><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX477"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX493"></A>
Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>).
<P>
</DL>
@@ -10942,38 +11242,38 @@ enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
<A NAME="Keyboard Macros"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC114"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC115"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.4.7 Keyboard Macros </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC114::-->
+<!--docid::SEC115::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX478"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX494"></A>
<DT><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX479"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX495"></A>
Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX480"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX496"></A>
<DT><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX481"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX497"></A>
Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
and save the definition.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX482"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX498"></A>
<DT><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX483"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX499"></A>
Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
<P>
@@ -10983,103 +11283,103 @@ in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
<A NAME="Miscellaneous Commands"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC115"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC116"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC115::-->
+<!--docid::SEC116::-->
<DL COMPACT>
-<A NAME="IDX484"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX500"></A>
<DT><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX485"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX501"></A>
Read in the contents of the <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file, and incorporate
any bindings or variable assignments found there.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX486"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX502"></A>
<DT><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX487"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX503"></A>
Abort the current editing command and
ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
<CODE>bell-style</CODE>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX488"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX504"></A>
<DT><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, <small>...</small>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX489"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX505"></A>
If the metafied character <VAR>x</VAR> is lowercase, run the command
that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX490"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX506"></A>
<DT><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX491"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX507"></A>
Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards
without a meta key. Typing <SAMP>`<KBD>ESC</KBD> f'</SAMP> is equivalent to typing
<KBD>M-f</KBD>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX492"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX508"></A>
<DT><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX493"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX509"></A>
Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX494"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX510"></A>
<DT><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX495"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX511"></A>
Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <CODE>undo</CODE>
command enough times to get back to the beginning.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX496"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX512"></A>
<DT><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX497"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX513"></A>
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX498"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX514"></A>
<DT><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX499"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX515"></A>
Set the mark to the point. If a
numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX500"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX516"></A>
<DT><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX501"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX517"></A>
Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to
the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX502"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX518"></A>
<DT><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX503"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX519"></A>
A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX504"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX520"></A>
<DT><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX505"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX521"></A>
A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
occurrences.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX506"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX522"></A>
<DT><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX507"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX523"></A>
Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a
Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is
@@ -11089,9 +11389,9 @@ stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default,
but usually bound to ESC-[.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX508"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX524"></A>
<DT><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX509"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX525"></A>
Without a numeric argument, the value of the <CODE>comment-begin</CODE>
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
@@ -11106,115 +11406,115 @@ If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
will be executed by the shell.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX510"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX526"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX511"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX527"></A>
Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX512"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX528"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX513"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX529"></A>
Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX514"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX530"></A>
<DT><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX515"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX531"></A>
Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied,
the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
of an <VAR>inputrc</VAR> file. This command is unbound by default.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX516"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX532"></A>
<DT><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX517"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX533"></A>
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to
generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX518"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX534"></A>
<DT><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX519"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX535"></A>
The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before
pathname expansion.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX520"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX536"></A>
<DT><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX521"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX537"></A>
The list of expansions that would have been generated by
<CODE>glob-expand-word</CODE> is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
If a numeric argument is supplied, a <SAMP>`*'</SAMP> is appended before
pathname expansion.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX522"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX538"></A>
<DT><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX523"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX539"></A>
Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX524"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX540"></A>
<DT><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX525"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX541"></A>
Expand the line as the shell does.
This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
-word expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
+word expansions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX526"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX542"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX527"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX543"></A>
Perform history expansion on the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX528"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX544"></A>
<DT><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX529"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX545"></A>
Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX530"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX546"></A>
<DT><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX531"></A>
-Perform alias expansion on the current line (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>).
+<DD><A NAME="IDX547"></A>
+Perform alias expansion on the current line (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX532"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX548"></A>
<DT><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX533"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX549"></A>
Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX534"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX550"></A>
<DT><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX535"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX551"></A>
A synonym for <CODE>yank-last-arg</CODE>.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX536"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX552"></A>
<DT><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX537"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX553"></A>
Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any
argument is ignored.
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX538"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX554"></A>
<DT><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX539"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX555"></A>
Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
commands.
Bash attempts to invoke
@@ -11227,31 +11527,31 @@ as the editor, in that order.
<A NAME="Readline vi Mode"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC116"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC117"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 8.5 Readline vi Mode </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC116::-->
+<!--docid::SEC117::-->
<P>
While the Readline library does not have a full set of <CODE>vi</CODE>
editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
of the line. The Readline <CODE>vi</CODE> mode behaves as specified in
-the POSIX 1003.2 standard.
+the POSIX standard.
</P><P>
In order to switch interactively between <CODE>emacs</CODE> and <CODE>vi</CODE>
editing modes, use the <SAMP>`set -o emacs'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`set -o vi'</SAMP>
-commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
The Readline default is <CODE>emacs</CODE> mode.
</P><P>
@@ -11265,25 +11565,25 @@ so forth.
<A NAME="Programmable Completion"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC117"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC118"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 8.6 Programmable Completion </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC117::-->
+<!--docid::SEC118::-->
<P>
When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
which a completion specification (a <VAR>compspec</VAR>) has been defined
-using the <CODE>complete</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>),
+using the <CODE>complete</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>),
the programmable completion facilities are invoked.
</P><P>
@@ -11304,7 +11604,7 @@ the <SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option to <CODE>complete</CODE> is used as the default.
Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
matching words.
If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
-described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>) is performed.
+described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>) is performed.
</P><P>
First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
@@ -11313,7 +11613,7 @@ returned.
When the <SAMP>`-f'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`-d'</SAMP> option is used for filename or
directory name completion, the shell variable <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE> is
used to filter the matches.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>.
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>, for a description of <CODE>FIGNORE</CODE>.
</P><P>
Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
@@ -11331,9 +11631,9 @@ Shell quoting is honored.
Each word is then expanded using
brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
-as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
+as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>).
The results are split using the rules described above
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>).
The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
</P><P>
@@ -11342,7 +11642,7 @@ After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
specified with the <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-C'</SAMP> options is invoked.
When the command or function is invoked, the <CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE>,
<CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE>, <CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE>, and <CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE> variables are
-assigned values as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
+assigned values as described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
If a shell function is being invoked, the <CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE> and
<CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE> variables are also set.
When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the
@@ -11357,7 +11657,7 @@ the matches.
Any function specified with <SAMP>`-F'</SAMP> is invoked first.
The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
<CODE>compgen</CODE> and <CODE>compopt</CODE> builtins described below
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>), to generate the matches.
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>), to generate the matches.
It must put the possible completions in the <CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> array
variable.
</P><P>
@@ -11424,7 +11724,7 @@ exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes
the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
-attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
being loaded all at once.
</P><P>
@@ -11443,20 +11743,20 @@ complete -D -F _completion_loader
<A NAME="Programmable Completion Builtins"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC118"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC119"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC118::-->
+<!--docid::SEC119::-->
<P>
Two builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion
@@ -11465,7 +11765,7 @@ facilities.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>compgen</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX540"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX556"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compgen [<VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>word</VAR>]</CODE>
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
@@ -11491,7 +11791,7 @@ matches were generated.
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>complete</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX541"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX557"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <VAR>comp-option</VAR>] [-DE] [-A <VAR>action</VAR>] [-G <VAR>globpat</VAR>] [-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR>]
[-F <VAR>function</VAR>] [-C <VAR>command</VAR>] [-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR>]
[-P <VAR>prefix</VAR>] [-S <VAR>suffix</VAR>] <VAR>name</VAR> [<VAR>name</VAR> <small>...</small>]</CODE>
@@ -11514,7 +11814,7 @@ blank line.
</P><P>
The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
-is attempted is described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). The
+is attempted is described above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>). The
<SAMP>`-D'</SAMP> option takes precedence over <SAMP>`-E'</SAMP>.
</P><P>
@@ -11585,7 +11885,7 @@ completions:
<P>
<DT><CODE>binding</CODE>
-<DD>Readline key binding names (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A>).
+<DD>Readline key binding names (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>builtin</CODE>
@@ -11625,12 +11925,12 @@ completions:
<P>
<DT><CODE>helptopic</CODE>
-<DD>Help topics as accepted by the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+<DD>Help topics as accepted by the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>hostname</CODE>
<DD>Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
-<CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> shell variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
+<CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE> shell variable (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>job</CODE>
@@ -11651,12 +11951,12 @@ completions:
<DT><CODE>setopt</CODE>
<DD>Valid arguments for the <SAMP>`-o'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>shopt</CODE>
<DD>Shell option names as accepted by the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>signal</CODE>
@@ -11676,19 +11976,6 @@ completions:
</DL>
<P>
-<DT><CODE>-G <VAR>globpat</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The filename expansion pattern <VAR>globpat</VAR> is expanded to generate
-the possible completions.
-<P>
-
-<DT><CODE>-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>The <VAR>wordlist</VAR> is split using the characters in the
-<CODE>IFS</CODE> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
-is expanded.
-The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
-match the word being completed.
-<P>
-
<DT><CODE>-C <VAR>command</VAR></CODE>
<DD><VAR>command</VAR> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
used as the possible completions.
@@ -11701,13 +11988,9 @@ When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
of the <CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE> array variable.
<P>
-<DT><CODE>-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR></CODE>
-<DD><VAR>filterpat</VAR> is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
-It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
-preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
-<VAR>filterpat</VAR> is removed from the list.
-A leading <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> in <VAR>filterpat</VAR> negates the pattern; in this
-case, any completion not matching <VAR>filterpat</VAR> is removed.
+<DT><CODE>-G <VAR>globpat</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>The filename expansion pattern <VAR>globpat</VAR> is expanded to generate
+the possible completions.
<P>
<DT><CODE>-P <VAR>prefix</VAR></CODE>
@@ -11718,6 +12001,23 @@ after all other options have been applied.
<DT><CODE>-S <VAR>suffix</VAR></CODE>
<DD><VAR>suffix</VAR> is appended to each possible completion
after all other options have been applied.
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>-W <VAR>wordlist</VAR></CODE>
+<DD>The <VAR>wordlist</VAR> is split using the characters in the
+<CODE>IFS</CODE> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+is expanded.
+The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
+match the word being completed.
+<P>
+
+<DT><CODE>-X <VAR>filterpat</VAR></CODE>
+<DD><VAR>filterpat</VAR> is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
+It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+<VAR>filterpat</VAR> is removed from the list.
+A leading <SAMP>`!'</SAMP> in <VAR>filterpat</VAR> negates the pattern; in this
+case, any completion not matching <VAR>filterpat</VAR> is removed.
</DL>
<P>
@@ -11729,10 +12029,10 @@ an error occurs adding a completion specification.
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>compopt</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX542"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX558"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>compopt</CODE> [-o <VAR>option</VAR>] [-DE] [+o <VAR>option</VAR>] [<VAR>name</VAR>]
</pre></td></tr></table>Modify completion options for each <VAR>name</VAR> according to the
-<VAR>option</VAR>s, or for the currently-execution completion if no <VAR>name</VAR>s
+<VAR>option</VAR>s, or for the currently-executing completion if no <VAR>name</VAR>s
are supplied.
If no <VAR>option</VAR>s are given, display the completion options for each
<VAR>name</VAR> or the current completion.
@@ -11757,25 +12057,25 @@ specification exists, or an output error occurs.
</DL>
<P>
-<A NAME="IDX543"></A>
+<A NAME="IDX559"></A>
</P><P>
<A NAME="Using History Interactively"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC119"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC120"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 9. Using History Interactively </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC119::-->
+<!--docid::SEC120::-->
<P>
This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library
@@ -11786,34 +12086,34 @@ see the GNU Readline Library Manual.
</P><P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash lets you manipulate your command
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How Bash lets you manipulate your command
history.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
the command history.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What it feels like using History as a user.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">What it feels like using History as a user.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Bash History Facilities"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC120"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC121"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 9.1 Bash History Facilities </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC120::-->
+<!--docid::SEC121::-->
<P>
When the <SAMP>`-o history'</SAMP> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin
-is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>),
+is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>),
the shell provides access to the <EM>command history</EM>,
the list of commands previously typed.
The value of the <CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE> shell variable is used as the
@@ -11835,7 +12135,7 @@ the value of the <CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE> variable.
When an interactive shell exits, the last
<CODE>$HISTSIZE</CODE> lines are copied from the history list to the file
named by <CODE>$HISTFILE</CODE>.
-If the <CODE>histappend</CODE> shell option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>),
+If the <CODE>histappend</CODE> shell option is set (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>),
the lines are appended to the history file,
otherwise the history file is overwritten.
If <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE>
@@ -11859,7 +12159,7 @@ The <CODE>history</CODE> builtin may be used to display or modify the history
list and manipulate the history file.
When using command-line editing, search commands
are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
-history list (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A>).
+history list (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A>).
</P><P>
The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
@@ -11874,25 +12174,25 @@ The <CODE>lithist</CODE>
shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
instead of semicolons.
The <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin is used to set these options.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of <CODE>shopt</CODE>.
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of <CODE>shopt</CODE>.
</P><P>
<A NAME="Bash History Builtins"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC121"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC122"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 9.2 Bash History Builtins </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC121::-->
+<!--docid::SEC122::-->
<P>
Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the
@@ -11902,7 +12202,7 @@ history list and history file.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>fc</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX544"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX560"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre><CODE>fc [-e <VAR>ename</VAR>] [-lnr] [<VAR>first</VAR>] [<VAR>last</VAR>]</CODE>
<CODE>fc -s [<VAR>pat</VAR>=<VAR>rep</VAR>] [<VAR>command</VAR>]</CODE>
</pre></td></tr></table><P>
@@ -11932,11 +12232,11 @@ of <VAR>pat</VAR> in the selected command is replaced by <VAR>rep</VAR>.
A useful alias to use with the <CODE>fc</CODE> command is <CODE>r='fc -s'</CODE>, so
that typing <SAMP>`r cc'</SAMP> runs the last command beginning with <CODE>cc</CODE>
-and typing <SAMP>`r'</SAMP> re-executes the last command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>).
+and typing <SAMP>`r'</SAMP> re-executes the last command (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
</P><P>
<DT><CODE>history</CODE>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX545"></A>
+<DD><A NAME="IDX561"></A>
<TABLE><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class=example><pre>history [<VAR>n</VAR>]
history -c
history -d <VAR>offset</VAR>
@@ -12014,20 +12314,20 @@ the value of the <CODE>HISTFILE</CODE> variable is used.
<A NAME="History Interaction"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC122"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC123"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 9.3 History Expansion </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC122::-->
+<!--docid::SEC123::-->
<P>
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
@@ -12057,7 +12357,7 @@ character.
</P><P>
Several shell options settable with the <CODE>shopt</CODE>
-builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>) may be used to tailor
+builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>) may be used to tailor
the behavior of history expansion. If the
<CODE>histverify</CODE> shell option is enabled, and Readline
is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
@@ -12077,39 +12377,41 @@ This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
history expansion mechanism with the <CODE>histchars</CODE> variable,
-as explained above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). The shell uses
+as explained above (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>). The shell uses
the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
writing the history file.
</P><P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify which history line to use.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.2 Word Designators</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying which words are of interest.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.3 Modifiers</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modifying the results of substitution.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to specify which history line to use.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.2 Word Designators</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Specifying which words are of interest.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">9.3.3 Modifiers</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Modifying the results of substitution.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Event Designators"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC123"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC124"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 9.3.1 Event Designators </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC123::-->
+<!--docid::SEC124::-->
<P>
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.
-<A NAME="IDX546"></A>
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
+<A NAME="IDX562"></A>
</P><P>
<DL COMPACT>
@@ -12133,11 +12435,16 @@ the end of the line, <SAMP>`='</SAMP> or <SAMP>`('</SAMP> (when the
<P>
<DT><CODE>!<VAR>string</VAR></CODE>
-<DD>Refer to the most recent command starting with <VAR>string</VAR>.
+<DD>Refer to the most recent command
+preceding the current position in the history list
+starting with <VAR>string</VAR>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>!?<VAR>string</VAR>[?]</CODE>
-<DD>Refer to the most recent command containing <VAR>string</VAR>. The trailing
+<DD>Refer to the most recent command
+preceding the current position in the history list
+containing <VAR>string</VAR>.
+The trailing
<SAMP>`?'</SAMP> may be omitted if the <VAR>string</VAR> is followed immediately by
a newline.
<P>
@@ -12157,20 +12464,20 @@ with <VAR>string2</VAR>. Equivalent to
<A NAME="Word Designators"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC124"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC125"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 9.3.2 Word Designators </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC124::-->
+<!--docid::SEC125::-->
<P>
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
@@ -12252,20 +12559,20 @@ previous command is used as the event.
<A NAME="Modifiers"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC125"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC126"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H3> 9.3.3 Modifiers </H3>
-<!--docid::SEC125::-->
+<!--docid::SEC126::-->
<P>
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
@@ -12334,20 +12641,20 @@ or with <SAMP>`&#38;'</SAMP>.
<A NAME="Installing Bash"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC126"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC127"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC125"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> 10. Installing Bash </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC126::-->
+<!--docid::SEC127::-->
<P>
This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
@@ -12359,38 +12666,38 @@ MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
</P><P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Installation instructions.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.2 Compilers and Options</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set special options for various
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Installation instructions.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.2 Compilers and Options</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set special options for various
systems.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to compile Bash for more
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to compile Bash for more
than one kind of system from
the same source tree.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.4 Installation Names</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set the various paths used by the installation.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to configure Bash for a particular system.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to share default configuration values among GNU
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.4 Installation Names</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to set the various paths used by the installation.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to configure Bash for a particular system.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to share default configuration values among GNU
programs.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.7 Operation Controls</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Options recognized by the configuration program.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.8 Optional Features</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to enable and disable optional features when
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.7 Operation Controls</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Options recognized by the configuration program.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.8 Optional Features</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">How to enable and disable optional features when
building Bash.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Basic Installation"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC127"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC128"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 10.1 Basic Installation </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC127::-->
+<!--docid::SEC128::-->
<P>
These are installation instructions for Bash.
@@ -12480,20 +12787,20 @@ a different kind of computer), type <SAMP>`make distclean'</SAMP>.
<A NAME="Compilers and Options"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC128"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC129"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 10.2 Compilers and Options </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC128::-->
+<!--docid::SEC129::-->
<P>
Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
@@ -12518,20 +12825,20 @@ is available.
<A NAME="Compiling For Multiple Architectures"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC129"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC130"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC129"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC129::-->
+<!--docid::SEC130::-->
<P>
You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
@@ -12570,20 +12877,20 @@ directories for other architectures.
<A NAME="Installation Names"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC130"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC131"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC130"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 10.4 Installation Names </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC130::-->
+<!--docid::SEC131::-->
<P>
By default, <SAMP>`make install'</SAMP> will install into
@@ -12604,20 +12911,20 @@ Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
<A NAME="Specifying the System Type"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC131"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC132"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC131"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 10.5 Specifying the System Type </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC131::-->
+<!--docid::SEC132::-->
<P>
There may be some features <CODE>configure</CODE> can not figure out
@@ -12636,20 +12943,20 @@ values of each field.
<A NAME="Sharing Defaults"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC132"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC133"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC132"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 10.6 Sharing Defaults </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC132::-->
+<!--docid::SEC133::-->
<P>
If you want to set default values for <CODE>configure</CODE> scripts to
@@ -12665,20 +12972,20 @@ but not all <CODE>configure</CODE> scripts do.
<A NAME="Operation Controls"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC133"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC134"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 10.7 Operation Controls </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC133::-->
+<!--docid::SEC134::-->
<P>
<CODE>configure</CODE> recognizes the following options to control how it
@@ -12721,20 +13028,20 @@ options. <SAMP>`configure --help'</SAMP> prints the complete list.
<A NAME="Optional Features"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC134"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC135"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC133"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> 10.8 Optional Features </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC134::-->
+<!--docid::SEC135::-->
<P>
The Bash <CODE>configure</CODE> has a number of <SAMP>`--enable-<VAR>feature</VAR>'</SAMP>
@@ -12841,7 +13148,7 @@ necessary support.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><CODE>--enable-alias</CODE>
<DD>Allow alias expansion and include the <CODE>alias</CODE> and <CODE>unalias</CODE>
-builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>).
+builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-arith-for-command</CODE>
@@ -12852,18 +13159,18 @@ that behaves like the C language <CODE>for</CODE> statement
<DT><CODE>--enable-array-variables</CODE>
<DD>Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-bang-history</CODE>
<DD>Include support for <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history substitution
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-brace-expansion</CODE>
<DD>Include <CODE>csh</CODE>-like brace expansion
( <CODE>b{a,b}c</CODE> ==> <CODE>bac bbc</CODE> ).
-See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>, for a complete description.
+See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>, for a complete description.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-casemod-attributes</CODE>
@@ -12906,13 +13213,13 @@ This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
<DT><CODE>--enable-directory-stack</CODE>
<DD>Include support for a <CODE>csh</CODE>-like directory stack and the
<CODE>pushd</CODE>, <CODE>popd</CODE>, and <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtins
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-disabled-builtins</CODE>
<DD>Allow builtin commands to be invoked via <SAMP>`builtin xxx'</SAMP>
even after <CODE>xxx</CODE> has been disabled using <SAMP>`enable -n xxx'</SAMP>.
-See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for details of the <CODE>builtin</CODE> and
+See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for details of the <CODE>builtin</CODE> and
<CODE>enable</CODE> builtin commands.
<P>
@@ -12923,26 +13230,26 @@ See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for details of t
<DT><CODE>--enable-extended-glob</CODE>
<DD>Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
-above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>.
+above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-extended-glob-default</CODE>
<DD>Set the default value of the <VAR>extglob</VAR> shell option described
-above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled.
+above under <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A> to be enabled.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-help-builtin</CODE>
<DD>Include the <CODE>help</CODE> builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
-variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-history</CODE>
<DD>Include command history and the <CODE>fc</CODE> and <CODE>history</CODE>
-builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>).
+builtin commands (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-job-control</CODE>
-<DD>This enables the job control features (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>),
+<DD>This enables the job control features (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>),
if the operating system supports them.
<P>
@@ -12955,41 +13262,41 @@ system provides the necessary support.
<DD>This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
<CODE>/dev/tcp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE> and
<CODE>/dev/udp/<VAR>host</VAR>/<VAR>port</VAR></CODE>
-when used in redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>).
+when used in redirections (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-process-substitution</CODE>
-<DD>This enables process substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>) if
+<DD>This enables process substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>) if
the operating system provides the necessary support.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-progcomp</CODE>
<DD>Enable the programmable completion facilities
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>).
If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</CODE>
<DD>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
in the <CODE>$PS1</CODE>, <CODE>$PS2</CODE>, <CODE>$PS3</CODE>, and <CODE>$PS4</CODE> prompt
-strings. See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for a complete list of prompt
+strings. See <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>, for a complete list of prompt
string escape sequences.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-readline</CODE>
<DD>Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
-version of the Readline library (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>).
+version of the Readline library (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-restricted</CODE>
<DD>Include support for a <EM>restricted shell</EM>. If this is enabled, Bash,
when called as <CODE>rbash</CODE>, enters a restricted mode. See
-<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>, for a description of restricted mode.
+<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>, for a description of restricted mode.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-select</CODE>
-<DD>Include the <CODE>select</CODE> builtin, which allows the generation of simple
-menus (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
+<DD>Include the <CODE>select</CODE> compound command, which allows the generation of
+simple menus (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-separate-helpfiles</CODE>
@@ -13005,7 +13312,7 @@ literals.
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-strict-posix-default</CODE>
-<DD>Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
+<DD>Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
<P>
<DT><CODE>--enable-usg-echo-default</CODE>
@@ -13018,7 +13325,7 @@ without requiring the <SAMP>`-e'</SAMP> option.
This sets the default value of the <CODE>xpg_echo</CODE> shell option to <CODE>on</CODE>,
which makes the Bash <CODE>echo</CODE> behave more like the version specified in
the Single Unix Specification, version 3.
-See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of the escape sequences that
+See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>, for a description of the escape sequences that
<CODE>echo</CODE> recognizes.
<P>
@@ -13036,20 +13343,20 @@ information about its effect.
<A NAME="Reporting Bugs"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC135"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC136"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC134"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC126"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> A. Reporting Bugs </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC135::-->
+<!--docid::SEC136::-->
<P>
Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
@@ -13094,20 +13401,20 @@ Please send all reports concerning this manual to
<A NAME="Major Differences From The Bourne Shell"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC136"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC137"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC135"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC136::-->
+<!--docid::SEC137::-->
<P>
Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
@@ -13126,27 +13433,27 @@ last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
<LI>
Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
-differs from traditional <CODE>sh</CODE> behavior (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
+differs from traditional <CODE>sh</CODE> behavior (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>).
<P>
<LI>
-Bash has multi-character invocation options (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
+Bash has multi-character invocation options (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
<P>
<LI>
-Bash has command-line editing (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>) and
+Bash has command-line editing (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>) and
the <CODE>bind</CODE> builtin.
<P>
<LI>
Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>), and builtin commands
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>), and builtin commands
<CODE>complete</CODE>, <CODE>compgen</CODE>, and <CODE>compopt</CODE>, to
manipulate it.
<P>
<LI>
-Bash has command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) and the
+Bash has command history (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>) and the
<CODE>history</CODE> and <CODE>fc</CODE> builtins to manipulate it.
The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
value of the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable to display it.
@@ -13154,11 +13461,11 @@ value of the <CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE> variable to display it.
<LI>
Bash implements <CODE>csh</CODE>-like history expansion
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
-Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>), and the
+Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>), and the
appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
@@ -13214,19 +13521,19 @@ Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the <CODE>case</CODE> and
<P>
<LI>
-Bash includes brace expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>) and tilde
-expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
+Bash includes brace expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>) and tilde
+expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash implements command aliases and the <CODE>alias</CODE> and <CODE>unalias</CODE>
-builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>).
+builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash provides shell arithmetic, the <CODE>((</CODE> compound command
(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A>),
-and arithmetic expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
+and arithmetic expansion (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -13244,37 +13551,37 @@ of the variable named on the left hand side.
<LI>
Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal <SAMP>`%'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`#'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`%%'</SAMP>
and <SAMP>`##'</SAMP> expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
-variable values (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
+variable values (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The expansion <CODE>${#xx}</CODE>, which returns the length of <CODE>${xx}</CODE>,
-is supported (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
+is supported (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The expansion <CODE>${var:</CODE><VAR>offset</VAR><CODE>[:</CODE><VAR>length</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>,
which expands to the substring of <CODE>var</CODE>'s value of length
<VAR>length</VAR>, beginning at <VAR>offset</VAR>, is present
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The expansion
<CODE>${var/[/]</CODE><VAR>pattern</VAR><CODE>[/</CODE><VAR>replacement</VAR><CODE>]}</CODE>,
which matches <VAR>pattern</VAR> and replaces it with <VAR>replacement</VAR> in
-the value of <CODE>var</CODE>, is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
+the value of <CODE>var</CODE>, is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The expansion <CODE>${!<VAR>prefix}*</VAR></CODE> expansion, which expands to
the names of all shell variables whose names begin with <VAR>prefix</VAR>,
-is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
+is available (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash has <VAR>indirect</VAR> variable expansion using <CODE>${!word}</CODE>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -13284,13 +13591,13 @@ Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <CODE>$9</CODE> using
<LI>
The POSIX <CODE>$()</CODE> form of command substitution
-is implemented (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A>),
+is implemented (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A>),
and preferred to the Bourne shell's <CODE>"</CODE> (which
is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
<P>
<LI>
-Bash has process substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>).
+Bash has process substitution (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -13298,25 +13605,25 @@ Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the
current user (<CODE>UID</CODE>, <CODE>EUID</CODE>, and <CODE>GROUPS</CODE>), the current host
(<CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE>, <CODE>OSTYPE</CODE>, <CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE>, and <CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE>),
and the instance of Bash that is running (<CODE>BASH</CODE>,
-<CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE>, and <CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE>). See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>,
+<CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE>, and <CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE>). See section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>,
for details.
<P>
<LI>
The <CODE>IFS</CODE> variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
-not all words (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>).
+not all words (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>).
This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
<P>
<LI>
Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
including <VAR>character classes</VAR>, <VAR>equivalence classes</VAR>, and
-<VAR>collating symbols</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
+<VAR>collating symbols</VAR> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the <CODE>extglob</CODE>
-shell option is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>).
+shell option is enabled (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -13327,12 +13634,12 @@ It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
<LI>
Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
<CODE>local</CODE> builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
-builtins and functions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A>).
+builtins and functions (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A>).
In <CODE>sh</CODE>, all variable assignments
preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
file system.
@@ -13340,14 +13647,14 @@ file system.
<LI>
Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
-to input and output redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>).
+to input and output redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash contains the <SAMP>`&#60;&#62;'</SAMP> redirection operator, allowing a file to be
opened for both reading and writing, and the <SAMP>`&#38;&#62;'</SAMP> redirection
operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same
-file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>).
+file (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -13362,22 +13669,22 @@ redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
<LI>
Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
-used in redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>).
+used in redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
-with the redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>).
+with the redirection operators (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The <CODE>noclobber</CODE> option is available to avoid overwriting existing
-files with output redirection (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+files with output redirection (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
The <SAMP>`&#62;|'</SAMP> redirection operator may be used to override <CODE>noclobber</CODE>.
<P>
<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>cd</CODE> and <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
+The Bash <CODE>cd</CODE> and <CODE>pwd</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
each take <SAMP>`-L'</SAMP> and <SAMP>`-P'</SAMP> options to switch between logical and
physical modes.
<P>
@@ -13385,29 +13692,29 @@ physical modes.
<LI>
Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the
-<CODE>builtin</CODE> and <CODE>command</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+<CODE>builtin</CODE> and <CODE>command</CODE> builtins (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The <CODE>command</CODE> builtin allows selective disabling of functions
-when command lookup is performed (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+when command lookup is performed (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the <CODE>enable</CODE>
-builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The Bash <CODE>exec</CODE> builtin takes additional options that allow users
to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
-using <CODE>export -f</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
+using <CODE>export -f</CODE> (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>).
<P>
<LI>
@@ -13423,21 +13730,21 @@ and values simultaneously.
The Bash <CODE>hash</CODE> builtin allows a name to be associated with
an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
searching the <CODE>$PATH</CODE>, using <SAMP>`hash -p'</SAMP>
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash includes a <CODE>help</CODE> builtin for quick reference to shell
-facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+facilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The <CODE>printf</CODE> builtin is available to display formatted output
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<LI>
-The Bash <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
+The Bash <CODE>read</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>)
will read a line ending in <SAMP>`\'</SAMP> with
the <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option, and will use the <CODE>REPLY</CODE> variable as a
default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
@@ -13456,28 +13763,28 @@ until a particular character rather than newline.
<LI>
The <CODE>return</CODE> builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
executed with the <CODE>.</CODE> or <CODE>source</CODE> builtins
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash includes the <CODE>shopt</CODE> builtin, for finer control of shell
-optional capabilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), and allows these options
-to be set and unset at shell invocation (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
+optional capabilities (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the <CODE>set</CODE>
-builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The <SAMP>`-x'</SAMP> (<CODE>xtrace</CODE>) option displays commands other than
simple commands when performing an execution trace
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>).
<P>
<LI>
-The <CODE>test</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
+The <CODE>test</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>)
is slightly different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm,
which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
<P>
@@ -13490,7 +13797,7 @@ debugger.
<P>
<LI>
-The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows a
+The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows a
<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <CODE>EXIT</CODE>.
Commands specified with a <CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap are executed before every
simple command, <CODE>for</CODE> command, <CODE>case</CODE> command,
@@ -13503,7 +13810,7 @@ The <CODE>extdebug</CODE> shell option has additional effects on the
<CODE>DEBUG</CODE> trap.
<P>
-The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows an
+The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows an
<CODE>ERR</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <CODE>EXIT</CODE> and <CODE>DEBUG</CODE>.
Commands specified with an <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap are executed after a simple
command fails, with a few exceptions.
@@ -13511,7 +13818,7 @@ The <CODE>ERR</CODE> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
<CODE>-o errtrace</CODE> option to the <CODE>set</CODE> builtin is enabled.
</P><P>
-The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows a
+The <CODE>trap</CODE> builtin (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>) allows a
<CODE>RETURN</CODE> pseudo-signal specification, similar to
<CODE>EXIT</CODE> and <CODE>DEBUG</CODE>.
Commands specified with an <CODE>RETURN</CODE> trap are executed before
@@ -13524,36 +13831,36 @@ function has been given the <CODE>trace</CODE> attribute or the
<LI>
The Bash <CODE>type</CODE> builtin is more extensive and gives more information
-about the names it finds (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
+about the names it finds (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>).
<P>
<LI>
The Bash <CODE>umask</CODE> builtin permits a <SAMP>`-p'</SAMP> option to cause
the output to be displayed in the form of a <CODE>umask</CODE> command
-that may be reused as input (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
+that may be reused as input (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>).
<P>
<LI>
Bash implements a <CODE>csh</CODE>-like directory stack, and provides the
<CODE>pushd</CODE>, <CODE>popd</CODE>, and <CODE>dirs</CODE> builtins to manipulate it
-(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
+(see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>).
Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
<CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE> shell variable.
<P>
<LI>
Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
-strings when interactive (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
+strings when interactive (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>).
<P>
<LI>
-The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>);
+The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>);
the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
<P>
<LI>
The <CODE>disown</CODE> builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
-job table (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>) or suppress the sending
+job table (see section <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>) or suppress the sending
of <CODE>SIGHUP</CODE> to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
<CODE>SIGHUP</CODE>.
<P>
@@ -13584,24 +13891,24 @@ The SVR4.2 <CODE>sh</CODE> uses a <CODE>TIMEOUT</CODE> variable like Bash uses
</UL>
<P>
-More features unique to Bash may be found in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">6. Bash Features</A>.
+More features unique to Bash may be found in <A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bash Features</A>.
</P><P>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC137"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC138"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC136"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC137::-->
+<!--docid::SEC138::-->
<P>
Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
@@ -13673,20 +13980,20 @@ The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <CODE>jsh</CODE>
<A NAME="GNU Free Documentation License"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC138"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC139"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC137"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> &gt;&gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> C. GNU Free Documentation License </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC138::-->
+<!--docid::SEC139::-->
<P>
<center>
@@ -14223,9 +14530,9 @@ provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
</OL>
<P>
-<A NAME="SEC139"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC140"></A>
<H2> ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC139::-->
+<!--docid::SEC140::-->
<P>
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
@@ -14264,49 +14571,49 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<A NAME="Indexes"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC140"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC141"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC138"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC139"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1> D. Indexes </H1>
-<!--docid::SEC140::-->
+<!--docid::SEC141::-->
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash builtin commands.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash reserved words.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Quick reference helps you find the
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash builtin commands.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of Bash reserved words.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Quick reference helps you find the
variable you want.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.4 Function Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of bindable Readline functions.</TD></TR>
-<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.5 Concept Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">General index for concepts described in
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.4 Function Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">Index of bindable Readline functions.</TD></TR>
+<TR><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP"><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146">D.5 Concept Index</A></TD><TD>&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD><TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="TOP">General index for concepts described in
this manual.</TD></TR>
</TABLE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<A NAME="Builtin Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC141"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC142"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC141::-->
+<!--docid::SEC142::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#bt_." style="text-decoration:none"><b>.</b></A>
&nbsp;
<A HREF="bashref.html#bt_:" style="text-decoration:none"><b>:</b></A>
@@ -14355,105 +14662,105 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_."></A>.</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX69"><CODE>.</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX69"><CODE>.</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_:"></A>:</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX68"><CODE>:</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX68"><CODE>:</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_["></A>[</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX84"><CODE>[</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX84"><CODE>[</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX89"><CODE>alias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX89"><CODE>alias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX293"><CODE>bg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX90"><CODE>bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX70"><CODE>break</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX91"><CODE>builtin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX305"><CODE>bg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX90"><CODE>bind</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX70"><CODE>break</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX91"><CODE>builtin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX92"><CODE>caller</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX71"><CODE>cd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX93"><CODE>command</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX540"><CODE>compgen</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX541"><CODE>complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX542"><CODE>compopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX72"><CODE>continue</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX92"><CODE>caller</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX71"><CODE>cd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX93"><CODE>command</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX556"><CODE>compgen</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX557"><CODE>complete</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX558"><CODE>compopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX72"><CODE>continue</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX94"><CODE>declare</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX290"><CODE>dirs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX298"><CODE>disown</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX94"><CODE>declare</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX302"><CODE>dirs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX310"><CODE>disown</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX95"><CODE>echo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX96"><CODE>enable</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX73"><CODE>eval</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX74"><CODE>exec</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX75"><CODE>exit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX76"><CODE>export</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX95"><CODE>echo</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX96"><CODE>enable</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX73"><CODE>eval</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX74"><CODE>exec</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX75"><CODE>exit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX76"><CODE>export</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX544"><CODE>fc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX294"><CODE>fg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX560"><CODE>fc</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX306"><CODE>fg</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX77"><CODE>getopts</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX77"><CODE>getopts</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX78"><CODE>hash</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX97"><CODE>help</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX545"><CODE>history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX78"><CODE>hash</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX97"><CODE>help</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX561"><CODE>history</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX295"><CODE>jobs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX307"><CODE>jobs</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX296"><CODE>kill</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX308"><CODE>kill</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX98"><CODE>let</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX99"><CODE>local</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX100"><CODE>logout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX98"><CODE>let</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX99"><CODE>local</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX100"><CODE>logout</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX101"><CODE>mapfile</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX101"><CODE>mapfile</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX291"><CODE>popd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX102"><CODE>printf</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX292"><CODE>pushd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX79"><CODE>pwd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX303"><CODE>popd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX102"><CODE>printf</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX304"><CODE>pushd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX79"><CODE>pwd</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX103"><CODE>read</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX104"><CODE>readarray</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX80"><CODE>readonly</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX81"><CODE>return</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX103"><CODE>read</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX104"><CODE>readarray</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX80"><CODE>readonly</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX81"><CODE>return</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX110"><CODE>set</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX82"><CODE>shift</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX111"><CODE>shopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX105"><CODE>source</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX299"><CODE>suspend</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX110"><CODE>set</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX82"><CODE>shift</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX111"><CODE>shopt</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX105"><CODE>source</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX311"><CODE>suspend</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX83"><CODE>test</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX85"><CODE>times</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX86"><CODE>trap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX106"><CODE>type</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX107"><CODE>typeset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX83"><CODE>test</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX85"><CODE>times</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX86"><CODE>trap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX106"><CODE>type</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX107"><CODE>typeset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX108"><CODE>ulimit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX87"><CODE>umask</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX109"><CODE>unalias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX88"><CODE>unset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX108"><CODE>ulimit</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX87"><CODE>umask</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX109"><CODE>unalias</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX88"><CODE>unset</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="bt_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX297"><CODE>wait</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX309"><CODE>wait</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#bt_." style="text-decoration:none"><b>.</b></A>
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
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+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
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+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC142::-->
+<!--docid::SEC143::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#rw_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A>
&nbsp;
<A HREF="bashref.html#rw_[" style="text-decoration:none"><b>[</b></A>
@@ -14579,7 +14886,7 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX36"><CODE>fi</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX31"><CODE>for</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC20">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX45"><CODE>function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX45"><CODE>function</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="rw_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX32"><CODE>if</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
@@ -14631,20 +14938,20 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<A NAME="Variable Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC143"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC144"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC142"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.3 Parameter and Variable Index </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC143::-->
+<!--docid::SEC144::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#vr_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A>
&nbsp;
<A HREF="bashref.html#vr_#" style="text-decoration:none"><b>#</b></A>
@@ -14707,286 +15014,302 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_!"></A>!</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX59"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX58"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX59"><CODE>!</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_#"></A>#</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX50"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX51"><CODE>#</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_$"></A>$</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX56"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX57"><CODE>$</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_*"></A>*</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX46"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX47"><CODE>*</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_-"></A>-</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX54"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX55"><CODE>-</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_0"></A>0</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX60"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX61"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX60"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX61"><CODE>0</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_?"></A>?</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX52"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX53"><CODE>?</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_@"></A>@</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX48"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX49"><CODE>@</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr__"></A>_</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX62"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX63"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX62"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX63"><CODE>_</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX300"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX301"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX312"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX313"><CODE>auto_resume</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX132"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX133"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX138"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX139"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX140"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX141"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX142"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX143"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX144"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX145"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX146"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX147"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX148"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX149"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX150"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX151"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX152"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX153"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX154"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX155"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX156"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX157"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX158"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX159"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX160"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX161"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX162"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX163"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX164"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX165"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX134"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX135"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX136"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX137"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX307"><CODE>bell-style</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX308"><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX132"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX133"><CODE>BASH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX138"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX139"><CODE>BASH_ALIASES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX140"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX141"><CODE>BASH_ARGC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX142"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX143"><CODE>BASH_ARGV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX144"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX145"><CODE>BASH_CMDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX146"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX147"><CODE>BASH_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX148"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX149"><CODE>BASH_ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX150"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX151"><CODE>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX152"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX153"><CODE>BASH_LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX154"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX155"><CODE>BASH_REMATCH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX156"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX157"><CODE>BASH_SOURCE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX158"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX159"><CODE>BASH_SUBSHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX160"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX161"><CODE>BASH_VERSINFO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX162"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX163"><CODE>BASH_VERSION</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX164"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX165"><CODE>BASH_XTRACEFD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX134"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX135"><CODE>BASHOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX136"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX137"><CODE>BASHPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX319"><CODE>bell-style</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX320"><CODE>bind-tty-special-chars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX112"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX113"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX166"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX167"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX309"><CODE>comment-begin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX168"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX169"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX176"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX177"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX170"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX171"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX172"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX173"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX174"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX175"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX178"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX179"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX180"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX181"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX310"><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX311"><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX182"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX183"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX312"><CODE>convert-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX112"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX113"><CODE>CDPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX166"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX167"><CODE>COLUMNS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX321"><CODE>comment-begin</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX168"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX169"><CODE>COMP_CWORD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX176"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX177"><CODE>COMP_KEY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX170"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX171"><CODE>COMP_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX172"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX173"><CODE>COMP_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX174"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX175"><CODE>COMP_TYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX178"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX179"><CODE>COMP_WORDBREAKS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX180"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX181"><CODE>COMP_WORDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX322"><CODE>completion-display-width</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX323"><CODE>completion-ignore-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX324"><CODE>completion-map-case</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX325"><CODE>completion-prefix-display-length</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX326"><CODE>completion-query-items</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX182"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX183"><CODE>COMPREPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX327"><CODE>convert-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX184"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX185"><CODE>COPROC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX184"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX185"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX313"><CODE>disable-completion</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX186"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX187"><CODE>DIRSTACK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX328"><CODE>disable-completion</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX314"><CODE>editing-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX186"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX187"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX315"><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX188"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX189"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX316"><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX329"><CODE>editing-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX188"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX189"><CODE>EMACS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX330"><CODE>enable-keypad</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX190"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX191"><CODE>ENV</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX192"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX193"><CODE>EUID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX331"><CODE>expand-tilde</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX190"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX191"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX192"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX193"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX194"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX195"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX194"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX195"><CODE>FCEDIT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX196"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX197"><CODE>FIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX198"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX199"><CODE>FUNCNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX200"><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX201"><CODE>FUNCNEST</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX196"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX197"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX198"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX199"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX202"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX203"><CODE>GLOBIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX204"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX205"><CODE>GROUPS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX200"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX201"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX202"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX203"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX204"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX205"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX206"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX207"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX208"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX209"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX210"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX211"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX317"><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX318"><CODE>history-size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX212"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX213"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX214"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX215"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX114"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX115"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX319"><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX216"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX217"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX218"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX219"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX220"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX221"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX206"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX207"><CODE>histchars</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX208"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX209"><CODE>HISTCMD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX210"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX211"><CODE>HISTCONTROL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX212"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX213"><CODE>HISTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX214"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX215"><CODE>HISTFILESIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX216"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX217"><CODE>HISTIGNORE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX332"><CODE>history-preserve-point</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX333"><CODE>history-size</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX218"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX219"><CODE>HISTSIZE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX220"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX221"><CODE>HISTTIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX114"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX115"><CODE>HOME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX334"><CODE>horizontal-scroll-mode</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX222"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX223"><CODE>HOSTFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX224"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX225"><CODE>HOSTNAME</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX226"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX227"><CODE>HOSTTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX116"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX117"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX222"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX223"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX320"><CODE>input-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX224"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX225"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX322"><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX116"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX117"><CODE>IFS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX228"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX229"><CODE>IGNOREEOF</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX335"><CODE>input-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX230"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX231"><CODE>INPUTRC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX337"><CODE>isearch-terminators</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX323"><CODE>keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX338"><CODE>keymap</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX226"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX227"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX228"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX229"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX230"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX231"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX232"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX233"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX232"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX233"><CODE>LANG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX234"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX235"><CODE>LC_ALL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX236"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX237"><CODE>LC_COLLATE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX238"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX239"><CODE>LC_CTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX21"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX234"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX235"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX236"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX237"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX238"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX239"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX240"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX241"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX240"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX241"><CODE>LC_MESSAGES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX242"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX243"><CODE>LC_NUMERIC</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX244"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX245"><CODE>LINENO</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX246"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX247"><CODE>LINES</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX242"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX243"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX118"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX119"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX244"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX245"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX120"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX121"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX324"><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX325"><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX326"><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX321"><CODE>meta-flag</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX248"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX249"><CODE>MACHTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX118"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX119"><CODE>MAIL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX250"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX251"><CODE>MAILCHECK</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX120"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX121"><CODE>MAILPATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX252"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX253"><CODE>MAPFILE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX339"><CODE>mark-modified-lines</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX340"><CODE>mark-symlinked-directories</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX341"><CODE>match-hidden-files</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX342"><CODE>menu-complete-display-prefix</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX336"><CODE>meta-flag</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX246"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX247"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX122"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX123"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX248"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX249"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX124"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX125"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX250"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX251"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX327"><CODE>output-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX254"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX255"><CODE>OLDPWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX122"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX123"><CODE>OPTARG</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX256"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX257"><CODE>OPTERR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX124"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX125"><CODE>OPTIND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX258"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX259"><CODE>OSTYPE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX343"><CODE>output-meta</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX328"><CODE>page-completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX126"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX127"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX252"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX253"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX254"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX255"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX256"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX257"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX258"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX259"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX260"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX261"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX128"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX129"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX130"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX131"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX262"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX263"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX264"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX265"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX266"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX267"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX344"><CODE>page-completions</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX126"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX127"><CODE>PATH</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX260"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX261"><CODE>PIPESTATUS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX262"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX263"><CODE>POSIXLY_CORRECT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX264"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX265"><CODE>PPID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX266"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX267"><CODE>PROMPT_COMMAND</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX268"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX269"><CODE>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX128"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX129"><CODE>PS1</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX130"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX131"><CODE>PS2</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX270"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX271"><CODE>PS3</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX272"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX273"><CODE>PS4</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX274"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX275"><CODE>PWD</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX268"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX269"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX270"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX271"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX329"><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX276"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX277"><CODE>RANDOM</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX278"><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX279"><CODE>READLINE_LINE</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX280"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX281"><CODE>READLINE_POINT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX282"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX283"><CODE>REPLY</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX345"><CODE>revert-all-at-newline</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX272"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX273"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX274"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX275"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX276"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX277"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX278"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX279"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX330"><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX331"><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX332"><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX284"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX285"><CODE>SECONDS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX286"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX287"><CODE>SHELL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX288"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX289"><CODE>SHELLOPTS</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX290"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX291"><CODE>SHLVL</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX346"><CODE>show-all-if-ambiguous</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX347"><CODE>show-all-if-unmodified</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX348"><CODE>skip-completed-text</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX22"><CODE>TEXTDOMAIN</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX23"><CODE>TEXTDOMAINDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX280"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX281"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX282"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX283"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX284"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX285"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX292"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX293"><CODE>TIMEFORMAT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX294"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX295"><CODE>TMOUT</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX296"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX297"><CODE>TMPDIR</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX286"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX287"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX298"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX299"><CODE>UID</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="vr_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX333"><CODE>visible-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX349"><CODE>visible-stats</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#vr_!" style="text-decoration:none"><b>!</b></A>
&nbsp;
@@ -15049,20 +15372,20 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<A NAME="Function Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC144"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC145"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC143"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146"> &gt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC146"> &lt;&lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.4 Function Index </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC144::-->
+<!--docid::SEC145::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
&nbsp;
<A HREF="bashref.html#fn_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A>
@@ -15108,250 +15431,250 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX486"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX487"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX354"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX355"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX530"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX531"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX502"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX503"><CODE>abort (C-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX370"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX371"><CODE>accept-line (Newline or Return)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX546"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX547"><CODE>alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX340"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX341"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX382"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX383"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX404"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX405"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX416"><CODE>backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX417"><CODE>backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX412"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX413"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX344"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX345"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX360"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#38;#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX361"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#38;#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX334"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX335"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX356"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX357"><CODE>backward-char (C-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX398"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX399"><CODE>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX420"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX421"><CODE>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX428"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX429"><CODE>backward-kill-word (M-<KBD>DEL</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX360"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX361"><CODE>backward-word (M-b)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX376"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#38;#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX377"><CODE>beginning-of-history (M-&#38;#60;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX350"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX351"><CODE>beginning-of-line (C-a)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX482"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX483"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX398"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX399"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX502"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX503"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX504"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX505"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX350"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX351"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX440"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX441"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX468"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX469"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX452"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX453"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX464"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX465"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX476"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX477"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX456"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX457"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX460"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX461"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX428"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX429"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX430"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX431"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX426"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX427"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX498"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX499"><CODE>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX414"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX415"><CODE>capitalize-word (M-c)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX518"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX519"><CODE>character-search (C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX520"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX521"><CODE>character-search-backward (M-C-])</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX366"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX367"><CODE>clear-screen (C-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX456"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX457"><CODE>complete (<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX484"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX485"><CODE>complete-command (M-!)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX468"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX469"><CODE>complete-filename (M-/)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX480"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX481"><CODE>complete-hostname (M-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX492"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX493"><CODE>complete-into-braces (M-{)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX472"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX473"><CODE>complete-username (M-~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX476"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX477"><CODE>complete-variable (M-$)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX444"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX445"><CODE>copy-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX446"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX447"><CODE>copy-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX442"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX443"><CODE>copy-region-as-kill ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX474"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX475"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX380"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX381"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX450"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX451"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX422"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX423"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX436"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62; <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX437"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62; <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX522"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX523"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX488"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX489"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX396"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX397"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX510"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX511"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX514"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX515"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX512"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX513"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX472"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX473"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX490"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX491"><CODE>dabbrev-expand ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX396"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX397"><CODE>delete-char (C-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX466"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX467"><CODE>delete-char-or-list ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX438"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX439"><CODE>delete-horizontal-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX452"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62; <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX453"><CODE>digit-argument (<KBD>M-0</KBD>, <KBD>M-1</KBD>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62; <KBD>M--</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX538"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX539"><CODE>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX504"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX505"><CODE>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<VAR>x</VAR>, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX412"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX413"><CODE>downcase-word (M-l)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX526"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX527"><CODE>dump-functions ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX530"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX531"><CODE>dump-macros ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX528"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX529"><CODE>dump-variables ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX488"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX489"><CODE>dynamic-complete-history (M-<KBD>TAB</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX538"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX539"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX480"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX481"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX362"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#38;#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX363"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#38;#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX336"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX337"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX500"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX501"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX554"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX555"><CODE>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX496"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX497"><CODE>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX378"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#38;#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX379"><CODE>end-of-history (M-&#38;#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX352"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX353"><CODE>end-of-line (C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX516"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX517"><CODE>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX384"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX385"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX338"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX339"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX366"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX367"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX342"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX343"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX400"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX401"><CODE>forward-backward-delete-char ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX354"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX355"><CODE>forward-char (C-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX382"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX383"><CODE>forward-search-history (C-s)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX358"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX359"><CODE>forward-word (M-f)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_G"></A>G</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX516"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX517"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX518"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX519"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX520"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX521"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX532"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX533"><CODE>glob-complete-word (M-g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX534"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX535"><CODE>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX536"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX537"><CODE>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX532"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX533"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX526"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX527"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX374"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX375"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX372"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX373"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX548"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX549"><CODE>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX542"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX543"><CODE>history-expand-line (M-^)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX390"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX391"><CODE>history-search-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX388"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX389"><CODE>history-search-forward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX508"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX509"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX444"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX445"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX534"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX535"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX524"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX525"><CODE>insert-comment (M-#)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX460"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX461"><CODE>insert-completions (M-*)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX550"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX551"><CODE>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX402"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX403"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX424"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX425"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX408"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX409"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX410"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX411"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX418"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX419"><CODE>kill-line (C-k)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX440"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX441"><CODE>kill-region ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX424"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX425"><CODE>kill-whole-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX426"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX427"><CODE>kill-word (M-d)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX528"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX529"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX446"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX447"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX448"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX449"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX544"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX545"><CODE>magic-space ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX462"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX463"><CODE>menu-complete ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX464"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX465"><CODE>menu-complete-backward ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_N"></A>N</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX358"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX359"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX370"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX371"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX368"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX369"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX374"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX375"><CODE>next-history (C-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX386"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX387"><CODE>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX384"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX385"><CODE>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX536"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX537"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX400"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX401"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX552"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX553"><CODE>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX416"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX417"><CODE>overwrite-mode ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX470"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX471"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX442"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX443"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX454"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX455"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX466"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX467"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX458"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX459"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX462"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX463"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX490"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX491"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX356"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX357"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX486"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX487"><CODE>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX458"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX459"><CODE>possible-completions (M-?)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX470"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX471"><CODE>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX482"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX483"><CODE>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX474"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX475"><CODE>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX478"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX479"><CODE>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX506"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX507"><CODE>prefix-meta (<KBD>ESC</KBD>)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX372"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX373"><CODE>previous-history (C-p)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX386"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX387"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX402"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX403"><CODE>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX484"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX485"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX352"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX353"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX364"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX365"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX494"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX495"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX500"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX501"><CODE>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX368"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX369"><CODE>redraw-current-line ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX380"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX381"><CODE>reverse-search-history (C-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX510"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX511"><CODE>revert-line (M-r)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX388"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX389"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX498"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX499"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX348"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX349"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX524"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX525"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX346"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX347"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX414"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX415"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX506"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX507"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX478"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX479"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX404"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX405"><CODE>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &#60;small&#62;...&#60;/small&#62;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX514"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX515"><CODE>set-mark (C-@)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX432"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX433"><CODE>shell-backward-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX364"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX365"><CODE>shell-backward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX540"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX541"><CODE>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX362"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX363"><CODE>shell-forward-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX430"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX431"><CODE>shell-kill-word ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX522"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX523"><CODE>skip-csi-sequence ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX494"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX495"><CODE>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX496"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX497"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX390"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX391"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX392"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX393"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX512"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX513"><CODE>tilde-expand (M-&#38;#38;)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX406"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX407"><CODE>transpose-chars (C-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX408"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX409"><CODE>transpose-words (M-t)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_U"></A>U</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX492"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX493"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX438"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX439"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX420"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX421"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX406"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX407"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX418"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX419"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX394"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX395"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX508"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX509"><CODE>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX454"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX455"><CODE>universal-argument ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX436"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX437"><CODE>unix-filename-rubout ()</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX422"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX423"><CODE>unix-line-discard (C-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX434"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX435"><CODE>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX410"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX411"><CODE>upcase-word (M-u)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="fn_Y"></A>Y</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX432"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX433"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX378"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX379"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX376"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX377"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX434"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX435"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX448"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX449"><CODE>yank (C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX394"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX395"><CODE>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX392"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX393"><CODE>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX450"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX451"><CODE>yank-pop (M-y)</CODE></A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#fn_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
&nbsp;
@@ -15397,20 +15720,20 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<A NAME="Concept Index"></A>
<HR SIZE="6">
-<A NAME="SEC145"></A>
+<A NAME="SEC146"></A>
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC144"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
+<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC145"> &lt; </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt; ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &lt;&lt; ]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140"> Up </A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141"> Up </A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[ &gt;&gt; ]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> &nbsp; <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H2> D.5 Concept Index </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC145::-->
+<!--docid::SEC146::-->
<table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
&nbsp;
<A HREF="bashref.html#cp_B" style="text-decoration:none"><b>B</b></A>
@@ -15460,27 +15783,27 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TR><TD></TD><TH ALIGN=LEFT>Index Entry</TH><TH ALIGN=LEFT> Section</TH></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_A"></A>A</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">alias expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">arithmetic evaluation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">arithmetic expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">arithmetic, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">arrays</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">alias expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">arithmetic evaluation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">arithmetic expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">arithmetic, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">arrays</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_B"></A>B</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">background</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">Bash configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">Bash installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">background</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">Bash configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">Bash installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">Bourne shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">brace expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">brace expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX2">builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_C"></A>C</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">command editing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">command execution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">command expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">command history</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">command search</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">command substitution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">command editing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">command execution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">command expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">command history</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">command search</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">command substitution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX26">command timing</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">commands, compound</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC19">3.2.4 Compound Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">commands, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC21">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</A></TD></TR>
@@ -15491,135 +15814,135 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">commands, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC15">3.2 Shell Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">commands, simple</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC16">3.2.1 Simple Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">comments, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC14">3.1.3 Comments</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">completion builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">completion builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">configuration</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX3">control operator</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">coprocess</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_D"></A>D</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">directory stack</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">directory stack</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_E"></A>E</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">editing command lines</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">evaluation, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">event designators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">execution environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">editing command lines</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">evaluation, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">event designators</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">execution environment</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX4">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">expansion, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">expansion, brace</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX64">expansion, filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">expansion, parameter</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX65">expansion, pathname</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">expansion, tilde</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">expressions, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">expressions, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">exit status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">expansion, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">expansion, brace</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX64">expansion, filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">expansion, parameter</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX65">expansion, pathname</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">expansion, tilde</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">expressions, arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">expressions, conditional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_F"></A>F</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX5">field</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX6">filename</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX66">filename expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">foreground</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">functions, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX66">filename expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">foreground</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">functions, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_H"></A>H</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">history builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX546">history events</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">history expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">history list</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX543">History, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">history builtins</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX562">history events</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.1 Event Designators</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">history expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">history list</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX559">History, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_I"></A>I</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX11">identifier</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">initialization file, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">interaction, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX289">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">initialization file, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">installation</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">interaction, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2 Readline Interaction</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX301">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">interactive shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">internationalization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_J"></A>J</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX7">job</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX8">job control</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">job control</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">job control</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_K"></A>K</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX305">kill ring</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX303">killing text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX317">kill ring</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX315">killing text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_L"></A>L</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">localization</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX288">login shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX300">login shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_M"></A>M</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">matching, pattern</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">matching, pattern</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX9">metacharacter</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_N"></A>N</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX10">name</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">native languages</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">notation, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">notation, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_O"></A>O</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX12">operator, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_P"></A>P</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">parameter expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">parameters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">parameters, positional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">parameters, special</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX67">pathname expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">pattern matching</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">parameter expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">parameters</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">parameters, positional</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">parameters, special</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX67">pathname expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">pattern matching</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">pipeline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC17">3.2.2 Pipelines</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX1">POSIX</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">POSIX Mode</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX13">process group</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX14">process group ID</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">process substitution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">programmable completion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">prompting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">process substitution</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">programmable completion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">prompting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_Q"></A>Q</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">quoting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC8">3.1.2 Quoting</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">quoting, ANSI</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC12">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_R"></A>R</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX302">Readline, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">redirection</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX314">Readline, how to use</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">redirection</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX15">reserved word</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">restricted shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">restricted shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX16">return status</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_S"></A>S</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">shell arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">shell function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">shell script</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">shell variable</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">shell, interactive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">shell arithmetic</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">shell function</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">shell script</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">shell variable</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">shell, interactive</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX17">signal</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">signal handling</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">signal handling</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX18">special builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">special builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.4 Special Builtins</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">startup files</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">suspending jobs</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">special builtin</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">startup files</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">suspending jobs</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_T"></A>T</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">tilde expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">tilde expansion</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX19">token</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">translation, native languages</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC13">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_V"></A>V</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">variable, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX306">variables, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">variable, shell</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX318">variables, readline</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_W"></A>W</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX20">word</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC4">2. Definitions</A></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">word splitting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">word splitting</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
<TR><TH><A NAME="cp_Y"></A>Y</TH><TD></TD><TD></TD></TR>
-<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX304">yanking text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR>
+<TR><TD></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#IDX316">yanking text</A></TD><TD valign=top><A HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A></TD></TR>
<TR><TD COLSPAN=3> <HR></TD></TR>
</TABLE><P></P><table><tr><th valign=top>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><A HREF="bashref.html#cp_A" style="text-decoration:none"><b>A</b></A>
&nbsp;
@@ -15672,7 +15995,7 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>Table of Contents</H1>
@@ -15733,276 +16056,278 @@ to permit their use in free software.
</UL>
<A NAME="TOC23" HREF="bashref.html#SEC23">3.2.5 Coprocesses</A>
<BR>
+<A NAME="TOC24" HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</A>
+<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC24" HREF="bashref.html#SEC24">3.3 Shell Functions</A>
+<A NAME="TOC25" HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.3 Shell Functions</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC25" HREF="bashref.html#SEC25">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>
+<A NAME="TOC26" HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4 Shell Parameters</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC26" HREF="bashref.html#SEC26">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A>
+<A NAME="TOC27" HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC27" HREF="bashref.html#SEC27">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>
+<A NAME="TOC28" HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.4.2 Special Parameters</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC28" HREF="bashref.html#SEC28">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>
+<A NAME="TOC29" HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5 Shell Expansions</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC29" HREF="bashref.html#SEC29">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>
+<A NAME="TOC30" HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC30" HREF="bashref.html#SEC30">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>
+<A NAME="TOC31" HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC31" HREF="bashref.html#SEC31">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>
+<A NAME="TOC32" HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC32" HREF="bashref.html#SEC32">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A>
+<A NAME="TOC33" HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.4 Command Substitution</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC33" HREF="bashref.html#SEC33">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A>
+<A NAME="TOC34" HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC34" HREF="bashref.html#SEC34">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>
+<A NAME="TOC35" HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.6 Process Substitution</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC35" HREF="bashref.html#SEC35">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>
+<A NAME="TOC36" HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.7 Word Splitting</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC36" HREF="bashref.html#SEC36">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>
+<A NAME="TOC37" HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC37" HREF="bashref.html#SEC37">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>
+<A NAME="TOC38" HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC38" HREF="bashref.html#SEC38">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A>
+<A NAME="TOC39" HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.5.9 Quote Removal</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC39" HREF="bashref.html#SEC39">3.6 Redirections</A>
+<A NAME="TOC40" HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6 Redirections</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC40" HREF="bashref.html#SEC40">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</A>
+<A NAME="TOC41" HREF="bashref.html#SEC41">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC41" HREF="bashref.html#SEC41">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</A>
+<A NAME="TOC42" HREF="bashref.html#SEC42">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC42" HREF="bashref.html#SEC42">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</A>
+<A NAME="TOC43" HREF="bashref.html#SEC43">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC43" HREF="bashref.html#SEC43">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</A>
+<A NAME="TOC44" HREF="bashref.html#SEC44">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC44" HREF="bashref.html#SEC44">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</A>
+<A NAME="TOC45" HREF="bashref.html#SEC45">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC45" HREF="bashref.html#SEC45">3.6.6 Here Documents</A>
+<A NAME="TOC46" HREF="bashref.html#SEC46">3.6.6 Here Documents</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC46" HREF="bashref.html#SEC46">3.6.7 Here Strings</A>
+<A NAME="TOC47" HREF="bashref.html#SEC47">3.6.7 Here Strings</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC47" HREF="bashref.html#SEC47">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</A>
+<A NAME="TOC48" HREF="bashref.html#SEC48">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC48" HREF="bashref.html#SEC48">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</A>
+<A NAME="TOC49" HREF="bashref.html#SEC49">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC49" HREF="bashref.html#SEC49">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</A>
+<A NAME="TOC50" HREF="bashref.html#SEC50">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC50" HREF="bashref.html#SEC50">3.7 Executing Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC51" HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7 Executing Commands</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC51" HREF="bashref.html#SEC51">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A>
+<A NAME="TOC52" HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC52" HREF="bashref.html#SEC52">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A>
+<A NAME="TOC53" HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC53" HREF="bashref.html#SEC53">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>
+<A NAME="TOC54" HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC54" HREF="bashref.html#SEC54">3.7.4 Environment</A>
+<A NAME="TOC55" HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.4 Environment</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC55" HREF="bashref.html#SEC55">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>
+<A NAME="TOC56" HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.5 Exit Status</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC56" HREF="bashref.html#SEC56">3.7.6 Signals</A>
+<A NAME="TOC57" HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.7.6 Signals</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC57" HREF="bashref.html#SEC57">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>
+<A NAME="TOC58" HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">3.8 Shell Scripts</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC58" HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC59" HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC59" HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>
+<A NAME="TOC60" HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC60" HREF="bashref.html#SEC60">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC61" HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC61" HREF="bashref.html#SEC61">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</A>
+<A NAME="TOC62" HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC62" HREF="bashref.html#SEC62">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>
+<A NAME="TOC63" HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC63" HREF="bashref.html#SEC63">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
+<A NAME="TOC64" HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC64" HREF="bashref.html#SEC64">4.4 Special Builtins</A>
+<A NAME="TOC65" HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">4.4 Special Builtins</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC65" HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">5. Shell Variables</A>
+<A NAME="TOC66" HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5. Shell Variables</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC66" HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A>
+<A NAME="TOC67" HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC67" HREF="bashref.html#SEC67">5.2 Bash Variables</A>
+<A NAME="TOC68" HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">5.2 Bash Variables</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC68" HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">6. Bash Features</A>
+<A NAME="TOC69" HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bash Features</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC69" HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>
+<A NAME="TOC70" HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.1 Invoking Bash</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC70" HREF="bashref.html#SEC70">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>
+<A NAME="TOC71" HREF="bashref.html#SEC71">6.2 Bash Startup Files</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC78" HREF="bashref.html#SEC78">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>
+<A NAME="TOC79" HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3 Interactive Shells</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC79" HREF="bashref.html#SEC79">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</A>
+<A NAME="TOC80" HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC80" HREF="bashref.html#SEC80">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</A>
+<A NAME="TOC81" HREF="bashref.html#SEC81">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC81" HREF="bashref.html#SEC81">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</A>
+<A NAME="TOC82" HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC82" HREF="bashref.html#SEC82">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>
+<A NAME="TOC83" HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC83" HREF="bashref.html#SEC83">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>
+<A NAME="TOC84" HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC84" HREF="bashref.html#SEC84">6.6 Aliases</A>
+<A NAME="TOC85" HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.6 Aliases</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC85" HREF="bashref.html#SEC85">6.7 Arrays</A>
+<A NAME="TOC86" HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.7 Arrays</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC86" HREF="bashref.html#SEC86">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>
+<A NAME="TOC87" HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8 The Directory Stack</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC87" HREF="bashref.html#SEC87">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A>
+<A NAME="TOC88" HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC88" HREF="bashref.html#SEC88">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>
+<A NAME="TOC89" HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC89" HREF="bashref.html#SEC89">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>
+<A NAME="TOC90" HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.10 The Restricted Shell</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC90" HREF="bashref.html#SEC90">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>
+<A NAME="TOC91" HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC91" HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>
+<A NAME="TOC92" HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC92" HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7.1 Job Control Basics</A>
+<A NAME="TOC93" HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.1 Job Control Basics</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC93" HREF="bashref.html#SEC93">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>
+<A NAME="TOC94" HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.2 Job Control Builtins</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC94" HREF="bashref.html#SEC94">7.3 Job Control Variables</A>
+<A NAME="TOC95" HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">7.3 Job Control Variables</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC95" HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>
+<A NAME="TOC96" HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC96" HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</A>
+<A NAME="TOC97" HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC97" HREF="bashref.html#SEC97">8.2 Readline Interaction</A>
+<A NAME="TOC98" HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2 Readline Interaction</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC98" HREF="bashref.html#SEC98">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A>
+<A NAME="TOC99" HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC99" HREF="bashref.html#SEC99">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC100" HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC100" HREF="bashref.html#SEC100">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC101" HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC101" HREF="bashref.html#SEC101">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</A>
+<A NAME="TOC102" HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC102" HREF="bashref.html#SEC102">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>
+<A NAME="TOC103" HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC103" HREF="bashref.html#SEC103">8.3 Readline Init File</A>
+<A NAME="TOC104" HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3 Readline Init File</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC104" HREF="bashref.html#SEC104">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A>
+<A NAME="TOC105" HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC105" HREF="bashref.html#SEC105">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A>
+<A NAME="TOC106" HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC106" HREF="bashref.html#SEC106">8.3.3 Sample Init File</A>
+<A NAME="TOC107" HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.3.3 Sample Init File</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC107" HREF="bashref.html#SEC107">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC108" HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC108" HREF="bashref.html#SEC108">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A>
+<A NAME="TOC109" HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC109" HREF="bashref.html#SEC109">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A>
+<A NAME="TOC110" HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC110" HREF="bashref.html#SEC110">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A>
+<A NAME="TOC111" HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC111" HREF="bashref.html#SEC111">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A>
+<A NAME="TOC112" HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC112" HREF="bashref.html#SEC112">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A>
+<A NAME="TOC113" HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC113" HREF="bashref.html#SEC113">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>
+<A NAME="TOC114" HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC114" HREF="bashref.html#SEC114">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A>
+<A NAME="TOC115" HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC115" HREF="bashref.html#SEC115">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC116" HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC116" HREF="bashref.html#SEC116">8.5 Readline vi Mode</A>
+<A NAME="TOC117" HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.5 Readline vi Mode</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC117" HREF="bashref.html#SEC117">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>
+<A NAME="TOC118" HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.6 Programmable Completion</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC118" HREF="bashref.html#SEC118">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>
+<A NAME="TOC119" HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC119" HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">9. Using History Interactively</A>
+<A NAME="TOC120" HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9. Using History Interactively</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC120" HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>
+<A NAME="TOC121" HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.1 Bash History Facilities</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC121" HREF="bashref.html#SEC121">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>
+<A NAME="TOC122" HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.2 Bash History Builtins</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC122" HREF="bashref.html#SEC122">9.3 History Expansion</A>
+<A NAME="TOC123" HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3 History Expansion</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC123" HREF="bashref.html#SEC123">9.3.1 Event Designators</A>
+<A NAME="TOC124" HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.1 Event Designators</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC124" HREF="bashref.html#SEC124">9.3.2 Word Designators</A>
+<A NAME="TOC125" HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.2 Word Designators</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC125" HREF="bashref.html#SEC125">9.3.3 Modifiers</A>
+<A NAME="TOC126" HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">9.3.3 Modifiers</A>
<BR>
</UL>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC126" HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">10. Installing Bash</A>
+<A NAME="TOC127" HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10. Installing Bash</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC127" HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10.1 Basic Installation</A>
+<A NAME="TOC128" HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.1 Basic Installation</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC128" HREF="bashref.html#SEC128">10.2 Compilers and Options</A>
+<A NAME="TOC129" HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.2 Compilers and Options</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC129" HREF="bashref.html#SEC129">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A>
+<A NAME="TOC130" HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC130" HREF="bashref.html#SEC130">10.4 Installation Names</A>
+<A NAME="TOC131" HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.4 Installation Names</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC131" HREF="bashref.html#SEC131">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A>
+<A NAME="TOC132" HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.5 Specifying the System Type</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC132" HREF="bashref.html#SEC132">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A>
+<A NAME="TOC133" HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.6 Sharing Defaults</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC133" HREF="bashref.html#SEC133">10.7 Operation Controls</A>
+<A NAME="TOC134" HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.7 Operation Controls</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC134" HREF="bashref.html#SEC134">10.8 Optional Features</A>
+<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">10.8 Optional Features</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">A. Reporting Bugs</A>
+<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">A. Reporting Bugs</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A>
+<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</A>
+<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</A>
<BR>
</UL>
-<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
+<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D. Indexes</A>
+<A NAME="TOC141" HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D. Indexes</A>
<BR>
<UL>
-<A NAME="TOC141" HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC142" HREF="bashref.html#SEC142">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A>
+<A NAME="TOC143" HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC143" HREF="bashref.html#SEC143">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A>
+<A NAME="TOC144" HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC144" HREF="bashref.html#SEC144">D.4 Function Index</A>
+<A NAME="TOC145" HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.4 Function Index</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC145" HREF="bashref.html#SEC145">D.5 Concept Index</A>
+<A NAME="TOC146" HREF="bashref.html#SEC146">D.5 Concept Index</A>
<BR>
</UL>
</UL>
@@ -16011,7 +16336,7 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>Short Table of Contents</H1>
@@ -16022,27 +16347,27 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<BR>
<A NAME="TOC5" HREF="bashref.html#SEC5">3. Basic Shell Features</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC58" HREF="bashref.html#SEC58">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>
+<A NAME="TOC59" HREF="bashref.html#SEC59">4. Shell Builtin Commands</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC65" HREF="bashref.html#SEC65">5. Shell Variables</A>
+<A NAME="TOC66" HREF="bashref.html#SEC66">5. Shell Variables</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC68" HREF="bashref.html#SEC68">6. Bash Features</A>
+<A NAME="TOC69" HREF="bashref.html#SEC69">6. Bash Features</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC91" HREF="bashref.html#SEC91">7. Job Control</A>
+<A NAME="TOC92" HREF="bashref.html#SEC92">7. Job Control</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC95" HREF="bashref.html#SEC95">8. Command Line Editing</A>
+<A NAME="TOC96" HREF="bashref.html#SEC96">8. Command Line Editing</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC119" HREF="bashref.html#SEC119">9. Using History Interactively</A>
+<A NAME="TOC120" HREF="bashref.html#SEC120">9. Using History Interactively</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC126" HREF="bashref.html#SEC126">10. Installing Bash</A>
+<A NAME="TOC127" HREF="bashref.html#SEC127">10. Installing Bash</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC135" HREF="bashref.html#SEC135">A. Reporting Bugs</A>
+<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">A. Reporting Bugs</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC136" HREF="bashref.html#SEC136">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A>
+<A NAME="TOC137" HREF="bashref.html#SEC137">B. Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC138" HREF="bashref.html#SEC138">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
+<A NAME="TOC139" HREF="bashref.html#SEC139">C. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
<BR>
-<A NAME="TOC140" HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">D. Indexes</A>
+<A NAME="TOC141" HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">D. Indexes</A>
<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
@@ -16051,11 +16376,11 @@ to permit their use in free software.
<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC140">Index</A>]</TD>
+<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC141">Index</A>]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="bashref.html#SEC_About"> ? </A>]</TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<H1>About this document</H1>
-This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 29 2009</I>
+This document was generated by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 28 2010</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
<P></P>
@@ -16217,7 +16542,7 @@ the following structure:
<BR>
<FONT SIZE="-1">
This document was generated
-by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 29 2009</I>
+by <I>Chet Ramey</I> on <I>December, 28 2010</I>
using <A HREF="http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~obachman/Texi2html
"><I>texi2html</I></A>
diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info
index 189e58b..5db3503 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.info
+++ b/doc/bashref.info
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from
/Users/chet/src/bash/src/doc/bashref.texi.
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.1, 23 December 2009).
+the Bash shell (version 4.2, 28 December 2010).
- This is Edition 4.1, last updated 23 December 2009, of `The GNU Bash
-Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.1.
+ This is Edition 4.2, last updated 28 December 2010, of `The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.2.
- Copyright (C) 1988-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ Copyright (C) 1988-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ Bash Features
*************
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
-the Bash shell (version 4.1, 23 December 2009).
+the Bash shell (version 4.2, 28 December 2010).
- This is Edition 4.1, last updated 23 December 2009, of `The GNU Bash
-Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.1.
+ This is Edition 4.2, last updated 28 December 2010, of `The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 4.2.
Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
@@ -477,6 +477,14 @@ decoded as follows:
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
(one or two hex digits)
+`\uHHHH'
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+
+`\UHHHHHHHH'
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+
`\cX'
a control-X character
@@ -539,6 +547,7 @@ construct, or in some other grouping.
* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially.
* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow.
* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands.
+* GNU Parallel:: Running commands in parallel.

File: bashref.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands
@@ -582,12 +591,20 @@ any redirections specified by the command.
the pipeline once it finishes. The statistics currently consist of
elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
command's execution. The `-p' option changes the output format to that
-specified by POSIX. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a format
-string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
-*Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available formats.
-The use of `time' as a reserved word permits the timing of shell
-builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external `time' command
-cannot time these easily.
+specified by POSIX. When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
+Mode::), it does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a `-'. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a
+format string that specifies how the timing information should be
+displayed. *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
+formats. The use of `time' as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external `time'
+command cannot time these easily.
+
+ When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), `time'
+may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children. The
+`TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time
+information.
If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
@@ -723,7 +740,7 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is
evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it
evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last
- command in LIST that is executed, or false if any of the
+ command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the
expressions is invalid.
@@ -859,7 +876,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre
performed. Conditional operators such as `-f' must be unquoted to
be recognized as primaries.
- When used with `[[', The `<' and `>' operators sort
+ When used with `[[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right
@@ -948,7 +965,7 @@ they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace.
LIST.

-File: bashref.info, Node: Coprocesses, Prev: Compound Commands, Up: Shell Commands
+File: bashref.info, Node: Coprocesses, Next: GNU Parallel, Prev: Compound Commands, Up: Shell Commands
3.2.5 Coprocesses
-----------------
@@ -977,13 +994,72 @@ by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be
utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard
word expansions.
- The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+ The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
available as the value of the variable NAME_PID. The `wait' builtin
command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND.

+File: bashref.info, Node: GNU Parallel, Prev: Coprocesses, Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.6 GNU Parallel
+------------------
+
+GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run
+commands in parallel. You may run the same command with different
+arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines
+read from files.
+
+ For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.
+A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+
+ For example, it is easy to prefix each line in a text file with a
+specified string:
+ cat file | parallel -k echo prefix_string
+ The `-k' option is required to preserve the lines' order.
+
+ Similarly, you can append a specified string to each line in a text
+file:
+ cat file | parallel -k echo {} append_string
+
+ You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when
+the number of files is too large to process with one `mv' invocation:
+ ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+
+ As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard
+input. This will run as many `mv' commands as there are files in the
+current directory. You can emulate a parallel `xargs' by adding the
+`-X' option:
+ ls | parallel -X mv {} destdir
+
+ GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines
+read from a file (in this case, filenames):
+ for x in $(cat list); do
+ do-something1 $x config-$x
+ do-something2 < $x
+ done | process-output
+
+with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+ cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" | process-output
+
+ Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename
+extensions, which lends itself to batch file transformations or
+renaming:
+ ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
+ This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
+ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+
+ If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input
+order in the output. For instance, the following command
+ { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel traceroute
+ will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes
+first. Using the `-k' option, as we saw above
+ { echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; } | parallel -k traceroute
+ will ensure that the output of `traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
+first.
+
+
File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Functions, Next: Shell Parameters, Prev: Shell Commands, Up: Basic Shell Features
3.3 Shell Functions
@@ -997,7 +1073,10 @@ executed. Shell functions are executed in the current shell context;
no new process is created to interpret them.
Functions are declared using this syntax:
- [ `function' ] NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
+ NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
+ or
+
+ `function' NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
This defines a shell function named NAME. The reserved word
`function' is optional. If the `function' reserved word is supplied,
@@ -1043,6 +1122,10 @@ is not inherited unless the `-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled.
*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the `trap'
builtin.
+ The `FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
+defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that
+exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
+
If the builtin command `return' is executed in a function, the
function completes and execution resumes with the next command after
the function call. Any command associated with the `RETURN' trap is
@@ -1068,7 +1151,9 @@ variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named
entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should
be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
- Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of
+ Functions may be recursive. The `FUNCNEST' variable may be used to
+limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of
+function invocations. By default, no limit is placed on the number of
recursive calls.

@@ -1108,7 +1193,7 @@ and `local' builtin commands.
In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the `+=' operator can
be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. When
-`+=' is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute has been
+`+=' is applied to a variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been
set, VALUE is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
variable's current value, which is also evaluated. When `+=' is
applied to an array variable using compound assignment (*note
@@ -1411,9 +1496,9 @@ the variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the
variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the
rest of the substitution, rather than the value of PARAMETER itself.
This is known as `indirect expansion'. The exceptions to this are the
-expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The
-exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
-introduce indirection.
+expansions of ${!PREFIX
+} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must
+immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion,
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
@@ -1453,16 +1538,19 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
OFFSET. LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
Arithmetic::). This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
- LENGTH must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used
- as an offset from the end of the value of PARAMETER. If PARAMETER
- is `@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters beginning at
- OFFSET. If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by `@'
- or `*', the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning
- with `${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative OFFSET is taken relative
- to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array.
- Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces
- undefined results.
+ as an offset from the end of the value of PARAMETER. If LENGTH
+ evaluates to a number less than zero, and PARAMETER is not `@' and
+ not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted as an
+ offset from the end of the value of PARAMETER rather than a number
+ of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the two
+ offsets. If PARAMETER is `@', the result is LENGTH positional
+ parameters beginning at OFFSET. If PARAMETER is an indexed array
+ name subscripted by `@' or `*', the result is the LENGTH members
+ of the array beginning with `${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'. A negative
+ OFFSET is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+ the specified array. Substring expansion applied to an
+ associative array produces undefined results.
Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at
least one space to avoid being confused with the `:-' expansion.
@@ -2461,14 +2549,17 @@ standard.
greater than or equal to 1.
`cd'
- cd [-L|-P] [DIRECTORY]
+ cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [DIRECTORY]
Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY. If DIRECTORY
is not given, the value of the `HOME' shell variable is used. If
the shell variable `CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path.
If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, `CDPATH' is not used.
The `-P' option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic links
- are followed by default or with the `-L' option. If DIRECTORY is
+ are followed by default or with the `-L' option. If the `-e'
+ option is supplied with `-P' and the current working directory
+ cannot be successfully determined after a successful directory
+ change, `cd' will return an unsuccessful status. If DIRECTORY is
`-', it is equivalent to `$OLDPWD'.
If a non-empty directory name from `CDPATH' is used, or if `-' is
@@ -2546,7 +2637,7 @@ standard.
When the end of options is encountered, `getopts' exits with a
return value greater than zero. `OPTIND' is set to the index of
- the first non-option argument, and `name' is set to `?'.
+ the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to `?'.
`getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in ARGS, `getopts' parses those instead.
@@ -2571,18 +2662,19 @@ standard.
`hash'
hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME]
- Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as NAME
- arguments, so they need not be searched for on subsequent
- invocations. The commands are found by searching through the
- directories listed in `$PATH'. The `-p' option inhibits the path
- search, and FILENAME is used as the location of NAME. The `-r'
- option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The
- `-d' option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of
- each NAME. If the `-t' option is supplied, the full pathname to
- which each NAME corresponds is printed. If multiple NAME
- arguments are supplied with `-t' the NAME is printed before the
- hashed full pathname. The `-l' option causes output to be
- displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no
+ Each time `hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+ commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched
+ for on subsequent invocations. The commands are found by
+ searching through the directories listed in `$PATH'. Any
+ previously-remembered pathname is discarded. The `-p' option
+ inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of
+ NAME. The `-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered
+ locations. The `-d' option causes the shell to forget the
+ remembered location of each NAME. If the `-t' option is supplied,
+ the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If
+ multiple NAME arguments are supplied with `-t' the NAME is printed
+ before the hashed full pathname. The `-l' option causes output to
+ be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no
arguments are given, or if only `-l' is supplied, information
about remembered commands is printed. The return status is zero
unless a NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
@@ -2649,7 +2741,8 @@ standard.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation depends on the
- number of arguments; see below.
+ number of arguments; see below. Operator precedence is used when
+ there are five or more arguments.
`! EXPR'
True if EXPR is false.
@@ -2683,7 +2776,8 @@ standard.
unary operator, the expression is false.
3 arguments
- If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed. If
+ the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the result
of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
first and third arguments as operands. The `-a' and `-o'
@@ -2705,6 +2799,9 @@ standard.
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
+ When used with `test' or `[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
+ lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+
`times'
times
Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its
@@ -2944,9 +3041,14 @@ POSIX standard.
the function name and attributes are printed. If the `extdebug'
shell option is enabled using `shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
the source file name and line number where the function is defined
- are displayed as well. `-F' implies `-f'. The following options
- can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified
- attributes or to give variables attributes:
+ are displayed as well. `-F' implies `-f'.
+
+ The `-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+ global scope, even when \fBdeclare\fP is executed in a shell
+ function. It is ignored in all other cases.
+
+ The following options can be used to restrict output to variables
+ with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
`-a'
Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::).
@@ -2989,8 +3091,8 @@ POSIX standard.
exceptions that `+a' may not be used to destroy an array variable
and `+r' will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a
function, `declare' makes each NAME local, as with the `local'
- command. If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of
- the variable is set to VALUE.
+ command, unless the `-g' option is used. If a variable name is
+ followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
an attempt is made to define a function using `-f foo=bar', an
@@ -3026,6 +3128,7 @@ POSIX standard.
suppress further output
`\e'
+ `\E'
escape
`\f'
@@ -3054,6 +3157,14 @@ POSIX standard.
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
HH (one or two hex digits)
+ `\uHHHH'
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+
+ `\UHHHHHHHH'
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+
`enable'
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...]
Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
@@ -3158,9 +3269,9 @@ POSIX standard.
If `-C' is specified without `-c', the default quantum is 5000.
When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
- array element to be assigned as an additional argument. CALLBACK
- is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element
- is assigned.
+ array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
+ element as additional arguments. CALLBACK is evaluated after the
+ line is read but before the array element is assigned.
If not supplied with an explicit origin, `mapfile' will clear ARRAY
before assigning to it.
@@ -3172,21 +3283,41 @@ POSIX standard.
`printf'
printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS]
Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the
- control of the FORMAT. The FORMAT is a character string which
- contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
- simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
- which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format
- specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
- successive ARGUMENT. In addition to the standard `printf(1)'
- formats, `%b' causes `printf' to expand backslash escape sequences
- in the corresponding ARGUMENT, (except that `\c' terminates
- output, backslashes in `\'', `\"', and `\?' are not removed, and
- octal escapes beginning with `\0' may contain up to four digits),
- and `%q' causes `printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
- format that can be reused as shell input.
-
- The `-v' option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
- VAR rather than being printed to the standard output.
+ control of the FORMAT. The `-v' option causes the output to be
+ assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the
+ standard output.
+
+ The FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of
+ objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+ output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied
+ to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which
+ causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT. In addition to
+ the standard `printf(1)' formats, `printf' interprets the
+ following extensions:
+
+ `%b'
+ causes `printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+ corresponding ARGUMENT, (except that `\c' terminates output,
+ backslashes in `\'', `\"', and `\?' are not removed, and
+ octal escapes beginning with `\0' may contain up to four
+ digits).
+
+ `%q'
+ causes `printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
+ format that can be reused as shell input.
+
+ `%(DATEFMT)T'
+ causes `printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
+ using DATEFMT as a format string for `strftime'(3). The
+ corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number
+ of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument values may
+ be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents
+ the time the shell was invoked.
+
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C
+ language constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is
+ allowed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote,
+ the value is the ASCII value of the following character.
The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS.
If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra
@@ -3386,7 +3517,8 @@ POSIX standard.
The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
`-v'
- The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process.
+ The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell,
+ and, on some systems, to its children.
`-x'
The maximum number of file locks.
@@ -3441,8 +3573,8 @@ allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
`set'
- set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
- set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
+ set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
+ set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
If no options or arguments are supplied, `set' displays the names
and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according
@@ -3784,9 +3916,31 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
`compat31'
If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with
- respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's =~
+ respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's `=~'
operator.
+ `compat32'
+ If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with
+ respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
+ `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators. Bash
+ versions prior to bash-4.0 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
+ bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation
+ sequence and strcoll(3).
+
+ `compat40'
+ If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with
+ respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
+ `[[' conditional command's `<' and `>' operators (see
+ previous item) and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+
+ `compat41'
+ If set, Bash, when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a
+ double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character.
+ The single quotes must match (an even number) and the
+ characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.
+ This is the behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1. The
+ default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+
`dirspell'
If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names
during word completion if the directory name initially
@@ -3833,7 +3987,7 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
functions, and subshells invoked with `( COMMAND )'
- inherit the `ERROR' trap.
+ inherit the `ERR' trap.
`extglob'
If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
@@ -3895,6 +4049,11 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an
interactive shell. This option is enabled by default.
+ `lastpipe'
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the
+ last command of a pipeline not executed in the background in
+ the current shell environment.
+
`lithist'
If enabled, and the `cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
@@ -4032,9 +4191,9 @@ In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
splits words as part of expansion.
`MAIL'
- If this parameter is set to a filename and the `MAILPATH' variable
- is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in the
- specified file.
+ If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the
+ `MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
+ arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
`MAILPATH'
A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically
@@ -4092,13 +4251,13 @@ Variables::).
startup files. This variable is readonly.
`BASHPID'
- Expands to the process id of the current Bash process. This
+ Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This
differs from `$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
`BASH_ALIASES'
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
- internal list of aliases as maintained by the `alias' builtin
+ internal list of aliases as maintained by the `alias' builtin.
(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Elements added to this array
appear in the alias list; unsetting array elements cause aliases
to be removed from the alias list.
@@ -4146,12 +4305,11 @@ Variables::).
`BASH_LINENO'
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
- files corresponding to each member of FUNCNAME.
- `${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file where
- `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or `${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if
- referenced within another shell function). The corresponding
- source file name is `${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}'. Use `LINENO' to obtain
- the current line number.
+ files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked.
+ `${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
+ (`${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
+ `${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
+ function). Use `LINENO' to obtain the current line number.
`BASH_REMATCH'
An array variable whose members are assigned by the `=~' binary
@@ -4162,8 +4320,11 @@ Variables::).
parenthesized subexpression. This variable is read-only.
`BASH_SOURCE'
- An array variable whose members are the source filenames
- corresponding to the elements in the `FUNCNAME' array variable.
+ An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+ corresponding shell function names in the `FUNCNAME' array
+ variable are defined. The shell function `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is
+ defined in the file `${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from
+ `${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}'
`BASH_SUBSHELL'
Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is
@@ -4208,9 +4369,9 @@ Variables::).
unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
`COLUMNS'
- Used by the `select' builtin command to determine the terminal
- width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon
- receipt of a `SIGWINCH'.
+ Used by the `select' command to determine the terminal width when
+ printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
+ `SIGWINCH'.
`COMP_CWORD'
An index into `${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current
@@ -4264,6 +4425,10 @@ Variables::).
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable
completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::).
+`COPROC'
+ An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output
+ from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::).
+
`DIRSTACK'
An array variable containing the current contents of the directory
stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are
@@ -4277,7 +4442,11 @@ Variables::).
`EMACS'
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
starts with value `t', it assumes that the shell is running in an
- emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+ Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+
+`ENV'
+ Similar to `BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX
+ Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
`EUID'
The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
@@ -4297,10 +4466,24 @@ Variables::).
An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0
is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The
- bottom-most element is `"main"'. This variable exists only when a
- shell function is executing. Assignments to `FUNCNAME' have no
- effect and return an error status. If `FUNCNAME' is unset, it
- loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+ bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is `"main"'.
+ This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+ Assignments to `FUNCNAME' have no effect and return an error
+ status. If `FUNCNAME' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+ even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+ This variable can be used with `BASH_LINENO' and `BASH_SOURCE'.
+ Each element of `FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in
+ `BASH_LINENO' and `BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack. For
+ instance, `${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file
+ `${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number `${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'. The
+ `caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this
+ information.
+
+`FUNCNEST'
+ If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+ function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this
+ nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
`GLOBIGNORE'
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
@@ -4458,8 +4641,8 @@ Variables::).
executing.
`LINES'
- Used by the `select' builtin command to determine the column length
- for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
+ Used by the `select' command to determine the column length for
+ printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
`SIGWINCH'.
`MACHTYPE'
@@ -4474,6 +4657,10 @@ Variables::).
variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater
than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+`MAPFILE'
+ An array variable created to hold the text read by the `mapfile'
+ builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+
`OLDPWD'
The previous working directory as set by the `cd' builtin.
@@ -4531,6 +4718,14 @@ Variables::).
and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this variable seeds
the random number generator.
+`READLINE_LINE'
+ The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with `bind -x'
+ (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+`READLINE_POINT'
+ The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer,
+ for use with `bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
`REPLY'
The default variable for the `read' builtin.
@@ -4653,17 +4848,17 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Invoking Bash, Next: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash F
bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...]
bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION] [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
- In addition to the single-character shell command-line options
-(*note The Set Builtin::), there are several multi-character options
-that you can use. These options must appear on the command line before
-the single-character options to be recognized.
+ All of the single-character options used with the `set' builtin
+(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is
+invoked. In addition, there are several multi-character options that
+you can use. These options must appear on the command line before the
+single-character options to be recognized.
`--debugger'
Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt
Builtin:: for a description of the `extdebug' option to the `shopt'
- builtin) and shell function tracing (see *note The Set Builtin::
- for a description of the `-o functrace' option).
+ builtin).
`--dump-po-strings'
A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by `$' is printed on
@@ -4877,14 +5072,14 @@ Invoked by remote shell daemon
..............................
Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
-connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell daemon,
-usually `rshd', or the secure shell daemon `sshd'. If Bash determines
-it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from
-`~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this
-if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used to inhibit this
-behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to force another file
-to be read, but `rshd' does not generally invoke the shell with those
-options or allow them to be specified.
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually `rshd', or the secure shell daemon `sshd'. If Bash
+determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
+commands from `~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable. It
+will not do this if invoked as `sh'. The `--norc' option may be used
+to inhibit this behavior, and the `--rcfile' option may be used to
+force another file to be read, but `rshd' does not generally invoke the
+shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs
................................................
@@ -5050,8 +5245,9 @@ checked. If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of
`/dev/stdin', `/dev/stdout', or `/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or
2, respectively, is checked.
- When used with `[[', The `<' and `>' operators sort
-lexicographically using the current locale.
+ When used with `[[', the `<' and `>' operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale. The `test' command uses
+ASCII ordering.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow
symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the
@@ -5105,20 +5301,23 @@ link itself.
`-x FILE'
True if FILE exists and is executable.
-`-O FILE'
- True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-
`-G FILE'
True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id.
`-L FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
+`-N FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+
+`-O FILE'
+ True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+
`-S FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a socket.
-`-N FILE'
- True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+`FILE1 -ef FILE2'
+ True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers.
`FILE1 -nt FILE2'
True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than
@@ -5128,14 +5327,15 @@ link itself.
True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1
does not.
-`FILE1 -ef FILE2'
- True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers.
-
`-o OPTNAME'
- True if shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options
+ True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled. The list of options
appears in the description of the `-o' option to the `set' builtin
(*note The Set Builtin::).
+`-v VARNAME'
+ True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a
+ value).
+
`-z STRING'
True if the length of STRING is zero.
@@ -5245,17 +5445,17 @@ expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an
arithmetic expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which
has been given the INTEGER attribute using `declare -i' is assigned a
value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have
-its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
+its INTEGER attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A
leading `0x' or `0X' denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the
-form [BASE`#']N, where BASE is a decimal number between 2 and 64
-representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base. If
-BASE`#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9
-are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, `@',
-and `_', in that order. If BASE is less than or equal to 36, lowercase
-and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers
-between 10 and 35.
+form [BASE`#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2
+and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that
+base. If BASE`#' is omitted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater
+than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters,
+`@', and `_', in that order. If BASE is less than or equal to 36,
+lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to
+represent numbers between 10 and 35.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
@@ -5332,8 +5532,10 @@ assigned to using the syntax
name[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE
The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
-to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an
-array, use
+to a number. If SUBSCRIPT evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+used as an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a
+subcript of -1 refers to the last element of the array). To explicitly
+declare an array, use
declare -a NAME
The syntax
declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT]
@@ -5723,116 +5925,129 @@ startup files.
13. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
expansion results in an invalid expression.
- 14. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+ 14. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+ read with the `.' or `source' builtins, or in a string processed by
+ the `eval' builtin.
+
+ 15. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
- 15. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+ 16. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
the redirection.
- 16. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not
+ 17. Function names must be valid shell `name's. That is, they may not
contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid
name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
- 17. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
+ 18. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
command lookup.
- 18. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+ 19. The `time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
+ used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
+ its completed children. The `TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
+ format of the timing information.
+
+ 20. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+ double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
+ used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
+ the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+ In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
+
+ 21. The parser does not recognize `time' as a reserved word if the next
+ token begins with a `-'.
+
+ 22. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
- 19. If `CDPATH' is set, the `cd' builtin will not implicitly append
- the current directory to it. This means that `cd' will fail if no
- valid directory name can be constructed from any of the entries in
- `$CDPATH', even if the a directory with the same name as the name
- given as an argument to `cd' exists in the current directory.
-
- 20. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+ 23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements. A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
- 21. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
+ 24. A non-interactive shell exists with an error status if a variable
+ assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
+ special builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+
+ 25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
variable in a `for' statement or the selection variable in a
`select' statement is a readonly variable.
- 22. Process substitution is not available.
+ 26. Process substitution is not available.
- 23. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+ 27. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
the shell environment after the builtin completes.
- 24. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
+ 28. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
special builtin command had been executed.
- 25. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output
+ 29. The `export' and `readonly' builtin commands display their output
in the format required by POSIX.
- 26. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'.
+ 30. The `trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading `SIG'.
- 27. The `trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+ 31. The `trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
digits and is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the
handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they
should use `-' as the first argument.
- 28. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory
+ 32. The `.' and `source' builtins do not search the current directory
for the filename argument if it is not found by searching `PATH'.
- 29. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the
+ 33. Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the
value of the `-e' option from the parent shell. When not in POSIX
mode, Bash clears the `-e' option in such subshells.
- 30. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+ 34. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
- 31. When the `alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+ 35. When the `alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
display them with a leading `alias ' unless the `-p' option is
supplied.
- 32. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+ 36. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
display shell function names and definitions.
- 33. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+ 37. When the `set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
- 34. When the `cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
+ 38. When the `cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
constructed from `$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
argument does not refer to an existing directory, `cd' will fail
instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
- 35. When the `pwd' builtin is supplied the `-P' option, it resets
- `$PWD' to a pathname containing no symlinks.
-
- 36. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+ 39. The `pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
system with the `-P' option.
- 37. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an
+ 40. When listing the history, the `fc' builtin does not include an
indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
- 38. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'.
+ 41. The default editor used by `fc' is `ed'.
- 39. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable
+ 42. The `type' and `command' builtins will not report a non-executable
file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to
execute such a file if it is the only so-named file found in
`$PATH'.
- 40. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when
+ 43. The `vi' editing mode will invoke the `vi' editor directly when
the `v' command is run, instead of checking `$VISUAL' and
`$EDITOR'.
- 41. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+ 44. When the `xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
interpret any arguments to `echo' as options. Each argument is
displayed, after escape characters are converted.
- 42. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c'
+ 45. The `ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the `-c'
and `-f' options.
- 43. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not
+ 46. The arrival of `SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on `SIGCHLD' does not
interrupt the `wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
@@ -6097,7 +6312,7 @@ Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
shell, unless the `--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
Line editing is also used when using the `-e' option to the `read'
builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). By default, the line editing
-commands are similar to those of emacs. A vi-style line editing
+commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing
interface is also available. Line editing can be enabled at any time
using the `-o emacs' or `-o vi' options to the `set' builtin command
(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the `+o emacs' or `+o vi'
@@ -6457,11 +6672,24 @@ Variable Settings
`insert-comment' command is executed. The default value is
`"#"'.
+ `completion-display-width'
+ The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+ when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is
+ less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A
+ value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+ The default value is -1.
+
`completion-ignore-case'
If set to `on', Readline performs filename matching and
completion in a case-insensitive fashion. The default value
is `off'.
+ `completion-map-case'
+ If set to `on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
+ Readline treats hyphens (`-') and underscores (`_') as
+ equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching
+ and completion.
+
`completion-prefix-display-length'
The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
possible completions that is displayed without modification.
@@ -6574,9 +6802,14 @@ Variable Settings
`match-hidden-files'
This variable, when set to `on', causes Readline to match
files whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when
- performing filename completion, unless the leading `.' is
- supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. This
- variable is `on' by default.
+ performing filename completion. If set to `off', the leading
+ `.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
+ completed. This variable is `on' by default.
+
+ `menu-complete-display-prefix'
+ If set to `on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
+ the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before
+ cycling through the list. The default is `off'.
`output-meta'
If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the
@@ -7062,11 +7295,16 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev
`yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
- previous history entry). With an argument, behave exactly like
- `yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to `yank-last-arg' move back
- through the history list, inserting the last argument of each line
- in turn. The history expansion facilities are used to extract the
- last argument, as if the `!$' history expansion had been specified.
+ previous history entry). With a numeric argument, behave exactly
+ like `yank-nth-arg'. Successive calls to `yank-last-arg' move
+ back through the history list, inserting the last word (or the
+ word specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in
+ turn. Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls
+ determines the direction to move through the history. A negative
+ argument switches the direction through the history (back or
+ forward). The history expansion facilities are used to extract
+ the last argument, as if the `!$' history expansion had been
+ specified.

@@ -7167,7 +7405,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev
words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same
as `shell-forward-word'.
-`backward-kill-word ()'
+`shell-backward-kill-word ()'
Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as
`shell-backward-word'.
@@ -7248,7 +7486,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Keyboard Macros, Pre
completion is attempted.
`possible-completions (M-?)'
- List the possible completions of the text before point.
+ List the possible completions of the text before point. When
+ displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
+ for display to the value of `completion-display-width', the value
+ of the environment variable `COLUMNS', or the screen width, in
+ that order.
`insert-completions (M-*)'
Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
@@ -7504,8 +7746,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Readline vi Mode, Next: Programmable Completion, Pr
While the Readline library does not have a full set of `vi' editing
functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
-The Readline `vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX 1003.2
-standard.
+The Readline `vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
In order to switch interactively between `emacs' and `vi' editing
modes, use the `set -o emacs' and `set -o vi' commands (*note The Set
@@ -7636,7 +7877,7 @@ exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
-attempt to find a compspec for that command. This allows a set of
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
than being loaded all at once.
@@ -7825,16 +8066,6 @@ completion facilities.
Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as
`-v'.
- `-G GLOBPAT'
- The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate
- the possible completions.
-
- `-W WORDLIST'
- The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the `IFS'
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is
- expanded. The possible completions are the members of the
- resultant list which match the word being completed.
-
`-C COMMAND'
COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output
is used as the possible completions.
@@ -7844,13 +8075,9 @@ completion facilities.
environment. When it finishes, the possible completions are
retrieved from the value of the `COMPREPLY' array variable.
- `-X FILTERPAT'
- FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is
- applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
- preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
- FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading `!' in
- FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
- not matching FILTERPAT is removed.
+ `-G GLOBPAT'
+ The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate
+ the possible completions.
`-P PREFIX'
PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion
@@ -7860,6 +8087,20 @@ completion facilities.
SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
+ `-W WORDLIST'
+ The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the `IFS'
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is
+ expanded. The possible completions are the members of the
+ resultant list which match the word being completed.
+
+ `-X FILTERPAT'
+ FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is
+ applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+ preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+ FILTERPAT is removed from the list. A leading `!' in
+ FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
+ not matching FILTERPAT is removed.
+
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
option other than `-p' or `-r' is supplied without a NAME
argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
@@ -7869,7 +8110,7 @@ completion facilities.
`compopt'
`compopt' [-o OPTION] [-DE] [+o OPTION] [NAME]
Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs,
- or for the currently-execution completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
+ or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
NAME or the current completion. The possible values of OPTION are
those valid for the `complete' builtin described above. The `-D'
@@ -8114,7 +8355,8 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: Hist
-----------------------
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
-history list.
+history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
+the current position in the history list.
`!'
Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
@@ -8131,12 +8373,13 @@ history list.
Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'.
`!STRING'
- Refer to the most recent command starting with STRING.
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+ the history list starting with STRING.
`!?STRING[?]'
- Refer to the most recent command containing STRING. The trailing
- `?' may be omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a
- newline.
+ Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+ the history list containing STRING. The trailing `?' may be
+ omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.
`^STRING1^STRING2^'
Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
@@ -8692,8 +8935,8 @@ does not provide the necessary support.
The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode.
`--enable-select'
- Include the `select' builtin, which allows the generation of simple
- menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
+ Include the `select' compound command, which allows the generation
+ of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
`--enable-separate-helpfiles'
Use external files for the documentation displayed by the `help'
@@ -9641,7 +9884,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
* :: Bourne Shell Builtins.
(line 11)
* [: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 213)
+ (line 217)
* alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11)
* bg: Job Control Builtins.
(line 7)
@@ -9660,75 +9903,75 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
* compopt: Programmable Completion Builtins.
(line 217)
* continue: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 55)
+ (line 58)
* declare: Bash Builtins. (line 142)
* dirs: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 7)
* disown: Job Control Builtins.
(line 83)
-* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 221)
-* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 273)
+* echo: Bash Builtins. (line 226)
+* enable: Bash Builtins. (line 287)
* eval: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 63)
+ (line 66)
* exec: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 70)
+ (line 73)
* exit: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 82)
+ (line 85)
* export: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 88)
+ (line 91)
* fc: Bash History Builtins.
(line 10)
* fg: Job Control Builtins.
(line 16)
* getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 103)
+ (line 106)
* hash: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 145)
-* help: Bash Builtins. (line 301)
+ (line 148)
+* help: Bash Builtins. (line 315)
* history: Bash History Builtins.
(line 39)
* jobs: Job Control Builtins.
(line 25)
* kill: Job Control Builtins.
(line 57)
-* let: Bash Builtins. (line 321)
-* local: Bash Builtins. (line 328)
-* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 338)
-* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 342)
+* let: Bash Builtins. (line 335)
+* local: Bash Builtins. (line 342)
+* logout: Bash Builtins. (line 352)
+* mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 356)
* popd: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 37)
-* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 388)
+* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 402)
* pushd: Directory Stack Builtins.
(line 58)
* pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 163)
-* read: Bash Builtins. (line 413)
-* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 493)
+ (line 167)
+* read: Bash Builtins. (line 447)
+* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 527)
* readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 172)
+ (line 176)
* return: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 188)
+ (line 192)
* set: The Set Builtin. (line 11)
* shift: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 201)
+ (line 205)
* shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9)
-* source: Bash Builtins. (line 501)
+* source: Bash Builtins. (line 535)
* suspend: Job Control Builtins.
(line 94)
* test: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 213)
+ (line 217)
* times: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 281)
+ (line 290)
* trap: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 286)
-* type: Bash Builtins. (line 505)
-* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 536)
-* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 542)
+ (line 295)
+* type: Bash Builtins. (line 539)
+* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 570)
+* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 576)
* umask: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 332)
-* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 630)
+ (line 341)
+* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 665)
* unset: Bourne Shell Builtins.
- (line 349)
+ (line 358)
* wait: Job Control Builtins.
(line 73)
@@ -9803,12 +10046,12 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 69)
* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 75)
* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 78)
-* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 87)
-* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 95)
-* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 99)
-* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 103)
-* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 127)
-* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 130)
+* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 86)
+* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 94)
+* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 101)
+* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 105)
+* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 129)
+* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 132)
* BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16)
* BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25)
* bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax.
@@ -9817,138 +10060,152 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
(line 45)
* CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 9)
-* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 141)
+* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 143)
* comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax.
(line 50)
-* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 146)
-* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 175)
-* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 152)
-* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 157)
-* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 165)
-* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 179)
-* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 185)
+* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 148)
+* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 177)
+* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 154)
+* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 159)
+* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 167)
+* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 181)
+* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 187)
+* completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 55)
+* completion-ignore-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 62)
+* completion-map-case: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 67)
* completion-prefix-display-length: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 60)
+ (line 73)
* completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 67)
-* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 193)
+ (line 80)
+* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 195)
* convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 77)
-* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 198)
+ (line 90)
+* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 200)
+* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 204)
* disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 83)
+ (line 96)
* editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 88)
-* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 208)
+ (line 101)
+* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 214)
* enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 99)
-* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 213)
+ (line 112)
+* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 219)
+* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 223)
* expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 110)
-* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 217)
-* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 221)
-* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 227)
-* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 236)
-* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 242)
-* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 248)
-* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 263)
-* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 268)
-* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 284)
-* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 288)
-* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 296)
+ (line 123)
+* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 227)
+* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 231)
+* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 237)
+* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 255)
+* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 260)
+* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 266)
+* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 272)
+* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 287)
+* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 292)
+* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 308)
+* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 312)
+* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 320)
* history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 114)
+ (line 127)
* history-size: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 120)
-* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 315)
-* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 319)
+ (line 133)
+* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 339)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 343)
* HOME: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 13)
* horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 125)
-* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 328)
-* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 339)
-* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 342)
+ (line 138)
+* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 352)
+* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 363)
+* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 366)
* IFS: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 18)
-* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 345)
+* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 369)
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 132)
-* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 355)
+ (line 145)
+* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 379)
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 139)
+ (line 152)
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 146)
-* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 359)
-* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 363)
-* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 367)
-* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 374)
+ (line 159)
+* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 383)
+* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 387)
+* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 391)
+* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 398)
* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Locale Translation. (line 11)
-* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 379)
-* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 383)
-* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 387)
-* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 391)
-* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 396)
+* LC_MESSAGES: Bash Variables. (line 403)
+* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 407)
+* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 411)
+* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 415)
+* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 420)
* MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 22)
-* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 400)
+* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 424)
* MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 27)
+* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 432)
* mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 159)
+ (line 172)
* mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 164)
+ (line 177)
* match-hidden-files: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 169)
+ (line 182)
+* menu-complete-display-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax.
+ (line 189)
* meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 132)
-* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 408)
+ (line 145)
+* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 436)
* OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 34)
-* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 411)
+* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 439)
* OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 38)
-* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 415)
+* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 443)
* output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 176)
+ (line 194)
* page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 181)
+ (line 199)
* PATH: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 42)
-* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 418)
-* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 423)
-* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 432)
-* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 436)
-* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 440)
+* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 446)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 451)
+* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 460)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 464)
+* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 468)
* PS1: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 48)
* PS2: Bourne Shell Variables.
(line 53)
-* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 446)
-* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 451)
-* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 457)
-* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 460)
-* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 465)
+* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 474)
+* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 479)
+* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 485)
+* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 488)
+* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 493)
+* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 497)
+* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 501)
* revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 191)
-* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 468)
-* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 474)
-* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 479)
-* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 488)
+ (line 209)
+* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 504)
+* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 510)
+* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 515)
+* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 524)
* show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 197)
+ (line 215)
* show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 203)
+ (line 221)
* skip-completed-text: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 212)
+ (line 230)
* TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11)
* TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11)
-* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 493)
-* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 531)
-* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 543)
-* UID: Bash Variables. (line 547)
+* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 529)
+* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 567)
+* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 579)
+* UID: Bash Variables. (line 583)
* visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax.
- (line 225)
+ (line 243)

File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes
@@ -9983,7 +10240,7 @@ D.4 Function Index
* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing. (line 54)
* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6)
* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 39)
+ (line 43)
* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing. (line 46)
* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6)
* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
@@ -10009,15 +10266,15 @@ D.4 Function Index
* insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands.
(line 60)
* insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion.
- (line 18)
+ (line 22)
* kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. (line 6)
* kill-region (): Commands For Killing. (line 50)
* kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing. (line 15)
* kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. (line 19)
* menu-complete (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 22)
+ (line 26)
* menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion.
- (line 34)
+ (line 38)
* next-history (C-n): Commands For History. (line 17)
* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
(line 41)
@@ -10135,7 +10392,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index
* functions, shell: Shell Functions. (line 6)
* history builtins: Bash History Builtins.
(line 6)
-* history events: Event Designators. (line 7)
+* history events: Event Designators. (line 8)
* history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6)
* history list: Bash History Facilities.
(line 6)
@@ -10230,119 +10487,120 @@ Node: Escape Character14830
Node: Single Quotes15315
Node: Double Quotes15663
Node: ANSI-C Quoting16788
-Node: Locale Translation17773
-Node: Comments18669
-Node: Shell Commands19287
-Node: Simple Commands20111
-Node: Pipelines20742
-Node: Lists22998
-Node: Compound Commands24727
-Node: Looping Constructs25531
-Node: Conditional Constructs27986
-Node: Command Grouping36099
-Node: Coprocesses37578
-Node: Shell Functions39222
-Node: Shell Parameters43776
-Node: Positional Parameters46192
-Node: Special Parameters47092
-Node: Shell Expansions50056
-Node: Brace Expansion51981
-Node: Tilde Expansion54736
-Node: Shell Parameter Expansion57087
-Node: Command Substitution65988
-Node: Arithmetic Expansion67321
-Node: Process Substitution68171
-Node: Word Splitting69221
-Node: Filename Expansion70844
-Node: Pattern Matching72983
-Node: Quote Removal76622
-Node: Redirections76917
-Node: Executing Commands85442
-Node: Simple Command Expansion86112
-Node: Command Search and Execution88042
-Node: Command Execution Environment90379
-Node: Environment93365
-Node: Exit Status95025
-Node: Signals96646
-Node: Shell Scripts98614
-Node: Shell Builtin Commands101132
-Node: Bourne Shell Builtins103160
-Node: Bash Builtins120536
-Node: Modifying Shell Behavior145364
-Node: The Set Builtin145709
-Node: The Shopt Builtin155233
-Node: Special Builtins166095
-Node: Shell Variables167074
-Node: Bourne Shell Variables167514
-Node: Bash Variables169495
-Node: Bash Features192981
-Node: Invoking Bash193864
-Node: Bash Startup Files199673
-Node: Interactive Shells204685
-Node: What is an Interactive Shell?205095
-Node: Is this Shell Interactive?205744
-Node: Interactive Shell Behavior206559
-Node: Bash Conditional Expressions209839
-Node: Shell Arithmetic213488
-Node: Aliases216234
-Node: Arrays218806
-Node: The Directory Stack222764
-Node: Directory Stack Builtins223478
-Node: Printing a Prompt226370
-Node: The Restricted Shell229122
-Node: Bash POSIX Mode230954
-Node: Job Control239011
-Node: Job Control Basics239471
-Node: Job Control Builtins244188
-Node: Job Control Variables248552
-Node: Command Line Editing249710
-Node: Introduction and Notation251277
-Node: Readline Interaction252899
-Node: Readline Bare Essentials254090
-Node: Readline Movement Commands255879
-Node: Readline Killing Commands256844
-Node: Readline Arguments258764
-Node: Searching259808
-Node: Readline Init File261994
-Node: Readline Init File Syntax263141
-Node: Conditional Init Constructs277628
-Node: Sample Init File280161
-Node: Bindable Readline Commands283278
-Node: Commands For Moving284485
-Node: Commands For History285629
-Node: Commands For Text288784
-Node: Commands For Killing291457
-Node: Numeric Arguments293908
-Node: Commands For Completion295047
-Node: Keyboard Macros299007
-Node: Miscellaneous Commands299578
-Node: Readline vi Mode305384
-Node: Programmable Completion306298
-Node: Programmable Completion Builtins313504
-Node: Using History Interactively322640
-Node: Bash History Facilities323324
-Node: Bash History Builtins326238
-Node: History Interaction330095
-Node: Event Designators332800
-Node: Word Designators333815
-Node: Modifiers335454
-Node: Installing Bash336858
-Node: Basic Installation337995
-Node: Compilers and Options340687
-Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures341428
-Node: Installation Names343092
-Node: Specifying the System Type343910
-Node: Sharing Defaults344626
-Node: Operation Controls345299
-Node: Optional Features346257
-Node: Reporting Bugs355816
-Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell357017
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License373704
-Node: Indexes398900
-Node: Builtin Index399354
-Node: Reserved Word Index406181
-Node: Variable Index408629
-Node: Function Index420722
-Node: Concept Index427731
+Node: Locale Translation18032
+Node: Comments18928
+Node: Shell Commands19546
+Node: Simple Commands20418
+Node: Pipelines21049
+Node: Lists23743
+Node: Compound Commands25472
+Node: Looping Constructs26276
+Node: Conditional Constructs28735
+Node: Command Grouping36848
+Node: Coprocesses38327
+Node: GNU Parallel39992
+Node: Shell Functions42460
+Node: Shell Parameters47404
+Node: Positional Parameters49820
+Node: Special Parameters50720
+Node: Shell Expansions53684
+Node: Brace Expansion55609
+Node: Tilde Expansion58364
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion60715
+Node: Command Substitution69850
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion71183
+Node: Process Substitution72033
+Node: Word Splitting73083
+Node: Filename Expansion74706
+Node: Pattern Matching76845
+Node: Quote Removal80484
+Node: Redirections80779
+Node: Executing Commands89304
+Node: Simple Command Expansion89974
+Node: Command Search and Execution91904
+Node: Command Execution Environment94241
+Node: Environment97227
+Node: Exit Status98887
+Node: Signals100508
+Node: Shell Scripts102476
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands104994
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins107022
+Node: Bash Builtins124952
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior151166
+Node: The Set Builtin151511
+Node: The Shopt Builtin161045
+Node: Special Builtins173217
+Node: Shell Variables174196
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables174636
+Node: Bash Variables176663
+Node: Bash Features201572
+Node: Invoking Bash202455
+Node: Bash Startup Files208219
+Node: Interactive Shells213240
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?213650
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?214299
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior215114
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions218394
+Node: Shell Arithmetic222183
+Node: Aliases224942
+Node: Arrays227514
+Node: The Directory Stack231629
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins232343
+Node: Printing a Prompt235235
+Node: The Restricted Shell237987
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode239819
+Node: Job Control248480
+Node: Job Control Basics248940
+Node: Job Control Builtins253657
+Node: Job Control Variables258021
+Node: Command Line Editing259179
+Node: Introduction and Notation260746
+Node: Readline Interaction262368
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials263559
+Node: Readline Movement Commands265348
+Node: Readline Killing Commands266313
+Node: Readline Arguments268233
+Node: Searching269277
+Node: Readline Init File271463
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax272610
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs287952
+Node: Sample Init File290485
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands293602
+Node: Commands For Moving294809
+Node: Commands For History295953
+Node: Commands For Text299388
+Node: Commands For Killing302061
+Node: Numeric Arguments304518
+Node: Commands For Completion305657
+Node: Keyboard Macros309849
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands310420
+Node: Readline vi Mode316226
+Node: Programmable Completion317133
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins324343
+Node: Using History Interactively333479
+Node: Bash History Facilities334163
+Node: Bash History Builtins337077
+Node: History Interaction340934
+Node: Event Designators343639
+Node: Word Designators344861
+Node: Modifiers346500
+Node: Installing Bash347904
+Node: Basic Installation349041
+Node: Compilers and Options351733
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures352474
+Node: Installation Names354138
+Node: Specifying the System Type354956
+Node: Sharing Defaults355672
+Node: Operation Controls356345
+Node: Optional Features357303
+Node: Reporting Bugs366871
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell368072
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License384759
+Node: Indexes409955
+Node: Builtin Index410409
+Node: Reserved Word Index417236
+Node: Variable Index419684
+Node: Function Index432779
+Node: Concept Index439788

End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/bashref.pdf b/doc/bashref.pdf
index 61b2472..ef90d3b 100644
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-g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)44 b Fb(32)2025 2231 y(sp)r(ecial)27
+g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)44 b Fb(34)2025 2693 y(sp)r(ecial)27
b(builtin)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
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-37 b Fb(4,)26 b(59)2025 2320 y(startup)f(\014les)d Fc(:)13
+37 b Fb(4,)26 b(62)2025 2781 y(startup)f(\014les)d Fc(:)13
b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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-b Fb(73)2025 2409 y(susp)r(ending)25 b(jobs)6 b Fc(:)14
+b Fb(75)2025 2868 y(susp)r(ending)25 b(jobs)6 b Fc(:)14
b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
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-b Fb(89)2025 2669 y Fr(T)2025 2789 y Fb(tilde)26 b(expansion)18
+b Fb(91)2025 3118 y Fr(T)2025 3235 y Fb(tilde)26 b(expansion)18
b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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-b Fb(19)2025 2878 y(tok)n(en)11 b Fc(:)h(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
+b Fb(20)2025 3322 y(tok)n(en)11 b Fc(:)h(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
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-b Fb(4)2025 2967 y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)13
+b Fb(4)2025 3409 y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)13
b Fc(:)i(:)e(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
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end
-%%Page: 158 164
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%%Trailer
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi
index bf8e3d0..b4fd8d3 100644
--- a/doc/bashref.texi
+++ b/doc/bashref.texi
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
-Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@@ -522,6 +522,12 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
@item \x@var{HH}
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
(one or two hex digits)
+@item \u@var{HHHH}
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
+@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
@item \c@var{x}
a control-@var{x} character
@end table
@@ -590,6 +596,7 @@ some other grouping.
* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially.
* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow.
* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands.
+* GNU Parallel:: Running commands in parallel.
@end menu
@node Simple Commands
@@ -641,6 +648,9 @@ The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified
by @sc{posix}.
+When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+it does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a @samp{-}.
The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be set to a format string that
specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats.
@@ -648,6 +658,12 @@ The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external
@code{time} command cannot time these easily.
+When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), @code{time}
+may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+
If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (@pxref{Lists}), the
shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
@@ -804,7 +820,7 @@ until it evaluates to zero.
Each time @var{expr2} evaluates to a non-zero value, @var{commands} are
executed and the arithmetic expression @var{expr3} is evaluated.
If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
-The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{list}
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{commands}
that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
@end table
@@ -979,7 +995,7 @@ substitution, and quote removal are performed.
Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized
as primaries.
-When used with @samp{[[}, The @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
+When used with @samp{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the
@@ -1119,13 +1135,88 @@ command (@pxref{Redirections}).
The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
and redirections using standard word expansions.
-The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
available as the value of the variable @var{NAME}_PID.
The @code{wait}
builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of @var{command}.
+@node GNU Parallel
+@subsection GNU Parallel
+
+GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
+in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether
+they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files.
+
+For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few
+examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+
+For example, it is easy to prefix each line in a text file with a specified
+string:
+@example
+cat file | parallel -k echo prefix_string
+@end example
+@noindent
+The @option{-k} option is required to preserve the lines' order.
+
+Similarly, you can append a specified string to each line in a text file:
+@example
+cat file | parallel -k echo @{@} append_string
+@end example
+
+You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
+number of files is too large to process with one @code{mv} invocation:
+@example
+ls | parallel mv @{@} destdir
+@end example
+
+As you can see, the @{@} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
+This will run as many @code{mv} commands as there are files in the current
+directory. You can emulate a parallel @code{xargs} by adding the @option{-X}
+option:
+@example
+ls | parallel -X mv @{@} destdir
+@end example
+
+GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
+from a file (in this case, filenames):
+@example
+ for x in $(cat list); do
+ do-something1 $x config-$x
+ do-something2 < $x
+ done | process-output
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+@example
+cat list | parallel "do-something1 @{@} config-@{@} ; do-something2 < @{@}" | process-output
+@end example
+
+Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
+lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
+@example
+ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat @{@} | bzip2 >@{.@}.bz2 && rm @{@}"
+@end example
+@noindent
+This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
+in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+
+If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
+the output. For instance, the following command
+@example
+@{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; @} | parallel traceroute
+@end example
+@noindent
+will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. Using
+the @option{-k} option, as we saw above
+@example
+@{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; @} | parallel -k traceroute
+@end example
+@noindent
+will ensure that the output of @code{traceroute foss.org.my} is displayed first.
+
@node Shell Functions
@section Shell Functions
@cindex shell function
@@ -1142,7 +1233,8 @@ shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
Functions are declared using this syntax:
@rwindex function
@example
-[ @code{function} ] @var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
+@var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]@*or@*
+@code{function} @var{name} [()] @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
@end example
This defines a shell function named @var{name}. The reserved
@@ -1198,6 +1290,11 @@ shell option has been enabled.
@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the
@code{trap} builtin.
+The @env{FUNCNEST} variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+
If the builtin command @code{return}
is executed in a function, the function completes and
execution resumes with the next command after the function
@@ -1232,8 +1329,10 @@ in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
shell's children.
Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
-Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of
-recursive calls.
+Functions may be recursive.
+The @code{FUNCNEST} variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls.
@node Shell Parameters
@section Shell Parameters
@@ -1283,7 +1382,7 @@ In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=}
operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable's previous value.
-When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute
+When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the @var{integer} attribute
has been set, @var{value} is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
When @samp{+=} is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
@@ -1618,7 +1717,7 @@ Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of @var{parameter} itself.
This is known as @code{indirect expansion}.
-The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix*}@}
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix}@*@}
and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
@@ -1672,9 +1771,13 @@ If @var{length} is omitted, expands to the substring of
(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
-@var{length} must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
If @var{offset} evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
is used as an offset from the end of the value of @var{parameter}.
+If @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero, and @var{parameter}
+is not @samp{@@} and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted
+as an offset from the end of the value of @var{parameter} rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the
+two offsets.
If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, the result is @var{length} positional
parameters beginning at @var{offset}.
If @var{parameter} is an indexed array name subscripted
@@ -2838,7 +2941,7 @@ The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1.
@item cd
@btindex cd
@example
-cd [-L|-P] [@var{directory}]
+cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [@var{directory}]
@end example
Change the current working directory to @var{directory}.
If @var{directory} is not given, the value of the @env{HOME} shell
@@ -2848,6 +2951,10 @@ If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used.
The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic
links are followed by default or with the @option{-L} option.
+If the @option{-e} option is supplied with @option{-P}
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, @code{cd} will return an unsuccessful
+status.
If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is equivalent to @env{$OLDPWD}.
If a non-empty directory name from @env{CDPATH} is used, or if
@@ -2954,7 +3061,7 @@ invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, @code{getopts} exits with a
return value greater than zero.
@env{OPTIND} is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
-and @code{name} is set to @samp{?}.
+and @var{name} is set to @samp{?}.
@code{getopts}
normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
@@ -2986,10 +3093,12 @@ If @code{getopts} is silent, then a colon (@samp{:}) is placed in
@example
hash [-r] [-p @var{filename}] [-dt] [@var{name}]
@end example
-Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as @var{name} arguments,
+Each time @code{hash} is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+commands specified as @var{name} arguments,
so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
@env{$PATH}.
+Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
The @option{-p} option inhibits the path search, and @var{filename} is
used as the location of @var{name}.
The @option{-r} option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
@@ -3023,7 +3132,7 @@ is supplied.
@item readonly
@btindex readonly
@example
-readonly [-aApf] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{}
+readonly [-aAf] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{}
@end example
Mark each @var{name} as readonly.
The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
@@ -3032,8 +3141,11 @@ function.
The @option{-a} option means each @var{name} refers to an indexed
array variable; the @option{-A} option means each @var{name} refers
to an associative array variable.
+If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence.
If no @var{name} arguments are given, or if the @option{-p}
option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
+the set of readonly names.
The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a format that
may be reused as input.
If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of
@@ -3093,6 +3205,7 @@ be a @code{]}.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
decreasing order of precedence.
The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
@table @code
@item ! @var{expr}
@@ -3129,6 +3242,7 @@ If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
false.
@item 3 arguments
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators (@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
@@ -3153,6 +3267,9 @@ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
@end table
+When used with @code{test} or @samp{[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>}
+operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+
@item times
@btindex times
@example
@@ -3448,6 +3565,11 @@ If the @code{extdebug} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt}
(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), the source file name and line number where
the function is defined are displayed as well.
@option{-F} implies @option{-f}.
+
+The @option{-g} option forces variables to be created or modified at
+the global scope, even when @code{declare} is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
+
The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
@@ -3496,8 +3618,9 @@ with the exceptions that @samp{+a}
may not be used to destroy an array variable and @samp{+r} will not
remove the readonly attribute.
When used in a function, @code{declare} makes each @var{name} local,
-as with the @code{local} command. If a variable name is followed by
-=@var{value}, the value of the variable is set to @var{value}.
+as with the @code{local} command, unless the @samp{-g} option is used.
+If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of the variable
+is set to @var{value}.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
an attempt is made to define a function using @samp{-f foo=bar},
@@ -3536,6 +3659,7 @@ backspace
@item \c
suppress further output
@item \e
+@itemx \E
escape
@item \f
form feed
@@ -3555,6 +3679,12 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
@item \x@var{HH}
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
(one or two hex digits)
+@item \u@var{HHHH}
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
+@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
@end table
@item enable
@@ -3679,7 +3809,8 @@ Specify the number of lines read between each call to @var{callback}.
If @option{-C} is specified without @option{-c},
the default quantum is 5000.
When @var{callback} is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
-array element to be assigned as an additional argument.
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
@var{callback} is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
@@ -3697,22 +3828,40 @@ printf [-v @var{var}] @var{format} [@var{arguments}]
@end example
Write the formatted @var{arguments} to the standard output under the
control of the @var{format}.
+The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+@var{var} rather than being printed to the standard output.
+
The @var{format} is a character string which contains three types of objects:
plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
@var{argument}.
-In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @samp{%b} causes
-@code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
-@var{argument},
+In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @code{printf}
+interprets the following extensions:
+
+@table @code
+@item %b
+causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+corresponding @var{argument},
(except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in
@samp{\'}, @samp{\"}, and @samp{\?} are not removed, and octal escapes
-beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits),
-and @samp{%q} causes @code{printf} to output the
+beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits).
+@item %q
+causes @code{printf} to output the
corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+@item %(@var{datefmt})T
+causes @code{printf} to output the date-time string resulting from using
+@var{datefmt} as a format string for @code{strftime}(3). The corresponding
+@var{argument} is an integer representing the number of seconds since the
+epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
+time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+@end table
-The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
-@var{var} rather than being printed to the standard output.
+@noindent
+Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
The @var{format} is reused as necessary to consume all of the @var{arguments}.
If the @var{format} requires more @var{arguments} than are supplied, the
@@ -3939,7 +4088,8 @@ The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
@item -v
-The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process.
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
+some systems, to its children.
@item -x
The maximum number of file locks.
@@ -3999,8 +4149,8 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
@item set
@btindex set
@example
-set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @var{option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
-set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o @var{option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @var{option-name}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o @var{option-name}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
@end example
If no options or arguments are supplied, @code{set} displays the names
@@ -4361,7 +4511,29 @@ easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
@item compat31
If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
-arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator.
+arguments to the conditional command's @samp{=~} operator.
+
+@item compat32
+If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the @samp{[[}
+conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.0 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
+bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+
+@item compat40
+If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the @samp{[[}
+conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+
+@item compat41
+If set, Bash, when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted. This is the behavior of @sc{posix} mode through version 4.1.
+The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
@item dirspell
If set, Bash
@@ -4414,7 +4586,7 @@ subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
@item
Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
-@code{ERROR} trap.
+@code{ERR} trap.
@end enumerate
@item extglob
@@ -4439,7 +4611,7 @@ This option is enabled by default.
@item globstar
If set, the pattern @samp{**} used in a filename expansion context will
-match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
+match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
If the pattern is followed by a @samp{/}, only directories and
subdirectories match.
@@ -4479,6 +4651,10 @@ to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
This option is enabled by default.
+@item lastpipe
+If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
+
@item lithist
If enabled, and the @code{cmdhist}
option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
@@ -4621,9 +4797,10 @@ A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
words as part of expansion.
@item MAIL
-If this parameter is set to a filename and the @env{MAILPATH} variable
+If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
+and the @env{MAILPATH} variable
is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
-the specified file.
+the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
@item MAILPATH
A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
@@ -4685,13 +4862,13 @@ starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
@item BASHPID
-Expands to the process id of the current Bash process.
+Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
This differs from @code{$$} under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
@item BASH_ALIASES
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
-list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin
+list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin.
(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
@@ -4741,11 +4918,11 @@ The command argument to the @option{-c} invocation option.
@item BASH_LINENO
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
-corresponding to each member of @var{FUNCNAME}.
-@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file where
+where each corresponding member of @var{FUNCNAME} was invoked.
+@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file
+(@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}) where
@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called (or @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i-1]@}} if
-referenced within another shell function).
-The corresponding source file name is @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}}.
+referenced within another shell function).
Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number.
@item BASH_REMATCH
@@ -4759,8 +4936,11 @@ string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression.
This variable is read-only.
@item BASH_SOURCE
-An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding
-to the elements in the @code{FUNCNAME} array variable.
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+corresponding shell function names in the @code{FUNCNAME} array
+variable are defined.
+The shell function @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} is defined in the file
+@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}} and called from @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}
@item BASH_SUBSHELL
Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned.
@@ -4811,7 +4991,7 @@ descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
being closed.
@item COLUMNS
-Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the terminal width
+Used by the @code{select} command to determine the terminal width
when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
@code{SIGWINCH}.
@@ -4872,6 +5052,10 @@ An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
facility (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+@item COPROC
+An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (@pxref{Coprocesses}).
+
@item DIRSTACK
An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
@@ -4886,7 +5070,11 @@ it is subsequently reset.
@item EMACS
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
starts with value @samp{t}, it assumes that the shell is running in an
-emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+
+@item ENV
+Similar to @code{BASH_ENV}; used when the shell is invoked in
+@sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
@item EUID
The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
@@ -4909,12 +5097,26 @@ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack.
The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
shell function.
-The bottom-most element is @code{"main"}.
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
+is @code{"main"}.
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect and return an error status.
If @env{FUNCNAME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
+This variable can be used with @code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE}.
+Each element of @code{FUNCNAME} has corresponding elements in
+@code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE} to describe the call stack.
+For instance, @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called from the file
+@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}} at line number @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}}.
+The @code{caller} builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
+
+@item FUNCNEST
+If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
+
@item GLOBIGNORE
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
be ignored by filename expansion.
@@ -5078,7 +5280,7 @@ This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
@item LINES
-Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the column length
+Used by the @code{select} command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
@code{SIGWINCH}.
@@ -5094,6 +5296,10 @@ for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+@item MAPFILE
+An array variable created to hold the text read by the
+@code{mapfile} builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+
@item OLDPWD
The previous working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin.
@@ -5156,6 +5362,14 @@ Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this
variable seeds the random number generator.
+@item READLINE_LINE
+The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
+with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item READLINE_POINT
+The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
+with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
@item REPLY
The default variable for the @code{read} builtin.
@@ -5284,8 +5498,9 @@ bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}]
bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
@end example
-In addition to the single-character shell command-line options
-(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), there are several multi-character
+All of the single-character options used with the @code{set} builtin
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, there are several multi-character
options that you can use. These options must appear on the command
line before the single-character options to be recognized.
@@ -5294,9 +5509,7 @@ line before the single-character options to be recognized.
Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}
for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
-builtin) and shell function tracing
-(see @ref{The Set Builtin} for a description of the @code{-o functrace}
-option).
+builtin).
@item --dump-po-strings
A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
@@ -5527,7 +5740,7 @@ No other startup files are read.
@subsubheading Invoked by remote shell daemon
Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
-connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
daemon, usually @code{rshd}, or the secure shell daemon @code{sshd}.
If Bash determines it is being run in
this fashion, it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that
@@ -5722,8 +5935,9 @@ If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of
@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file
descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
-When used with @samp{[[}, The @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
+When used with @samp{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
+The @code{test} command uses ASCII ordering.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
@@ -5777,20 +5991,24 @@ True if @var{file} exists and is writable.
@item -x @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is executable.
-@item -O @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-
@item -G @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective group id.
@item -L @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link.
+@item -N @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+
+@item -O @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+
@item -S @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is a socket.
-@item -N @var{file}
-True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2}
+True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
@item @var{file1} -nt @var{file2}
True if @var{file1} is newer (according to modification date)
@@ -5800,15 +6018,14 @@ than @var{file2}, or if @var{file1} exists and @var{file2} does not.
True if @var{file1} is older than @var{file2},
or if @var{file2} exists and @var{file1} does not.
-@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2}
-True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and
-inode numbers.
-
@item -o @var{optname}
-True if shell option @var{optname} is enabled.
+True if the shell option @var{optname} is enabled.
The list of options appears in the description of the @option{-o}
option to the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+@item -v @var{varname}
+True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set (has been assigned a value).
+
@item -z @var{string}
True if the length of @var{string} is zero.
@@ -5928,12 +6145,12 @@ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
@var{integer} attribute using @samp{declare -i} is assigned a value.
A null value evaluates to 0.
-A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
+A shell variable need not have its @var{integer} attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
A leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise,
-numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where @var{base}
+numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where the optional @var{base}
is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
base, and @var{n} is a number in that base. If @var{base}@code{#} is
omitted, then base 10 is used.
@@ -6028,8 +6245,11 @@ name[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}
@noindent
The @var{subscript}
-is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
-greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+If @var{subscript} evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as
+an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript
+of -1 refers to the last element of the array).
+To explicitly declare an array, use
@example
declare -a @var{name}
@end example
@@ -6111,6 +6331,7 @@ entire array.
The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly}
builtins each accept a @option{-a} option to specify an indexed
array and a @option{-A} option to specify an associative array.
+If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence.
The @code{read} builtin accepts a @option{-a}
option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
@@ -6440,6 +6661,11 @@ Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
results in an invalid expression.
@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
+with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
+the @code{eval} builtin.
+
+@item
Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
@@ -6458,21 +6684,30 @@ causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
during command lookup.
@item
+The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
+used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
+completed children. The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format
+of the timing information.
+
+@item
+When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within
+double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
+quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
+one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do
+not have to appear as matched pairs.
+
+@item
+The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a @samp{-}.
+
+@item
If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
-the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
the command name, and so on.
@item
-If @env{CDPATH} is set, the @code{cd} builtin will not implicitly
-append the current directory to it. This means that @code{cd} will
-fail if no valid directory name can be constructed from
-any of the entries in @env{$CDPATH}, even if the a directory with
-the same name as the name given as an argument to @code{cd} exists
-in the current directory.
-
-@item
A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
statements.
@@ -6480,6 +6715,11 @@ A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign
a value to a readonly variable.
@item
+A non-interactive shell exists with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
+builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+
+@item
A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
@code{select} statement is a readonly variable.
@@ -6545,10 +6785,6 @@ does not refer to an existing directory, @code{cd} will fail instead of
falling back to @var{physical} mode.
@item
-When the @code{pwd} builtin is supplied the @option{-P} option, it resets
-@code{$PWD} to a pathname containing no symlinks.
-
-@item
The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
@option{-P} option.
@@ -7269,7 +7505,7 @@ Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command.
(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
@item --enable-cond-regexp
-Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
+Include support for matching @sc{posix} regular expressions using the
@samp{=~} binary operator in the @code{[[} conditional command.
(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
@@ -7350,8 +7586,8 @@ when called as @code{rbash}, enters a restricted mode. See
@ref{The Restricted Shell}, for a description of restricted mode.
@item --enable-select
-Include the @code{select} builtin, which allows the generation of simple
-menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+Include the @code{select} compound command, which allows the generation of
+simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
@item --enable-separate-helpfiles
Use external files for the documentation displayed by the @code{help} builtin
diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0
index a721e38..5361dd7 100644
--- a/doc/builtins.0
+++ b/doc/builtins.0
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins. With-
+ tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With-
out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of
the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name,
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
- ccdd [--LL||--PP] [_d_i_r]
+ ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]]] [_d_i_r]
Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the
default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for
the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in
@@ -150,104 +150,107 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett
builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links to be fol-
- lowed. An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non-
- empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first
- argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
- pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
- output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
+ lowed. If the --ee option is supplied with --PP, and the current
+ working directory cannot be successfully determined after a suc-
+ cessful directory change, ccdd will return an unsuccessful status.
+ An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non-empty
+ directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argu-
+ ment, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path-
+ name of the new working directory is written to the standard
+ output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
fully changed; false otherwise.
ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...]
- Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function
- lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
- executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
- performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
- find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv
+ Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function
+ lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
+ executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
+ performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
+ find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv
option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv
- option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
+ option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a
- more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
- the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If
+ more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
+ the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can-
- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
+ not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.
ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d]
- Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
- _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee
- builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
- to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the
- various shell variables set by the programmable completion
+ Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
+ _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee
+ builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
+ to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the
+ various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
- The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
+ The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
+ grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci-
fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
- ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
+ ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
_p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
[--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.]
ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the
- --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
- completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+ Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the
+ --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+ completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec-
- ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com-
+ ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the
- remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default''
- command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command
- for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE
- option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
- apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion
+ remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default''
+ command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command
+ for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE
+ option indicates that the remaining options and actions should
+ apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion
attempted on a blank line.
- The process of applying these completion specifications when
- word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo--
+ The process of applying these completion specifications when
+ word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo--
ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn.
- Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
- arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the
- --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+ Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
+ arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the
+ --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked.
--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n
- The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp-
- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+ The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp-
+ spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of:
bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt
Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
- ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if
+ ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
ddiirrnnaammeess
- Perform directory name completion if the comp-
+ Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
ffiilleennaammeess
- Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
- names, so it can perform any filename-specific
- processing (like adding a slash to directory
- names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
- ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
+ Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
+ names, so it can perform any filename-specific
+ processing (like adding a slash to directory
+ names, quoting special characters, or suppress-
+ ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with
shell functions.
- nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the
- default) to words completed at the end of the
+ nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the
+ default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
pplluussddiirrss
- After any matches defined by the compspec are
- generated, directory name completion is
- attempted and any matches are added to the
+ After any matches defined by the compspec are
+ generated, directory name completion is
+ attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n
- The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a
+ The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa.
aarrrraayyvvaarr
Array variable names.
bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names.
- bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
+ bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as --bb.
ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc.
ddiirreeccttoorryy
@@ -255,7 +258,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
ddiissaabblleedd
Names of disabled shell builtins.
eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins.
- eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
+ eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as --ee.
ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff.
ffuunnccttiioonn
@@ -264,17 +267,17 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
hheellppttooppiicc
Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin.
hhoossttnnaammee
- Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
+ Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable.
- jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also
+ jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as --jj.
- kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
+ kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
--kk.
rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss.
- sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett
+ sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett
builtin.
- sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt
+ sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt
builtin.
ssiiggnnaall Signal names.
ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
@@ -282,15 +285,6 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
vvaarriiaabbllee
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as --vv.
- --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
- The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
- generate the possible completions.
- --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
- The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS
- special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
- is expanded. The possible completions are the members
- of the resultant list which match the word being com-
- pleted.
--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
@@ -299,69 +293,81 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY
array variable.
- --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
- _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
- It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
- completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
- A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
- case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
+ --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
+ The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
+ generate the possible completions.
--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x
- _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com-
+ _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x
_s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
-
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
- an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu-
- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
+ --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
+ The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS
+ special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+ is expanded. The possible completions are the members
+ of the resultant list which match the word being com-
+ pleted.
+ --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
+ _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+ It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
+ ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
+ completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
+ A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
+ case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
+
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu-
+ ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e]
Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the
- _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-execution completion if no _n_a_m_es
- are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion
- options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible
- values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin
- described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining
+ _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es
+ are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion
+ options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible
+ values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin
+ described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining
options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
- is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
- has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the
- remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
+ is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion
+ has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the
+ remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
- The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
- attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no comple-
- tion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+ The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+ an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no
+ completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or
- sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing
- loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of
- enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
+ sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing
+ loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of
+ enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level''
loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater
than or equal to 1.
- ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
- ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
- Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are
- given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will
+ ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+ ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+ Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are
+ given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will
display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used
with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options are ignored. When --pp is
- supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes
- and values of all variables having the attributes specified by
- the additional options. If no other options are supplied with
- --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell
- variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell
+ supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it will display the attributes
+ and values of all variables having the attributes specified by
+ the additional options. If no other options are supplied with
+ --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the attributes and values of all shell
+ variables. The --ff option will restrict the display to shell
functions. The --FF option inhibits the display of function defi-
- nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If
- the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source
+ nitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If
+ the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source
file name and line number where the function is defined are dis-
- played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The following
- options can be used to restrict output to variables with the
- specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
+ played as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The --gg option forces
+ variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even
+ when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a shell function. It is ignored in
+ all other cases. The following options can be used to restrict
+ output to variables with the specified attribute or to give
+ variables attributes:
--aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss
above).
--AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss
@@ -388,20 +394,20 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari-
able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used
- in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command.
- If a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the vari-
- able is set to _v_a_l_u_e. The return value is 0 unless an invalid
- option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function
- using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a
- readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an
- array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see
- AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable
- name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a read-
- only variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for
- an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis-
- tent function with --ff.
-
- ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccppllvv]]
+ in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command,
+ unless the --ggPP ooppttiioonn iiss ssuupppplliieedd,, IIff aa vvaarriiaabbllee nnaammee iiss ffooll--
+ lloowweedd bbyy ==_v_a_l_u_e,, tthhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee vvaarriiaabbllee iiss sseett ttoo _v_a_l_u_e.. TThhee
+ rreettuurrnn vvaalluuee iiss 00 uunnlleessss aann iinnvvaalliidd ooppttiioonn iiss eennccoouunntteerreedd,, aann
+ aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo ddeeffiinnee aa ffuunnccttiioonn uussiinngg ````--ff ffoooo==bbaarr'''',, aann
+ aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aa rreeaaddoonnllyy vvaarriiaabbllee,, aann
+ aatttteemmpptt iiss mmaaddee ttoo aassssiiggnn aa vvaalluuee ttoo aann aarrrraayy vvaarriiaabbllee wwiitthhoouutt
+ uussiinngg tthhee ccoommppoouunndd aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ssyynnttaaxx ((sseeee AArrrraayyss above), one of
+ the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made
+ to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt
+ is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an
+ attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff.
+
+ ddiirrss [[++_n]] [[--_n]] [[--ccllppvv]]
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
directories. The default display is on a single line with
directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
@@ -451,7 +457,8 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
\\aa alert (bell)
\\bb backspace
\\cc suppress further output
- \\ee an escape character
+ \\ee
+ \\EE an escape character
\\ff form feed
\\nn new line
\\rr carriage return
@@ -462,6 +469,11 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
_n_n_n (zero to three octal digits)
\\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
+ \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits)
+ \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H
+ the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+ hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits)
eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...]
Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
@@ -589,7 +601,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a
return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of
- the first non-option argument, and nnaammee is set to ?.
+ the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?.
ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead.
@@ -617,25 +629,26 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
an error occurs.
hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e]
- For each _n_a_m_e, the full file name of the command is determined
- by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remembered. If the --pp
- option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is
- used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option causes
- the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd option
- causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _n_a_m_e.
- If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
- _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are
- supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full
- pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for-
- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
- if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is
- printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found
- or an invalid option is supplied.
+ Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e
+ is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem-
+ bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the
+ --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+ is used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option
+ causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd
+ option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of
+ each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to
+ which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu-
+ ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the
+ hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis-
+ played in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments
+ are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem-
+ bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a
+ _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
- Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
- is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching
- _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
+ Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+ is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+ _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
structures is printed.
--dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
--mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like
@@ -651,44 +664,44 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of
- _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE--
- FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
- _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
- the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is
- supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
- the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
+ _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE--
+ FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
+ _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+ played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
+ the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is
+ supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
+ the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
--cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
--dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t.
- --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
- since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the
+ --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered
+ since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the
history file.
- --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history
- file into the current history list. These are lines
- appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+ --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history
+ file into the current history list. These are lines
+ appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current bbaasshh session.
--rr Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
- --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
+ --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history file's contents.
- --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and
- display the result on the standard output. Does not
- store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be
+ --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and
+ display the result on the standard output. Does not
+ store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
- --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry.
- The last command in the history list is removed before
+ --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry.
+ The last command in the history list is removed before
the _a_r_g_s are added.
- If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
- tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
- tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
- history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
- character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
+ If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
+ tion associated with each history entry is written to the his-
+ tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the
+ history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+ character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as
timestamps for the previous history line. The return value is 0
- unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
- reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
+ unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
+ reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as
an argument to --pp fails.
@@ -697,127 +710,141 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
--ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
- --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group
- leader.
--nn Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
+ --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group
+ leader.
--rr Restrict output to running jobs.
--ss Restrict output to stopped jobs.
- If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about
- that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+ If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about
+ that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied.
If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in
- _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and
+ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status.
kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ...
kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s]
- Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes
- named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive
- signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or
- a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not
- present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the
- signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given,
- the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+ Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes
+ named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive
+ signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or
+ a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not
+ present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the
+ signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given,
+ the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to
- --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
- status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true
- if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
+ --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
+ status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true
+ if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...]
Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH--
- MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
+ MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
- For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
- assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
+ For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
+ assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the
- variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+ variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of
- local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
+ local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
- llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied,
+ llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied,
or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable.
llooggoouutt Exit a login shell.
- mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
+ mmaappffiillee [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
[--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
- rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
+ rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k]
[--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
- Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
- able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
- plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if
+ Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+ able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
+ plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if
supplied, have the following meanings:
- --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are
+ --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are
copied.
- --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default
+ --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default
index is 0.
--ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read.
--tt Remove a trailing newline from each line read.
- --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
+ --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
dard input.
- --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The
+ --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The
--cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m.
- --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+ --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to
_c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k.
- If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
+ If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
- array element to be assigned as an additional argument. _c_a_l_l_-
- _b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array
- element is assigned.
+ array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
+ element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after
+ the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
- If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
+ If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
_a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it.
- mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
- argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
+ mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+ argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
_a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array.
ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n]
- Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
- removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
+ Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
+ removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
- --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
- directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+ --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+ directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
- ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
- shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
+ shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
--_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list
- shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
- -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+ shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd
+ -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
last.
- If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well,
- and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid
+ If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well,
+ and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
- Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the
- control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which
- contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
- simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
- which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
- mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
- successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) for-
- mats, %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in
- the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output,
- backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal escapes
- beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits), and %%qq causes
- pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can
- be reused as shell input.
-
- The --vv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
- _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output.
+ Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the
+ control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be
+ assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the
+ standard output.
+
+ The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of
+ objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+ output, character escape sequences, which are converted and
+ copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each
+ of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In
+ addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff
+ interprets the following extensions:
+ %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+ corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output,
+ backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal
+ escapes beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits).
+ %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a
+ format that can be reused as shell input.
+ %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT
+ causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting
+ from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3).
+ The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the
+ number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument
+ values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+ -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+
+ Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+ stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+ if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+ is the ASCII value of the following character.
The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_-
_m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied,
@@ -956,8 +983,8 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
status is false. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is
executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
- sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...]
- sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...]
+ sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...]
+ sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...]
Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
@@ -1200,17 +1227,29 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
ccoommppaatt3311
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1
- with respect to quoted arguments to the conditional com-
- mand's =~ operator.
+ with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional
+ command's ==~~ operator.
ccoommppaatt3322
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2
with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
- using the conditional command's < and > operators.
+ using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators.
+ Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
+ _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's
+ collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3).
ccoommppaatt4400
If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0
- with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
- using the conditional command's < and > operators and
- the effect of interrupting a command list.
+ with respect to locale-specific string comparison when
+ using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators
+ (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a
+ command list.
+ ccoommppaatt4411
+ @item compat41 If set, bbaasshh, when in posix mode, treats
+ a single quote in a double-quoted parameter expansion as
+ a special character. The single quotes must match (an
+ even number) and the characters between the single
+ quotes are considered quoted. This is the behavior of
+ posix mode through version 4.1. The default bash behav-
+ ior remains as in previous versions.
ddiirrssppeellll
If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory
names during word completion if the directory name ini-
@@ -1247,7 +1286,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
(( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps.
66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
shell functions, and subshells invoked with ((
- _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRROORR trap.
+ _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap.
eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled.
eexxttqquuoottee
@@ -1298,6 +1337,10 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This
option is enabled by default.
+ llaassttppiippee
+ If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs
+ the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
+ ground in the current shell environment.
lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
@@ -1369,10 +1412,11 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation
- depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+ depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece-
+ dence is used when there are five or more arguments.
!! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false.
(( _e_x_p_r ))
- Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override
+ Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
_e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2
True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true.
@@ -1389,13 +1433,14 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and
- only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
- above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is
+ only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
+ ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
+ above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
+ The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
@@ -1417,31 +1462,34 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
- ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+ When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico-
+ graphically using ASCII ordering.
+
+ ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...]
- The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell
- receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a
- single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its
- original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
- shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each
- _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
- If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap
- commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no
- arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the
- list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option
- causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
- responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name
- defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are
- case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional.
-
- If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit
- from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe-
- cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command,
- _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the
- first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
- above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the
+ The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell
+ receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a
+ single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its
+ original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
+ shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each
+ _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+ If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap
+ commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no
+ arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the
+ list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option
+ causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+ responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name
+ defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are
+ case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional.
+
+ If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit
+ from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe-
+ cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command,
+ _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the
+ first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
+ above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the
sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a
_s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin-
@@ -1449,53 +1497,53 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a sim-
ple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following
- conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command
- is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or
- uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a
- command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return
- value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions
+ conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command
+ is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or
+ uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a
+ command executed in a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return
+ value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions
obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt option.
- Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or
- reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
+ Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or
+ reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when
- one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is
+ one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is
invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true.
ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...]
- With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if
+ With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a
- string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or
- _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
- builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found,
- then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
- returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the
+ string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or
+ _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
+ builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found,
+ then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
+ returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
- return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e,
+ return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e,
even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is
- hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
+ hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee
- prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e.
- This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp
- option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
- consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func-
- tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if
+ prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e.
+ This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp
+ option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
+ consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func-
+ tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if
all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
uulliimmiitt [--HHSSTTaabbccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]]
- Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
- to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+ Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
+ to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
- for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
- non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
- to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci-
+ for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a
+ non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+ to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci-
fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t
can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the
- current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
- respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the
- soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is
+ current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit,
+ respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the
+ soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is
given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name
and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter-
preted as follows:
@@ -1504,11 +1552,11 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--cc The maximum size of core files created
--dd The maximum size of a process's data segment
--ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
- --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+ --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
--ii The maximum number of pending signals
--ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory
- --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+ --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
this limit)
--nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set)
@@ -1517,58 +1565,58 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
--rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority
--ss The maximum stack size
--tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
- --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single
+ --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
- --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
- shell
+ --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
+ shell and, on some systems, to its children
--xx The maximum number of file locks
--TT The maximum number of threads
If _l_i_m_i_t is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the --aa option is display only). If no option is given, then --ff
- is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt,
- which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
- and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return
+ is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt,
+ which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
+ and --TT, --bb, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return
status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or
an error occurs while setting a new limit.
uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e]
The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with
- a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
- interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
- _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
- printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp
+ a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+ interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+ _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+ printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+ bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp
option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
- was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
+ was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is
- supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
+ Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is
+ supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias.
uunnsseett [-ffvv] [_n_a_m_e ...]
- For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function.
+ For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e
- refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
- unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
- tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
- able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
- sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS,
- LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they
- lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently
+ refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
+ unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
+ tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
+ able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
+ sequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS,
+ LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they
+ lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently
reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly.
wwaaiitt [_n _._._.]
- Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
- tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
- job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
- waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro-
- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n
- specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
- 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
+ Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
+ tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
+ job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+ waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro-
+ cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n
+ specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+ 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
last process or job waited for.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
diff --git a/doc/builtins.ps b/doc/builtins.ps
index 539dfb0..6dde00b 100644
--- a/doc/builtins.ps
+++ b/doc/builtins.ps
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
-%%CreationDate: Wed Dec 30 13:07:37 2009
+%%CreationDate: Tue Dec 28 14:30:24 2010
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Courier
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
-%%Pages: 21
+%%Pages: 22
%%PageOrder: Ascend
%%DocumentMedia: Default 595 842 0 () ()
%%Orientation: Portrait
@@ -443,9 +443,9 @@ E F1(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E
2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254
(ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
.254(cuted with the).15 F F2(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F2(sour)144 535.2 Q
-(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.062 G 3.062(iltins. W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2
-(ex)3.062 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)3.062 E F0 .562
-(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)3.062 F
+(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F1 -.2
+(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.824 E F0 .324
+(displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F
.254(subroutine call.)144 547.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15
G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15
F F1 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F2(caller)2.753 E F0 .253
@@ -459,11 +459,11 @@ ent e)144 559.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001
(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F1 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52
(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 595.2 Q
(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F2(cd)108 612 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
-(\255L|-P)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .21
-(Change the current directory to)144 624 R F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T)C
-.21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21(is the def)2.46 F
-(ault)-.1 E F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25
-E F3(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .776
+<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F2<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F2<ad65>A F0(]]] [)A F1(dir)A F0(])
+A .21(Change the current directory to)144 624 R F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21
+(.T)C .21(he v)-5.21 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HOME)2.71 E F0 .21(is the def)
+2.46 F(ault)-.1 E F1(dir)2.71 E F0 5.21(.T).73 G .21(he v)-5.21 F
+(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)2.71 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .776
(de\214nes the search path for the directory containing)144 636 R F1
(dir)3.276 E F0 5.777(.A).73 G(lternati)-5.777 E 1.077 -.15(ve d)-.25 H
.777(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.277 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0
@@ -477,2175 +477,2246 @@ F0 .764(is the same as the current direc-)3.014 F(tory)144 660 Q 2.973
(option says to use)2.974 F .58(the ph)144 672 R .58
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-(option to the)3.079 F F2(set)144 684 Q F0 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883
-(iltin command\); the).2 F F2<ad4c>3.383 E F0 .884
-(option forces symbolic links to be follo)3.384 F 3.384(wed. An)-.25 F
-(ar)3.384 E .884(gument of)-.18 F F2<ad>3.384 E F0(is)3.384 E(equi)144
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-G .116(orking direc-)-2.716 F 1.165
-(tory is written to the standard output.)144 720 R 1.164(The return v)
-6.164 F 1.164(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 F 1.164
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+-3.481 F 1.415(standard output.)144 285.6 R 1.415(When using the)6.415 F
F1<ad46>3.915 E F0(or)3.915 E F1<ad43>3.915 E F0 1.415(options, the v)
3.915 F 1.415(arious shell v)-.25 F 1.415(ariables set by the pro-)-.25
-F(grammable completion f)144 273.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)
+F(grammable completion f)144 297.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)
-.2 G(ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)
--.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 297.6 R .352
+-.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 321.6 R .352
(ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\
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-2.52 F(those completions matching)144 321.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
-(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 345.6 Q
+333.6 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)
+2.52 F(those completions matching)144 345.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0
+(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 369.6 Q
(alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G
(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1
-(complete)108 362.4 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C
+(complete)108 386.4 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C
F1<ad6f>-3.729 E F2(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.729 E
F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad41>-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad47>
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E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad46>-3.728 E F2(func-)3.728 E(tion)108
-374.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 386.4 Q
+398.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 410.4 Q
F1<ad58>A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad50>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E
(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(])
A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108
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(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134
F .633(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633
(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144
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+446.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15
F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.)
-144 434.4 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)
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(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E
F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346
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+(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 470.4 R(The)6.347 E
F1<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options)
-3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 458.4 R(`def)-.74 E
+3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 482.4 R(`def)-.74 E
(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5
(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144
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(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F1<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955
(option indicates that)3.455 F .065
-(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 482.4 R
+(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 506.4 R
(`empty')-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064
(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F
-(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 494.4 Q 1.437
+(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 518.4 Q 1.437
(The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144
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-530.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E
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(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556
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+(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 578.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555
(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555
(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055
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-(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 614.4 Q F2
-(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 626.4 Q F0
-.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 638.4 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E
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+(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 650.4 Q F0
+.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 662.4 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E
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-650.4 Q F1(default)184 662.4 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')10 F 5.376(sd)-.55
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G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875
(ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.)
-224 674.4 Q F1(dir)184 686.4 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name c\
-ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 698.4 Q
-(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(3)203.725 E 0 Cg EP
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-(gr)184 420 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)14.62 E
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-(shopt)184 552 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)16.66 E F1
-(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 564 Q F0
-(Signal names.)14.99 E F1(stopped)184 576 Q F0
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-(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)
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--.1 E F1<ad43>144 696 Q F2(command)2.5 E(command)184 708 Q F0 1.056
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(vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.)
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-EP
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--.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E F1<ad50>144 192 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)
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+(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 108 Q F1
+<ad50>144 120 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 132 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0
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(ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F
--.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 216 Q F1<ad53>144 228 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
+-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 144 Q F1<ad53>144 156 Q F2(suf)2.5 E
2.81(\214x suf)-.18 F<8c78>-.18 E F0
(is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5
-E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E .466(The return v)144 244.8 R
-.466(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466
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-(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 321.6 Q F2(name)
+(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 357.6 Q F2(name)
3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v)
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2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he)
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-(typeset)108 492 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFilrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>
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-(utes speci\214ed by the)-.2 F .046(additional options.)144 552 R .046
-(If no other options are supplied with)5.046 F F1<ad70>2.547 E F0(,)A F1
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(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG)
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--2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 417.6 Q
+-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 537.6 Q
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-(exec)108 434.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2
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--.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 446.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306
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-(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177
-(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 470.4 R .5(gument passed to)-.18
-F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999
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-(to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138
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-(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 542.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G
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--.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095
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(th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F
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F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88
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(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2
(strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019
-(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 518.4 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G
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3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019
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2.676 E F0 .176
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(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)25.86 E F1<ad64>144
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-(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 602.4 Q F0
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-(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362
-(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 722.4 Q -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0
-(are added.)2.77 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(9)203.725
-E 0 Cg EP
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+(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)180 96 Q F0
+(session\) to the history \214le.)2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q F0 .854(Read \
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+(Store the)26.41 F F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363
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(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668
-(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 108 R .956
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(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956
(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F .416
-(are interpreted as timestamps for the pre)144 120 R .416
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-(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F3<ad73>144 256.8 Q F0
-(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 273.6 Q F2(jobspec)
+, an in)144 280.8 R -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)3 E(fset)-.18 E F0(is)
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+(Restrict output to running jobs.)25.86 E F1<ad73>144 405.6 Q F0
+(Restrict output to stopped jobs.)26.41 E(If)144 422.4 Q F2(jobspec)
4.553 E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313
(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T)
--.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 285.6 Q -.25
+-.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 434.4 Q -.25
(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25
-E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 302.4 R F3
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-(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 314.4 Q
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2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E
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(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119
(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2
(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319
-(either a case-insensiti)144 367.2 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319
-(ignal name such as).15 F F1(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318
-(\(with or without the)2.569 F F1(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318
-(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 379.2 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0
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-F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 415.2 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F
-F3<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378
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+1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 540 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F
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+F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F
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(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377
-(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .593(nated by a signal.)144 427.2
-R F3(kill)5.593 E F0 .593(returns true if at least one signal w)3.093 F
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-(occurs or an in)144 439.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.)
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-F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 468 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197
+(occurs or an in)144 588 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25
+E F1(let)108 604.8 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Each)144 616.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197
(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G
-.196(luated \(see).25 F F1 .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855
+.196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855
(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo)2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F
-(the last)144 480 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G
-(luates to 0,).25 E F3(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)
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--2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 508.8 S
+(the last)144 628.8 Q F2(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G
+(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)
+2.5 E F1(local)108 645.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)
+-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 657.6 S
2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06
(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)
2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he)-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0
-.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 520.8 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
-(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F3(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
-C(hen)-5.652 E F3(local)3.152 E F0 .652
+.06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 669.6 Q 3.153(yo)-.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653
+(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar)3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)
+C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652
(is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144
-532.8 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
+681.6 Q F2(name)3.72 E F0 .86(to ha)3.54 F 1.16 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .861
(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -.4
-(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F3(local)144 544.8 Q F0 1.165
+(Wi)5.861 G .861(th no operands,).4 F F1(local)144 693.6 Q F0 1.165
(writes a list of local v)3.665 F 1.165
(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.165(It is an error to use)
-6.165 F F3(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
-(within a function.)144 556.8 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
-F F3(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
+6.165 F F1(local)3.664 E F0 1.164(when not)3.664 F .232
+(within a function.)144 705.6 R .233(The return status is 0 unless)5.232
+F F1(local)2.733 E F0 .233(is used outside a function, an in)2.733 F
-.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)3.093 E F0(is)2.913 E(supplied, or)144
-568.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F3
-(logout)108 585.6 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)9.33 E F3(map\214le)108 602.4
-Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad4f>-2.5 E F2
-(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3
-<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad43>
--2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)
-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F3 -.18(re)108 614.4 S
-(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F3<ad6e>A F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad4f>
--2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5
-(][)C F3<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C
-F3<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad63>-2.5 E F2
-(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .351
-(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 626.4 R -.15(xe)
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-(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488
-(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F
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-(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846(stack is empty)144 108 R
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-120 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108
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-(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 148.8 R .845
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+(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.268(wn by)
+-.25 F F2(dirs)180 290.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C
+(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2<ad>144 302.4 Q F1(n)A F0
+.92(Rotates the stack so that the)25.3 F F1(n)3.42 E F0 .92
+(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25
+F F2(dirs)180 314.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)
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+(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F2(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04
+(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 355.2 R F1(dir)3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G
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+367.2 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent directory stack ele\
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+(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 408 R .845
(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844
(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144
-160.8 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1
-.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1
-(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264
-(enabled. If)144 172.8 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763
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(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264
F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\
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--.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 196.8 Q F1 -.18(re)108 213.6 S
-(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad61>-3.817 E F2
-(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad64>-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817
-(][)C F1<ad69>-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad6e>
--3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.816 E
-F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad70>-3.816 E F2(pr)
-3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad74>-3.816 E F2(timeout)3.816 E F0
-3.816(][)C F1<ad75>-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 225.6 Q F2(name)A
-F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\
-e \214le descriptor)144 237.6 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar)
-3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 249.6 Q F1<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038
+ reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 444 R -.25(va)
+-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 456 Q F2 -.18(re)108 472.8 S(ad)
+.18 E F0([)3.817 E F2(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad61>-3.817 E F1(aname)
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+<ad69>-3.817 E F1(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F2<ad6e>-3.817 E F1
+(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad4e>-3.816 E F1(nc)
+3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad70>-3.816 E F1(pr)3.816 E
+(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F2<ad74>-3.816 E F1(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816
+(][)C F2<ad75>-3.816 E F1(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 484.8 Q F1(name)A F0
+(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \
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+3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 508.8 Q F2<ad75>2.538 E F0 .038
(option, and the \214rst w)2.538 F .038(ord is assigned to the \214rst)
--.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G .039(he second w)-2.539 F .039
-(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)2.539 E F0(,).18 E .42
-(and so on, with lefto)144 261.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
+-.1 F F1(name)2.539 E F0 2.539(,t).18 G .039(he second w)-2.539 F .039
+(ord to the second)-.1 F F1(name)2.539 E F0(,).18 E .42
+(and so on, with lefto)144 520.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.92(rw).15 G .42
(ords and their interv)-3.02 F .42
-(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
-.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 273.6 R .54(wer w)-.25
+(ening separators assigned to the last)-.15 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 5.42(.I)
+.18 G 2.92(ft)-5.42 G(here)-2.92 E .54(are fe)144 532.8 R .54(wer w)-.25
F .541(ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names \
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+are assigned empty)-.1 F -.25(va)144 544.8 S 2.511(lues. The).25 F .011
(characters in)2.511 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.511 E F0 .011
(are used to split the line into w)2.261 F 2.511(ords. The)-.1 F .011
-(backslash character \()2.511 F F1(\\)A F0 2.51(\)m)C(ay)-2.51 E 1.89
-(be used to remo)144 297.6 R 2.19 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.19 -.15(ny s).15 H
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+(be used to remo)144 556.8 R 2.19 -.15(ve a)-.15 H 2.19 -.15(ny s).15 H
1.891(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F 1.891
(xt character read and for line continuation.)-.15 F
-(Options, if supplied, ha)144 309.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
-(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 321.6 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w)
-180 333.6 R 1.049
+(Options, if supplied, ha)144 568.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E
+(wing meanings:)-.25 E F2<ad61>144 580.8 Q F1(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w)
+180 592.8 R 1.049
(ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable)
--.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F
-F2(aname)180.33 345.6 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5
--.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0
-(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 357.6 Q F2(delim)2.5 E
-F0(The \214rst character of)180 369.6 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0
+-.25 E F1(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F
+F1(aname)180.33 604.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5
+-.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F1(name)2.5 E F0
+(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F2<ad64>144 616.8 Q F1(delim)2.5 E
+F0(The \214rst character of)180 628.8 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0
(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E
-F1<ad65>144 381.6 Q F0 .372
-(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F1 -.18(re)
+F2<ad65>144 640.8 Q F0 .372
+(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)25.86 F F2 -.18(re)
2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E .218
-(to obtain the line.)180 393.6 R .218
+(to obtain the line.)180 652.8 R .218
(Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218
(ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E
-(acti)180 405.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E
-F1<ad69>144 417.6 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)10.78 E F1 -.18(re)2.715
-G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)
+(acti)180 664.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E
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+G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F1(te)
2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E
-.216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 429.6 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144
-441.6 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 453.6 S(ad).18 E
-F0 1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E
+.216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 688.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F2<ad6e>144
+700.8 Q F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F2 -.18(re)180 712.8 S(ad).18 E
+F0 1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F1(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E
F0 1.395(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394
-(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 465.6 Q
-(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E
-(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1
-<ad4e>144 477.6 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 489.6 S
-(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)
-3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F
-1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
-(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 501.6 R F1 -.18(re)
-2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274
-(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002
-(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 513.6
-R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)
-3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 525.6 Q F1<ad70>
-144 537.6 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 549.6 Q F2(pr)3.661 E
-(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161
+(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 724.8 Q
+(ut honor a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F1(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E
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+E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 96 S(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)
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+(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275
+(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 108 R F1 -.18(re)2.775
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+(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 120 R
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+E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read.)180 132 Q F1<ad70>144 144 Q
+F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 156 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E
+F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161
(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)
--.25 F(an)180 561.6 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
+-.25 F(an)180 168 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F
(prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1
-<ad72>144 573.6 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character)
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25.86 F 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of)
--5.543 F(the line.)180 585.6 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
+-5.543 F(the line.)180 192 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G
(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 597.6 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
+-.25 E F1<ad73>144 204 Q F0(Silent mode.)26.41 E
(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1
-<ad74>144 609.6 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 621.6 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549
-G(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048
+<ad74>144 216 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 228 Q F1 -.18(re)3.549 G
+(ad).18 E F0 1.048(to time out and return f)3.549 F 1.048
(ailure if a complete line of input is not read within)-.1 F F2(timeout)
-180 633.6 Q F0(seconds.)3.496 E F2(timeout)5.996 E F0 .997
+180 240 Q F0(seconds.)3.496 E F2(timeout)5.996 E F0 .997
(may be a decimal number with a fractional portion follo)3.496 F(wing)
--.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 645.6 R .576(This option is only ef)
+-.25 E .576(the decimal point.)180 252 R .576(This option is only ef)
5.576 F(fecti)-.25 E .876 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)3.076 G
(ad).18 E F0 .576(is reading input from a terminal,)3.076 F .141
-(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 657.6 R .142
+(pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 264 R .142
(fect when reading from re)-.25 F .142(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.142 E
-F2(timeout)2.642 E F0 .142(is 0,)2.642 F F1 -.18(re)180 669.6 S(ad).18 E
+F2(timeout)2.642 E F0 .142(is 0,)2.642 F F1 -.18(re)180 276 S(ad).18 E
F0 .113(returns success if input is a)2.614 F -.25(va)-.2 G .113
(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 2.613(,f)-.4 G .113
-(ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 681.6 Q
+(ailure otherwise.)-2.713 F(The e)180 288 Q
(xit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e)-.15 E(xceeded.)-.15
-E F1<ad75>144 693.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)
-14.46 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .191(If no)144 710.4 R F2(names)3.051 E F0
+E F1<ad75>144 300 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)
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--.25 E F3(REPL)2.692 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .192
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-(128\), or an in)144 84 Q -.25(va)-.4 G
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3.038 E F0 .537(option is supplied, a list)3.038 F .08
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1.205(he return status is 0 unless an in)-6.205 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.206
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-(name)2.86 E F0(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 213.6 S
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(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .587
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E F2(n)3.447 E F0 .586(is omitted, the return status is)3.327 F 1.335
-(that of the last command e)144 237.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.335
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(cuted in the function body).15 F 6.335(.I)-.65 G 3.835(fu)-6.335 G
1.335(sed outside a function, b)-3.835 F 1.335(ut during)-.2 F -.15(exe)
-144 249.6 S .794(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)3.294 E F0(\()
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5.794 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 3.294(\)c)C .794
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-(cuting that script).15 F .245(and return either)144 261.6 R F2(n)3.105
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E F0 .246(or the e)2.985 F .246(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F
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-(xit sta-)-.15 F .082(tus of the script.)144 273.6 R .082
+(xit sta-)-.15 F .082(tus of the script.)144 530.4 R .082
(If used outside a function and not during e)5.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .082
(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.582 E F0 2.581(,t).833 G .081
-(he return sta-)-2.581 F 2.305(tus is f)144 285.6 R 4.805(alse. An)-.1 F
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4.805(yc)-.15 G 2.305(ommand associated with the)-4.805 F F1(RETURN)
4.805 E F0 2.306(trap is e)4.806 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.306(cuted before e)
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-E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 326.4 Q F0
-([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)
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R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784
-(riables cannot be).25 F 2.947(reset. In)144 362.4 R F2 .447(posix mode)
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2.947 F F0 2.947(,o)C .447(nly shell v)-2.947 F .447
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3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An)
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-144 398.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A
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--.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 410.4 Q
+-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 667.2 Q
F0 .539(Automatically mark v)29.3 F .539
(ariables and functions which are modi\214ed or created for e)-.25 F .54
-(xport to)-.15 F(the en)184 422.4 Q(vironment of subsequent commands.)
--.4 E F1<ad62>144 434.4 Q F0 .132
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(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)28.74 F
2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E
-(primary prompt.)184 446.4 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
--.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 458.4 Q F0 .51
+(primary prompt.)184 703.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)
+-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 715.2 Q F0 .51
(Exit immediately if a)29.86 F F2(pipeline)3.01 E F0 .511
(\(which may consist of a single)3.011 F F2 .511(simple command)3.011 F
-F0 3.011(\), a)B F2(sub-)3.011 E(shell)184 470.4 Q F0 .872
+F0 3.011(\), a)B F2(sub-)3.011 E(shell)184 727.2 Q F0 .872
(command enclosed in parentheses, or one of the commands e)3.373 F -.15
-(xe)-.15 G .872(cuted as part of a).15 F .399
-(command list enclosed by braces \(see)184 482.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF
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-R .569(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)3.069 E F0(or)3.069 E F1(until)3.069 E F0
--.1(ke)3.069 G(yw)-.05 E .569(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F .57
-(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)3.07 E F0(or)3.07 E F1(elif)3.07 E F0(reserv)184
-518.4 Q .544(ed w)-.15 F .544(ords, part of an)-.1 F 3.044(yc)-.15 G
-.544(ommand e)-3.044 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .544(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.044
-E F0(or)3.044 E/F4 10/Symbol SF<efef>3.044 E F0 .544(list e)3.044 F .544
-(xcept the command)-.15 F(follo)184 530.4 Q 1.23(wing the \214nal)-.25 F
-F1(&&)3.73 E F0(or)3.73 E F4<efef>3.73 E F0 3.73(,a)C 1.53 -.15(ny c)
--3.73 H 1.231(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F 1.231
-(ut the last, or if the com-)-.2 F(mand')184 542.4 Q 3.191(sr)-.55 G
-.691(eturn v)-3.191 F .691(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .691
-(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.191 E F0 5.691(.A)C .691(trap on)-2.5 F F1(ERR)
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-.69(cuted before).15 F .686(the shell e)184 554.4 R 3.186(xits. This)
--.15 F .686(option applies to the shell en)3.186 F .686
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-(cuting all the commands in the subshell.).15 E F1<ad66>144 590.4 Q F0
-(Disable pathname e)30.97 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad68>144 602.4 Q F0
-2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)28.74 F 4.738(ya)-.15 G
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-(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 614.4 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
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+.049(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F2(&&)2.549 E F0(or)2.549 E F2(||)2.549 E
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(guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18
F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F
-(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 638.4 Q F1
-<ad6d>144 650.4 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148
+(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 240 Q F2
+<ad6d>144 252 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)25.97 F .148
(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F
.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .637
-(on systems that support it \(see)184 662.4 R F3 .636(JOB CONTR)3.136 F
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(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.886 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.136(\). Background).15 F .636
(processes run in a)3.136 F .641
-(separate process group and a line containing their e)184 674.4 R .642
-(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 686.4 Q F1
-<ad6e>144 698.4 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F
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+(xit status is printed upon their com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 288 Q F2
+<ad6e>144 300 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)28.74 F .653(ut do not e)-.2 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652
(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184
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+A F2(emacs)184 396 Q F0 .089
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+184 456 Q F0(Same as)224 468 Q F2<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(hashall)184 480 Q
+F0(Same as)9.43 E F2<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(histexpand)184 492 Q F0
+(Same as)224 504 Q F2<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F2(history)184 516 Q F0 .586
+(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587
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+(IGNOREEOF=10)4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted)
+.15 E(\(see)224 564 Q F2(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15
+(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2 -.1(ke)184 576 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)
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-(Same as)224 120 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 132 Q F0
-(Same as)224 144 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 156 Q F0 .089
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-(Same as)224 264 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(history)184 276 Q F0 .586
-(Enable command history)10 F 3.087(,a)-.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587
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-(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10)
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-.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 336 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 348 Q F1
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-E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 456 Q F0(Same as)6.67 E F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1
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-(pipefail)184 480 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)7.77 F 1.029
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(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline)
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2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091
-(fers from the)-.25 F(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 528 Q
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-(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 642 Q F1<ad70>
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+(.)A F1(xtrace)184 204 Q F0(Same as)13.35 E F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184
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(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u)
-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461
-(user \(group\) id, and the)184 702 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461
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+(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 318 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395
(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70>
2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25
-E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 726 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G
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.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886
F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F
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-(error when performing parameter e)184 120 R 2.682(xpansion. If)-.15 F
--.15(ex)2.682 G .183(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25
-E .746(able or parameter)184 132 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746
+(set to the real user and group ids.)184 342 Q F1<ad74>144 354 Q F0
+(Exit after reading and e)30.97 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.).15
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(ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184
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(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E
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-(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 228 Q F0 .214(If set,)27.08 F F1(bash)2.714 E
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(xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0
2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F
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(rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-)
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(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604
-F .838(mands e)184 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15
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-(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 288 Q F1
-<ad48>144 300 Q F0(Enable)26.52 E F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532
+(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 546 Q F1
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-F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 312 Q -.15
-(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 324 Q F0 1.164
+F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 570 Q -.15
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(If set, the shell does not follo)28.19 F 3.664(ws)-.25 G 1.164
(ymbolic links when e)-3.664 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165
(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.665 E F0 2.822
-(that change the current w)184 336 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822
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(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821
-(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 348 R(def)2.685
+(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 606 R(def)2.685
E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186
(ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F
-(mands which change the current directory)184 360 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144
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(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89
(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932
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(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E
-(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 396 Q F0
-(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 408 Q
+(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 654 Q F0
+(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 666 Q
F0 .401(If no ar)28.6 F .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401
(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F
-(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 420 Q F2
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(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G
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(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no)
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-(parameters remain unchanged.)184 456 Q .425(The options are of)144
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(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425
-(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178
-(to be turned of)144 484.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178
+(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F(GNU Bash-4.0)72
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(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in)
-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066
-(current set of options may be found in)144 496.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0
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-(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
-(is encountered.)144 508.8 Q F1(shift)108 525.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0
-(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 537.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0
-.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G
-.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 549.6 Q F1($#)2.582
-E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082
-(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)
--.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to)
-.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06
-(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 561.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0
-.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F
-(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56
-(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 573.6 R
-.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0
-.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
-(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 585.6 Q F1(shopt)108 602.4 Q F0([)
+(current set of options may be found in)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF
+<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)
+-.1 G .066(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F
+(is encountered.)144 108 Q F1(shift)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144
+136.8 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)
+2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G .428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F
+(bers)144 148.8 Q F1($#)2.582 E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)
+2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082
+(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H
+.083(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)
+-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 160.8
+R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06
+(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06
+(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143
+(positional parameters are not changed.)144 172.8 R .144
+(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 .144
+(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0
+(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 184.8 Q F1(shopt)108 201.6 Q F0([)
2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)
--2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 614.4 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222
+-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 213.6 S .222(ggle the v).8 F .222
(alues of v)-.25 F .222(ariables controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F
(vior)-.2 E 5.222(.W)-.55 G .222(ith no options, or with the)-5.622 F F1
<ad70>2.722 E F0 .721(option, a list of all settable options is display\
-ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 626.4 R(The)
-144 638.4 Q F1<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\
+ed, with an indication of whether or not each is set.)144 225.6 R(The)
+144 237.6 Q F1<ad70>2.828 E F0 .327(option causes output to be displaye\
d in a form that may be reused as input.)2.828 F .327(Other options)
-5.327 F(ha)144 650.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)
--.25 E F1<ad73>144 662.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5
-E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 674.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2
-(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 686.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\
+5.327 F(ha)144 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)
+-.25 E F1<ad73>144 261.6 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)26.41 E F2(optname)2.5
+E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 273.6 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)24.74 E F2
+(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 285.6 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal out\
put \(quiet mode\); the return status indicates whether the)24.74 F F2
-(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 698.4 R .256
+(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 297.6 R .256
(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256
(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1
<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F
-(all)180 710.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)
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-/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6f>144 84 Q F0(Restricts the v)25.3 E(alues of)-.25 E
-/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)
-2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
-(iltin.).2 E .127(If either)144 100.8 R F1<ad73>2.627 E F0(or)2.627 E F1
-<ad75>2.627 E F0 .127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)
-2.627 E .127(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18
-F 1.024(are set or unset, respecti)144 112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
-6.024(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.024 F F1(shopt)3.523
-E F0 1.023(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.523 F(def)144 124.8 Q
-(ault.)-.1 E 1.544
-(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 141.6 R F2
-(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.045 F .696
+(all)180 309.6 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)
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+(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0
+(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .127
+(If either)144 338.4 R F1<ad73>2.627 E F0(or)2.627 E F1<ad75>2.627 E F0
+.127(is used with no)2.627 F F2(optname)2.627 E F0(ar)2.627 E .127
+(guments, the display is limited to those options which)-.18 F 1.024
+(are set or unset, respecti)144 350.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 6.024
+(.U)-.65 G 1.024(nless otherwise noted, the)-6.024 F F1(shopt)3.523 E F0
+1.023(options are disabled \(unset\) by)3.523 F(def)144 362.4 Q(ault.)
+-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144
+379.2 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)
+4.045 F .696
(When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an)
-144 153.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695
-(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 165.6 Q(The list of)144 182.4 Q F1(shopt)
-2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 200.4 Q F0 .199
+144 391.2 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695
+(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 403.2 Q(The list of)144 420 Q F1(shopt)
+2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 438 Q F0 .199
(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)11.11 F
-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E
-(ment to the)184 212.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
+(ment to the)184 450 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F
(option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E
-F1(cdable_v)144 224.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 236.4 R .156
+F1(cdable_v)144 462 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 474 R .156
(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155
(iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F
-(name of a v)184 248.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
-(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 260.4 Q F0
+(name of a v)184 486 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E
+(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 498 Q F0
1.055
(If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)
10.55 F F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988
-(corrected. The)184 272.4 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
+(corrected. The)184 510 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487
(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a)
--.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .552(one character too man)184 284.4 R 4.352 -.65
-(y. I)-.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552
+-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .552(one character too man)184 522 R 4.352 -.65(y. I)
+-.15 H 3.052(fac).65 G .552
(orrection is found, the corrected \214le name is printed, and)-3.052 F
-(the command proceeds.)184 296.4 Q
-(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
-.15 E F1(checkhash)144 308.4 Q F0 2.08(If set,)184 320.4 R F1(bash)4.58
-E F0 2.079(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079
-(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 332.4 S(cute it.).15 E
+(the command proceeds.)184 534 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5
+E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 546 Q F0 2.08
+(If set,)184 558 R F1(bash)4.58 E F0 2.079
+(checks that a command found in the hash table e)4.58 F 2.079
+(xists before trying to)-.15 F -.15(exe)184 570 S(cute it.).15 E
(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E
-(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 344.4
-Q F0 .448(If set,)184 356.4 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448
+(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 582 Q
+F0 .448(If set,)184 594 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448
(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449
(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15
-F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 368.4 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G
+F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 606 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G
.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938
(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203
-(attempted without an interv)184 380.4 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15
-F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 392.4 Q -.1(wa)
--.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G
-(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 404.4 Q F0 .797(If set,)184
-416.4 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G
+(attempted without an interv)184 618 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F
+/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 630 Q -.1(wa)-.1
+G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G
+(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 642 Q F0 .797(If set,)184
+654 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G
.796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G
-.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 428.4 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5
-E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)
-144 440.4 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202
-(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
+.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 666 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 E
+F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144
+678 Q F0 1.202(If set,)6.11 F F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa)
+3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202
(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184
-452.4 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
-(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 464.4
-Q F0 .42(If set,)184 476.4 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92
-F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419
-(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E
-(to the conditional command')184 488.4 Q 2.5(s=)-.55 G 2.5(~o)-2.5 G
-(perator)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(compat32)144 500.4 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184
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-(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41
-(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F
-(string comparison when using the conditional command')184 524.4 Q 2.5
-(s<a)-.55 G(nd > operators.)-2.5 E F1(compat40)144 536.4 Q F0 1.41
-(If set,)184 548.4 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F
-1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409
-(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 1.692
-(string comparison when using the conditional command')184 560.4 R 4.193
-(s<a)-.55 G 1.693(nd > operators and the)-4.193 F(ef)184 572.4 Q
-(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 E F1(dirspell)144 584.4 Q F0
-.859(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858
+690 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E
+(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 702 Q
+F0 .42(If set,)184 714 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 F
+.419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)
+-.15 F(guments)-.18 E(to the)184 726 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0
+(conditional command')2.5 E(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.5 E F0(operator)2.5 E(.)
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+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
+(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat32)144 84 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)
+3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F
+1.41(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 1.266
+(string comparison when using the)184 108 R F1([[)3.766 E F0 1.266
+(conditional command')3.766 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.766 E F0(and)3.766 E F1(>)
+3.766 E F0 3.765(operators. Bash)3.765 F -.15(ve)184 120 S .512
+(rsions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and).15 F/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.012 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .513
+(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the).19 F(current locale')184 132 Q 2.5
+(sc)-.55 G(ollation sequence and)-2.5 E F2(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0
+(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat40)144 144 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 156 R F1(bash)
+3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F
+1.409(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .422
+(string comparison when using the)184 168 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422
+(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>)
+2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F(vious item\) and the ef)184
+180 Q(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 E F1(compat41)144 192 Q
+F0 1.232(@item compat41 If set,)184 204 R F1(bash)3.732 E F0 3.732(,w)C
+1.232(hen in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-)-3.732 F
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+(xpansion as a special character)-.15 F 6.213(.T)-.55 G 1.214
+(he single quotes must match \(an)-6.213 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)184 228 T
+2.949(nn).25 G .448(umber\) and the characters between the single quote\
+s are considered quoted.)-2.949 F(This)5.448 E .062(is the beha)184 240
+R .062(vior of posix mode through v)-.2 F .062(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .062
+(The def)5.062 F .062(ault bash beha)-.1 F .063(vior remains as)-.2 F
+(in pre)184 252 Q(vious v)-.25 E(ersions.)-.15 E F1(dirspell)144 264 Q
+F0 .859(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858
(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858
(ord completion if)-.1 F
-(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 596.4 Q(xist.)-.15
-E F1(dotglob)144 608.4 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165
+(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 276 Q(xist.)-.15 E
+F1(dotglob)144 288 Q F0 .165(If set,)7.77 F F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165
(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i)
-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F
-(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 620.4 Q F0 1.387
+(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail)144 300 Q F0 1.387
(If set, a non-interacti)7.79 F 1.687 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386
(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
-1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 632.4 Q
+1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 312 Q
(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E
(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15
-E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 644.4 Q
-F0 .716(If set, aliases are e)184 656.4 R .717(xpanded as described abo)
--.15 F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(ALIASES)3.217 E F4(.)A F0
-.717(This option is enabled)5.217 F(by def)184 668.4 Q
-(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(extdeb)144
-680.4 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 692.4 Q
+E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 324 Q F0
+.716(If set, aliases are e)184 336 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15
+F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E
+/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F
+(by def)184 348 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.)
+.15 E F1(extdeb)144 360 Q(ug)-.2 E F0(If set, beha)184 372 Q
(vior intended for use by deb)-.2 E(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184
-704.4 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1
+384 Q F0(The)28.5 E F1<ad46>4.251 E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1
(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751
(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F
-(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 716.4
-Q(gument.)-.18 E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(16)198.725
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-/Times-Bold@0 SF(2.)184 84 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5 F
-F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F 1.667
-(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 96 Q
--.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 108 Q F0 .841
+(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 396 Q
+(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 408 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)28.5
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(If the command run by the)28.5 F F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841
(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15
-(exe)220 120 S .488
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(cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F
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-(sour)220 132 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1
--.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(is simulated.)2.5 E F1(4.)184 144 Q
-/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)28.5 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.154 E F2
--.27(BA)3.404 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904
-(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 156 Q
--.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 168 Q F0 1.359
+(sour)220 456 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltins\), a call to).2 E F1
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(Function tracing is enabled:)28.5 F 1.359
(command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)6.359 F(shells in)220
-180 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E/F3 10
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-(command substitution, shell functions, and subshells)5.805 F(in)220 204
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(xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u)
--.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 228 Q
-F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 240 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 252 R
-F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973
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-(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 276 Q F0
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1.424(If set, patterns which f)7.77 F 1.425
(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425
-(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 288 S(pansion error).15 E(.)
--.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 300 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
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--.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 324 R .32
+(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 612 S(pansion error).15 E(.)
+-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 624 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0
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(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32
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-(pletions. See)184 336 R F2 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0
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-F(enabled by def)184 348 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globstar)144 360 Q F0 .178
-(If set, the pattern)5 F F1(**)2.678 E F0 .178(used in a pathname e)
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-(xt will match a \214les and zero or)-.15 F 1.298
-(more directories and subdirectories.)184 372 R 1.298
+(pletions. See)184 660 R F3 .448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0
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(If the pattern is follo)6.298 F 1.298(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.797 E F0
3.797(,o)C 1.297(nly directories)-3.797 F(and subdirectories match.)184
-384 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 396 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\
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-420 Q F0 .676
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(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184
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--.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 456 Q(eedit)-.18
-E F0 .576(If set, and)184 468 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575
-(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575
-(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F
-(tory substitution.)184 480 Q F1(histv)144 492 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402
-(If set, and)184 504 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403
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+.575(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 168 Q F1(histv)144 180 Q
+(erify)-.1 E F0 .402(If set, and)184 192 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18
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(is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately)
-2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 516 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661
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(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161
-G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 528 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E
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-(hostcomplete)144 540 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 552 R F1 -.18(re)3.681
+(hostcomplete)144 228 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.681
G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182
(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184
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-(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 588 Q F0(If set,)
-184 600 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0
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-.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(interacti)144 612 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0
-.33(If set, allo)184 624 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33
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(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33
(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967
-(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 636 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25
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H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15
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-(ault.)-.1 E F1(lithist)144 660 Q F0 .654(If set, and the)15.55 F F1
-(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654(option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)
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--3.155 F(with embedded ne)184 672 Q
+G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 336 Q
+(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 348 Q F0 1.211
+(If set, and job control is not acti)6.66 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,t).15
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(wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1
-(login_shell)144 684 Q F0 .486
+(login_shell)144 396 Q F0 .486
(The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184
-696 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve)
--.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 708 S(lue may not be changed.).25
-E(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(17)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
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-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
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-(If set, and a \214le that)184 96 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815
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--.1(wa)184 108 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E
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-(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 120 Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 132 R F1 -.18
-(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E
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--.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F
-(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 144 Q F1
-(nocaseglob)144 156 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 168 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436
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+(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 468 Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 480 R F1 -.18
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--.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 192 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184
-204 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti)
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-F(while e)184 216 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5
-E F1([[)2.5 E F0(conditional commands.)2.5 E F1(nullglob)144 228 Q F0
-.854(If set,)184 240 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo)3.354 E .855
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-(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355(\)t).15 G(o)
--3.355 E -.15(ex)184 252 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv)
-.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 264 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677
-(If set, the programmable completion f)184 276 R .677(acilities \(see)
--.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 288 Q
-(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 300 Q(omptv)
--.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447(If set, prompt strings under)184 312 R 1.448
-(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)
--.15 F -.15(ex)184 324 S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15
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+(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)
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G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)
--.15 F F3(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E
-(This option is enabled by def)184 336 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 348
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S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069
(The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see)
-184 360 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 372 Q 4.178
+184 708 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 720 Q 4.178
(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)4.178 G 1.678(lue may not be changed.).25 F
-1.678(This is not reset when the startup \214les are)6.678 F -.15(exe)
-184 384 S(cuted, allo).15 E(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E
--.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E
-F1(shift_v)144 396 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 408 R F1
-(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501
-(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502
-(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 420 Q F1(sour)
-144 432 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 444 R F1(sour)3.271 E
-(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v)
--3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77
-(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar)
-184 456 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)
--.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 468 Q F0(If set, the)184 480 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0
--.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15
-E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 492 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001
-(Suspend the e)144 504 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001
-(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G
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-(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146
-(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.646 E F0 .147
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-520.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)25.86 E F1<ad73>144
-532.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F1<ad74>144 544.8 Q F0
-(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F1<ad75>144 556.8 Q
-F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 568.8 Q F0
-(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 E -.25(va)-.2 G
-(ilable to the shell).25 E F1<ad78>144 580.8 Q F0
-(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F1<ad54>144 592.8 Q F0
-(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 609.6 Q F2(limit)2.933 E
-F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843
-(wv)-.25 G .343(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F1<ad61>
-2.843 E F0 .343(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F
-.176(option is gi)144 621.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F1<ad66>
-2.676 E F0 .175(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
-(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F1
-<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 633.6
-Q F1<ad70>2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015
-(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.515 F F1<ad54>2.516 E F0(,)
-A F1<ad62>2.516 E F0(,)A F1<ad6e>2.516 E F0 2.516(,a)C(nd)-2.516 E F1
+(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2<ad6e>144 228 Q F0 .791(The \
+maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo)
+24.74 F 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F
+(be set\))180 240 Q F2<ad70>144 252 Q F0
+(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))24.74 E F2
+<ad71>144 264 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)
+24.74 E F2<ad72>144 276 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)
+25.86 E F2<ad73>144 288 Q F0(The maximum stack size)26.41 E F2<ad74>144
+300 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)26.97 E F2<ad75>144
+312 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)24.74 E -.25(va)-.2 G
+(ilable to a single user).25 E F2<ad76>144 324 Q F0 .47
+(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)25.3 F -.25(va)-.2 G .47
+(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 336
+Q F2<ad78>144 348 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)25.3 E F2
+<ad54>144 360 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)23.63 E(If)144 376.8 Q
+F1(limit)2.933 E F0 .343(is gi)3.523 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .343
+(n, it is the ne).15 F 2.843(wv)-.25 G .343
+(alue of the speci\214ed resource \(the)-3.093 F F2<ad61>2.843 E F0 .343
+(option is display only\).)2.843 F .343(If no)5.343 F .176(option is gi)
+144 388.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(n, then).15 F F2<ad66>2.676 E F0 .175
+(is assumed.)2.676 F -1.11(Va)5.175 G .175
+(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .175(xcept for)-.15 F F2
+<ad74>2.675 E F0 2.675(,w)C .175(hich is in)-2.675 F(seconds,)144 400.8
+Q F2<ad70>2.515 E F0 2.515(,w)C .015
+(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks, and)-2.515 F F2<ad54>2.516 E F0(,)
+A F2<ad62>2.516 E F0(,)A F2<ad6e>2.516 E F0 2.516(,a)C(nd)-2.516 E F2
<ad75>2.516 E F0 2.516(,w)C .016(hich are unscaled v)-2.516 F(al-)-.25 E
-3.788(ues. The)144 645.6 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F
+3.788(ues. The)144 412.8 R 1.287(return status is 0 unless an in)3.787 F
-.25(va)-.4 G 1.287(lid option or ar).25 F 1.287
(gument is supplied, or an error occurs)-.18 F(while setting a ne)144
-657.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F1(umask)108 674.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1
-<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2
-(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 686.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0
-5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
+424.8 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(imit.)-2.5 E F2(umask)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2
+<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2
+(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 453.6 R F1(mode)2.7 E F0
+5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F1(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2
(gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\
therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\
-pted by)144 698.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
-710.4 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
-(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
+pted by)144 465.6 R F1 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144
+477.6 Q F1(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382
+(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F2<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382
(option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547
-(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 722.4 R .547
+(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 489.6 R .547
(ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G
-(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F
-(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(20)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
-%%Page: 21 21
-%%BeginPageSetup
-BP
-%%EndPageSetup
-/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
-(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10
-/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)144.38 84 Q F0 .551
+(he)-3.047 E F2<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F1
+(mode)144.38 501.6 Q F0 .551
(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231
-F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 96 Q
+F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 513.6 Q
(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F1(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E
-(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E/F2 10
-/Times-Bold@0 SF(unalias)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F1
-(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 124.8 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach)
-.15 E F1(name)4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155
-F(If)6.655 E F2<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655
-(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 F(remo)144 136.8 Q -.15
-(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
+(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2
+(unalias)108 530.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0
+(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 542.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F1(name)
+4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E
+F2<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155
+F(remo)144 554.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E
(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0
-(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 153.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2
-(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 165.6 S 3.106
+(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 571.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2
+(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 583.2 S 3.106
(re).15 G(ach)-3.106 E F1(name)3.106 E F0 3.106(,r).18 G(emo)-3.106 E
.906 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .606(he corresponding v).15 F .607
(ariable or function.)-.25 F .607(If no options are supplied, or the)
-5.607 F F2<ad76>144 177.6 Q F0 .305(option is gi)2.805 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
+5.607 F F2<ad76>144 595.2 Q F0 .305(option is gi)2.805 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
.305(n, each).15 F F1(name)3.165 E F0 .305(refers to a shell v)2.985 F
2.805(ariable. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)2.805 G .304
-(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.304 E F2<ad66>144 189.6 Q F0 .459
+(riables may not be unset.).25 F(If)5.304 E F2<ad66>144 607.2 Q F0 .459
(is speci\214ed, each)2.959 F F1(name)3.319 E F0 .459
(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is remo)3.139
-F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.96(d. Each).15 F .903(unset v)144 201.6 R .903
+F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.96(d. Each).15 F .903(unset v)144 619.2 R .903
(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.402(df).15 G .902
(rom the en)-3.402 F .902(vironment passed to subsequent commands.)-.4 F
-(If)5.902 E(an)144 213.6 Q 6.915(yo)-.15 G(f)-6.915 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
+(If)5.902 E(an)144 631.2 Q 6.915(yo)-.15 G(f)-6.915 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0
SF(COMP_W)6.915 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)
6.665 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)6.665 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)6.665 E F4(,)A F3
(HISTCMD)6.666 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN)6.666 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)144
-225.6 Q(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.523 E F3(DIRST)2.773 E -.495(AC)-.81
+643.2 Q(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.523 E F3(DIRST)2.773 E -.495(AC)-.81
G(K).495 E F0 .272(are unset, the)2.522 F 2.772(yl)-.15 G .272
(ose their special properties, e)-2.772 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.772(ni).15 G
2.772(ft)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E 2.772(ya)-.15 G .272(re subsequently)
--2.772 F 2.5(reset. The)144 237.6 R -.15(ex)2.5 G
+-2.772 F 2.5(reset. The)144 655.2 R -.15(ex)2.5 G
(it status is true unless a).15 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E
-(.)-.65 E F2(wait)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F0(])A
--.8(Wa)144 266.4 S .288
+(.)-.65 E F2(wait)108 672 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 2.5(n.)C(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8
+(Wa)144 684 S .288
(it for each speci\214ed process and return its termination status.).8 F
(Each)5.288 E F1(n)3.148 E F0 .288(may be a process ID or a)3.028 F .722
-(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 278.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
-.722(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722
-(ipeline are w)-3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E
-F1(n)3.582 E F0(is)3.462 E 1.265(not gi)144 290.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.265
+(job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .722
+(n, all processes in that job').15 F 3.222(sp)-.55 G .722(ipeline are w)
+-3.222 F .722(aited for)-.1 F 5.722(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.722 E F1(n)3.582 E F0
+(is)3.462 E 1.265(not gi)144 708 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.265
(n, all currently acti).15 F 1.565 -.15(ve c)-.25 H 1.265
(hild processes are w).15 F 1.265(aited for)-.1 F 3.765(,a)-.4 G 1.266
(nd the return status is zero.)-3.765 F(If)6.266 E F1(n)4.126 E F0 .457
-(speci\214es a non-e)144 302.4 R .457
+(speci\214es a non-e)144 720 R .457
(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .457
-(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F -.15(ex)144 314.4 S
-(it status of the last process or job w).15 E(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E
-/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 331.2 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108
-343.2 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(21)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
+(Otherwise, the return status is the)5.457 F(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q
+(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(21)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Page: 22 22
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 290.48
+(TINS\(1\) B)-.92 F(ASH_B)-.35 E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E -.15(ex)144
+84 S(it status of the last process or job w).15 E(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55
+E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 100.8 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108
+112.8 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP
%%Trailer
end
%%EOF
diff --git a/doc/rbash.0 b/doc/rbash.0
index eb06220..ebd414c 100644
--- a/doc/rbash.0
+++ b/doc/rbash.0
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the ..
builtin command
- +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+ +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
--pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command
+o importing function definitions from the shell environment at
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options
to the eennaabbllee builtin command
- +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell
+ +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command
diff --git a/doc/rbash.ps b/doc/rbash.ps
index 518087d..be68b20 100644
--- a/doc/rbash.ps
+++ b/doc/rbash.ps
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
-%%CreationDate: Wed Dec 30 13:07:37 2009
+%%CreationDate: Tue Dec 28 14:30:24 2010
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
@@ -247,10 +247,10 @@ G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G
(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
216 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0
(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F2(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G
-(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8353>108 232.8 S .351
-(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .351
-(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad70>2.851 E F0 .351(option to the)2.851 F F2
-(hash)2.851 E F0 -.2(bu)2.851 G .351(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 244.8 Q
+(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8373>108 232.8 S .45
+(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .449
+(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad70>2.949 E F0 .449(option to the)2.949 F F2
+(hash)2.949 E F0 -.2(bu)2.949 G .449(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 244.8 Q
32.5<8369>108 261.6 S(mporting function de\214nitions from the shell en)
-32.5 E(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8370>108 278.4 S(arsing the v)
-32.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ ng the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)-32.5 E 32.5
(iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E 32.5<8361>
108 328.8 S(dding or deleting b)-32.5 E(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E
F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2<ad64>2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2
-(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8355>108 345.6 S
+(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8375>108 345.6 S
(sing the)-32.5 E F2(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin command to enable disabled shell b).2 E(uiltins)-.2 E 32.5<8373>
108 362.4 S(pecifying the)-32.5 E F2<ad70>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E
diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi
index 80a2209..b6c492e 100644
--- a/doc/version.texi
+++ b/doc/version.texi
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
@ignore
-Copyright (C) 1988-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1988-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
-@set LASTCHANGE Wed Dec 23 16:29:41 EST 2009
+@set LASTCHANGE Tue Dec 28 13:41:22 EST 2010
-@set EDITION 4.1
-@set VERSION 4.1
-@set UPDATED 23 December 2009
-@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2009
+@set EDITION 4.2
+@set VERSION 4.2
+@set UPDATED 28 December 2010
+@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2010